ELECTRICAL AND

ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING
C.Subramani
KVijayakurhar
SubhransuSekhar Dash
 Contents
Preface xiii

Acknowledgements XV

Chapter l DC CIRCUITS AND AC CIRCUITS 1

1.1 Introduction to Basic Terminologies in DC Circuits 2

1.1.1 2
Basic ElectricCircuit
1.1.2 Current and Potential Difference and Resistance 2

1.1.3 Ohm's Law 2

1.14 Basic Circuit Components 3

1.1.5 Electrical Power and Energy 4

1.l.6 DCCircuits 7

1.1.7 Classification of Electrical Network

1.2 Kirchhoff's Laws 9
1.2.1 Kirchhoff's Current Law
1.2.2 Kirchhoff's Voltage Law 10
1.2.3 V- Relationship of Circuit Elements 10
1.2.4 Resistors Connected in Series 10
1.2.5 Voltage Division Rule 11
1.2.6 Resistors Connected in Parallel 12
1.2.7 Compare Between Series and Parallel Circuits 13
1.2.8 Current Division Rule 13
12.9 Electrical Energy Sources 13
1.2.10 Voltage Source 14
J.2.1| Current Source 15
12.12 Source Transformation l6
1.2.13 Open and Short Circuit 17
1.3 Mesh and Nodal Analysis 26
1.3.1 Mesh Analysis
26
L3.2 Nodal Analysis 28
 Current
1.25 1.24 1.23 1.22 1.21 Triangle
1.20Power
1.19 1.18 1.17 1.16 1.15 1.14 1.13 1.12 1.10 1.9 1.8 1.7 l.6 1.5 14
1.11
.25.2 1.25.1 Voltage
1.24.2 1.24.1 Conversion
Three
Fundamentals Three of
Rectangular R-L Resistance
R-C Inductance
SummaryR-L-C Capacitance Analysis Form 1.9.1 Root Introduction
1.8.1Terminology Basic Theorems
Network
Average
ValuePhasor to Aternating
Quantity
1.5.2 L.5.Single
1 14.3 1.4.2 L4.1
series series Factor Mean
Phase Rms Average Generation Thevenin's
Theorem
Connected
SystemStar ConnectedRelations
SystemStar series PhaseMaximum
Superposition
Theorem
System
ected Connected
Systen
Delta Relations Delta for of
from and AC AC and and
Winding AC and ACandValueSquare
ACCircuitCircuit Sinusoidal AC
Sinusoidal Circuits Peak value Circuits
in in Polar Polar SeriesCircuit Sinusoidal of
Three (RMS) of Power
Three Connections
Representation
PhaseAC to Circuit Sininusoidal
Factor Wave a of AC
Sinusoidal
Phase Rectangular ACAC Value Voltage Transfer
Phase AC
Circuits Circuits System or
Effective Wave Theorem
Form

Value

100 100 100 98 8I 75 73 72 71 70 70 69 68 68 67 65 64 63 63 53 S0 40 40

 Contents vii
Chapter 2 ELECTRONIC DEVICES AND
2.1
DIGITAL SYSTEMS 103
Overview of Semiconductors
2.1.1 Classifications of Semiconductors 104
2.2 PN Junction Diodes 104
2.3
Bipolar Junction Transistor [BJT] 104
2.3.1 Operation of NPN 106

2.3.2 Operation of PNP Transistor 107

Transistor
2.3.3 Transistor Configurations 107
2.4 Field Effect Transistor 108

2.4.1 110
Construction of N-Channel JFET 110
2.4.2 Operation of
N-Channel JFET
2.4.3 Comparison of JFET and BJT 110

2.5 112
Metal Oxide
Semiconductor Field Effect
Transistor (MOSFET) 112
2.6 SCR (Silicon-Controlled Rectifier)
113
2.6.1 SCR
Construction and Working 114
2.6.2 VICharacteristics of SCR
115
2.7
Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) 116
2.7.1 Construction and Working of IGBT 116
2.7.2 V-ICharacteristics of IGBT
117
2.8 Types of Power Converters 118
2.8.1 AC to DCConverters 118
2.8.2 DCto D Converters 119
2.8.3 DC to ACConverters 119
2.8.4 AC to AC Converters
119
2.9 Commutation 120
2.9.1 Natural Commutatior 120
2.9.2 Forced Commutation 120
2.10 Voltage Regulator 121
2.10.1 Linear Voltage Regulator 121
2.11 Switched Mode Power Supply (SMPS) 122
 Chapter vii
Electrical
3
and
3.7 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.1 Combinational
2.15 2.14 Logic
2.13 2.12
ELECTRICAL Electronics
omotors Servo
3.7.2AC3.7.1Motor 3.6.2 3.6.1
Stepper
Motors 3.5.3 3.5.2 3.5.1
Application
Three 3.4.4of Transformer
3.4.3 Principle
Working 3.2.2Generator
3.4.2 3.4.1 3.3.2 3.3.1MotorDC 3.2.1Machines Karnaugh Sum Realize
DC DC
Functions Formn
Sum
Logical (POS)
Phase
Engineering
of
VariableTypes
ervomotorsDC Construction
Applications Induction
Motor
Working ConstructionTypes Construction
Working
Application Working MACHINES Product the
Induction
Map Logic
of of
Reluctance
Stepper Principle Transformers Principle, Principle (K-Map) Form
Expression
of of of of of
Three Three Transformers
Motor Single DC AND (SOP)Design
Motors DC
Representation
Stepper of Construction
Machines Generator of
Phase Phase Three DC DRIVES and Using
Phase
Generator Product
Motors Induction
Induction Phase Transformer Basic

of of of Logic
DC
Motor Motor Motor Gates

126 125 123

137 136 136 136 135 134 134 134 133 128
142 142 142 140 140 139 139 138 137 137
145 144 144 142
 3.8
Brushless DCMotor (BLDC Motor) Contents ix
3.9

3.10 Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor 146

lntroduction
3.10.1
to Electrical
Drives (PMSM) 147
Basic Component of 148
3.10.2 Factors Electric Drives
Influencing
Electrical Drives
the Choice of 148

3.11 Chopper Fed DC Drive 149

3.12 Selection of Drives for 149
Real Time Applications
3.12.1 Crane Application 150

12.2 Electric Vehicles

3.12.2 150

3.12.3 Pump Application

Application 151
152

Chapter 4 TRANSDUCERS AND SENSORS 153

4.1 Introduction 154
4.1.1 Classification of Measuring Instruments 154

4.1.2 Various Forces /Torques Required in

Measuring Instruments 154

4.2. Permanent Magnet Moving Coil (PMMC) Instruments 155

4.3 Dynamometer Type Moving Coil Instrument 156

4.4. Moving Iron Instruments 157

159
4.5 Digital Multimeter
161
4.6 Digital Storage Oscilloscope (DSO) 162
4.7 Transducer
162
4.7.1 Classification of Transducer
162
4.8 Capacitive Transducer
163
4.9 Inductive Transducers
164
Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT)
4.10 A 165
4.11 Thermistors 166
4.12 Thermocouple 167
4.13 Piezoelectric Transducer 168
4.14 PhotoelectricTransducer 169
4.15 Hall Efect Transducers
 Chapter
Electricol

5 ond

Biosensor 4.19 4.18 Electronics

5.8 5.7 5.6 5,5 54 5.3 5.2 5.1
FUNDAMENTALS 4.23 Photovoltaic
Optocouplers
4.27 4.26 4.25 4.24 4.21 Cells
4.22
4.20 Optoelectronic
Devices
4.16 4.17
5,9
Sensor
Sensor
Proximity
Sensors Pressure Sensor Phototransistors
IRLiquid PhotodiodesLight Enginooring
Introduction Homopolar
Safety Overview
Key HVDC 2Transmission
5.4.3T'54.ransmission
54.1System Typical 5.1System
Supply
.1
DC Electrical
5.Earthing
9.4 Good
5.9.3 5.Earthing
9,2 5.9.1 Basic HVDCSystem
Principle
Measures Diagram Bipolar Mono Simple for
Dependent
Types Objective AC and
Crystal
on and Smart
Substation
to of Polar Distribution
layout OF Display
of and in Smart 11 HVDC DC Resistor
Earthing of POWER Building
Electrical kV/400 HVDC Power
EarthingImportance Grid System of
Equipment Generation, (LDR)
VSystem System Supply of SYSTEMS
Systems Indoor Power
of Schemes
Farthing Transrnission
Sub-Station

177 176 174 173 172 171 170 170

185 184 184 183 181 179 179 178
193 192 191 190 I89 188 188 187 187 186
194 194 194 194
 Contents X0

5.10 Precautions for Electric shock 196

5.11 Safety Devices 196
5.12 Renewable Energy Sources 196
5.13 Solar Photovoltaic 197
5.14 Energy Storage System 199
5.15 Overview of Battery 200
5.16 Fuel Cell Technology 200
5.17 Electrical Vehicle Charging Station 202
5.18 Introduction of Electrical Vehicle 203
5.18.1 Hybrid Electric Vehicle 203
5.18.2 PIlug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle 204
5.18.3 Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) 205
Model Question Paper 207