- major directions
Hydraulic and Water Resources Engineering-
Hydrology.Hydraulics
Transportation Engineering
1. Traffic Systems and Planning
2. Pavement Engineering
Environmental Engineering
1. Water and Waste-Water Engineering
2. Solid Waste Management
3. Air Pollution
4. Environmental Impact Assessment
Geotechnical Engineering
1. Shallow and Deep Foundations
2. Slope Stability
3. Tunneling
Structural Engineering
1. Building Design, Construction and
Maintenance
2. Bridge Design, Construction and
Maintenance
3. Construction Technology
4. Infrastructure Asset Management
seven wonders of the world
1. The Great Wall of China, 220BC and
1368-1644AD
2. The Roman Colosseum, Italy, 70-80AD
3. Petra, Jordan, 9BC-40AD
4. The Pyramid of Chichen, Mexico, before
800AD
5. Machu Picchu, Peru, 1460-1470AD
6. Tajmahal, India, 1630AD
7. Christ Redeemer, Brazil, 1931AD
role of the Civil Engineer in sustainable
development.
1. Promote understanding
2. Advance skills
3. Advocate responsible economic approaches
4. Promote holistic approaches
5. Promote performance-based standards
elements of Sustainable Infrastructure.
1. Environmental Protection
2. Economic Development
3. Quality of life
4. Optimal usage of natural resources
5. Society
6. Environment
7. Material consumption
8. Economy
10 greatest civil engineering achievements
according to ASCE.
Airport design and development ,Dams ,Interstate
highway ,Long-span bridges
,Railtransportation,Sanitary,landfills/solid waste
disposal ,Skyscrappers Waste-water treatment ,Water
Supply and distribution ,Water transportation
Industry 1.0- First Industrial Revolution, was a
period of global economic transition from the
Agricultural Revolution. It began in England in the
18th century and lasted until the mid-19th century.
The First Industrial Revolution was characterized by:
Mechanized production, Use of energy sources such
as coal and steam-power ,Emergence of the first
factories,Transition from an agrarian and handicraft
economy to one dominated by machines
Industry 2.0 - between 1871 and 1914.
It was marked by the introduction of electricity and
the assembly line.
This revolution led to: Increased productivity,
Increased efficiency, Increased quality, Mass
production, New industries.The four main Industrial
Revolutions are:
Coal, Gas, Electronics, Nuclear, Internet, Renewable
energy.
Industry 3.0, (called as digital revolution)we
automate processes using logic processors and
information technology. These processes often
operate largely without human interference, but there
is still a human aspect behind it. Production of z1
computer.
Industry4.0 the integration of intelligent digital
technologies into manufacturing and industrial
processes.
Large-scale machine-to-machine communication
(M2M) and the internet of things (IoT) are integrated
for increased automation,
AEC- Architecture, engineering, and construction
AIM -Asset information model
AIM- Asset integrity management
AIR- Asset information requirements
CAD- Computer aided design
CADD -Computer aided design and drafting
IFC- International Foundation Classes
MEP- Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing
VDC -Virtual design and construction
Construction-Concept, Planning, Design, Tendering,
Execution,Commissioning, Operation and
Maintainance
2D- Drafting in X,Y planes
3D- Drafting in X,Y and Z planes
4D- 3D + Project scheduling
5D- 4D + Cost management
6D- 5D + Lifetime maintenance planning
Society-1.0 : Hunter-Gatherer Society
Society-2.0 : Agrarian Society
Society-3.0 : Industrial Society
Society-4.0 : Information Society
Society-5.0: IOT, big data ,ai (super smart city)
phase of evolution of high-rise architecture
1st-conceptual design.
2nd-creation of architectural concepts and designs
3rd- detailed design
4th- the ones that are currently being constructed and
those that are already built. These buildings prioritize
safety and life safety factors.
5th- pouring a strong foundation.
importance of transportation engineering
-Economic development:
-Access to services:healthcare,edu
-City design:
-Smart cities:
-Transportation engineering aims to provide an
acceptable level of service for the movement of
people and goods. It considers safety, efficiency,
convenience, economy, and environmental
compatibility.
challenges in wastewater management.
-Lack of sanitation infrastructure, abandoned
sanitation facilities, and limited enforcement of
environmental regulations.
-Inappropriate governance structure
-Limited public participation Classify concrete blocks.
-Technical difficulties 1. Hollow concrete blocks
-Limited public policies for reuse of treated 1.1 Grade A – density less than 1500 kg/m3. 1.2
wastewater Grade B- 1000 kg/m<density<1500 , grade 3
-Operational challenges density >1000kg/m3
These include:
2. Solid concrete blocks 3. Paver blocks
○ Inadequate training
○ Budgetary concerns
○ Physical footprint
- OPC - Ordinary Portland Cement. widely used
○ Sludge management in construction due to its high strength and
○ Disposal of excess sludge durability. OPC is produced by grinding clinker,
Circular economy-A circular economy is a systemic gypsum, and other additives to a fine powder.
approach to economic development designed to -PPC -Portland Pozzolana Cement. made by
benefit businesses, society, and the environment. blending OPC with pozzolanic materials such as
• In contrast to the ‘take-makewaste’ linear model, a fly ash or volcanic ash. PPC offers improved
circular economy is regenerative by design and aims
workability, reduced heat of hydration, and
to gradually
increased resistance to chemical attacks.
processes found in hydrologic cycle-
Evaporation:Transpiration:Condensation:Precipitation:
-PSC Portland Slag Cement. produced by
Infiltration:Percolation:Runoff:Storage: blending OPC with granulated blast furnace
rain gauge? slag. PSC has higher longterm strength,
A rain gauge is a meteorological instrument that reduced permeability, and improved resistance
measures the amount of precipitation that falls to sulfate attacks compared to OPC
over a specific area over a period of time. Rain
gauges are used by meteorologists and hydrologists.

Subsurface flow is the flow of water beneath the

earth's surface. It's part of the water cycle.Subsurface
flow occurs when precipitation falls on the earth's
land.