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honor. The offence which provoked this assault is not even hinted at,
though it may have arisen from the troubled state of public affairs.
Captain Praa was a man of influence and dignity in the community,
an exiled Huguenot, of remarkable skill in horsemanship and arms.
In spite of all this, it appears probable that the sentiment of the
community was in sympathy with the two turbulent assaulters and
batterers, for they were fined only six shillings and three pounds
respectively. They threw themselves on the mercy of the Court, and
certainly were treated with mercy.
There are, however, few women-criminals named in the old Dutch
and early English records, and these few were not prosecuted for
any very great crimes or viciousness; the chief number were brought
up for defamation of character and slander, though men-slanderers
were more plentiful than women. The close intimacy, the ideal
neighborliness of the Dutch communities of New York made the
settlers deeply abhor all violations of the law of social kindness. To
preserve this state of amity, they believed with Chaucer “the first
vertue is to restraine and kepen wel thine tonge.”
The magistrates knew how vast a flame might be kindled by a
petty spark; and therefore promptly quenched the odious slander in
its beginning; petty quarrels were adjusted by arbitration ere they
grew to great breaches. As sung the chorus of Batavian women in
Van der Vondel’s great poem:—
Sunday was not observed in New Netherland with any such rigidity
as in New England. The followers of Cocceius would not willingly
include Saturday night, and not even all of the Sabbath day, in their
holy time. Madam Knight, writing in 1704 of a visit to New York,
noted: “The Dutch aren’t strict in keeping the Sabbath as in Boston
and other places where I have been.” This was, of course, in times of
English rule in New York. Still, much respect to the day was required,
especially under the governing hand of the rigid Calvinist
Stuyvesant. He specially enjoined and enforced strict regard for
seemly quiet during service time. The records of Stuyvesant’s
government are full of injunctions and laws prohibiting “tavern-
tapping” during the hours of church service. He would not tolerate
fishing, gathering of berries or nuts, playing in the street, nor gaming
at ball or bowls during church time. At a little later date the time of
prohibition of noise and tapping and gaming was extended to include
the entire Sabbath day, and the schout was ordered to be active in
searching out and punishing such offenders.
Occasionally his vigilance did discover some Sabbath disorders.
He found the first Jew trader who came to the island of Manhattan
serenely keeping open shop on Sunday, and selling during sermon
time, knowing naught of any Sunday laws of New Amsterdam.
And Albert the Trumpeter was seen on the Sabbath in suspicious
guise, with an axe on his shoulder,—but he was only going to cut a
bat for his little son; and as for his neighbor who did cut wood, it was
only kindling, since his children were cold.
And one Sunday evening in 1660 the schout triumphantly found
three sailors round a tap-house table with a lighted candle and a
backgammon-board thereon; and he surely had a right to draw an
inference of gaming therefrom.
And in another public-house ninepins were visible, and a can and
glass, during preaching-time. The landlady had her excuse,—some
came to her house and said church was out, and one chanced to
have a bowl in his hand and another a pin, but there was no playing
at bowls.
Still, though he snooped and fined, in 1656 the burgomasters
learned “by daily and painful experience” that the profanation of “the
Lord’s day of Rest by the dangerous, Yes, damnable Sale or Dealing
out of Wines Beers and Brandy-Waters” still went on; and fresh
Sunday Laws were issued forbidding “the ordinary and customary
Labors of callings, such as Sowing, Mowing, Building, Sawing wood,
Smithing, Bleeching, Hunting, Fishing.” All idle sports were banned
and named: “Dancing, Card-playing, Tick-tacking, Playing at ball, at
bowls, at ninepins; taking Jaunts in Boats, Wagons, or Carriages.”
In 1673, again, the magistrates “experienced to our great grief”
that rolling ninepins was more in vogue on Sunday than on any other
day. And we learn that there were social clubs that “Set on the
Sabbath,” which must speedily be put an end to. Thirty men were
found by the schout in one tap-huys; but as they were playing
ninepins and backgammon two hours after the church-doors had
closed, prosecution was most reluctantly abandoned.
Of course scores of “tappers” were prosecuted, both in taverns
and private houses. Piety and regard for an orderly Sabbath were
not the only guiding thoughts in the burgomasters’ minds in framing
these Sunday liquor laws and enforcing them; for some tapsters had
“tapped beer during divine service and used a small kind of measure
which is in contempt of our religion and must ruin our state,”—and
the state was sacred. In the country, as for instance on Long Island,
the carting of grain, travelling for pleasure, and shooting of wild-fowl
on Sunday were duly punished in the local courts.
I do not think that children were as rigid church attendants in New
York as in New England. In 1696, in Albany, we find this injunction:
“ye Constables in eache warde to take thought in attending at ye
church to hender such children as Profane ye Sabbath;” and we
know that Albany boys and girls were complained of for coasting
down hill on Sunday,—which enormity would have been simply
impossible in New England, except in an isolated outburst of Adamic
depravity. In another New York town the “Athoatys” complained of
the violation of the Sabbath by “the Younger Sort of people in
Discourssing of Vane things and Running of Raesses.” As for the city
of New York, even at Revolutionary times a cage was set up on City
Hall Park in which to confine wicked New York boys who profaned
the Sabbath. I do not find so full provisions made for seating children
in Dutch Reformed churches as in Puritan meeting-houses. A wise
saying of Martin Luther’s was “Public sermons do very little edify
children”—perhaps the Dutch agreed with him. As the children were
taught the Bible and the catechism every day in the week, their
spiritual and religious schooling was sufficient without the Sunday
sermon,—but, of course, if they were not in the church during
services, they would “talk of vane Things and run Raesses.”
Before the arrival of any Dutch preacher in the new settlement in
the new world, the spiritual care of the little company was provided
for by men appointed to a benign and beautiful old Dutch office, and
called krankebesoeckers or zeikentroosters,—“comforters of the
Sick,”—who not only tenderly comforted the sick and weary of heart,
but “read to the Commonalty on Sundays from texts of Scripture with
the Comments.” These pious men were assigned to this godly work
in Fort Orange and in New Amsterdam and Breuckelen. In Esopus
they had meetings every Sunday, “and one among us read
something for a postille.” Often special books of sermons were read
to the congregations.
In Fort Orange they had a domine before they had a church. The
patroon instructed Van Curler to build a church in 1642; but it was
not until 1646 that the little wooden edifice was really put up. It was
furnished at a cost of about thirty-two dollars by carpenter
Fredricksen, with a predickstoel, or pulpit, a seat for the magistrates,
—de Heerebanke,—one for the deacons, nine benches and several
corner-seats.