Chapter 5

Second Law of Thermodynamics

Here, work is required, and it is used to “pump” heat from the lower-temperature
heat reservoir to the higher-temperature heat reservoir. Refrigerators are heat
pumps with the “cold box” as the lower-temperature reservoir and some portion
of the environment as the higher-temperature reservoir. The usual measure
CARNOT ENGINE WITH IDEAL-GAS-STATE WORKING FLUID
C

Carnot Cycle & Ideal gas

 Cycles interacting with two reservoirs

Koeberg in Western Cape Duvha in Mpumalanga

Hot reservoir: nuclear reactors Hot reservoir: coal boilers

Cold reservoir: ocean Cold reservoir: atmospheric air

Cycles interacting with two reservoirs
 Maximum performance of cycles

 QC  TC
  = (eq 5.7)
 H
Q rev TH
cy cle

QC QC QH QH
=
Wcy cle
=1−
QC = = = =
Wcycle QH − QC Wcy cle QH − QC
QH QH

T TC TH
max = 1− C  m ax =  max =
TH TH − TC TH − TC
Carnot Cycles
Clausius Inequality
Clausius Inequality
 Q 
cycl
= −≤ 0 e
 T b

• Basis for further development of entropy, entropy

production and entropy balances.
• Any cycle regardless of reservoirs from which it receives
heat or rejects heat to.
δQ2

T2 δQ1 𝛿𝑄 𝑄1 𝑄2 𝑄3 𝑄4
T1 = + + +
δQ3 Any cycle 𝑇 𝑏
𝑇1 𝑇2 𝑇3 𝑇4
T3
T4

δQ4
System boundary
Clausius Inequality
 Q 
= − cy cle
 T b

The nature of the cycle is indicated by the value of cycle

cycle = 0 no irreversibilities present within the system

cycle > 0 irreversibilities present within the system
cycle < 0 impossible
The limiting case for which S G = 0 applies when the process is completely reversible, implying:
∙ The process is internally reversible within the control volume
∙ Heat transfer between the control volume and its surroundings is reversible
Ideal work
For such a process, the entropy generation is zero,