Hydroponics (Final Bookbind) 2024

IoT MICROCONTROLLER BASED PLANT CARE INDOOR CHAMBER WITH
HYDROPONICS SYSTEM
A Thesis
Presented to the Faculty of
Information and Communications Technology Program
STI College Rosario
In Partial Fulfilment
of the Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering
Dessa P. Abito
Jessa Mae P. Pelorina
Mark Nelson S. Silao
January, 2024
ENDORSEMENT FORM FOR ORAL DEFENSE
TITLE OF RESEARCH: IoT Microcontroller Based Plant Care Indoor

Chamber with Hydroponics System
NAME OF PROPONENTS: Dessa P. Abito

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements

for the degree Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering
has been examined and is recommended for Oral Defense.
ENDORSED BY:
Mr. Frendel Roy D. Asejo

Thesis Adviser
APPROVED FOR ORAL DEFENSE:

Thesis Coordinator
NOTED BY:
Mr. Randy B. Quibic, MIT

Program Head
January, 2023
STI College Rosario-IoT Microcontroller Based Plant Care Indoor Chamber with Hydroponics System ii
APPROVAL SHEET
This thesis titled: IoT Microcontroller Based Plant Care Indoor Chamber with
Hydroponics System prepared and submitted by Dessa P. Abito; Jessa Mae P. Pelorina;
and Mark Nelson S. Silao, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of
Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering, has been examined and is recommended
for acceptance and approval.
Frendel Roy D. Asejo

Thesis Adviser
Accepted and approved by the Thesis Review Panel

in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of
Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering
Engr. Eugenio T. Peñalosa Engr. Arlyn I. Tampis, MT

Panel Member Panel Member
Mr. Randy B. Quibic, MIT

Lead Panelist
APPROVED:
Mr. Frendel Roy D. Asejo Mr. Randy B. Quibic, MIT

Thesis Coordinator Program Head
January, 2023
STI College Rosario-IoT Microcontroller Based Plant Care Indoor Chamber with Hydroponics System iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Sincere thanks are extended by the developers to the following individuals and groups for
their major contributions to their research and development.
First and foremost, the developers would like to thank Mr. Frendel Roy D. Asejo, their
thesis coordinator and advisor, for his perseverance and commitment in sharing his
expertise and helpful suggestions, which have been important in helping the developers
make the project feasible.
The developers would also want to express their sincere gratitude to their thesis review
panel namely, Mr. Randy B. Quibic, MIT, Engr. Eugenio T. Penalosa IV and Ms. Arlyn I.
Tampis, MT, for their thoughtful criticism and insights that pushes the project developers
to improve.
They also acknowledge their client, Mr. Alex Borja of AN's Home Gardening Needs, who
helps to make the project possible by letting the developers study their field and providing
guidance and recommendations for the researchers' work.
The developers would also want to express their sincere appreciation to STI College
Rosario for lending them the tools and facilities needed to finish the project and carry out
the study.
Additionally, the developers would like to thank their family, namely Mrs. Lydia Abito,
Mrs. Marites Silao, and Mr. Jayson Caballero, for their unwavering love, support, and
inspiration along their academic path. They have found courage and inspiration in their
everlasting trust and support.
Sincere appreciation to their friends and research participants who kindly shared their time
and experiences with. Their input has had a significant impact on the project's research and
results.
Above all, for his unconditional love, to the Great Almighty, the creator of wisdom and
understanding.
STI College Rosario-IoT Microcontroller Based Plant Care Indoor Chamber with Hydroponics System iv
ABSTRACT
Title of research: IoT Microcontroller Based Plant Care Indoor Chamber with
Hydroponics System
Researchers: Dessa P. Abito

Degree: Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering
Date of Completion: January 2024
Key words: IoT, microcontroller, hydroponic system, automation, actuator,

sensors
The IoT microcontroller-based plant care indoor chamber with a hydroponics system
implements a small-scale model of an automated hydroponics that integrates the Internet
of Things (IoT) technology with a microcontroller and hydroponics techniques to create an
automated and optimized environment for plant growth. The objective of the indoor
chamber is to provide a controlled environment where various environmental factors such
as temperature, humidity, light intensity, and nutrient levels can be monitored and adjusted
according to the plants’ specific needs. Its power source is solar energy, tracked via a
mobile application. ATS is used to transition between solar panels and the grid. In order to
offer the suggested system with functional capabilities, this research employs a prototyping
model. This covers requirements, quick design, building prototype, user evaluation,
refining prototype, and implementation. The IoT integration enables remote monitoring
and control of the system through a mobile application, allowing users to monitor the
plant's health and adjust as needed. The objectives of the IoT microcontroller-based indoor
plant care chamber have been met. In terms of functional suitability, reliability, usability,
efficiency, and portability, the indoor chamber performed well. Overall, the IoT
microcontroller-based plant care indoor chamber with hydroponics system earns 3.73, very
good rating from client’s evaluation result. Nevertheless, because the outcome may have
an impact on plant development, the flow rate of ventilation and image processing
monitoring of plant conditions must also be taken into consideration.
STI College Rosario-IoT Microcontroller Based Plant Care Indoor Chamber with Hydroponics System v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Title Page i
Endorsement Form for Proposal Defense ii
Approval Sheet iii
Acknowledgements iv
Abstract v
Table of Contents vi
List of Tables vii
List of Figures viii
List of Appendices ix
Introduction 1
Background of the problem 3
Overview of the current state of technology 5
Objectives of the study 6
Scope and limitations of the study 9
Literature Review 11
Review of related literature, studies or systems 11
Synthesis 24
IoT Microcontroller Based Plant Care Indoor Chamber with Hydroponics 25
System
Methodology 27
Results and Discussions 58
Conclusions and Recommendations 61
References 62
Appendices 67
STI College Rosario-IoT Microcontroller Based Plant Care Indoor Chamber with Hydroponics System vi
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
1 Plant care Hydroponics Chamber Ideal Range 6
2 Growing Conditions for Lettuce “Development of an Indoor Hydroponic 21
Tower for Urban Farming”
3 Composition of the Concentrated Nutrient Solution A 35
4 Composition of the Concentrated Nutrient Solution B 36
5 Nutrient Solution Mixing Preparation 36
6 Evaluation Rating Table 58

7 Evaluation Rating Result Table 59
STI College Rosario-IoT Microcontroller Based Plant Care Indoor Chamber with Hydroponics System vii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
1 Comparison Between Manual and Controller Values 19
2 Prototyping Model 27
3 Indoor Chamber Hydroponics System Layout 28
4 Connection of Sensors Using ESP 32 Block Diagram 29
5 Block Diagram Using Esp 8266 and Arduino Atmega 2560 30
6 UART Connection Atmega 2560, ESP 32, ESP 8266 and HC-05 31
7 ESP 32 Wiring Diagram 32

8 Automatic Door Wiring Diagram 33
9 Plant-care Hydroponics System Chamber Context Flow Diagram 34
10 Lettuce Growth Stages 37
11 Automated Transfer Switch Diagram 38
12 Respondent Conducting Evaluation of the Hydroponic Indoor Chamber 39
13 IoT Microcontroller Based Plant Care Indoor Chamber with Hydroponics 41
System
14 Plant Care Hydroponics Chamber Dashboard 56
15 Plant Care Monitoring and Scheduling 57
STI College Rosario-IoT Microcontroller Based Plant Care Indoor Chamber with Hydroponics System viii
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix Page
A Gantt chart of activities 68
B Actual Thesis Expenses 71
C User’s Manual 75
D Letter of Approval 78
E Client’s Hydroponics System Kratky Method 81
F Client Interview 83
G Transcript of Interview 85
H Evaluation Form 89
I Client’s Thesis Project Evaluation 93
J Certificate of Approval 94
K Curriculum Vitae of Researchers 96
STI College Rosario-IoT Microcontroller Based Plant Care Indoor Chamber with Hydroponics System ix
INTRODUCTION
Hydroponic system allows for precise control of environmental factors including

temperature and pH balance, as well as increased exposure to nutrients and water. The
fundamental tenet of hydroponics is to provide plants what they require at the precise
moment when they require it (Robinson, 2023). Plant development is accelerated in an
environment that is highly tailored and controlled (Robinson, 2023). Some of the most
common reasons for the plant to deteriorate are overwatering, underwatering, not getting
the right amount of light, changes to their environment, bugs, and pest or nutrient
deficiencies (David, 2023).
Hydroponics is the practice of growing plants in water that has been supplemented with
nutrients, either with or without the mechanical assistance of an inert material like sand,
gravel, or perlite. Hydroponics is the fastest-growing sector of agriculture, and it could
dominate food production in the future (Asao, 2012). In this research project, a hydroponic
microcontroller chamber for plant care indoor chamber is introduced for controlling the
factors by measuring the humidity and temperature, the scheduling of nutrient solution
inside the chamber. The researchers want to have a hydroponic way of planting varieties
of lettuce which are is versatile plants that grow fast in hydroponics. An exclusive
compartment for dying plant to nurture and revive dying plants.
A kind of hydroponics known as Direct Water Culture (DWC) or Deep Water Culture
(DWC) is the Kratky method. During DWC growth, there is no ebb-and-flow cycle since
the roots of the plants remain in the nutrient solution continuously. To make sure the roots
have enough oxygen, the water is constantly aerated using a pump and an air stone (Ponics
Life, 2022). Since Kratky hydroponic systems don't require power, they don't require water
or air pumps. The plant lowers the water level in the reservoir as it absorbs the nutrient
solution, supplying the root system with air.(NoSoilSolution [APA], n.d). The AN’s Homes
Gardening Needs in Bucal, Tanza, Cavite uses a Kratky method for their hydroponics
system. According to Ponics Life (2022), the Kratky approach is especially attractive since
it only requires determining the nutrients the plant will need once, at the time of planting.
Nutrient film technique (NFT), a type of hydroponics system that uses a thin film of
nutrient solution to deliver nutrients to plant and it is circulated through a small channel
STI College Rosario-IoT Microcontroller Based Plant Care Indoor Chamber with Hydroponics System 1
that are covered with net or screen (Prasanniya, 2022). The researchers implement and
design an NFT method of hydroponic and the transplanting is done after seed germination.
One of the most crucial components of a hydroponic system is water, tap water nowadays
is not safe since it may have gone through chlorination (Howell, 2022). Chlorine is highly
toxic to such tiny organisms which can kill the beneficial bacteria in nutrient reservoirs. To
get rid of this contaminant, it is advisable to sit the water for 24 hours under the sun
(Howell, 2022). The ideal ratio of nutrients, such as potassium, phosphorus, and nitrogen,
together with trace minerals like iron, calcium, and magnesium, is provided by hydroponic
nutrition solutions. Hydroponics enables more effective absorption and quicker
development by supplying these nutrients straight to the plant roots (Atlas Scientific,
2023).
When a plant is wilting, it is typically due to under watering, overwatering, or too much
direct sunlight (Stump, n.d.). Overwatering or poorly drained soils can create root rots
because the soil is too moist for the roots to absorb all the oxygen required for survival
(Elite Tree Care, n.d.). Wilting and root rot were the two specific diseases that the
developers suggested for their plant-care chamber. The primary feature is an automatic
misting system that allows you to decide when to water your plants. In order to monitor
the conditions within the plant care chamber, it also features a soil moisture sensor, a
temperature and humidity sensor, and a peltier for cooling.
One dependable source for transferring significant load connections is automatic transfer
switches (Alion, 2021). ATS is a device that, in the event of a malfunction or outage in the
primary source, automatically switches the power supply from its primary source to a
backup source (Culverhouse, 2017). Solar panels, also known as photovoltaics, are devices
that gather solar radiation and transform it into electrical energy that may power buildings
or commercial spaces (Energy Education, n.d.). Since the solar panel serves as the primary
power source for the inside chamber, the researchers provide a real-time monitoring system
that incorporates the solar panel's actual data. The ATS will switch to the electrical grid as
a backup power source when the life battery turns 0%.
Background of the problem
AN’s Home Gardening Needs located at Tanza Country Homes Bucal, Cavite offers
hydroponics kit and high-quality repacked vegetable and herbs seeds. They also sell
varieties of lettuce, bok choi, kangkong and other leafy vegetables harvested through a
hydroponic planting. AN’s Home Gardening Needs uses Kratky method, by far the
simplest hydroponic method. A Kratky method is very similar to deep water culture
however, it does not require air pump, air stone and tubing. Usually, a plastic container
used a reservoir filled with a mixture of water and hydroponic nutrients. A lid sits atop the
reservoir and between the surface of the water and the lid is a gap of air.
According to the owner of AN’s Home Gardening Needs, the drawback of this kind of
hydroponic system is when the heavy rain pours. Rainwater can dilute the nutrient solution
that alter its pH. With stagnant water at warm temperatures, root rot can easily occur and
can be attractant to pests (NoSoilSolution, n.d.). With Kratky method temperature can be
hard to control covering the reservoir can reduce temperature fluctuations. Contrary to
organic gardening, which calls for urea for the plant's nutrients to be absorbed by the soil
as a consequence of the presence of insects, the nutrient solution in hydroponics is
immediately digested by the roots of the plant. Insecticides are not required with
hydroponics (NoSoilSolution, n.d.). According to Mr. Borja, the owner of AN’s Home
Gardening Needs, they make between 300,000 and 500,000 pesos a month selling their
wares online on sites like Facebook and the Blue and Orange app.
Some plant species are extremely sensitive to changes in temperature and environment
(Owen, 2021). The UN Food and Agriculture Organization stated, “The strawberry is
grown in the Philippines at high elevations where the relatively-low temperature conditions
are more suitable for its growth and development”. Although they may be grown anywhere,
strawberries may not provide nice fruit if they are planted in hot weather. They favor a mix
of chilly and warm climatic conditions as well as soil that drains well (Tacio, 2023). A soil-
borne illness known as fusarium wilt can lead to agricultural losses in warm weather. It
works quickly since strawberry plants may suddenly wilt and die (Ullio, 2009). Because
they require little care and are simple to cultivate, cacti are a popular choice for indoor
houseplants. Because their owners don't provide them with the necessary care, many cactus
plants eventually die from neglect (Gruber, 2022). According to Gruber (2022), that
excessive or insufficient watering as well as prolonged sun exposure might cause cacti to
die. Plants may experience certain issues as a result of weather changes (Owen, 2021).
Inadequate ventilation lowers plant activity and can cause issues with humidity and disease
control (Department of Primary Industries, n.d.). With nutrient deficiencies, yellowing
leaves, and stunted growth, the plant may even stop growing altogether. It will need to
provide your plants with a balanced nutrient that has all the essential nutrients for healthy
growth including nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) & potassium (K), as well as calcium,
magnesium, and sulfur (Global Garden, n.d.).
To supply its rising need for electricity, the Philippines is heavily dependent on large-scale
transmission lines and conventional coal generation. Higher electricity tariffs and
disparities in the distribution of energy between urban and rural areas are the results of the
focus on providing power to the metropolis (Xinhua, 2023). Electricity is frequently needed
in hydroponic systems to run lights, pumps, and environmental control devices. Due to
their reliance on electricity, plants may be negatively impacted by power outages or other
disturbances. Growers must have backup power sources or backup plans in place to
guarantee that the system keeps working even in the event of a power outage (Rajan, 2023).
Overview of the current state of the technology
Local
AN’s Home Gardening Needs employed the kratky technique for hydroponic green foliage
planting. Because there are no pumps needed to circulate the water and nutrients, it is the
simplest and most straightforward approach in a hydroponic system. The biggest advantage
of this approach is that it doesn't need electricity, but the only thing that can be tracked is
the level of nutrients. Since this hydroponics technique is utilized outside, it's crucial to
prevent rainfall from entering the reservoir.
The Department of Agriculture (DA) presented the Urban Agri Hydro Hub Learning Center
at the Pop Up Katipunan in Quezon City in line of the government’s push to encourage
urban farming. The initiative is an attempt by DA government to persuade individuals to
build an urban farm in order to promote a healthy lifestyle and agricultural respect. The
Hydro Hub lecture hall and hydro farm, which can produce 576 heads of lettuce or around
18 kilos each lifespan, make up the new Learning Center.
NXTLVL Farms, and its brand Future Fresh, is the pioneer and leading indoor, urban farm
in the Philippines. NXTLVL Farms emphasizes locally produced innovation and employs
exclusive design and standards. By utilizing Agritecture’s Farm design, AGR supported
NXTLVL with the HVAC (heating, ventilation and air conditioning) requirements and
equipment to provide optimal conditions, yield estimations for leafy greens to estimate
production volumes, and provided layouts to optimize space use efficiency inside grow
room. It is known as the NXTLVL Farmbox MK III.
Foreign
A very sophisticated hydroponic system that generates a significant amount of crisp, clean
lettuce. Lighting, water purification, and power generation are all included in Toshiba's
setup for the clean room farm, and the entire system is managed by tablets provided to
Toshiba personnel. Everything in the environment is controlled such as air pressure,
lighting, temperature, bacteria and even dust. Toshiba hydroponics systems does not
require pesticides, never has to deal with bugs, and will never produce a lower-than-
satisfactory yield.
Objectives of the study
The general purpose of the study is to design and develop an IoT microcontroller-based
plant care indoor chamber with hydroponics system.
Specifically aims to:
1. To design and construct a microcontroller-based chamber with humidity,

temperature,water level, and light intensity controller.
This chamber uses a system where the humidity and temperature can be adjusted
to assist plant performance and enhance the rate of nutrient uptake, and if the
system detects that the temperature and humidity level of the chamber is beyond
the range, it will fully activate the fan to keep the temperature and humidity level
normal. The water level sensor notified the system if the water level is low or high.
If the main reservoir's water level drops, the water pump will add more water to
the reservoir. Since the project works in the Nutrient film technique (NFT), the
water flow inside the chamber is continuous to distribute enough nutrients to all
plants. Proper light intensity from LED growth light can enable plant
photosynthesis. The LED UV grow lights within the chamber will turn on if the
light intensity sensor determines that there is not enough light for crops.
Table 1:
Plant care Hydroponics Chamber Ideal Range
Specification Range
Temperature 20℃ - 28℃
Humidity 50% - 80% (8.7 g/m3-18.4 g/m3)

Water level Low to High
Light Intensity 10,000 lx ~ 15,000 lx
pH Level 5.5 ~ 6.5
Water Temperature 18℃ - 25℃
2. To create a mobile application to monitor the plant harvesting period inside the
chamber.
This mobile application can be used to monitor the time when the lettuce was
planted, and it tells when to harvest. It's important to properly monitor the plant
harvesting period to increase plant production and reduce plant losses and quality
deterioration. The mobile application can also be used to monitor the temperature
and humidity of the chamber, the pH level of water, the light intensity of the LED
growth light, the water level, and the scheduling of nutrient distribution.
3. To create a module for the automatic distribution of nutrient solution in the

chamber based on schedules.
The system will automatically distribute nutrient solutions into the water system
according to its schedule. It is easier to work with a liquid solution than a powder
form because it digests quickly in water. All hydroponically grown plants require
large amounts of the three basic macronutrients, (N)nitrogen, (P)phosphorus, and
(K)potassium as well as the secondary nutrients such as (Ca)calcium, (mg)
magnesium and (S) sulfur (Atlas Scientific, 2023). The researchers will use liquid
nutrient solution that is suitable for hydroponics and potted plants. Liquid plant
nutrients are known to be more quickly and effectively absorbed than granule
fertilizers applied to the soil.
4. To use a solar panel module that can generate power for the plant care and
hydroponics indoor chamber.
A solar energy system could help researchers save money on electricity by reducing
the chamber's dependence on the power grid and it is a more efficient way of
consuming energy. When a chamber uses solar panels to generate power, there are
no greenhouse gas emission released into the atmosphere, therefore, it is eco-
friendly. Solar panels can be connected directly to the ATS. When the major power
source (solar battery) hit 0% battery life and needs to recharge, an automatic
transfer switch (ATS) which is a self-acting electrical device that shifts between the
solar panel power source to power grid. A solar-powered chamber will always have
electricity if an ATS is installed, eliminating the need for it to manually switch from
solar to the grid or the other way around.
5. To develop a special compartment inside the chamber for dying plants.
This compartment can help some plants to recover from severe threats such as
withering and root rot disease. This compartment has separate LED growth light
and mist sprayer to have a special treatment for a plant that needs delicate care. The
proposed plant care is appropriate for strawberry and cacti plants, where the most
common disease is yellowing or withering of the leaves. The root causes of these
issues are either underwatering or overwatering and too much exposure of the sun.
6. To create an automated calibration system.
This will determine whether the system meets performance requirements, and
following the plant harvesting period. With the help of this user interface system,
the user may schedule the date of planting, the harvesting date, the number crops
planted, and the number of crops that will be harvested. The system will
automatically save the gathered information about the plant growth process into the
Firebase. The system will automatically drain the water after harvesting. If
everything is in working order, this will also display the status of the numerous
sensors that are linked to the chamber, including the DHT22, pH level, water level,
light intensity, soil moisture, and water temperature. When there are wiring faults
in the sensors or when the sensors are damaged, an error will notify. The system
will automatically save the gathered information about the plant growth process
into the Firebase. The system will automatically drain the water after harvesting.
Scope and limitations of the study
The following are the broad scope of the IoT Microcontroller Based Plant Care Indoor
Chamber with Hydroponics System:
Scope
1. The hydroponics microcontroller chamber has a control system that can detect the
temperature and humidity inside the chamber.
2. It has two fans for ventilation to bring in fresh air and exhaust fan to suck out air
contaminants that necessary for maintaining air circulation and carbon dioxide
replenishment. It is necessary for controlling humidity and temperature effectively.
3. To provide a mobile application that can provide real-time information on the
temperature, humidity, light intensity, pH level, water level, and water temperature
of an indoor chamber. By manually entering the date of planting and the anticipated
harvest date, the user using the mobile device's plant monitoring dashboard can
determine when to harvest. It has a security module that automatically locks and
unlocks the chamber managed by a mobile app.
4. To develop a solar panel monitoring system that operate in real time. The primary
power source for the indoor chamber was solar energy, and the developers installed
a monitoring system to display the state of the solar panel. The ATS will
automatically switch to grid power when the LiFePO4 battery is in 0% or 10V,
allowing the battery to recharge and reach 100% or 14.6V (Seghers, 2022).
Limitations
The design of the Plant Care Indoor chamber with Hydroponics System, is limited by the
following factors:
1. Cleaning of the chamber is done manually. It is certainly necessary to empty and
clean it each time the nutritional ratio formula is changed. Every time the reservoir
is cleaned, it's a good idea to rinse out the growth medium, which consists of
expanded clay pebbles. Waste from plants will often build up on the growth media.
2. This chamber for hydroponics is only for green leafy plants such as romaine lettuce,
mustard, pechay, rossa lettuce, grand rapid lettuce and curly green lettuce.
3. The largest plant size that may be placed inside the designated chamber for plant
care is two feet, and the container size that can be used must not be more than eight
inches in diameter. It is not allowed to grow tall plants or any crops or plants that
climb or vine.
4. The germination function within the indoor chamber is excluded and instead
focuses on the planting pre-germinated plants into chamber. Transplant shock from
soil to hydroponics is likely to have a negative impact on seedlings that have not
yet established themselves. For seedlings to flourish in a hydroponic container, their
roots must be fully established. If this is not done, the hydroponic plants will not be
able to maintain themselves. The most crucial thing to keep in mind is that before
moving a plant from soil to fresh water with a nutrition mix, it should have well-
established roots
LITERATURE REVIEW
Review of related literature, studies or systems
Related local literature
Hydroponics Farming in the Philippines
According to Braganza, L. (2023), in hydroponic farming, plants are grown without the
need of soil in a nutrient-rich water-based solution. It is a type of indoor gardening that
grows plants without soil by using different tools, such hydroponic tanks and hydroponic
lights. Hydroponics systems are perfect for indoor and urban environments since they need
less water and space than traditional farming methods. Because of the regulated
environment provided by hydroponics, crops grown there are more resilient to pests and
diseases, requiring fewer chemical treatments. By using fewer toxic chemicals, hydroponic
farming not only helps to conserve the environment by increasing crop output and
consuming less water. Farmers must choose whatever kind of hydroponics system to
utilize, such as an ebb and flow system or a deep-water culture, after settling on the plants.
Next, it's critical to comprehend the many parts of a hydroponics system, including the
lights, pumps, and nutrient reservoirs. Lastly, in order to guarantee the optimal growth for
their plants, farmers must pay attention to the pH, temperature, and levels of water and
nutrients in the hydroponics system. A fruitful and prosperous venture, hydroponic farming
may be achieved with the correct planning and study. Hydroponically, practically any crop
may be produced, although the most popular ones are watercress, celery, tomatoes,
peppers, cucumbers, strawberries, and leaf lettuce. Although it used to be believed that
hydroponic plants were "watered down" or had no flavor, this is no longer the case. In
actuality, the food produced in a nearby hydroponic vertical farm tastes better and is safer
than that which is produced in other ways. Some farmers supply their hydroponic crops
with nutrients by using a fully soluble fertilizer that contains micronutrients. Usually, the
amount of fertilizers given depends on how much nitrogen the crop requires. This might
be 100–150 ppm nitrogen for lettuce grown hydroponically.
Hydroponics: A precision Agriculture
According to Canlas, J. (2020), hydroponic systems are being tested and used with
diligence on the land, in buildings, or on rooftops that are available inside the nation's cities
and peri-urban areas. Using mineral fertilizer solutions in water, hydroponics is a climate-
smart agricultural technique and an art form for soilless plant growth. With hydroponics,
plants are grown in an inert substrate and get a highly soluble, pH-balanced nutrition
solution at the roots. This makes it possible for plants to absorb nourishment with minimal
effort. Hydroponic systems come in a variety of forms. These include wick systems, deep-
water culture systems, drip systems, ebb and flow (also known as flood and drain) systems,
nutrient film technique (NFT) systems, aeroponic systems, and simple nutrient addition
program (SNAP). One of the most often used varieties of hydroponic systems is NFT.
Since its components are modular in nature, it is adaptable. It functions by employing a
water pump to provide the plants with nutritious solution. The water is subsequently
directed back to the main reservoir by gravity. The way the fertilizer solution spreads
throughout the roots is a crucial component of a quality N.F.T. For plants to acquire enough
oxygen, there should ideally be a tiny quantity of water running through the channels—
this is what is meant by "film." In this arrangement, salad greens (i.e., watercress), basil,
and lettuce are the most often utilized plants. Hydroponic crop growing systems, which are
based on precision agriculture, can maximize yields by at least 30% and harvest in a short
amount of time (about 30 days for leafy vegetables like lettuce, watercress, kangkong,
pechay, bok choi, etc.). Additionally, these systems can turn inputs, such as seeds,
nutrients, and labor, into larger and healthier profits. Hydroponically grown objects can
take many forms. One common technique involves placing plants in a plastic trough and
allowing a fertilizer solution to slowly seep past the roots (using a pump and gravity to
aid). This method is known as the nutrient-film approach. The nutrient functions similarly
to a liquid conveyor belt, continuously moving past the roots to provide them with the
nourishment they require. Alternatively, a sterile soil replacement such as sand, rock wool,
or vermiculite can be used to grow plants by supporting their roots with a nutrient-rich
media.
Dying plants
According to Owen, C. (2021), anyone can grow plants at home, but even if you believe
you've done everything correctly, it may still be upsetting when things don't seem to pan
out the way you want them to. When someone says they can't seem to grow anything,
they frequently reply, "I have a black thumb." There are some that grow plants more
readily than others, it's true, but there is no such thing as a "black thumb". Have you ever
attempted to purchase plants in milder climates, such as Baguio or Tagaytay, only to have
them wither away a few weeks later when you get them home? This is most likely due to
their superior suitability for cooler climates. In a similar vein, several plants prefer humid
conditions and are more susceptible to frostbite in colder, drier climates. Finding out if
the plant you wish to propagate can live in the new location is all that's required. You will
need to reduce the shock of the procedures if you choose to move your plant into a larger
container or straight into your garden. The Spruce advises watering your plant before
relocating it to preserve the soil and prevent the roots from drying out once it is lifted out.
Additionally, you should confirm that the soil in the hole where your plant will be planted
is moist. Verify that there are no exposed roots and that the ground is free of air pockets.
Water it again after transplanting and making sure the soil is stable. There are many more
factors to consider depending on the plant you have chosen to take care of, but fortunately,
information is readily available online and in social media groups.
Related foreign literature
The Future of Farming: Hydroponics
According to Boylan, C. (2020), the practice of growing plants indoors is called controlled
environment agriculture, sometimes referred to as weather- and climate-proof farming or,
more popularly, indoor vertical farming. Although indoor farming is not a new concept—
greenhouses have been used for farming purposes for centuries—the more recent
development of hydroponic farming considerably simplifies the growing process by doing
away with all of the superfluous elements of conventional farming. Following this
fundamental principle, controlled environment agriculture (CEA) eliminates any
unnecessary inputs—like pesticides and soil—that have grown indispensable to our
existing agricultural system. Conventional components of traditional farming are replaced
with artificial ones throughout the CEA process. LED lighting that is specially designed
to meet the energy requirements of plants provides them with energy instead of the sun.
To provide seedlings a surface to attach their roots to, seeds are placed on soil-free growth
media like coconut husk as an alternative to soil. Essential nutrients are supplied to plants
growing in vertical farms either aeroponically—where the plant roots hang freely and are
misted with nutrient-infused water—or hydroponically—where nutrient-infused water is
provided to the plant roots that are seated in a growth medium. Using this information,
farmers may optimize the time, quality, and quantity of inputs given to the plants in order
to achieve the best possible yields and quality. Together with precise irrigation techniques
and other design elements, this technology enables CEA farmers to drastically cut down
on water waste—hydroponic farms use up to 90% less water than conventional farms.
Additionally, light inputs are tuned to guarantee maximum plant absorption and maximum
yield output. PAR, an acronym for photosynthetic active radiation, quantifies the quantity
of photons that may be utilized by various plants. The visible light wavelengths that plants
can use are those in the 400–600 nm range. Optimizing the light that is provided to plants
to maximize light absorption might help reduce wasted energy because LED lights
consume a lot of electricity. The protection the plants receive from dangerous pests and
microbiological illnesses is another advantage of the safe indoor growing environment.
Ninety percent of the more than one billion pounds of pesticides used yearly in the United
States come from the agriculture sector. The sooner we reduce the quantity of pesticides
tainting our food and surroundings, the better off our planet and our well-being.
Hydroponics: The Power of Water to Grow Foods
According to Lagomarsino, V. (2019), the Hanging Gardens of Babylon are said to have
survived by using a river's water in a pulley system—a farming method currently
recognized as hydroponics. Scientists are concerned about feeding an expanding human
population in a changing environment. They think hydroponic technology might help
avert a future food scarcity. A considerable portion of the technology utilized in
hydroponic systems being installed in underdeveloped nations is derived from systems
that were created at NASA. Scientists and biologists collaborated in the latter half of the
20th century to find a means of cultivating food in one of the harshest environments ever
experienced by humans: space. Because hydroponics uses less space and resources than
conventional farming, NASA's aerospace plant physiologists started experimenting with
growing plants aboard the International Space Station. In 2015, astronauts consumed the
first green vegetables produced in space following rigorous testing. The most advanced
hydroponic systems available today can monitor the pH, fertilizer levels, water
temperature, and even the quantity of light reaching the plants. The nutrition film
technique, the ebb and flow system, and the wick system are the three primary categories
of hydroponic systems. A new generation of contemporary farmers may create green
walls inside their homes or community centers to feed their families with fresh vegetables
grown year-round, even if hydroponic technology may never completely replace
conventional farming.
Basic Plant Care
According to (Lockhart et al., 2020), "right plant, right place", expert gardeners and
horticulturists often says. One of the first things to do while learning how to take care of
plants is generally to identify them. The care needs of various species, types, and cultivars
might vary. It can be difficult to distinguish between varieties and cultivars; thus, these
terminologies should be used appropriately, particularly in the horticultural sector.
Varieties often arise organically and replicate true from seed, meaning they bear a
resemblance to their parents. Cultivars can be hybrids of two plants or the result of a
mutation, although they are frequently not regenerating from saved seeds. Understanding
the differences between annual and perennial plants is crucial. Biennial is another phrase
that you could encounter. These words describe how long a plant will live. A plant is
considered annual if it grows, blossoms, and reproduces in a single growing season.
Generally speaking, these plants work well for bringing color to the landscape. Annuals
include coleus (Solenostemon scutellarioides), petunias (Petunia integrifolia), and pansies
(Viola tricolor). A perennial is a plant that can survive many growing seasons and can
produce flowers and seeds every year. Perennials include plants like clematis (Clematis
koreana), asclepias tuberosa, and hostas (Hosta crispula). Compared to annuals and
perennials, biennials are a little different. They have two growth seasons left to live. In
their first year, they typically grow leaves, blossom, make seed, and eventually die the
following year. Carrots (Daucus carota), onions (Allium cepa), and Canterbury bells
(Campanula medium) are a few examples of biennial plants. Whether it is direct or
indirect sunlight, all plants require some level of it to thrive. Out of all the light
requirements, "full sun" is arguably the easiest to grasp. Plants that require six or more
hours of direct sunshine each day are referred to by this word. Vegetable and fruit
producing plants often require full light for optimal growth. The foundation of any garden
is its soil, which is a living organism. Air, water, nutrients, physical support, and
temperature regulation are all provided by soil to plants. Since nitrogen is essential for so
many plant functions and is mobile in the soil, nitrogen deficiency is the most common
nutrient deficiency in plants. A basic soil test measures the levels of nitrogen (N),
phosphorus (P) as P2 O5 (phosphate), potassium (K) as K2 O (potash), and soil pH. The
soil may be supplemented with synthetic and/or organic fertilizer to address nutritional
shortages. Don't forget to change the pH of the soil as needed to provide plants access to
nutrients. It is critical to understand a plant's anticipated breadth and height. This data will
help determine the optimal spacing between the plants. Proper plant spacing promotes
improved ventilation, which lowers the risk of disease in your plants. Proper spacing also
lessens plant competition with other plants for nutrients and water. When choosing where
to put your plants in the garden, plant height is a crucial factor to take into account. Later
in the season, when the plants are growing and have less air movement surrounding them,
disease issues may become an issue. A vital element of every kind of garden is irrigation.
Drip irrigation is the most water-conscious and efficient kind. Drip irrigation systems may
be put above ground, run at lower pressures than traditional systems, and provide water
to each plant's base—exactly where it's needed most. If plants receive the right quantities
of water, nutrients, and light yet exhibit defoliation, discolored or yellowing leaves, or
other symptoms suggesting a problem, it can be the result of a plant disease or garden
insect. Speaking with a local OSU Extension educator is the most accurate technique to
determine the identity of a potential pest or disease.
Related foreign studies
Automation of Hydroponics System Using Android Application
The primary goal of the project is to fully automate the system used to cultivate plants in
a person's house. Through an Android application, the user receives helpful information
regarding the health of the plants. A study from India entitled “Automation Of
Hydroponics System Using Android Application And Ubidots Platform” by Rakshita M.,
Roopa, Swetha, H.L., and Tejashwini, R., examines the automation of hydroponics
utilizing sensors to control the flow of water, light, and fertilizer to the plants. It is simple
to keep track of the health of the plants and sensor readings thanks to the Android
application. The drip irrigation system uses a network of drip lines to pump the nutrient
solution down the tube and drop it onto the roots of the plants. A moisture sensor
frequently automates the process. The reservoir will contain nutrient solution that has
been blended in the right amounts to fulfill the crop's pH needs. The ultrasonic sensor is
used to track the level of the nutritional solution. Once the nutritional solution level
exceeds the threshold level, a new solution is replaced, and the user is informed of this
via an Android application. Using a drip irrigation system, a submersible DC/AC pump
will be installed inside the reservoir to circulate nutritional solution to the roots of the
plants. The coco peat substrate's moisture level, which turns the pump on and off, controls
this one. As the plant absorbs the nutrient solution, the pH value of the solution goes high.
To bring down the pH value to the maximum level, pH down buffer solution (dilute
phosphoric or nitric acid) is used. By opening and closing of the solenoid valve, the flow
of the buffer solution is controlled. To establish internet connection, which is used to send
data to Ubidots cloud, the ethernet shield is interfaced with Arduino UNO. The web server
containing the Ubidots clouds connects the smart greenhouse to an android app. It informs
the user and that the plants may be observed from any location.
Sensor Based System in Hydroponics
For optimal crop production, tunnel farming and hydroponic systems need regulated
environmental factors including temperature, humidity, and soil moisture. This research
provides an efficient approach called Automatically Controlled Hydro-Ponic Agriculture
(ACHPA), which uses sensors and a controller to monitor and manage environmental
factors. Light, temperature, humidity, soil moisture, and other environmental factors all
have a direct impact on plant growth. Plant development is primarily determined by these
factors, which also have a significant impact on productivity and quality. Due to the
problems with manual hydroponics, automation-controlled hydroponics has been the
subject of several articles and is still an unexplored area of study. This research explains
the methods and processes used in system development which are 1: data analysis, stage
2: controller command, stage 3: system implementation and stage 4: rechecking of
previously stored data. Determining the needs of the system is the first step in system
development. At this point, sensor data—specifically, the temperature and humidity
sensor, DHT11—is evaluated. After that, the controller receives these values to process.
In order to keep the crops' environment under control, the controller issues orders to the
actuator in the second stage based on data gathered from sensors. In stage 3, the fans are
ordered to be switched OFF after controlling the temperature since enough ventilation is
necessary to counteract the effects of high temperatures. Additionally, the drip irrigation
system's water pumps are controlled based on data from moisture sensors to ensure that
the roots receive an appropriate amount of moisture in the water. Assume that the fans are
turned off at first and that the tunnel's temperature rises over the predetermined
threshold—that is, to more than 40 °C—in order to have a better understanding of how
the system functions. Following a check of the fans' current condition (F=0), the controller
will turn on the fans and change their status to F=1. Every two minutes, the controller will
verify the temperature reading. The fan will stay ON and the controller will do nothing if
the temperature is higher than 37 °C and F=1. The controller will switch off the fan if F=1
and the temperature drops to 37 °C or below, which will result in F=0 in the software
variable F. The process provides an ON-OFF control range of 3°C. For humidity
management, the program uses a similar process with changing H. When temperature and
humidity are in competition, temperature is prioritized since it affects crop output more
significantly than humidity. A timer is used to regulate the moisture. Pumps begin to give
water for three minutes as soon as the moisture level is detected to be lower than 96%.
The connected LCD monitor displays the current readings of soil moisture, humidity, and
temperature. Monitoring values of manually controlled farm are taken after every thirty
minutes and automatically controlled farm values are programmed to be read after every
two minutes. Values of temperature and humidity have been taken 8 hours per day (day
light), at different atmospheric temperatures on different days. Simulated using
MATLAB, the threshold value of temperature and humidity is, for temperature 37 to 40
°C and for humidity is 55 to 60 %.
Figure 1
Comparison Between Manual and Controller Values
Note. Following a thorough examination of the manually and automatically operated

farms, it was determined that the respective temperature variations were 27.5% and 5.4%.
Thus, employing ACHPA makes a 5X better control achievable. With ACHPA, there is
6X greater control over manually and automatically operated farms, where the humidity
variance is 36.2% and 5.6%, respectively. In farms that are manually and automatically
operated, the overrun in the values is 7.5% and 1%, respectively, providing 7X greater
control with ACHPA.
Control of Plant Growth by Monitoring Soil Moisture, Temperature and Humidity in Dry
Climate
Ibrahim Al-Adwan asserts that the quality of the plants would be impacted by the
conditions within the greenhouse. In contrast to outdoor greenhouses, inside greenhouses
have an easier time monitoring environmental factors including temperature, humidity,
and soil moisture because of the slower rate of change of these variables. Because dry soil
doesn't conduct electricity well, when there is less water in the soil, less electricity is
conducted, increasing resistance. As a result, there will be less moisture. Temperature is
another important aspect that affects plant development and health; plants that are too hot
or too cold will not thrive. Plants need humidity because it helps regulate how much
moisture they lose. Plants have small pores on their leaves via which CO2 enters the plant
and oxygen and water exit. After being placed into the soil, the soil hygrometer's
resistance value changed as the moisture content changed, displaying the voltage output.
The positioning of the sensors inside the indoor greenhouse initiates the system. A soil
hygrometer sensor was embedded in the ground, and DHT111 sensors were fixed to the
greenhouse's pillars. These sensors recorded variations in temperature, humidity, and soil
moisture, and the data was shown on a serial monitor. The link between soil moisture
rates and stem diameter was examined using the data. The diameter of four basil plant
stems was measured. The higher soil moisture which means soil contains more water than
bigger stem diameters. Based on the three weeks of plant growth observations, it can be
determined that the rate of soil moisture does affect the stem diameter and leaves length.
Related local studies
Hydroponic Tower
The research project “Development Of An Indoor Hydroponic Tower For Urban

Farming” by Sean Tagle, Hans Benoza, Rica Pena, and Aleeza Oblea of the De La Salle
University (2018) address urban hydroponic farming as an effective way of conserving
water and space. The study includes an analysis on various parameters such as plant
length, leaf height, fresh weight, water temperature, ambient temperature, relative
humidity, pH level, water level, and total dissolved solids. It is an Arduino-based
monitoring system where collecting necessary data along with physical instruments for
better calibration in data collection. This system parameters for plant growth were only
monitored and not controlled and the prototype was composed readily available and
inexpensive to reduce the costs of construction. The indoor hydroponic tower uses a T5
fluorescent consuming 8W to 14W with daylight. A small electric fan was used to
ventilate the tower for 2 hours after every 3 hours. The reservoir contains the nutrient
solution with a soil substitute for the system and it will give the plant nourishment. The
water pump utilized a maximum flow rate of 1500L/hr. Light reflector made from foil
insulation was used to cover all sides of the tower except front. Monitoring system was
an Arduino-based acquisition collecting six different parameters using five sensors
(DHT11 Temp and Humidity Sensor, One-wire Water Temperature Sensor, pH Pro Meter
Sensor, Ultrasonic Ranging Sensor, Light Sensor). To easily monitor the current condition
of the system an LCD display was included. SD module and Real Time Clock Module
used to store data for 27 days for further analysis of the performance after the growing
period. To collect data every 5 min. the data acquisition system was programmed.
Selected sensors such as DHT11 and pH Pro sensor only can undergo calibration due to
small offset value. Polyvinyl chloride downspout tubes were used as the NFT (Nutrient
Film Technology) channels where the nutrients will flow. Leak test were done after 25
hours of drying. Flexible hoses were used to connect one level of the channels to the next.
Table 2
Growing Conditions for Lettuce “Development of an Indoor Hydroponic Tower for
Urban Farming”
Name Ideal Range

Fluorescent Light 6500 k
Ambient Temperature 21.1°C - 26.6°C
Relative Humidity 50% - 80%
pH Level 5.5 – 6.5
Electrical Conductivity 0.8 S/m – 1.2 S/m
Total Dissolved Solids 560 ppm – 840 ppm
The “Automated System That Monitors And Controls The Ph And Electrical Conductivity
Of A Closed-Hydroponic Setup” is a study by Ma. Clarissa and Raul Mabitazan from
Saint Louis University that discusses a system that tracks the pH and electrical
conductivity (EC) of the nutrient solution. It was released in November 2021. In order to
use the system safely and economically, it is built to alter and optimize the standard
hydroponic system based on its unique operating needs. The modules are electronically
incorporated into the system that continually checks the nutrient solution's pH and EC
levels and automatically changes its content to the right range suited for the plant being
utilized. The two primary factors that were considered in the study effort were pH and
EC. These formed the framework for the automated hydroponic system's design. In this
system, phosphoric acid (H3PO4) or potassium hydroxide (KOH) are automatically
injected into the nutrient solution to maintain the pH and EC values at which the
controller/processor has been set to specified levels. This minimizes human intervention,
thereby limiting human error in the instrumentation of the automated closed hydroponics
system.
Comparison of Lettuce Quality from Urban Agriculture and Organic Farming
The question being asked is if hydroponic urban farming will produce a higher yield is
comparable to organic farming or did not emerge. Data obtained demonstrating
comparability should according to a De La Salle University research, provide urban
agriculture goods more value. At DLSU in Manila, a six-story building's rooftop was used
to develop the hydroponic system. PVC pipes were used in its construction, and solar-
powered pumps are used to circulate the hydroponic solution through them every eight
hours. Aquarium compressors are used to create bubbling air to aerate the nutritional
solution. In this arrangement, a total of 100 plants are cultivated. There are many layers
of nets protecting the plants from the sun, wind, and raptors. The other batch was
cultivated organically in an orchard region on the DLSU Dasmariñas campus. Vermicasts
in plastic seedling bags and pure garden soil in plots with varying ratios of garden soil
were used to plant seedlings. The proportion of germination in each batch (the
hydroponics method and the organic approach) were at ~85%, in conformity with the
packet label (Condor grade seeds from Allied Botanical Corporation). On the other hand,
the hydroponic plants grew more quickly and reached harvest maturity in just 21 days
after seeding. 52 days after germination, the organically produced plants that were
cultivated with garden soil as the medium and vermicasts as a source of nutrients were
ready to be harvested. The current study's findings show that while organic lettuce grows
larger and heavier, the hydroponics technology shortens the growing season. The shorter
maturity time, however, can result in more planting cycles and a larger yield. There is
little to no variation in the nutritious value of the lettuce from the two configurations. The
similar finding was made about the pollutants in the plants in both configurations. Overall,
the findings from these tests point to a similar nutrient content between hydroponically
produced lettuce plants and organically grown plants.
Soil moisture Sensor
A study from Lyceum of the Philippines University Laguna by Ecija, E. et al., covers the
water irrigation microcontroller prototype design, which senses soil and determines when
watering is necessary to keep the water level constant. The system makes use of an
Arduino microcontroller, which is essentially a platform device to which sensors are
linked via both internal and external ports. These sensors will detect any changes in the
soil's moisture content and transmit an interrupt signal to the microcontroller. Eventually,
the microcontroller will relay the signal to the relay driver, activating the water pump.
This project's design study concentrates on the soil quality of a particular grassland or
plantation region and ascertain when the plants require enough water. The sensor for soil
moisture is in charge of displaying the soil's state that is, whether it is dry, soggy, or wet—
in order to determine the microcontroller's water demand.
Synthesis
The researcher’s concept was to develop a hydroponics system that is an indoor chamber
with temperature, humidity, light intensity, and pH levels that can be controlled. Because
it features an autonomous misting system that knows when to spray water, hydroponic
farming is distinct in this regard. Since it will also have a separate door that will revive
dying plants, the indoor chamber is also unique. With the aid of a mobile application that
shows data on temperature, light intensity, water, and pH level, it is controllable remotely.
The hydroponics system's regulated environment reduces the need for pesticides, cutting
down on chemical use and potential environmental impact. Any aspiring hydroponic
growers may have a profitable and bountiful plant with the correct setup and careful
monitoring of plant development and nutrient levels. Hydroponic growing is not far from
growing naturally using soil, taste is the same because it also has the nutrient present on
soil.
A plant-care chamber was suggested by the developer as a way to bring back life to dead
plants due to environmental changes. For plants, especially in hot areas, moist soil can be
advantageous since it often stays cooler than dry soil. The reason for this is because
excessive heat can cause stress to plants, which in turn can impact their development and
yield. The plants in the plant-care chamber may be brought back to life by using controlled
environments that include temperature, light, humidity, and a moisture sensor. These
environments provide the ideal conditions for plant growth and development. Powered by
a solar panel as a main source of electricity, the developers also provide a monitoring
system using the mobile application showing the reading of each component.
IOT MICROCONTROLLER BASED PLANT CARE INDOOR CHAMBER WITH
HYDROPONICS SYSTEM
Overview of the project
The project is an IoT (Internet of Things) microcontroller-based system designed for indoor
plant care using a hydroponics system. It combines the principles of IoT, microcontrollers,
and hydroponics to create an automated and controlled environment for plants to grow
indoors. The main goal of the project is to provide optimal conditions for plant growth and
maintenance, ensuring that plants receive the right amount of water, nutrients, and light.
This is achieved through the integration of various sensors, actuators, and control
mechanisms controlled by a microcontroller. The system is built around a microcontroller
board such as Arduino that acts as the central processing unit. It receives input from
sensors, processes data, and controls the various components of the system. Different
sensors are used to monitor and collect data about the plant's environment. This includes
sensors for measuring temperature, humidity, light intensity, pH level, and nutrient levels
in the water. Actuators are used to control and automate various aspects of the plant care
system. LED lights may also be used to provide the necessary light spectrum for plant
growth. The microcontroller communicates with a central server or a user interface through
an internet connection. This allows the user to remotely monitor and control the system,
receive notifications, and adjust settings as needed. Data logging and analysis the system
may include a data logging feature to record and store sensor data over time. This data can
be analyzed to gain insights into the plant's growth and identify any issues or trends that
require attention. It has user-friendly interface, such as a mobile application or a web portal,
where users can access real-time data, control settings, and receive notifications. The
benefits of the system are it enables indoor gardening and plant care in environments with
limited space or unfavorable outdoor conditions. Provides precise control over
environmental factors, resulting in optimized plant growth and yield. Reduces manual
effort required for plant care, as the system automates watering, nutrient delivery, and
lighting. Enables remote monitoring and control, allowing users to manage the system from
anywhere using their smartphones or computers. Data logging and analysis help users track
the plant's progress, make informed decisions, and troubleshoot any issues. Overall, the
IoT microcontroller-based plant care indoor chamber with a hydroponics system offers a
technological solution for individuals interested in indoor gardening and want to provide
the best possible care for their plants using modern automation and control techniques.
METHODOLOGY
Figure 2
Prototyping Model
Note. The researcher will discuss the design and fabrication procedure, principles of
operation, testing, and evaluation. The data analysis will also be covered by the researcher.
In order to understand the system, it provides details on the prototype's design. The
researchers chose the observation data collection that suit for the hydroponics system. In
which the researchers gather data based on the result of the given data of the chamber. The
researchers will be using the means and mode as a tool for data gathering.
I. Requirements
By using these methods, the researchers obtained necessary information on proper plant
care, such as managing nutrient levels, ideal lighting, misting techniques, and providing
proper nutrients. In this approach, the researcher will speak with a client who has been
selected and is a good fit for the suggested project. Information gleaned from the client will
help identify a potential fix for the issue. similar study using the required hardware and
software for the proposed topic. (See Appendix G)
II. Quick design
Drafting a block diagram, a flowchart, and a schematic diagram to illustrate how the project
would be carried out. To see the intended design of the project, create a 3D model of the
indoor plant care chamber powered by an IOT microcontroller. Due to the fact that it
provides information on how it would seem if built, it serves as the foundation for creating
the prototype.
Figure 3
Indoor Chamber Hydroponics System Layout
LCD automatic LED plant-care

misting light misting plant-care LED light
exhaust fan
stepper motor
Peltier
ventilation
flow
grow box
water
reservoir
nutrient
solution
Note. The layout design of the indoor Plant-care with hydroponic system. The
arrangement depicts the lettuce's alternate habitat. The sun stands in for the LED, fan and
peltier used to regulate temperature, humidity, and automatic water misting. To provide
continuous water flow, a water tank and water pump are positioned underneath. It also
contains a solution area for nutrients, so if the water nutrients for the green leafy plants
aren't just perfect, that region will automatically manufacture the proper quantity of
nutrients for the lettuce and green leafy plants.
III. Building prototype
Develop and produce the components specified throughout the design phase. Building the
prototype and the flow of each procedure are based on the block diagram that was
generated. This graphic will demonstrate how each piece of hardware will interface with
the others. In the first stages of this design assembly, the developers additionally test the
intended results of the design.
Figure 4
Connection of Sensors Using ESP 32 Block Diagram
Power supply LCD Screen
Fan
Peltier
module
Temperature/Humidity
Esp32 Peltier
Relay control
pH sensor Solenoid
valve
Peristaltic
pump Exhaust fan
Water level sensor
Note. Temperature/humidity, pH, water lever sensors were mainly controlled by Esp32.
Solenoid valve, exhaust fan and peristaltic pump are connected to an 8-channel relay
control and is still controlled by Esp32.
Figure 5
Block Diagram Using Esp 8266 and Arduino Atmega 2560
Power supply
Motor driver
Stepper Motor
Arduino Atmega
Limit switch ESP
2560
8266
Water sprinkler
Growth light
Solenoid
lock
Note. The IOT microcontroller base plant care indoor chamber with hydroponics for
automated misting used Esp 8266 as primary microcontroller with the help of Arduino
Atmega to trigger the rest of the hardware connecting to it.
Figure 6
UART Connection Atmega 2560, ESP 32, ESP 8266 and HC-05
Note. This figure Universal Asynchronous Receiver-Transmitter, or UART, is a widely

utilized protocol for device-to-device communication. While connecting, this protocol has
two dedicated lines, TX and RX. As such, make sure that the TX pin on the main board is
connected to the RX pin on the other. The RX pin and the TX pin of the other board must
be linked in the same way. Shown in Figure 1, we can cross-connect the Arduino Atmega
2560 TX and RX pins with the ESP32 to enable serial communication between the two
devices and it must have a common ground to connect it. With Atmega 2560 and Bluetooth
module HC-050 serial communication, pin 18: TX3 and pin 19: RX3 cross-connect with
the Bluetooth module. Using a voltage divider to shift the TX signal from 5V to 3.3V. In
ESP8266 I2C pin D1 (SCL/Serial Clock) and pin D2 (SDA/Serial Data) used as
communication between Atmega 2560. SDA used for data exchange and SCL for
synchronous clock in between ESP8266 and Arduino. A 5V power supply connected to
Atmega 2560 to provide electric power to function.
Figure 7
ESP 32 Wiring Diagram
Note. Through its I2C / UART or SPI / SDIO interfaces, the ESP32 may communicate with
other systems to offer Wi-Fi and Bluetooth capabilities. For DHT22 temperature and
humidity sensor for hydroponics Vcc is connected to 3V pin of ESP32, data is connected
to pin 2 and common ground is connected. DHT22 for pot is Vcc is connected to other 3V
pin of ESP32, data is connected to pin 5 and common ground is connected. Float sensor
the Vcc is connected to pin 23 with common ground og ESP 32. Peristalstic pumps and
misting systems may be directly controlled by the 8-channel relay. The ESP32 has
comprehensive control over other sensors, including pH, light intensity, floating, and water
temperature sensor
Figure 8
Automatic Door Wiring Diagram
Note. Arduino Mega 2560 microcontroller is responsible to control for both Hydroponic
and plant-care chamber door. With the transmission of the Bluetooth module HC-05 it will
transmit data to microcontroller and the Arduino Mega 2560 control the solenoid to
automatically lock and unlock the door.
Context flow diagram
An internal software system’s interaction with external entities are depicted in a context
diagram. Because context diagrams are high-level diagrams, they don't go into the
specific details of the system. Rather, they present a clear, concise, and easy-to-
understand map of the complete system.
Figure 9
Plant-care Hydroponics System Chamber Context Flow Diagram
Note. The hydroponic system chamber is managed only by the user by logging onto the
mobile application, negating the need for an administrator. The user has control over the
chamber's surroundings using the mobile application. Both the data and a notification will
appear on the mobile app and the LCD panel mounted atop the chamber.
Nutrient Solution Preparation
When it comes to hydroponics, the nutrient solution is the lifeblood of your plants. It’s
like giving them a complete meal that contains all the essential nutrients they need to grow
and thrive (Atlas Scientific, 2021). According to Atlas Scientific (2021), the three main
basic nutrients (macronutrients) used in hydroponics are nitrogen, phosphorus, and
potassium, also known as NPK, secondary nutrients including sulfur, calcium, and
magnesium and Micronutrients used in hydroponics include iron, manganese, zinc,
copper, boron, molybdenum, and chlorine.
Table 3
Composition of the Concentrated Nutrient Solution A
Concentrated Solution A
Component Concentration (gL-1)
KNO3 43.30
Ca(NO3)2 26.70
NH4NO3 1.33
Fe-chelate (60%) 3.00
Note. Concentration A composed of potassium nitrate (KNO3), calcium nitrate

(Ca(NO3)2), ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) and Fe-chelate (Tabaglio et al., 2020).
Table 4
Composition of the Concentrated Nutrient Solution B
Concentrated Solution B
Component Concentration (gL-1)
KH2PO4 20.00
MgSO4 20.00
K2SO4 15.30
KNO3 14.70
MnSO4 0.16
ZnSO4 0.23
B 0.23
CuSO4 0.03
Na2MoO4 0.01
Note. Concentration composed of dipotassium phosphate (KH2PO4), magnesium sulfate

(MgSO4), potassium sulfate (K2SO4), potassium nitrate (KNO3), manganese sulfate
(MnSO4), zinc sulfate (ZnSO4), boron (B), copper II sulfate (CuSO4), and (Na2MoO4)
sodium molybdate (Tabaglio et al., 2020).
Table 5
Nutrient Solution Mixing Preparation
Solution A Solution B Water

5mL 5mL 1L
60mL 60mL 12L
150mL 150mL 30L
Note. The mixing preparation nutrition solution is shown in Table 3. The quantity of
solution for A and B is 5mL per 1L of water. The water level is 12L for a 9-hole grow box
and 30L for a 15-hole grow box. It should wait 24 hours before using tap water that contains
chlorine. 24 hours in the sun will allow the chlorine to naturally dissipate. Hydroponic
systems require nutrient replenishment every 1-2 weeks.
It is crucial to verify the pH level of the nutrition solution once it has been prepared. The
pH scale is used to evaluate alkalinity or acidity; 7.0 is considered neutral. The ideal pH
range for hydroponic plants is usually between 5.0 to 6.5, which is somewhat acidic. The
most accurate way to regularly monitor and adjust the pH level is to use a calibrated pH
meter with a pH probe/sensor. Hydroponic systems require nutrient replenishment every
1-2 weeks.
Figure 10
Lettuce Growth Stages
a. day 3 b. day 7 c. day 22
Note. Shown in figure 10, the growth stages of lettuce that grown hydroponically. (a) day
3 of lettuce from transplanting, (b) day 7, leaves are visibly seen and (c) day 22 the cupping
stage.
ATS
A solar-powered device known as an Automatic Transfer Switch for Solar (ATS) switches
between solar and grid power during blackouts or when the solar panel system is not
generating enough electricity. It is an essential part of a solar power system since it
guarantees that there will always be electricity available indoors, even in the event of an
outage. Shown below is the diagram of a solar panel with the aid of ATS.
Figure 11
Automated Transfer Switch (ATS) Diagram
Note. Solar panel connected to charger controller regulating the the voltage and current
coming from the solar panel to battery. Rechargeable Lithium Iron Phosphate battery stores
power unto 100Ah. The inverter converts the DC electricity from the battery to AC.
Breakers protect the electric circuit from overload or short circuit. The ESP32 provide
control and connection of the sensor and create IoT that provide data to the mobile app.
The max 471 measure the current and voltage and the solid state relay switches on or off
with an external voltage applied across its control terminal ATS switch will automatically
transfer a power supply from primary source to a back-up source when it senses outage.
IV. User evaluation
Measuring whether the project goals and objectives have been achieved. The researchers
initially evaluate whether the all the components of the prototype acquire the expectation.
Moreover, the researchers use this evaluation to identify what are missing to complete the
prototype.
Figure 12
Respondents Conducting Evaluation of the Hydroponic Indoor Chamber
Respondents
Security Client
CNC technician Hobbyists
2% 2%
13% 11%
Engineering staff
7%
Graphic designer
Machine operator 3%
18%
supervisor
8%
HR
3%
Students
33%
Client Hobbyists Engineering Graphic designer
supervisor HR Students Machine operator
CNC technician Security personnel
Note. A total of sixty-one correspondents evaluated the IoT Microcontroller Based Plant
Care Indoor Chamber with Hydroponics System. Respondents will utilize the evaluation
form provided by the developers (see appendix H) to assess how well the proposed project
functions overall whether their responses meet the project's objectives.
V. Refining
Based on the evaluator’s feedbacks and suggestions of the of prototype, the researchers
use this as the basis to modify the prototype. The modified prototype undergo evaluation
if it meets the desired outcome of the project and determine which areas needs to be
improve. It will never stop until it reaches the developed prototype.
VI. Implement and maintain
The project's final prototype stage before launch and deployment is this one. It goes
through extensive testing and accomplishes the prototype's primary goal. The project was
made available to the indoor chamber user by the developer. The designers modify the
Internet of Things to offer indoor plant care in a hydroponics system.
Figure 13
IoT Microcontroller Based Plant Care Indoor Chamber with Hydroponics System
Note. The actual indoor plant care chamber with an IoT-controlled hydroponics system is
shown in Figure 13. It contains two compartments: the hydroponics system is on the left,
and plant care is on the right. Below is the water reservoir for the automated misting of
both compartments and the provision of nutrient solution to the plants, which is attached
with the suitable sensor required for the chamber's environment monitoring.
HARDWARE/SOFTWARE
Software
The software applications used to build this project are the following:
Arduino IDE
A text editor for writing code, a message area, a text console, a toolbar with buttons for
common functions, and a number of menus are all included in the Arduino Integrated
Development Environment, also known as the Arduino Software (IDE). To upload
programs and communicate with them, it establishes a connection with the Arduino
hardware.
C++
Programming an Arduino can be easier because C++ is a flexible and quick language.
Because it is strongly typed, variables must always have a valid type that cannot be
modified later. In addition, they have a name and a value. It is used as the main
programming language for the Arduino Atmega in hydroponic chamber
Firebase
By enabling secure access to the database directly from client-side code, the Firebase
Realtime Database enables us to create powerful, collaborative apps. The researchers will
store the data they collect from various plants using Firebase.
Tinker CAD
3D modelling software that helps researchers to create and build 3D designs for the project.
The developers use this app for viewing possible designs and layouts for the chamber to be
built.
MIT App Inventor
A natural, visual programming climate that permits everybody even youngsters to assemble
completely useful applications for cell phones and tablets. The researcher uses this to users
and view the datas the sensors detected. It also enables the user to control the speed of the
motor during misting time.
Sweet Home 3D
A free interior design software is called Sweet Home 3D. It enables you to design your
home's layout, place furniture on it, and view the finished product in three dimensions. This
program was utilized by the developers to create the chamber's layout and design. It is
simple to use since it includes nearly all of the design features required, and it provides
views of the chamber's front, top, and side.
EasyEDA
Schematic diagram generation and editing, SPICE simulation of mixed analog and digital
circuits, printed circuit board layout creation and editing, and, optionally, printed circuit
board manufacturing are all made possible by EasyEDA. This software program is used by
the developers to draw wiring diagrams for the sensors and microcontrollers.
Hardware
Hardware devices for the chamber for lettuce were necessary for the implementation of
this project.
DHT22
It is a cheap digital humidity and temperature sensor. It measures the humidity in the air
using a capacitive humidity sensor, and it outputs a digital signal on the data pin (no analog
input pins needed). It can be used to measure the chamber's actual humidity and
temperature levels. The appropriate temperature during the day should be 65 to 70-degree
Fahrenheit. During night time, around 60 to 65 degrees Fahrenheit is best for the plants.
LED growth light
An LED Grow Light is an energy-efficient fixture, used as a single or as a supplemental

light source for indoor growing or greenhouse, respectively. Increased canopy penetration
from UV LED grow lights for plants enables more productive plants as well. UV exposure
can thicken the leaf's epidermis, which increases the leaf's resistance to fungus infections.
The adequate light duration for plants is about 10 to 12 hours.
Water pump
It is responsible for transferring the nutrient solution from the reservoir to the flood tray,
which holds the plants. Water pumps will be used by researchers to maintain continuous
watercirculation inside the chamber and to ensure that fertilizer nutrients are given to
plants in the right proportions.
Exhaust fan
A ventilation fan can help to circulate and bring clean air into the chamber from an outside
source, while the exhaust fan removes pollutants from the chamber. These fans provide
cooler, fresh air to the plants while ventilation fans can help remove extra heat from the
chamber.
Thermoelectric Peltier
A thermal control module called a Peltier module has both warming and cooling effects.
Itcan be used to help the plant that needs extra care and to keep the chamber at a cool
temperature.
Arduino Mega 2560
The lighting, water cycles, and nutrition supply inside the chamber can all be automated
using an Arduino board. This system will also assist in measuring and documenting when
our plants require attention. One of the crucial components of research hardware for us is
the Arduino, which enables automation.
Light intensity sensor
Light intensity sensors collect the presence of light and translate that energy into an
electrical signal. Because the illuminance drops as the sensor moves further from a
continuous light source, it is possible to calculate the relative distance from the source
using the light intensity sensor. Every growth LED's light intensity will be monitored by
alight intensity sensor to make sure that it produces enough light for crops. Normal light
intensity for hydroponic plants is 10,000 lux.
ESP 32
ESP32 allows devices to be connected and data to be transferred over Wi-Fi. NodeMCU
will be used by the researchers to wirelessly link other microcontrollers. It has Bluetooth
built in compare to other ESP microcontroller.
pH Sensor
When the pH level drops below 5.5 or increases above 6.0, a pH sensor will notify the
system. User should promptly examine their water quality if pH levels drop suddenly. The
pH of the chamber’s water can also be regularly measured using an inbuilt pH sensor.
LCD Screen
The actual day that crops are planted, and the potential harvest date will be displayed on
an LCD monitor. It displays the water level, temperature, humidity and light intensity of
the indoor chamber.
Solar panel
A solar panel is a device that converts sunlight, which is made up of energy particles known
as "photons," into electricity that can be used to run electrical appliances. To power the
hydroponics chamber, the researchers will make use of solar panel. Electricity can be
generated very efficiently and practically by using solar panels.
Stepper motor and driver
To move the mist sprinkler up or down, the researchers will use stepper motor. Stepper
motors are typically used for holding or positioning.
Power supply
The majority of electronics need controlled electricity. It is not always the case that a power
supply would produce a stable output while changing the voltage and type of electricity.
Even when it doesn't totally switch on and off, unregulated swings in the output voltage
still happen. A power source that is not controlled may provide more power than
anticipated. The parts of such fragile gadgets. It might sustain significant damage or
perhaps irreparable injury from a surge of this kind.
Bluetooth Module HC-05
A straightforward Bluetooth SPP (Serial Port Protocol) module that enables the
establishment of a transparent wireless serial connection is the HC-05 Bluetooth Module.
It can easily connect with a controller or PC thanks to serial communication, which it uses
for communication.
Peristaltic pump
Peristaltic pump for constant pH level monitoring in the fluid. It enables you to keep the
water at the pH that your plants require, which is crucial for hydroponic gardening. It also
distributes nutrients to plants automatically. Because a peristaltic pump only ever makes
touch with the ideal tubing for contamination-free pumping, it is a very practical method
of maintaining liquid purity.
Moisture sensor
Similar to a potentiometer, the fork-shaped probe with two exposed wires functions as a
variable resistor whose resistance changes depending on the moisture content of the soil.
We may measure the output voltage produced by the sensor based on the resistance to
ascertain the moisture content of the soil.
8 channel relay
An easy-to-use board for controlling high voltage, high current loads, such as water pumps,
peristaltic pumps, misting, peltiers, and exhaust fans, is the 8 Channel Relay Module. It is
intended to communicate with microcontrollers like the ESP32, Arduino Atmega, and
ESP8266.
Water mist sprinkler
An apparatus used to mist plants when watering time comes. The misting mechanism of
the hydroponic chamber mists from left to right, and its speed may be adjusted to low,
medium, or normal via a mobile application. On the other hand, the misting system on the
plant-care chamber is positioned steadily and faces the pot.
Solenoid lock
The chamber is equipped with an automatic locking and unlocking system to ensure the
security of the plants and other equipment that are fixed within. An automated door lock
was placed in both the plant-care room and the hydroponics system.
Water reservoir
It is where the water stores use for hydroponics water system, it has a capacity of 60 liters
enough to supply water for nutrient solution and misting system.
Solar charge controller
In order to prevent overcharging of the batteries and to maintain their state of charge, the
charge controller controls the voltage and amperage that is supplied to the loads and directs
any extra power to the battery system.
Rechargeable lithium battery
Any excess energy produced during sunny days may be caught and stored within these
batteries for later use when solar panels transform sunlight into power. Additionally, it
guarantees a year-round source of electricity.
Inverter
This used for changing the power produced by a solar panel, known as direct current (DC),
into alternating current (AC), which is used by the electrical grid.
ATS switch
In the case of a failure, an automatic transfer switch (ATS) is a device that automatically
switches power from a primary source to a backup source.
Breaker
Circuit breakers are utilized to safeguard the chamber’s electrical system as well as the
solar power system. Circuit breakers are safety devices that, in the case of an overload or
short circuit, will shut the power automatically.
Plant Care Hydroponics Chamber Mobile Application
Figure 14
Plant Care Hydroponics Chamber Dashboard
Note. As seen in Figure 14, the plant care hydroponics chamber's dashboard, which is made
up of a misting system that lets the user control when to water both the hydroponics and
the plant care chamber, plant monitoring that lets the user schedule when to water both
compartments, smart security that lets the user automatically lock and unlock the doors of
both compartments, and solar setup that lets the user view real-time solar panel monitoring
that can be manually controlled (note that switching can be done one at a time).
Figure 15
Plant Care Monitoring and scheduling
Note. The plant monitoring of the plant care chamber, with a focus on strawberries and
cacti, is depicted in figure 15. Additionally, it describes the kinds of diseases—root rot and
wilt. The user can set up when to switch on and off the LED lights and misting by using
scheduling.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The researchers conduct an evaluation of the developed project the IoT Microcontroller
Based Plant Care Indoor chamber. The evaluation form (see appendices H) derived from
the combination of ISO standard 9126 and ISO 25010. The evaluation rating to be graded
based on the client’s perspective of the project are: Functional Suitability (Misting System,
Water pump, Nutrient distribution, temperature, humidity, light intensity, water level and
pH sensor), Reliability, Usability, Efficiency, and Portability. With the evaluation criteria
as (5) for Excellent; (4) Very Good; (3) Satisfactory; (2) Good; and (1) Poor.
Table 6
Evaluation rating table
Rating Equivalent
5 (4.60 – 5.00) Excellent
4 (3.60 – 4.59) Very Good
3 (3.00 – 3.59) Satisfactory
2 (2.50 – 2.99) Good
1 (1.00 – 2.49) Poor (needs improvement)
RESULT OF THE EVALUATION
When sampling a population, Slovin’s formula is used to determine the sample size
required to attain a certain confidence interval. Solving formula is n = N / (1+ Ne2), where:
n = sample size needed, N = population size, e = acceptable margin of error.
Table 7
Evaluation rating result table
Criteria Number of Mean Rating
respondents
1 2 3 4 5
Very
I. Functional Suitability 3.78
Good
Very
a. Misting system 1 1 18 38 3 3.67
Good
Very
b. Water pump 14 37 10 3.74
Good
Very
c. Nutrient distribution 2 16 36 7 3.79
Good
d. Temperature, humidity, light
Very
intensity and water lever and pH 16 38 7 3.85
Good
sensors
Vary
e. Solar panel (ATS) 2 15 35 9 3.84
Good
Very
f. Mobile application 16 42 3 3.79
Good
Very
II. Reliability 2 22 30 7 3.69
Good
Very
III. Usability 21 30 10 3.70
Good
Very
IV. Efficiency 1 24 28 8 3.70
Good
Very
V. Portability 24 26 11 3.79
Good
Very
TOTAL 3.73
Good
Note.In this project, N = 100 as population size; and e = 8% acceptable margin of error. To
solve that is, n = N / (1 + Ne2) => n = 100 / (1 + 100 (0.08)2) = 61.
The researchers considers 61 persons to evaluate the performance of the project.
Respondents are (1) client, (7) hobbyists, (4) engineering staffs, (2) graphic designer, (5)
supervisors, (2) HR, (20) students, (11) machine operator, (8) technicians, and (1) security
personnel.
Respondents select the choice on a Likert scale that most accurately represents their
viewpoint on the topic in question. Respondents choose the option that best corresponds
with how they feel about the statement or question. For each criterion, multiply the
numerical value of each sentiment by the amount of responses. Add the totals and divide
by the number of respondents to get the mean average value.
This evaluation's outcome offers a chance for careful consideration of the approach and
presumptions that the researchers used to carry out their work. It evaluates how well a
project is doing in terms of achieving its goals and could suggest changing its approach.
Determining whether a procedure has succeeded in achieving a goal or producing the
expected outcomes is the primary purpose of evaluation. Based on the client’s comment
regarding the project that it is important that the level of water should reach the roots of
the plants for nutrient absorption and pH calibration is also important. The IoT
Microcontroller based Plant Care Indoor Chamber with Hydroponics System meets the
client’s requirement with a score of 3.73 rated as Very Good shown in Table 4.
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Conclusion
The IoT Microcontroller Based Plant Care Indoor Chamber with Hydroponics System has
satisfied all of its specified objectives, according to the evaluation's findings. Receiving a
mean score of 3.78 for functional suitability, 3.69 for reliability, 3.70 for usability, 3.70 for
efficiency, and 3.79 for portability on average. The client has given this thesis project an
overall grade of 3.73, which is very good. The developers concluded that hydroponics
system is simple to monitor and manage using IoT, and all necessary parameters may be
kept at the right levels. By connecting to an Arduino, variables like as temperature, pH,
water, humidity, and light intensity may be adjusted. The IoT Microcontroller Based Plant
Care Indoor Chamber with Hydroponics System efficiently uses the several sensors'
working principles to achieve certain goals inside the hydroponics system.
Recommendations
The developers strongly advise including a ventilation rate parameter in the data collection
to improve system analysis in order to further improve this project. An application for
image processing that makes it possible to see the current state of the plants and any
potential problems they may be having that need to be taken into account for their growth
and development. Furthermore, it would be preferable to utilize the most recent ESP32
microcontroller and invest in a strong WiFi signal. A job with an appropriate partition for
every chamber can be completed by a potential multiple microcontroller. Finally, for image
processing, utilize rpi rather than ESP32.
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APPENDICES
APPENDIX A. GANTT CHART
MONTH
SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBE JANUARY FEBRUAR MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE
(2022) (2022) (2022) R(2022) (2023) Y (2023) (2023) (2023) (2023) (2023)
ACTIVITY
I. Requirements
Brainstorming for research
title
Visiting client’s area

Identifying problems of the
study
Creating objectives of the
study
Related literature and
studies
Documentation
Searching for possible
hardware and software
Estimating total cost

Purchasing of hardware and
testing of software
II. Quick Design
Sketching of the chamber
Creating schematic diagram
MONTH
FEBRUAR MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER
Y (2023) (2023) (2023) (2023) (2023) (2023) (2023) (2023) (2023) (2023)
ACTIVITY
Chamber design layout using

Tinker CAD
Creating flowchart
III. Building of prototype
Framing and casing
Software development
MONTH
AUGUST SEPTEMBE OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER JANUARY
MAY (2023) JUNE (2023) JULY (2023)
(2023 R (2023) (2023) (2023) (2023) (2024)
ACTIVITY
Integrate system
module
Initial testing
IV. User Evaluation

Conducting user’s
evaluation
V. Refining
prototype
VI. Implement and
maintain
APPENDIX B. ACTUAL THESIS EXPENSES
THESIS EXPENSES
Approximate
Quantity Specifics Actual Cost
Cost
2 pcs. (DH22) Humidity and ₱549 ₱445
temperature sensor
1 pc. Generic analog TDS Sensor ₱550 ₱599
Module
3 pcs. LED growth lights ₱3000 ₱670
2 sets Dupont wire ₱200 ₱190
2 pcs. Breadboard and universal PCB ₱60 ₱44
1 set Solid wire gauge ₱350 ₱348
1 pc. Gt2 belt ₱500 ₱150
2 pcs. Water pump ₱1,300 ₱1,025
1 sheet Plastic liner ₱100 ₱200
3 pcs. PVC fittings elbow ₱100 ₱121
1 pc. Arduino Mega 2560 ₱3000 ₱1,150
2 pcs. Ventilation/Exhaust fan ₱2400 ₱928
3 pcs. Light Intensity sensor ₱1600 ₱89
1 pc. NodeMCU V3 + motor shield ₱200 ₱250
1 pc. pH sensor ₱1000 ₱1,763
1 pc. Light strip ₱100 ₱99
2 box Tuna box (15 holes, 9 holes) ₱2000 ₱1,200
1 set Solar Panel Kit ₱3000 ₱15,000
3 pcs. Thermoelectric Peltier ₱741 ₱1,090
1 pcs. Nema 23 Stepper motor ₱1300 ₱1,299
1 pc. Stepper motor driver ₱500 ₱349
50 pcs. Plant net pots ₱340 ₱340
3 pcs 12v solenoid lock ₱400 ₱618
1 pc. Circuitrocks single roe pin ₱30 ₱35
2 pcs Arduino (case) ₱100 ₱50
1 pc. Relay 5V ₱100 ₱215
1 pc. Bluetooth module (ESP-32) ₱600 ₱399
4 pcs. Power supply (12V, 5V) ₱1000 ₱1,978
50 pcs. Plant seedlings ₱300 ₱300
1 pack Jumper wires (30 cm) ₱200 ₱254
100 pcs Resistors (assorted) ₱100 ₱75
1 pc. Water lever sensor (float switch) ₱150 ₱195
1 pc. Silicon tube ₱200 ₱230
2 pcs. Silicon Sealant and caulking gun ₱600 ₱780
1 pc. Peristaltic pump ₱250 ₱426
4 pcs. Hinge ₱150 ₱200
1 pc. Acrylic glass (4x4 ft.) ₱6000 ₱7,760
35 pcs. Bolts and nuts ₱300 ₱370
40 pcs. Screw (panhead, text) ₱300 ₱451
4 pcs. Rubber Caster Wheel ₱500 ₱632
1 pc. Railing with washer ₱1500 ₱2,400
1 pc. Tailin Cutting disc ₱120 ₱121
1 pc. 4x4 Matrix Membrane Keypad ₱50 ₱50
1 pack 40-pin 30cm Jumper Wires Male ₱90 ₱90
to Male
1 pc. Digital Light Intensity ₱90 ₱90
Illumination Sensor
1 pc. 12V 12.5 Switching Power ₱750 ₱750
Supply 150W
10 pcs. Active Buzzer ₱100 ₱100
1 pc. 8 Channel 5V relay Module SPDT ₱200 ₱200
2 pcs. 20x4 LCD Display I2C White on ₱560 ₱560
Blue
1 pc. DC Jack Adapter-Male ₱15 ₱15
1 pc. 12V 12.5 Switching Power ₱650 ₱650
Supply 150W
2 sets 2.8 mm Automotive wire Pin ₱140 ₱143
Connector Set
4 bottles pH Up & Down 250ml ₱400 ₱426
2 pcs. Hall effect sensor ₱150 ₱192
1 pc. AC Light Dimmer ₱750 ₱799
1 pack Teflon Tape ₱80 ₱88
1 pc. Self-Locking Electrical cable ₱100 ₱101
connector
2 sets Nutrient solution A & B ₱600 ₱400
1 pc. Metal enclosure box ₱500 ₱800
1 pc. Drip Irrigation Tubing ₱190 ₱190
5 pcs. Limit Switch ₱150 ₱128
1 pack Male Female Spade Connector ₱150 ₱123
Wire Crimp Terminal Block
2 pcs PVC 2-way Quick Release Y ₱180 ₱166
Splitter with Shut Off Valve
1 set 5M-10M-20M Automatic misting ₱200 ₱119
watering kit
1 pc. Plastic Water Solenoid Valve 12V ₱250 ₱250
1 pc. HC-05 Bluetooth Module with ₱250 ₱250
Adapter
1 pc. Soil Moisture Sensor ₱60 ₱58
2 pcs. Paint and brush ₱1500 ₱1,160
2 pcs. Water reservoir ₱300 ₱438
11 pcs. Flexible hose and plastic molding ₱200 ₱290
1 pc. Miniature breaker ₱200 ₱167
6 pcs. Terminal block ₱100 ₱108
Electrical accessories ₱500 ₱331
Casing and frame ₱4000 ₱12,330
Welding Labor ₱6500 ₱5,500
Food and Transportation expenses ₱3000 ₱6,200
Trial and Error Expenses ₱1500 ₱780
Documents (Printouts) ₱5000 ₱6,120
Delivery charges ₱2000 ₱1,196
TOTAL ₱67,245 ₱86,016
Prepared by:
Dessa P. Abito Jessa Mae P. Pelorina
Noted by:
Lydia P. Abito Jayson D. Caballero
Marites S. Silao
Approved by:
APPENDIX C. USER’S MANUAL
Appendix C. User’s Manual
Log in to open the dashboard of the plant-care hydroponics chamber.
Under plant monitoring, click the hydroponics plants and pot based plants button to see
environmental condition of each chamber.
Click manual mode to control the environmental condition manually.
To control the direction of the misting manually long press forward or reverse
Under smart security, automatic door lock requires to enter password to unlock the door.
APPENDIX D. LETTER OF APPROVAL
APPENDIX E. CLIENT’S HYDROPONIC SYSTEM KRATKY METHOD
This is the Kratky technique hydroponic system used by the client. The lettuce is placed
in a cup filled with coco peat and suspended so that only the roots will contact the water
using an 18-hole tuna box filled with water mixed with hydroponics solution.
APPENDIX F. CLIENT INTERVIEW
In order to obtain the necessary information for the project they would be developing,
the researchers interview the client. The researcher will identify the problem and
develop its specific objectives after obtaining information.
G. TRANSCRIPT OF INTERVIEW
Transcript of Interview
Interviewee: Mr. Alexis Borja

Interviewer: Mark Nelson Silao
Jessa Mae Pelorina
Dessa Abito
Interview Questions:
1. When do you start your business?

 It started 2 years ago during the pandemic.
2. Why do you come up with this kind of business?

 Actually, during the pandemic I lost my job as well as my income then we
got interested in this because due to the demand of planting. We see this
through online about those who also has this hydroponics. Me and my
brother in law are just neighbors in Mulawin and he also into hydroponics
so I came up with the idea of doing hydroponics as well.
3. What are the challenges you encounter in your business the hydroponics?
 First of all, I thought it was financial but then my brother in law already
have hydroponics business, since we do not have the capital, we sell first
seeds, and hydroponics kit from him. When we have enough money for the
capital, we decided to have our own hydroponics business.
4. What are products of AN’s home gardening?

 Our products are more on agricultural supply, so we sell kits that are needed
for building hydroponics, fruits and vegetables seeds that can grow in the
Philippines. These can be bought in Shopee and Lazada.
5. In hydroponics, what plants can be grown here?
 Pechay, Pakchoy, Romaine lettuce and those seedlings will be transfer here
(hydroponics) and below is the fertilizer. The compound that is used in the
fertilizer is the mixture appropriate for the plants needed. It like they were
grown in soil, but the difference is the how they were planted.
6. What chemical were used in this hydroponics?
 It is a fertilizer soluble, it’s like what nutrient was taken when planted on
soil is just the same with this soluble fertilizer. It is synthetic of the way it
is planted compared with the use of soil which is organic. Synthetic because
it does not need to spray pesticides or insecticides. In organic planting they
water it with urea, and it touches the leaves where it penetrates. In
hydroponics fertilizer, it come directly to the roots and the leaves will not
be affected where it is safe for us to intake.
7. Who are your customers?

 Since we are selling online so our customers are different. Usually one of
our customers is a charity from Manila where they give to farmers. We sell
them with a lowest price because they give it to the farmers to introduce to
them the hydroponics.
8. In a month/year how much you earned?

 If you only focus on the business, it can earn and without this hydroponics
I cannot have a car. So probably about 300,000 pesos to 500,000 pesos in a
month.
9. Despite technology's dominance, how will you handle your rivals?

 If your business is online, marketing is the key. You need to have advertise
your product online, good picture where it attracts customers and your shop
as well that make the customer stops and look for it.
10. During rainy days, does it affect the nutrient intake?

 Like for example we use Kratky method in hydroponic. First, when it rains
the main box will be filled with more water and one of it that affect is the
air space which is the air ventilation that may result the plant will drown.
Second, the nutrient will be out of balance or what they call TPN where it
measures the nutrient. When it dilutes, the outcome of the plant is not that
good.
11. Are you in favor of indoor chamber?

 I am into it, but the only thing is the cost and materials. But it could be a
onetime investment since hydroponics can be indoor or outdoor. Now, if
you want an indoor and it needs sunlight the best way is to put a light on it.
APPENDIX H. EVALUATION FORM
IoT Microcontroller Based Plant Care Indoor Chamber with Hydroponics System
STI College Rosario
Evaluation Form
Name: ________________________________________________ Date: _________

Occupation/position: _____________________________________
Brief Description
The Iot Microcontroller Based Plant Care Indoor Chamber is a type of hydroponics system
which regulated with different kinds of sensor which allows to control the temperature,
humidity, light intensity and automated misting. It can be monitored and controlled
remotely with the use of a mobile application.
INSTRUCTIONS:
Please put a check mark on the box for your response. Rate the project from 1 to 5.
Legend: (5) Excellent, (4) Very Good, (3) Satisfactory, (2) Good, (1) Poor
Source: ISO 9126 and ISO 25010
EVALUATION RATING Evaluation Criteria

1 2 3 4 5
Functional Suitability:
Provides correct results of a specific task.
a. Misting system
b. Water pump
c. Nutrient distribution
d. Temperature, humidity, light
intensity and water level and pH
sensors
e. Solar panel (ATS)
f. Mobile application
Reliability:
a. Performs specified function under
specified condition operational
both hydroponics and plant care
chamber
Usability:
a. Easy to learn, operate and control?
Efficiency:
a. Fast processing and response for
the specific task?
Portability:
a. Moved or transfer easily from one
location to another?
Comments and Suggestions:
_____________________________________
Signature over printed name
APPENDIX I. CLIENT’S THESIS PROJECT EVALUATION
The client evaluates the final design of the of the developer proposed project.
APPENDIX J. CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL
APPENDIX K. CURRICULUM VITAE OF RESEARCHERS
Curriculum Vitae of
DESSA P. ABITO
0949B, San Juan, St. Poblacion Uno, Tanza, Cavite
Abito.202960@rosario.sti.edu.ph
09638715658
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Level Inclusive Dates Name of school/ Institution
Tertiary 2018 - Present STI College Rosario
High School 2012 - 2018 Tanza National Comprehensive High School
Elementary 2006 - 2012 Felipe Calderon Elementary School
PROFESSIONAL OR VOLUNTEER EXPERIENCE

Nature of Experience/ Name and Address of Company
Inclusive Dates
Job Title or Organization
2021 Inspection Tokai Denshi Philippines
2020 Operator Gaptect Inc.

2020 Operator Kangrim Inc.
AFFILIATIONS
Inclusive Dates Name of Organization Position
N/A
SKILLS
SKILLS Level of Competency Date Acquired
Proficient in Microsoft’s
Office
Application (word,
powerpoint, excel)
Fluent in both English and
Tagalog
Competitive and
hardworking
Flexible character
Capable to work with a
team
TRAININGS, SEMINARS OR WORKSHOP ATTENDED
Inclusive Dates Title of Training, Seminar or Workshop
January 2018 28th National Statistics Month Seminar Philippine Statistics
AuthorityTanza National Comprehensive High School
October 2018 ICpEP SE Region IV – A Cavite State University - CCAT
Curriculum Vitae of
JESSA MAE P. PELORINA

Torres Compound San Rafael 4 Noveleta Cavite
Pelorina.239925@rosario.sti.edu.ph
09615996091

2007-2009 University of Cebu - Banilad
(undergraduate)
High School 2003 - 2007 Tabunan National High School
Elementary 1997 - 2003 Tisa II Elementary School

Inclusive Dates
2017-present Quality Control Parts Seiko Philippines Co. Ltd.

CEPZ Rosario, Cavite
2017-2018 Quality Control (Trainee) Parts Seiko Co. Ltd.

Misato Saitama, Japan
2013-2016 Machine Inspection Daio Anesis Co. Ltd.

Aichi Gifu Ken, Japan
2009-2012 Quality Assurance MSM Cebu Inc.
Mepz Mactan, Lapu-lapu City
AFFILIATIONS
N/A
SKILLS
Can speak English,
Tagalog, Cebuano and
Japanese
Critical thinker
Work under pressure
Leadership skills
Capable to work with a
team

September Train the Trainer and Time Management
2023
April 2023 Leadership and Supervisory Training
March 2022 ISO 9001:2015 Awareness Training
April 2018 Association of Technical Cooperation and Sustainable Partnership
(AOTS)
September Mitutoyo MCOSMOS-1 CNC V4.1
2017
Curriculum Vitae of

Block 20, Lot 26, ACM, Sanja Mayor, Tanza Cavite
marknelsonsilao2040@gmail.com
09556340400
High School 2014 - 2020 Tanza National Comprehensive High School
Elementary 2009 - 2014 Sanja Mayor Elementary School

Inclusive Dates
2018-2019 Dining Crew Jollibee Tanza, Daang Amaya 1
AFFILIATIONS
N/A
SKILLS
Creative
Critical thinker
Work under pressure
Leadership skills
Good listener
Good communication skills
July 2018 Jollibee crew training

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IoT MICROCONTROLLER BASED PLANT CARE INDOOR CHAMBER WITH

TITLE OF RESEARCH: IoT Microcontroller Based Plant Care Indoor

NAME OF PROPONENTS: Dessa P. Abito

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements

Mr. Frendel Roy D. Asejo

APPROVED FOR ORAL DEFENSE:

Mr. Frendel Roy D. Asejo

Mr. Randy B. Quibic, MIT

Frendel Roy D. Asejo

Accepted and approved by the Thesis Review Panel

Engr. Eugenio T. Peñalosa Engr. Arlyn I. Tampis, MT

Mr. Randy B. Quibic, MIT

Mr. Frendel Roy D. Asejo Mr. Randy B. Quibic, MIT

Researchers: Dessa P. Abito

Degree: Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering

Date of Completion: January 2024

Key words: IoT, microcontroller, hydroponic system, automation, actuator,

5 Nutrient Solution Mixing Preparation 36

6 Evaluation Rating Table 58

7 ESP 32 Wiring Diagram 32

Hydroponic system allows for precise control of environmental factors including

Specifically aims to:

1. To design and construct a microcontroller-based chamber with humidity,

Humidity 50% - 80% (8.7 g/m3-18.4 g/m3)

3. To create a module for the automatic distribution of nutrient solution in the

5. To develop a special compartment inside the chamber for dying plants.

6. To create an automated calibration system.

Review of related literature, studies or systems

Related local literature

Hydroponics Farming in the Philippines

Related foreign literature

The Future of Farming: Hydroponics

Hydroponics: The Power of Water to Grow Foods

Basic Plant Care

Automation of Hydroponics System Using Android Application

Sensor Based System in Hydroponics

Note. Following a thorough examination of the manually and automatically operated

Related local studies

The research project “Development Of An Indoor Hydroponic Tower For Urban

Name Ideal Range

Comparison of Lettuce Quality from Urban Agriculture and Organic Farming

Soil moisture Sensor

Overview of the project

LCD automatic LED plant-care

III. Building prototype

Power supply LCD Screen

Water level sensor

Note. This figure Universal Asynchronous Receiver-Transmitter, or UART, is a widely

Note. Concentration A composed of potassium nitrate (KNO3), calcium nitrate

Note. Concentration composed of dipotassium phosphate (KH2PO4), magnesium sulfate

Solution A Solution B Water

a. day 3 b. day 7 c. day 22

IV. User evaluation

VI. Implement and maintain

An LED Grow Light is an energy-efficient fixture, used as a single or as a supplemental

Light intensity sensor

Solar charge controller

5 (4.60 – 5.00) Excellent

4 (3.60 – 4.59) Very Good

3 (3.00 – 3.59) Satisfactory

2 (2.50 – 2.99) Good

1 (1.00 – 2.49) Poor (needs improvement)

Agritecture. (2020). NXTLVL Farms is leading urban farming in the

Name: ________________________________________ Date: _