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Midterm Test - Solutions
Midterm Test - Solutions
Midterm Test - Solutions
1.1 State the associative law for real numbers, axiom (A1). [1]
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥
𝑥( + ) = .
𝑐 𝑐 𝑐
With motivation, prove this statement using the axioms of the real numbers and the
definition of division only. [5]
Solution:
𝑎 𝑏
𝑥 (𝑐 + 𝑐 )
= 𝑥𝑐 −1 𝑎 + 𝑥𝑐 −1 𝑏 (D) (1 mark)
= 𝑐 −1 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑐 −1 𝑏𝑥 (M2) (1 mark)
2.2 Completely color in the bubble of the correct answer only. [1]
If a set S has an infimum, then it will have a minimum.
o True
o False
Solution:
Assume that 𝑆 has minima 𝑚1 and 𝑚2 . (1 mark)
We must show 𝑚1 = 𝑚2 .
Since 𝑚1 ∈ 𝑆 and 𝑚2 is a lower bound of 𝑆, we have 𝑚1 ≥ 𝑚2 . (1 mark)
Since 𝑚2 ∈ 𝑆 and 𝑚1 is a lower bound of 𝑆, we have 𝑚2 ≥ 𝑚1. (1 mark)
Hence, 𝑚1 = 𝑚2 . (1 mark)∎
2.4 Completely color in the bubble of the correct definition only. [2]
Then,
2𝑀 (1+1)𝑀 𝑀+𝑀 𝑀+𝜋 𝜋+𝜋
−1 ≤ 𝑀 = = = < < = 𝜋. (1 mark)
2 2 2 2 2
Therefore,
−1 ≤ 𝑀 < 𝑐 < 𝜋,
which shows 𝑐 ∈ 𝑆 (0.5 mark)
and 𝑀 < 𝑐, (0.5 mark)
contradicting that 𝑀 = max 𝑆 is an upper bound of 𝑆. (0.5 mark)∎
Question 3 [18]
3.1 Completely color in the bubble of the incorrect definition only. [1]
o A bounded sequence is bounded below and bounded above.
o 𝑎𝑛 → 𝐿 as 𝑛 → ∞ is defined by ∀𝜀 > 0, ∃𝐾 ∈ ℝ, ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ, 𝑛 ≥ 𝐾, 𝐿 − 𝜀 < 𝑎𝑛 < 𝐿 + 𝜀.
o A monotonic sequence is increasing and decreasing.
o More than one of the above.
Solution: Option 3. (1 mark)
𝑛2 +𝑛−1
3.2 Show that (𝑎𝑛 ) = ( ) → 1 as 𝑛 → ∞ by first principles. [5]
𝑛2
Solution:
1
Therefore, let 𝐾𝜀 = , (0.5 mark) then |𝑎𝑛 − 𝐿| < 𝜀 for all 𝑛 > 𝐾𝜀 .
𝜀
Solution:
If 𝑎𝑛 ≤ 𝑏𝑛 ≤ 𝑐𝑛 (0.5 mark)
and lim 𝑎𝑛 = lim 𝑐𝑛 = 𝐿, (0.5 mark)
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞
Proof:
Let 𝜀 > 0 (0.5 mark)
and choose 𝑘1 and 𝑘2 such that
|𝑎𝑛 − 𝐿| < 𝜀 if 𝑛 ≥ 𝑘1 (1 mark)
and |𝑐𝑛 − 𝐿| < 𝜀 if 𝑛 ≥ 𝑘2 . (1 mark)
In particular, for 𝑛 ≥ 𝐾 = max{𝑘1 , 𝑘2 }, (1 mark)
𝐿 − 𝜀 < 𝑎𝑛 < 𝐿 + 𝜀 (0.5 mark)
and
𝐿 − 𝜀 < 𝑐𝑛 < 𝐿 + 𝜀 (0.5 mark)
gives
𝐿 − 𝜀 < 𝑎𝑛 ≤ 𝑏𝑛 ≤ 𝑐𝑛 < 𝐿 + 𝜀. (1 mark)
Hence, |𝑏𝑛 − 𝐿| < 𝜀 if 𝑛 ≥ 𝐾. (1 mark) ∎
cos(𝑛200 +10𝑛)
3.4 Consequently, find lim . [4]
𝑛→∞ 1+105 𝑛
Solution:
Solution
Now suppose that 𝐴(𝑠) is true, i.e. for every 𝐾 ∈ ℝ there exists 𝑁𝐾 ∈ ℕ such that 𝑛 ∈ ℕ,
Solution
Theorem 2.7 (1 mark) states that for (𝑎𝑛 ) with 𝑎𝑛 > 0 for all indices 𝑛 ∈ ℕ, it follows that
1
lim 𝑎𝑛 = ∞ ⇔ lim = 0.
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 𝑎𝑛
The latter is true by Theorem 2.5 (1 mark) which states that if 𝑟 > 0, then
1
lim = 0.
𝑛→∞ 𝑛𝑟
lim (𝑛𝑟 − 𝑛 𝑠 ) = ∞.
𝑛→∞
Solution
Case 1: 𝑠 ≠ 0
Case 2: 𝑠 = 0
TOTAL = 50 MARKS