SPM PECUTAN KIMIA BERFOKUS TOPIK

TINGKATAN 4 SPM COHORT 2024

A. Chapter 2, 4 and 5 ( Form 4 )

Question Students answer Notes

Definition (1 mark) :
What is meant by isotope?
Same element with same
number of proton/proton
number but different number of
neutron/nucleon number –
(0 m)

What is meant by melting point? – A temperature when a

substance changes from solid
state to become liquid (0 m)

What is meant by nucleon number? The total number of protons

and neutrons (0 m)

What is meant by valence electrons? Electrons in the outermost shell

(0 m)
➢ Incomplete sentence : Heat
loss to the surroundings to
attract particles to become
solid.
➢ Not able to explain : The
freezing point is occur
between t1-t2. The heat is
released to cool down the
temperature.
Explain why the temperature remains
constant at region t1 – t2. [2 marks]
New KSSM
Q1 : The table shows the percentage
of potassium isotopes.
Isotope Bromine- Bromine-
79 81
Percentage 50.69% 49.31%
abundance
Calculate the relative atomic mass of
bromine.

Q2 : Chlorine has two isotopes,

chlorine-35 and chlorine-37. If the
relative atomic mass of chlorine is
35.5, determine the percentage of
abundance of each isotope.

1
 Draw the atomic structure of carbon-
12.
[2 marks]

(1+0)

2) Draw atomic structure and describe the atomic structure.

• The atom consists of two parts : centre part called nucleus and outer part
called electron shells.
• The nucleus of sodium atom consists of 11 protons which is positively
charged and 12 neutrons which is neutral.
• There are 11 electrons in the shells which is negatively charged.
• The electrons are moving in orbits in their respective shells.

3) Able to name the radioactive isotopes and its uses.

Isotopes Uses
Cobalt-60
Iodine-131
Carbon-14
Sodium-24

Section C Essay Respon Terbuka (Konstruk Menilai/Reka Cipta)

1. The table shows the melting point of two substances.

Substance Melting point (oC)

X 40
Y 57

You are provided with an unknown solid substance which maybe X or Y. With an aid of labelled
diagram, describe an experiment how would you determine the unknown solid substance is X or Y.
[10 marks]

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 Answer Markah hilang bila
-tiada dash line
-tiada clamp
-tiada label penunu
bunsen / heat/
thermometer /water /
unknown substance

Unknown
substance

P1 – Functional diagram
P2 – Labelled diagram
P3 – Put 3 spatulas of solid unknown substance into a boiling tube -not mention container
-not mention amount
P4 – Fill a beaker with water until it is half full and place the beaker on a
wire gauze supported by a tripod stand.
P5 - Put the boiling tube into the beaker and clamp it. Unknown -tiada clamp
substance powder must be below the surface of water. -tiada menulis
bagaimana paras
serbuk dengan paras
air.
P6 – Heat the water and stir. -no heat and stir
P7 – Start the stopwatch and record the temperature at 15 s interval -tiada heat until all
until all of the substance has melted [a : 10 s intervals] the substance melted
P8 – Tabulation of data -no unit

Time / s 0 15 30 45 60
Masa / s
Temperature / oC
Suhu / oC
P9 – Interpreting data P10 – Mentaksir data
Graph of temperature against time
- not label / unit
- not label melting
point

Melting point, T

If the value of of T is 40 oC, then the unknown substance is substance X.

If the value of of T is 57 oC, then the unknown substance is substance Y.

3
 Practice all the balanced chemical equations for all the reactions in group 1 and group17
Group 1 + water Group 17 + water
2Na + 2H2O → 2 NaOH + H2 Cl2 + H2O → HCl + HOCl

Group 1 + oxygen Group 17 + NaOH

4Li + O2 → 2Li2O Cl2 + 2NaOH → NaCl + NaOCl + H2O
Group 1 + halogen
2K + 2Cl2 → 2 KCl Group 17 + iron
Period 3 Na2O + H2O → 2NaOH 3Cl2 + 2Fe → 2 FeCl3

Section A (Structured Question)

Atom Electron arrangement

Atom Susunan elektron
Q 2.8.1
R 2.8.8.1

1. Based on diagram above, explain why element R is more reactive than element Q. [ 3 marks]

Students answer Notes

P1 - R has bigger radius/atomic radius/ R has
more number of shell occupied with electron
(0 m)
P2 - Force of attraction between nucleus and
valence electron in atom R is decreases (0 m)
P3 - R is easier to donate/release its valence
electron. (0 m)

2. Why argon is a monoatomic gas / an unreactive element / inert gas? [2 marks]

Students answer Notes

P1 Sample 1 : The argon has achieved stable octet electron
arrangement. (0 m)
Sample 2 : The atom has achieved stable electron
arrangement. (0 m)
Sample 3 : The velence shell of the atom full with 8
electron. (0 m)
P2 They do not share, accept or donate electrons with other
atoms. (0 m)

3. The diagram shows the elements in Periodic Table of Elements.

Compare atomic size of atom X and atom Y. Explain your answer. [3 marks]
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 Students answer Notes
P1 – Atomic size of X is small than Y (0 m)

P2 – Proton number of atom X is bigger than

atom Y // When going across period 3, number
of proton increases (0 m)
P3 - Attraction force between between nucleus
increases (0 m)

Compare electronegativity of atom X and atom Y. Explain your answer. [3 marks]

Students answer Notes

P1 – Atomic size of X is smaller than atom Y

√

P2 – Attraction force between between nucleus

is stronger (0 m)

HOTS CHALLENGE

4. If a chemistry laboratory that stores potassium metal burns, do the fire extinguisher in diagram
above is suitable for extinguishing fires that caused by burning of potassium metal. Explain your
answer. [4 marks]

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 5. Choose two elements that can form
(a) ionic compound
(b) covalent compound
Draw the electron arrangements of each compound formed. [4 marks]

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12
4

Section B (Essay Item Respon Terhad)

1. Able to explain and draw the electron arrangement of ionic compound and covalent compound correctly

Explain the formation of ionic bond and covalent bond + draw the electron arrangement

FORMATION OF MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE FORMATION OF CARBON DIOXIDE

Pt1: The electron arrangement of Magnesium atom is
2.8.2
Pt2 : The electron arrangement of chlorine atom is 2.8.7
Pt3 : In order to achieve a stable octet electron
arrangement
Pt4 : A Magnesium atom donates 2 electrons to form a
positive ion , Mg2+ .
Pt1 : Electron arrangement of atom D is 2.4.
Pt2 : Electron arrangement of atom E is 2.6.
Pt3 : In order to achieve a stable octet electron
arrangement,
Pt4 : An atom D contribute 4 electrons for sharing
Pt5 : Each of atom E contribute 2 electrons for sharing

Pt5 : Each of chlorine atom receives 1 electron to form Pt6 : One atom D share two pair of electrons or 4
negative ion , Cl- . electrons with 2 atoms E

Pt6 : Mg2+ and Cl- are attracted together by strong Pt7 : Covalent compound, DE2 is formed.
electrostatic force

Pt7 : to form an ionic compound, MgCl2

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Pt8 & Pt9 : Pt 8 & Pt 9 :

Subtance Melting point ( oC )

Bahan Takat lebur ( oC )
X -23
Y 801

2. Based on table above, explain the difference in melting point of subtance X and subtance Y.
[ 3 marks]
Students answer Notes
P1 – Melting point of substance Y is high. (0 m)
P2 –Subtance Y has strong electrostatic force
while substance X has weak attraction force (0 m)
P3 – More energy is needed in subtance Y to
break the force and less energy is needed in
subtance X to break the force (0 m)

3. Diagram shows the flow chart of two chlorine compounds, XCl4 and YCl. These two compounds
are used to determine the electrical conductivity.

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 Explain why observation in Set A and Set B in digram are different. [3 marks]

Students answer Notes

P1 The bulb in Set A does not light up. (0 m)

P2 XCl4 has no moving ions (0 m)

P3 YCl has moving ions (0 m)

NEW KSSM

4. State the meaning of hydrogen bond. [2 marks]

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

5. Carbon reacts with hydrogen to form methane, CH4. Compare the boiling point between
methane and ammonia, NH3. Explain your answer. [4 marks]

Methane Ammonia

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6. Based on the situation shown in the diagram 7.2, what do you do to allow the paper stick to the
finger. Describe what caused the situation to occur. Give two examples of this situation in your
daily life. [6 marks]
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7. Ammonia gas reacts with hydrogen chloride gas to form ammonium compound which is
ammonium chloride. Name and explain the bond formed in ammonium ion. [5 marks]

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8. In terms of chemical bonding, explain how aluminium metal can conducts electricity in solid and
liquid states. [3 marks]

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Section C : Examples of Open Response Essay (Penilaian / Reka cipta)

Compounds M and N are two white solids at room temperature. A small amount of of solids M and N
are added separately to 5 cm3 of distilled water in two different test tubes and shaken well. The results
obtained are shown in Table 9.

Compound M N
Observation The white solid remains The white solid N dissolves
unchanged in the water. and a colourless solution is
formed.
Table 9
The student carried out another experiment to study the electrical conductivity of compounds M and N
in the solid and molten states.
By using a suitable examples of compound M and compound N, describe an experiment how you can
differentiate compound M and compound N based on their electrical conductivity in the solid and
molten states. [10 marks]

Compound M

Compound M

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P1 – Compound M : Naphthalene / Acetamide / Glucose powder - Salah bahan
P2 – Compound N : Sodium chloride (Any ionic compound that can dissolves in seperti
water) tetrachloromethane
or lead(II) bromide.
P3 – By using spatula, put sodium chloride powder into the crucible until half - not mention half full /
full. number of spatulas
P4 – Insert two carbon electrodes into sodium chloride powder. - put / place
P5 – Connect two carbon electrodes to the batteries and ammeter. [a : bulb]
P6 – Complete the circuit and observe the deflection of the ammeter needle.
P7 – Heat the sodium chloride powder until melts. - not mention until melts
P8 – Observe again the deflection of the ammeter needle and record all the
observations.
P9 – Repeat steps 1 to 8 by using naphthalene to replace sodium chloride
powder.
P10 – Tabulation of data
- not mention
needle of ammeter
Substance State of Observation deflected or not
substance
Naphthalene Solid The needle of ammeter does not
deflect
Molten The needle of ammeter does not
deflect
Sodium chloride Solid The needle of ammeter does not
deflect
Molten The needle of ammeter deflected

P10 – Conclusion
Based on the observation, sodium chloride can conduct electricity in molten state but cannot conduct
electricity in solid state.

Based on the observation, naphthalene cannot conduct electricity in both solid and molten state.

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B : Chapter 3 ( Form 4 )

1. The equation for the reaction is as follow:

State three information that can be deduced from the equation. [3 marks]

Answer
P1

P2

P3

2.
Question
Definition : What is meaning of
empirical formula? – 1 mark
Experiment determining the
empirical formula of magnesium
oxide.
Question 1 : Explain why the
crucible lid opened slightly from
time to time during heating.
Students answer Notes
➢ Simplest ratio number of atom of
each element that present in the
compound (0 m)
➢ Chemical formula that shows
simplest ratio number of atom
that present in the compound.
(0 m)
Incomplete sentence :
➢ Allow oxygen to enter
➢ Allow combustion of magnesium
with oxygen

Question 2 : How to determine ➢ The process of cooling, weighing

all magnesium has been and heating is repeated. (0 m)
oxidized completely?
Calculation
Ethanol burns in air completely to
produce carbon dioxide and
water. If 9.2 g of ethanol is burnt,
calculate the volume of carbon
dioxide produced at room
temperature.
[6 marks]

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Section C : Essay Item Respon Terbuka (Penilaian / Reka cipta)

1. Describe an experiment to determine the empirical formula of oxide of metal W.

Your answer should include the following aspects:
[Relative atomic mass: W = 24, O = 16]

• Procedure of the experiments

• Calculation
[10 marks]

Markah hilang bila

P1 - Clean with sand paper

P2 – Weigh the mass of a crucible with its lid

P3 – Put the metal W ribbon into the crucible. Weigh the mass of crucible
together with metal W ribbon and its lid
P4 – Heat the crucible strongly (without the lid)

P5 – When metal W starts burning, close the crucible with lid. Raise / lift /
open the lid at intervals.
P6 – Allow the crucible cool to room temperature. Weigh the mass of
crucible, lid and its content
P7 – Repeat heating, cooling and weighing until a constant mass is
obtained

P8 – Tabulation of data

Description Mass / g
Mass of crucible + lid x
Mass of crucible + lid + metal W y
Mass of crucible+ lid + oxide of metal W z

P9 – Calculation

Element W O
Mass /g y-x z-y
Number of moles y – x / 24 z – y / 16

Simplest ratio a b

P10 – Empirical formula of oxide of W is WaOb

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C. Chapter 6 (F4)

Section A (Structure Question)

1. Table shows the information about acids X and Y.

Acid X Acid Y
1. Use in making sour mango 4. Used in lead-acid accumulator
2. Monoprotic acid 5. monoprotic acid
3. pH = 4.8 6. pH = 1.0

Both acids X and Y have the same concentration. Explain why the pH values for both
acids in Table are different. [3 marks]

Students answer Notes

P1 Acid X is a weak acid (0 m)

P2 Acid X ionises partially in water (0 m)

P3 Concentration of acid Y is higher, pH value is lower (0 m)

New KSSM
2. Diagram 2.2 shows the concentrations of solutions P, Q and R.
Solution P Solution Q Solution R

pH = 1.5 pH = 7.0 pH = 13.8

Diagram 2.2

State the meaning of pH.

State the relationship between pH and pOH values. Hence, determine the pOH values of solution
P and solution Q.

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[4 marks]

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3.

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4. You are given salt Z which releases coloured gas P and oxygen gas when heated. The salt also
dissolves in water to form an aqueous solution of Z.
(i) State the anion presents in the aqueous solution of Z.
(ii) Explain how you verify the anion mentioned in (i).
[5 marks / 5 markah]

Students answer Notes

P1 Nitrate ion //NO3 √
-

P2 Pour solution Z (0 m)

P3 Add dilute sulphuric acid and iron (II) sulphate (0 m)

P4 Add concentrated sulphuric acid (0 m)

P5 Brown solution is formed (0 m)

Other anion test

Describe chemical test to verify chloride ion
1. Add 2cm3 of salt solution into a test tube.
2. Add _____________ acid into the test tube. √
3. Add ____________________ solution into
the test tube. √
4. Observation :
______________________________ is formed.
5. Conclusion : Cl- ion is present.
Describe chemical test to verify sulphate ion
1. Add 2cm3 of salt solution into a test tube.
2. Add _____________ acid into the test tube. √
3. Add ____________________ solution into
the test tube. √
4. Observation :
______________________________ is formed.
5. Conclusion : SO42- ion is present.

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5. Diagram shows the flow chart of the chemical test for an ions that being identified in the industrial
waste water.

Name the yellow precipitate Q formed. What happen if the precipitate is heated and cooled
again? [3 marks]

Students answer Notes

P1 Lead iodide (0 m)
P2 Yellow solid dissolves when heated (0 m)

P3 Yellow precipitate is formed again when it is cooled √

6. The industrial waste water may contains copper (II) ions. Describe briefly a chemical test to
confirm the presence of Cu2+.
[2 marks ]

Students answer Notes

P1 Add sodium hydroxide solution // ammonia solution
into the industrial waste water (0 m)
P2 Precipitate is formed and dissolves to form dark blue
solution (0 m)

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Section B (essay respon terhad)

1 (a) Diagram 7.1 shows hydrogen chloride gas is flowed into solvent L in conical flask A and solvent
M in conical flask B.

Based on Diagram 7.1,

(i) Name solvent L and solvent M.
[2 marks]

(ii) Explain why there is difference in the observation in conical flask A and conical flask B.
[4 marks]

(iii) Write a chemical equation for the reaction in conical flask B and calculate the mass of
marble chip needed to produce 24 cm3 of colourless gas X in the syringe at room
condition.
[Relative atomic mass: C=12, O=16, Ca=40, 1 mol of gas occupies 24 dm3 at room
conditions]
[6 marks]

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(b) Diagram 7.2 shows the pH values of acids HX, H2Y and HZ with the same concentration.

(i) What is meant by pH value? [2 marks]

(ii) Suggest the formula of acids HX, H2Y and HZ.

[3 marks]

(iii) Compare and explain why

• The pH value of H2Y is lower than acid HX.
• The pH value of acid HZ is higher than acid HX.
[7 marks]

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1. The table shows three substances used to prepare magnesium sulphate.

Sulphuric acid, Magnesium nitrate, Carbonate Salt

By using substances from the table, describe how to prepare magnesium sulphate salt in the
laboratory. Include the chemical equations involved in your description. [10 marks]

1. Student must able to name the carbonate salt : _______________________________

2. Measure and Pour _______ cm3 of _______ mol dm-3 ___________________________

solution into a beaker.
3. Measure and Pour _______ cm3 of _______ mol dm-3 ___________________________
solution into the beaker containing ____________________________ solution.
4. Filter and _______________ the salt at the residue.

5. Measure and Pour _______ cm3 of _______ mol dm-3 ___________________________

solution into a beaker. Heat the acid.

6. Add __________________________ until excess into the acid.

Add excess metal
7. Filter the excess _______________________________ .
carbonate into hot acid
8. Pour the filtrate into an evaporating dish and heat the filtrate until _______________________ .

9. __________ the saturated solution until salt crystals formed and ____________ the content of
the evaporating dish.

10. Balanced chemical equation :

____________________________________________________________________________

11. Balanced chemical equation :

____________________________________________________________________________

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Section C : Essay Item Respon Terbuka (Penilaian / Reka cipta)

1. (a)

lead(II) lead(II)
nitrate sulphate

copper(II) potassium
carbonate carbonate
Diagram 11.2

Salt A is insoluble in water.You are given four chemical substances as shown in

Diagram 11.2. Choose two substances that can be used to prepare salt A.
Describe the preparation of salt A in the laboratory.
In your description, include the chemical equation involved.
[8 marks]

(b) The sting of a jelly fish is alkaline and causes pain.

Suggest one substance that can be applied to the skin to relieve the pain without causing
further injury.
Give three reasons for your suggestion.
[4 marks]

1 (a) Dua bahan : [Note : Both must correct]

1. Lead(II) nitrate 1
2. Potassium carbonate / copper(II) carbonate

Prosedur:
1. [20-100] cm3 of [0.1-2.0] mol dm-3 lead(II) nitrate solution is 1
measured and poured into a beaker.

2. [20-100] cm3 of [0.1-2.0] mol dm-3 potassium carbonate solution is 1

measured and poured into a beaker that containing lead(II) nitrate
solution. [Note : must show mix together]

3. Stir the mixture with a glass rod. 1

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 4. Filter the mixture to obtain white precipitate lead(II) carbonate as 1
the residue.

5. Rinse the residue with distilled water. 1

Chemical equation
1. Correct formula for reactants and products 1
2. Balance 1 8

Pb(NO3)2 + K2CO3 → PbCO3 + 2KNO3

OR
Pb(NO3)2 + CuCO3 → PbCO3 + Cu(NO3)2

(b) Subtance : Vinegar / Orange / Lemon 1

Three reasons:
1. Weak acid 1

2. Not too corrosive 1

3. Neutralise the alkaline caused by the stings without harming the 1 4

skin.

Chapter 7 : Rate of reaction (Form 4)

Section A ( structure question)

1. State the meaning of rate of reaction based on reaction between HCl and Mg.
(1 mark)
Students answer Notes
Change in volume of (hydrogen) gas release per unit time
/second √
Change in mass of magnesium per unit of time √

2. In which situation will the meat cook faster? Explain.

(3 marks/ 3 markah)
Students answer Notes
P1 A√

P2 Satay in A is smaller // has a bigger surface area

(0 m)
P3 ?

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3.

From the graph, determine :

(i) The rate of reaction at 90 s [2 marks]

(ii) The average rate of reaction between 60s and 120s. [1 mark]

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4. State two measureable changes that you can use to measure the rate of reaction between
aluminium powder and hydrochloric acid.
2Al + 6HCl → 2AlCl3 + 3H2
[2 marks]

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5.

[2 marks]

(b) (i) Compare the rate of reaction between set I and set II.

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(ii) Explain your answer in (b) (i) based on Collision Theory.

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[3 marks]

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6.

The maximum volume of hydrogen gas released in Experiment I is V cm 3.

What is the volume of hydrogen gas released in Experiment II compared to Experiment I?
Explain.
[2 marks]
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Section B ( esei respon terhad)

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 1. Sketch the graph of volume of gas against time for Set I, II and III on the same axes.
[4 marks]

Jawapan BI
P1 – Labelled axes with
correct unit
P2 – Correct curve with
label of Set

P3- 40 cm3
P4- Time at 90s
corresponding with 40 cm3
is shown

Compare the rate of reaction between sets of experiment and explain your answer based on collision
theory:
(i) Set I and Set II

(ii) Set II and Set III

[10 marks]

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2. Chemical equation below shows the reaction between hydrogen gas and chlorine gas to
produce hydrogen chloride gas.
Cl2 + H2 → 2HCl
Set I and Set II in Diagram shows the rate of reaction of formation of hydrogen chloride gas at
different temperature.

Based on Diagram,
(i) If the two sets of reaction occurs at temperature 30oC and 40oC, determine the
temperature of XoC in Set I and YoC in Set II.

(ii) With reference to collision theory, explain why there is a difference in the rate of
formation of hydrogen chloride gas in Set I and Set II.
[6 marks / 6 markah]

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Section C (essay respon terbuka) Penilaian/Reka cipta

1. The graph in diagram shows the curves of experiment I and experiment II that was carried out
to study the rate of reaction.

Curve in Experiment I is obtained from the reaction between 5 g granulated calcium carbonate
and 50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid. The experiment is repeated to obtain the curve
in Experiment II. Other than temperature, suggest one factor that can change the curve in
Experiment I to the curve in Experiment II. Based on the suggested factor, describe an
experiement to show how you manipulate the factor to obtain curve in Experiment II. In your
description, include a labelled diagram.
[10 marks]

BI Markah hilang bila

P1 – Faktor: Size of calcium carbonate // Total surface are of -without word total / size
calcium carbonate
P2 – Fill a burette with water and invert it over water in a basin // -only mention fill burette
clamp the burette with water or place it
invertedly into basin
P3 – record initial burette reading -tulis catat
P4 – Measure 50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid -no volume or
concentration
-volume not in the range
50 – 150 cm3
-not in range 0.1 – 2.0 mol
dm-3
P5 – Pour the acid into a conical flask -use beaker
P6 – Weigh 5 g of calcium carbonate powder and put into the -less than 5g of CaCO3
conical flask -not mention powder
P6 – immediately , connect with delivery tube with cork -nama radas salah
P7 – Record the burette reading at 30 seconds interval using -tulis Observe / catat
stopwatch -tiada 30 s
P8 – start the stopwatch -tiada mulakan
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P9 – Functional diagram
P10 – Labelled
tiada dash line untuk
air,larutan HCl
-gabus tenggelam
-hujung salur penghantar
tidak bengkok
- kurang 3 label-salur
penghantar, kaki retot,air,
larutan HCl

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