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Fig. 20.—Various forms of Heliozoa. In 3, a is the entire animal and b the
flagellula; c.vac, contractile vacuole; g, gelatinous investment; nu, nucleus;
psd, pseudopodia; sk, siliceous skeleton; sp, spicules. (From Parker and
Haswell, after other authors.)
Each of these divides, and the two sister cells then conjugate after
the same fashion as in Actinophrys, but the nuclear divisions to form
the coupling nucleus are two in number, i.e. the nucleus divides into
two, one of which goes to the surface as the first polar body, and the
sister of this again divides to form a second polar body (which also
passes to the surface) and a pairing nucleus.[84] The two cells then
fuse completely, and surround themselves with a second gelatinous
cyst wall, separated from the outer one by a layer of siliceous
spicules. The nucleus appears to divide at least twice before the
young creep out, to divide immediately into as many Actinophrys-like
cells as there were nuclei; then each of these multiplies its nuclei, to
become apocytial like the adult form.
Fig. 21.—Diagram illustrating the conjugation of Actinosphaerium. 1, Original
cell; 2, nucleus divides to form two, N2N2; 3, each nucleus again divides to
form two, N3 and n3, the latter passing out with a little cytoplasm as an
abortive cell; 4, repetition of the same process as in 3; 5, the two nuclei N4
have fused in syngamy to form the zygote nucleus Nz.
4. Radiolaria
Sarcodina with the protoplasm divided by a perforated chitinous
central capsule into a central mass surrounding the nucleus, and an
outer layer; the pseudopodia radiate, never anastomosing enough to
form a marked network; skeleton either siliceous, of spicules, or
perforated; or of definitely arranged spicules of proteid matter
(acanthin), sometimes also coalescing into a latticed shell;
reproduction by fission and by zoospores formed in the central
capsule. Habitat marine, suspended at the surface (plankton), at
varying depths (zonarial), or near the bottom (abyssal).
A. Spumellaria.
B. Acantharia.
C. Nassellaria.
Order xv. Botryoidea.—As in Spyroidea, but with the cephalis 3-4 lobed;
lower chambers, one or several successively formed. (Families 56-58.)
D. Phaeodaria.
Fig. 26.—A, Lithocercus annularis, with sagittal ring (from Parker and Haswell).
B, Aulactinium actinastrum. C, calymma; cent.caps., km, central capsule;
Ext.caps.pr., Extracapsular, and Int.caps.pr., intracapsular protoplasm; n,
nu, nucleus; op, operculum; ph, phaeodium; psd, pseudopodium; Skel.,
skeleton; z, Zooxanthella. (From Lang's Comparative Anatomy, after
Haeckel.)
5. Proteomyxa
Sarcodina without a clear ectoplasm, whose active forms are
amoeboid or flagellate, or pass from the latter form to the former;
multiplying chiefly, if not exclusively, by brood-formation in a cyst. No
complete cell-pairing (syngamy) known, though the cytoplasms may
unite into plasmodia; pseudopodia of the amoeboid forms usually
radiate or filose, but without axial filaments. Saprophytic or parasitic
in living animals or plants.