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THE LILAC.
The Lilac, though not one of our native trees, has become so
generally naturalized in our fields and gardens as hardly to be
distinguished from them except by its absence from the forest. It is
common in all waste lands that were formerly the sites of ancient
dwelling-houses, marking the spot where the garden was situated by
its irregular clumps; for when neglected it does not assume the shape
of a tree, but forms an assemblage of long stems from one spreading
root, like the barberry and the sumach. Under favorable conditions it
is a very handsome tree, seldom rising above twelve or fifteen feet,
but displaying a round head, and covered in its season with a
profusion of flowers, unfolding their beautiful pyramidal clusters
regularly on the last week in May. The color of these flowers is
perfectly unique, having given the name by which painters
distinguish one of their most important tints. The foliage of this tree
is not remarkable, except for the regular heart shape of the leaves. It
displays no tints in the autumn, but falls from the tree while its
verdure remains untarnished.
The Lilac is still cultivated and prized in all our country villages.
But its praise is seldom spoken in these days, for Fashion, who
refuses to acknowledge any beauty in what is common, discarded
this tree as soon as it became domesticated in humble cottage
gardens. Even the rose would long ago have been degraded from its
ancient honors by this vulgar arbiter of taste, if it had not been
multiplied into hundreds of varieties, permitting one after another to
take its turn in monopolizing to itself those praises which are due to
the primitive rose.
THE BARBERRY.
All the inhabitants of New England are familiar with the common
Barberry, one of those humble objects of the landscape that possess
great merit with little celebrity. It is allied in picturesque scenery
with the whortleberry and the bramble. We see it in hilly pastures,
upon soils less primitive than those occupied by the vaccinium,
though it is not uncommon as an under-shrub in many of our half-
wooded lands. I have not yet been able to obtain a definite idea of the
nature of those qualities that entitle a plant to the praises of florists
and landscape gardeners, since we find them admiring the ugly
mahonia more than the common Barberry, and the glutinous and
awkward rose-acacia more than the common locust. The praises of
the Barberry have not been spoken; but if our landscape were
deprived of this shrub, half the beauty of our scenery would be
wanting in many places. Its flowers hanging from every spray in
golden racemes, arranged all along in the axils of the leaves from the
junction of the small branches to their extremities, always attract
attention. But though elegant and graceful, they are not so
conspicuous as the scarlet fruit in autumn. There is not in our fields a
more beautiful shrub in October, when our rude New England hills
gleam with frequent clumps of them, following the courses of the
loose stone walls and the borders of rustic lanes. Even after it is
stripped of its fruit, the pale red tints of its foliage render it still an
attractive object in the landscape.
THE MISSOURI CURRANT.
Among the flowering shrubs which are universally admired for the
fragrance and beauty of their early blossoms, the Missouri Currant
deserves more than a passing mention. Though introduced into New
England since the beginning of the present century, it has become a
universal favorite in our gardens, where it is cultivated chiefly for the
agreeable odor of its flowers, resembling that of cloves, and
penetrating the air on all still days in May. This shrub has a small
leaf with irregular pointed lobes, turning to a pale crimson in
autumn. The flowers are in small racemes like those of the common
garden currant, but brighter in their hues, which are of a golden
yellow, and producing only a few large berries of a pure shining
black. This species is chiefly prized for its flowers, and is not
cultivated for its fruit.
THE CEANOTHUS, OR JERSEY TEA.
The old town of Beverly, which was a part of Salem during the era
of witchcraft, abounds, like other townships on the northern coast of
Massachusetts Bay, in rugged and romantic scenery. On one of the
bald hills of this town, a pond fed by a spring near the top of the hill
served as a watering-place for the flocks that were pastured there.
The only tree on this elevation of bare granite, interspersed with little
meadows of thin soil, covered with sweet-fern and whortleberry-
bushes, stood on the brink of this pond. It was an ancient Tupelo,
and attracted the attention of every visitor by the singular manner in
which it spread its long branches in a crooked and horizontal
direction over this emerald pool. It became the wonder of all that the
tree should adopt such an eccentricity of habit, hardly showing a
single branch on the land side, and bending over the water like an
angler sitting at his task. It was evident that it had never been
trimmed into this shape by artificial means. Many people, therefore,
believed that its grotesque appearance had some connection with
witchcraft, and that the witches who were hanged upon it had caused
all the branches to wither and fall on the side that held the victims.
This tree has, I believe, no representative on the old continent; and
though there are several species in the United States, only one is
found in New England. Here it is one of the most remarkable trees as
a picturesque object in landscape. Indeed, there is no other tree, not
excepting the oak, that will compare with it in certain eccentricities
of habit. It has received a variety of names in different parts of the
country, being called “Swamp Hornbeam,” from the toughness of its
wood; “Umbrella Tree,” from a peculiar habit of some individuals to
become flattened and slightly convex at the top. Among our country
people it is known as the “Wild Pear,” from a fancied resemblance
between its foliage and that of the common pear-tree. The
resemblance seems to consist only in the size and gloss of its leaves.
In the Middle and Southern States it is called the “Sour Gum,” to
distinguish it from the “Sweet Gum,” or Liquidambar. The name of
Tupelo was given it by the aboriginal inhabitants.
The shapes assumed by the Tupelo are exceedingly grotesque,
though it is frequently as regular in its growth as our most
symmetrical trees. It is sometimes quite erect, extending its branches
horizontally and pretty equally on all sides, but generally forming a
more or less flattened top. More frequently the Tupelo displays no
symmetry of any kind, extending its branches mostly on one side,
and often putting forth two or three branches greatly beyond all the
others. Many of these are considerably twisted, inclining downward
from a horizontal position, not with a curve like those of the elm, but
straight, like those of the spruce, though without any of its formality.
The spray is very different from that of other trees. Every important
branch is covered all round, at top, bottom, and sides, with short
twigs, at right angles with the branch. Some of the swamp oaks
resemble the Tupelo in fantastic shape, but they never have a
flattened top.
The Tupelo is the very opposite of the ash in its general characters;
the one is precisely regular in its habits, the other eccentric and
grotesque. The leaves and small branches of the ash are opposite,
those of the Tupelo alternate; the one has a coarse, the other a finely
divided spray: so that there are no two trees of the forest so entirely
unlike. It is remarkable that an isolated situation, which is favorable
to symmetry and good proportions in other trees, increases the
specific peculiarities of the Tupelo. If it has stood alone and sent
forth its branches without restraint, it then displays the most
grotesque irregularity, showing that its normal habit of growth is
eccentric.
The foliage of the Tupelo is remarkable for its fine glossy verdure.
The leaves are oval, narrowing toward the stem and rounded at the
extremity. The flowers are greenish and inconspicuous, borne in
minute umbels on the end of a long peduncle. They produce small
berries of a deep blue color, containing a hard stone. This tree is one
of the brightest ornaments of our forest in autumn; the fine green
color of its foliage attracts our attention in summer, and in winter its
grotesque forms, rising out of the shallow meres, yield a romantic
interest to these solitary places. It is not well adapted to dressed
grounds, but harmonizes only with rude, desolate, and wild scenery.
THE HORNBEAM.
The Hop Hornbeam is a very different tree from the one just
described, resembling it only in the toughness of its wood, whence
the name of Lever-Wood has been very generally applied to it. This
tree is rarely seen by the wayside. Those only know it whose
occupation has led them to seek it for its service in the arts, or those
who have examined it in their botanical rambles. It is a small tree,
that affects the habit of the elm in its general appearance, of the
birch in its inflorescence, and of the beech in the upward tendency of
its small branches. It is so much like the elm in the style of its foliage,
in the fine division and length of its slender spray, and in the color
and appearance of its bark, that it might easily be mistaken for a
small elm, without any of its drooping habit. It does not, like the elm,
however, break into any eccentric modes of growth. A striking
peculiarity of this tree is the multitude of hop-like capsular heads
that contain the seeds.
INSECURITY OF OUR FORESTS.