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seems hardly worth while creating a special sub-region for their
reception, particularly as no genus is peculiar. At the same time the
fact is instructive as illustrating the close connexion of the northern
districts of the two regions, a connexion which was no doubt more
intimate in recent geological times than it is now.
The circumpolar genera are as follows. The list decisively sets
forth the superior hardiness of the fresh-water as compared with the
land genera:—
Valvata 1 sp.
Bithynia 1 „
Vitrina 1 „
Hyalinia 4 „
Helix 2 „
Patula 2 „
Pupa 3 „
Cionella 1 „
Succinea 1 „
Limnaea 7 „
Planorbis 5 „
Aplecta 1 „
Physa 1 „
Anodonta 1 „
Unio 1 „
Pisidium 1 „
Great Britain.—There are in all about 130 species—83 land, 46
fresh-water; Limnaea involuta (mountain tarn near Killarney) appears
to be the only peculiar species. There are 11 Hyalinia, 5 Arion, and
25 Helix, the latter belonging principally to the sub-genera Xerophila,
Tachea, Trichia, and Fruticicola. Three Testacella are probably not
indigenous, but are now so well established as to reckon in the total.
Of the four Clausilia two reach Ireland and one Scotland; two do not
occur north of the Forth. There are only two land operculates, one of
which (Cyclostoma elegans) occurs in Ireland but not in Scotland,
while the other (Acicula lineata) reaches the southern counties of
Scotland. Several species, e.g. Helix pomatia, H. obvoluta, H.
revelata, H. cartusiana, H. pisana, Buliminus montanus, are
restricted to the more southern or western counties; Geomalacus
maculosus is confined to a district in south-western Ireland.
The Pleistocene beds of East Anglia contain a number of species
now extinct in these islands, whose occurrence appears to indicate a
warmer climate than the present. Such are Helix ruderata, H.
fruticum, H. incarnata, Clausilia pumila, Unio littoralis, Hydrobia
marginata, and Corbicula fluminalis.
Scandinavian Peninsula.—From Norway 121 species in all are
recorded, and 148 from Sweden. The milder climate of Norway
allows many species to reach a considerably higher latitude than in
Sweden, thus in Sweden Limax maximus only reaches 62°, but in
Norway 66° 50´. Similarly Arion hortensis and Balea perversa only
reach 63° and 61° respectively in Sweden, but in Norway are found
as far north as 69° and 67° 50´. Clausilia is represented by 9 species
in southern Norway; one of these is found north of the Arctic circle.
There are 4 Pupa, 9 Vertigo, and 11 Hyalinia, but Helix dwindles to
14, 9 of which occur north of the Arctic circle. No land operculates
are found; Cyclostoma elegans, however, occurs in Jutland and
Zealand, which practically form a part of this district.
Iceland.—Eleven species, all Scandinavian, occur. These are
Arion 2, Limax 1, Helix 2 (arbustorum L. and hortensis Müll., the
latter being found only on the warmer southern coast), Limnaea 1,
Planorbis 1, Pisidium 4.
France.—The northern, central, and eastern districts belong to
this sub-region, while the southern and western, in which an entirely
new element occurs and many northern forms disappear, belong to
the Mediterranean. Thus, for instance, Helix pomatia L., H. incarnata
Müll., H. fruticum Müll., H. cantiana Mont., H. strigella Drap., H.
rufescens Penn., H. plebeia Drap., are not found in southern France.
No detailed enumeration of species is at present possible, the efforts
of a large number of the leading French authorities being directed to
indiscriminate species-making rather than to the careful comparison
of allied forms. Perhaps the principal difference between the
Mollusca of northern France and those of our own islands is the
occurrence of two species of Pomatias. In the more elevated districts
of eastern France (the Vosges, Jura, western Alps), a certain
number of species occur which are confined to the high grounds of
south central Europe. Among these are Helix holoserica Stud., H.
personata Lam., H. bidens Chem., H. depilata Drap., H. cobresiana
Alt., H. alpina Faure.
The Pleistocene deposits of the valley of the Somme tell the same
tale as those of eastern England, containing as they do species and
even genera whose northern range is now much more limited. The
Eocene fossils from the Paris beds show most remarkable
relationships to genera now existing in the West Indies and Central
America. Others again indicate affinities with India. Thus we find
Ceres, Megalomastoma, and Tudora by the side of Leptopoma,
Faunus, and Paludomus.
Germany.—The Mollusca of the plains of northern Germany are
few and not striking, and exhibit little difference from those of our
own islands. In the mountainous districts of the south and south-
east, a number of new forms occur, amongst which are 3 species of
Daudebardia, a remarkable carnivorous form, with the general
appearance of a Vitrina; 24 of Clausilia, many Pupa, several
Buliminus, 3 of the Campylaea group of Helix, stragglers from the
Italo-Dalmatian fauna, and 1 of Zonites proper. Our familiar Helix
aspersa is entirely absent from Germany. There are only 4 land
operculates—Pomatias 2, Acicula 1, Cyclostoma 1, all of which
occur exclusively in the south. Bithynella and Vitrella, two minute
forms of fresh-water operculates akin to Hydrobia, occur throughout
the district.
Fig. 203.—Streptaxis
Perroteti Pfr., Nilghiri
Hills: A, adult; A´,
young form.