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International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science

( Peer-Reviewed, Open Access, Fully Refereed International Journal )
Volume:05/Issue:05/May-2023 Impact Factor- 7.868 www.irjmets.com
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CSEB, BURNT CLAY BRICK &
MYCELIUM BRICKS
Aryan Verma*1, Harsh Panchal*2, Harsh Mishra*3, Ashwin Parihar*4,
Monika Pagare*5, Anurag Tripathi*6
*1,2,3,4,5,6Medicaps Univeristy, AB Road, Pigdamber, Rau, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India.
DOI : https://www.doi.org/10.56726/IRJMETS38445
ABSTRACT
Earth has been utilized as a construction material for decades, first as simple brick adobe made of sun-dried
mud and straw that lacked strength and longevity. Developed into baked clay brick through bulk, quick kiln
manufacture. Compressed Stabilized Earth Brick (CSEB) gives the view of energy efficient, cost reduction, and
environmentally friendly building materials, overall contributing to the sustainable development in the rising
concern of awareness about sustainable building materials and environmental issue. This study aims to explore
mycelium as a potential composite material for construction and other applications because it has strong
binding properties and processes nutrients from sawdust, straw, grains etc. by using enzymes to convert
cellulose in the substrate into chitin, a strong compound. This proposed the improvement of a development
material with the accompanying attributes: develops, assemble, and repairs itself; changes with the season;
utilizes the powers of nature and is in agreement with its condition; favors biodiversity and regular harmony;
minimal effort and does not require impressive workforce; carbon free and waste free comes back to nature
when never again being used empowers maintainable and adjusted humanity advancement.
I. INTRODUCTION
Compressed Stabilized Earth Brick (CSEB), also known as Pressed Earth Brick, are a type of construction
material created by compressing moist earth under high pressure to form blocks. The dry inorganic subsoil,
non-expansive clay, aggregates, and Portland cement are used to make them. CSEBs are a more ecologically
friendly alternative to clay bricks, which are used in the majority of residential buildings today.
The manufacturing procedure distinguishes CSEB bricks from normal burnt bricks. CSEB brick needs
compaction, whether static, dynamic, or Vibro-static, as well as the amount of stabilizer applied to improve
strength.The quality of blocks is significantly impacted by Soil condition, compression force, curing and
proportion of stabilizer, and manufacturing quality.
Mycelium (plural mycelia) is a root-like structure of a fungus consisting of a mass of branching, thread-like
hyphae. Fungal colonies composed of mycelium are found in and on soil and many other substrates. A typical
single spore germinates into a monokaryotic mycelium, which cannot reproduce sexually; when two
compatible monokaryotic mycelia join and form a dikaryotic mycelium, that mycelium may form fruiting bodies
such as mushrooms. Through the mycelium, an organism ingests supplements from its condition. It does this in
a two- organize process. To start with, the hyphae emit catalysts onto or into the sustenance source, which
separate organic polymers into littler units, for example, monomers. These monomers are then ingested into
the mycelium by encouraged dispersion and dynamic transport.Mycelium is fundamental in earthly and
amphibian environments for their part in the deterioration of plant material.
About CSEB
With an ever-increasing environmental hazard due to the actions of man, it is vital to sustainably manage our
environment. One of such methods is the introduction of Compressed Stabilized Earth Brick (CSEB), which is an
energy efficient, affordable and ecologically friendly construction material. Soils are the primary material in
CSEB and is fairly inexpensive. It is utilized in more than Thirty nations throughout the world, amongst them
Mexico, USA, South Africa, India and Thailand. It is simple to create and a replacement for concrete, been tested
to determine its strength and the qualities utilized as a load bearing material in the construction industry. It is a
mixture of mainly three separate components which are cement, soil, sand that are combined together with
water in precise quantities. These blocks employ the same parent material Burnt Clay Red Bricks, but provide
the substantial benefit of compressive strength.
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Figure 1. House made of CSEB brick

About Mycelium
Mycelium has body structures and methods of proliferation dissimilar to those of some other eukaryotic
creatures. The assemblages of most growths are made of structures called hyphae (solitary, hypha). Hyphae are
small strings of cytoplasm encompassed by a plasma film and secured by a phone divider. The cell dividers of
growths contrast from the cellulose cell dividers of plants. Most growths manufacture their cell dividers out of
chitin, a solid, adaptable polysaccharide that is additionally found in the outer skeletons of creepy crawlies. The
hyphae of most parasites have extra cell dividers, called cross-dividers that gap the long fibers into numerous
different end-to-end cells. This makes most organism’s multi cell. The cross-dividers of numerous growths have
pores sufficiently substantial to permit ribosome, mitochondria, and even cores to spill out of cell to cell. The
development of cytoplasm starting with one cell then onto the next enables a parasite to disseminate
supplements starting with one a player in its body then onto the next.The hyphae of a solitary growth regularly
branch as they develop, shaping a joined tangle called a mycelium (plural, mycelia).
Figure 2. Mycelium

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II. PROCEDURE FOR MAKING OF CSEB BRICK
A. Material selection
1. Soil identification can be performed with sensitive analyses. The main points were examined as grain size
distribution to know quality of each grain size.
2. Plasticity characteristics to know the quality and properties of each of the binders.
3. Sample Details: Red Earth
4. Plastic Limit =56%
5. Liquid Limit=66%
6. Plasticity Index = 10 =Slightly plastic
7. LI= 1, hence the remolded soil is at the liquid limit and it has un-drained shear strength of about 2KPa.
B. Procedure for Making CSEB (Compressed Stabilized Earth Blocks)
1. Collected the soil sample.
2. Test for soil classification.
3. Various mixing of ingredients/stabilizers with clay soil and sand varies in percentage of mixing.
4. The various mixes are placed in the proposed brick mold.
5. The mold is compressed in a process.
6. Then it is dried for 28 days.
7. Strength determination on UTM/CTM
Figure 3. Mixing of materials
Figure 4. Hydraulic Compression Machine

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Figure 5. Sun Drying of Bricks

Procedure for making of Mycelium Brick
1. Sterilize the Substrate i.e the agriculture waste in this case
2. Take a Plastic Bag and add sterilized agriculture waste and add formalin and fungicide.
3. Add 2-3 mushroom seeds and pack the Plastic bag and place in a dark place for 3-7 days.
4. After 3-7 days the mycelium will start growing
5. Pour this mixture in a Brick Mold
6. Add some percent of white cement to harden the Brick to be tested
7. The Brick is kept in oven at 4000 C to kill the bacteria
8. Brick is ready to be tested.
Figure 6. Brick Mould filled with Mycelium
Figure 7. Mycelium Brick

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III. TEST PERFORMED FOR CSEB
1. Water Absorption Test
A brick is dried is weighted. It is then immersed in water for a period of 24 hours. It is weighed again and the
difference in weight indicates the amount of water absorbed by the brick. It should not, in any case, exceed 20%
of the weight of dry brick for first class.
Water absorption (%) = [(W2-W1) / W1] x 100
Were,
W1 = Dry Brick Weight (oven Dry Condition after 24 hours at temperature 110 to 150 °C)
W2 = Wet Brick Weight (After Immersion for 24 Hours)
Figure 8. Water absorption test

2. Efflorescence Test
For finding out the presence of soluble salts in brick, it is immersed in water for 24 hours. It is then taken out
and allowed to dry. If a white deposit covers about 10% surface, the efflorescence is said to be slight and it is
considered moderate when the white deposit covers about 50% of the surface. If white deposits are found on
more than 50% of the surface, the efflorescence is heavy and it is treated as serious and brick is rejected.
Figure 9. Efflorescence Test

3. Hardness
In this test, a scratch is tried to make on the brick surface with the help of a fingernail. If no impression is left on
the surface, the brick is taken as enough hard.
Figure 10. Hardness

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4. Compression Test
Compressive strength test on bricks is carried out to determine the load carrying capacity of bricks under
compression with the help of compression testing machine.
Bricks are generally used for construction of load bearing masonry walls, columns and footings. These load
bearing masonry structures experiences mostly the compressive loads. Thus, it is important to know the
compressive strength of bricks to check for its suitability for construction.
Figure 11. Compression test

5. Shape and Size
In this test, a brick is closely observed. It should be of standard size and its shape should be truly rectangular
with Sharp edges and corners. For this purpose, 20 bricks of standard size (190 mm x 90 mm x 90 mm) are
selected at random and they are stacked lengthwise, along with the width and along with the height.
6. Structure
A brick is broken and its structure is examined. It should be homogeneous, compact and free from any defects
such as holes, lumps etc.
IV. TEST RESULT FOR BURNT CLAY BRICKS
As per IS 1077: 1992, clause 7.2, Bricks after immersion in cold water for 24 hours, water absorption shall not
be more than 20 percent by weight up to class 12.5 and for the classes above 12.5 water absorption shall be
between 12.5 and 15 percent.Water absorption for First class brick should not exceed 12-15 % of its dry
weight. For second class brick it should be between 16 - 20%.
2. Presence of soluble salt or Efflorescence
Nil- When there is not perceptible deposit of efflorescence.
Slight- Not more than 10% area of the brick covered with a thin deposit of salt.
Moderate- Covering up to 50% area of the brick.
Heavy- Covering 50% or more but unaccompanied by powdering or flacking of the brick surface.
3. Hardness
Brick should be hard enough so that it is not scratched by a finger nail.
4. Shape and Size
It should confirm in size to the specified dimensions (19 x 9 x 9 cm).
5. Structure
In this test, a brick is fractured and firmly investigated. If any flaws, holes or cracks are seen inside the broken
brick, then it is considered as poor-quality brick.
6. Compression Test
Compressive Strength of Bricks = Maximum Load at Failure (N)/Average area of bed face (mm2). Compressive
/Crushing strength of brick are very variable, and may vary from 30 kg/cm2 to 150 kg/cm2. 105 kg/cm2 for
1st class brick, 70 kg/ cm2 for 2nd class brick, 15 – 25 kg/cm2 for sun dried brick.

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V. TEST RESULT FOR MYCELIUM BRICKS
The bricks, when tested in accordance with the procedure laid down in IS 3495 (Part 2), after immersion in cold
water for 24 hours, shall have average water absorption not more than 20 percent by mass up to class 12.5 and
15 percent by mass for higher classes. The water absorption on the Mycelium bricks is about 10.46%
2. Presence of soluble salt or Efflorescence
The bricks when tested in accordance with the procedure laid down in IS 3495 (Part 3), shall have the rating of
efflorescence not more than ‘moderate’ up to Class 12.5 and ‘slight’ for higher classes. Test shows that there is
‘slight’ efflorescence in case of mycelium bricks.
Figure 12. Efflorescence test of mycelium brick

3. Hardness
Brick should be hard enough so that it is not scratched by a finger nail and Mycelium Bricks were sufficiently
hard.
4. Shape and Size
Uniform in shape and smooth in finish as the manufacturing is carried out using machinery.(22.5 x 10 x 7.5 cm)
Figure 13. Mycelium Brick

5. Structure
In this test, a brick is fractured and firmly investigated. If any flaws, holes or cracks are seen inside the broken
brick, then it is considered as poor-quality brick.
6. Compression Test
Tests show that the tile brick compressive strength test carried out as per IS 3495-1992 part 1 and following
observations are made.

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Table 1. Compressive Strength of mycelium brick
S.No. Sample name Compressive Strength of Mycelium Bricks in N/mm^2
1 Sample 1 13.4
2 Sample 2 12.8
3 Sample 3 13.1
VI. DETAILS ABOUT CSEB AS BUILDING MATERIAL

Compressed stabilized earth blocks (CSEB) and mycelium bricks are both building materials made from
natural, sustainable materials.CSEB are made by compressing a mixture of soil, cement, and water. The mixture
is usually stabilized by the addition of a small amount of cement, which helps to bind the soil particles together
and improves the durability and strength of the blocks. CSEB is often used as an alternative to traditional fired
clay bricks and can be used to build both load-bearing and non-load-bearing walls. They are known for their
low cost, high thermal insulation properties, and environmental friendliness.
VII. DETAILS ABOUT MYCELIUM BRICK AS BUILDING MATERIAL
Mycelium bricks are made by growing mycelium (the vegetative part of a fungus) on a mixture of agricultural
waste, like straw or sawdust. The mycelium binds the waste together and forms a strong, lightweight, and
biodegradable brick. Mycelium bricks are known for their insulating properties, low carbon footprint, and the
fact that they can be grown in a relatively short period of time, meaning they can be produced more quickly
than traditional bricks. They are also known for being good at sequestering carbon. Mycelium bricks are quite
new and still developing construction material. It has not been fully adopted by the construction industry yet.
In addition, it's still in the early stages of testing and research, hence the long-term properties like durability,
fire resistance, and structural strength are still not well known. CSEB are more mature construction materials
but may not be available in all regions. They also may not match the strength of traditional bricks or concrete
blocks, so they may be less suitable for load-bearing walls or structures that need to support heavy loads.
VIII. SUSTAINABILITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL FRIENDLINESS OF CSEB AND
MYCELIUM BRICKS
A. CSEB Bricks:
 Earth is a local material and the soil should preferably be extracted from the site itself or not transported
from too far away.
 Labor costs for CSEB production amount to 40 to 45% of the total cost. This promotes endogenous
development.
 It is a cost and energy effective material.
 The embodied energy of CSEB is 10.7 times less than fired brick.
 Carbon emissions of CSEB are 12.5 times less than fired brick.
Table 2. Sustainability And Environmental Friendliness of CSEB And Mycelium Bricks
Initial Embodied Energy Per M³ Carbon Emissions (Kg of Co₂) Per M³
CSEB= 572.6 MJ/m³ CSEB = 51.5 Kg/m³
Fired Brick (CFB) = 6,122.5 MJ/m³ Fired Brick (CFB) = 642.9 Kg/m³
B. Mycelium Bricks:
 Mycelium bricks are made from a renewable and biodegradable resource (mycelium) and agricultural
waste, which reduces the dependence on non-renewable resources and the carbon footprint of traditional
building materials like concrete and clay bricks.
 The production process of Mycelium bricks is low-energy and can be grown locally, which reduces
transportation costs and emissions.
 Mycelium bricks can be grown in a matter of days, which is much faster than traditional building materials.

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 They are compostable, which makes them an environmentally friendly option for buildings that are
intended to be temporary or dismantled at the end of their useful life.
 Mycelium bricks have a high insulation value and can improve energy efficiency of buildings.
 They have a good soundproofing and fire-resistance property. They are a low-cost building option, which
makes them accessible to a wider range of people and communities.
Table 3.Environmental Friendliness of Mycelium
INITIAL EMBODIED ENERGY CARBON EMISSIONS (Kg of CO₂)
PER M³ PER M³
Mycelium = 2 to 7 GJ/m3 Mycelium = 20 to 50 kg CO2/m3
Fired Brick (CFB) = 6,122.5 MJ/m³ Fired Brick (CFB) = 642.9 Kg/m³
IX. SOIL SUITABILITY AND STABILIZATION FOR CSEB AND MYCELIUM BRICK
CSEB Bricks:
Not every soil is suitable for earth construction and CSEB in particular. But with some knowledge and
experience many soils can be used for producing CSEB. Topsoil and organic soils must not be used. Identifying
the properties of a soil is essential to perform, at the end, good quality products. Some simple sensitive analysis
can be performed after a short training. Cement stabilization will be better for sandy soils. Lime stabilization
will be better suited for clayey soils.
Mycelium Bricks:
Mycelium, the underground vegetative part of fungi, can grow in a wide variety of soils. However, for the
production of mycelium bricks, the soil should be rich in organic matter and have a high water-holding capacity.
The soil should also be free from heavy metals, pesticides, and other contaminants that could affect the growth
of mycelium or the safety of the final product.
To stabilize the mycelium bricks, it is often mixed with agricultural waste such as straw or sawdust. The
agricultural waste helps to provide structural support to the bricks and can also improve the insulation and
soundproofing properties of the final product. The ratio of soil to agricultural waste can vary depending on the
desired properties of the bricks.
It's important to note that the suitability of soil for mycelium brick production may vary depending on the type
of mycelium used and the specific manufacturing process. Therefore, it's recommended to conduct soil tests
and experiments before starting the production.
GOOD SOIL FOR CSEB AND MYCELIUM BRICK
CSEB Bricks:
The selection of a stabilizer will depend upon the soil quality and the project requirements. Cement will be
preferable for sandy soils and to achieve quickly a higher strength. Lime will be rather used for very clayey soil,
but will take a longer time to harden and to give strong blocks.
Mycelium Brick:
For mycelium brick production, the soil should be rich in organic matter and have a high water-holding
capacity. This type of soil will provide the necessary nutrients for the mycelium to grow and bind the
agricultural waste. The soil should be free from heavy metals, pesticides, and other contaminants that could
affect the growth of mycelium or the safety of the final product.
A good soil for mycelium brick production would have a high percentage of clay, silt and humus, as these
components hold water and nutrients well. Soils with high clay content tend to have good plasticity and can be
easily compacted, which is beneficial for the production of mycelium bricks.
It's important to note that the suitability of soil for mycelium brick production may vary depending on the type
of mycelium used and the specific manufacturing process. Therefore, it's recommended to conduct soil tests
and experiments before starting the production.

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X. ENERGY EFFECTIVENESS
Table 4. Energy Effectiveness
Initial embodied energy (MJ/m³ of
Carbon emission (Kg of CO2 /m³ of materials)
materials)
CSEB are consuming 11 times less energy than CSEB are polluting 13 times less than country fired
country fired bricks bricks
CSEB produced on site with 5% cement = CSEB produced on site with 5 % cement = 49.37 Kg of
548.32 MJ/m³ CO₂ /m³
Country fired bricks = 6,122.54 MJ/m³ Country fired bricks = 642.87 Kg of CO₂ /m³
A local material
Ideally, the production is made on the site itself or in the nearby area. Thus, it will save the transportation, fuel,
time and money.
A bio-degradable material
Well-designed CSEB houses can withstand, with a minimum of maintenance, heavy rains, snowfall or frost
without being damaged. The strength and durability have been proven since half a century. But let's imagine a
building fallen down and that a jungle grows on it: the bio-chemicals contained in the humus of the topsoil will
destroy the soil cement mix in 10 or 20 years And CSEB will come back to our Mother Earth.
A Job Creation Opportunity
CSEB allow unskilled and unemployed people to learn a skill, get a job and rise in the social values. Equipment
for CSEB is available from manual to motorized tools ranging from village to semi-industry scale. The selection
of the equipment is crucial, but once done properly, it will be easy to use the most adapted equipment or each
case.
Mycelium As the demand for mycelium bricks grows, the future scope of this technology is likely to expand.
Mycelium bricks could be used in a wide range of construction projects, including residential, commercial and
industrial buildings, as well as in temporary or emergency shelters. They could also be used in the construction
of green roofs, sound barriers, and retaining walls.
It's important to note that the job and future scope of mycelium bricks will also depend on the continued
development of the technology and the acceptance of mycelium bricks as a building material by the
construction industry and building code officials.
SOCIAL ACCEPTANCE OF CSEB AND MYCELIUM BRICK
CSEB bricks:
Demonstrated, since long, CSEB can adapt itself to various needs: from poor income to well off people or
governments. Its quality, regularity and style allow a wide range of final house products. To facilitate this
acceptation, banish from your language "stabilized mud blocks", for speaking of CSEB as the latter reports R & D
done for half a century when mud blocks referred, in the mind of most people, as poor building material.
Mycelium bricks:
The social acceptance of mycelium bricks as a building material may vary depending on the location and
community. In some areas, mycelium bricks may be seen as a new and innovative technology, and therefore
may be met with interest and acceptance. In other areas, mycelium bricks may be seen as an untested or
unfamiliar technology, and may face resistance from builders, architects, and building code officials.
In general, the social acceptance of mycelium bricks may be increased by educating members of the building
industry and the general public about the environmental benefits, cost-effectiveness and structural capabilities
of the mycelium bricks.
Additionally, building with mycelium bricks can be a great way to engage with local communities and promote
sustainable and environmentally friendly building practices.

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It's important to note that the social acceptance of mycelium bricks may also depend on the quality of the final
product and the specific application. Buildings constructed with mycelium bricks that are well-built and meet
or exceed standard building codes are more likely to be accepted by the pu
SOME LIMITATIONS OF CSEB
 Proper soil identification is required or unavailability of soil.
 Unawareness of the need to manage resources.
 Ignorance of the basics for production & use.
 Wide spans, high & long building are difficult to do.
 Untrained teams producing bad quality products.
 Over-stabilization through fear or ignorance, implying outrageous.
 Under-stabilization resulting in low quality products.
 Bad quality or un-adapted production equipment.
 Low Social Expectance.
 Strength and durability can vary depending on the quality of the soil used to make the blocks and the
compaction method used.
 May not match the strength of traditional bricks or concrete blocks, so they may not suitable for load-
bearing walls or structures that need to support heavy loads.
 Availability of soil, cement, and water required to make the blocks may not be available or accessible in
certain regions.
 Depends on soil availability and quality, the production process may not be consistent in different regions.
 Some regions may not have the equipment and expertise to produce CSEB blocks, and hence may not be
easily accessible.
SOME LIMITATIONS OF MYCELIUM BRICK
 Are a relatively new building material and still in the early stages of research and testing, hence the long-
term properties such as durability, fire resistance and structural strength are not yet fully understood.
 Not yet widely available and may not be produced in large quantities, which could limit their use in large-
scale construction projects.
 Production process still in development stages, hence quality and consistency may vary between batches.
 As the material is not yet widely used, there may be lack of standardized testing and building codes
available.
 Not all types of agricultural waste can be used for production, limiting availability of raw materials.
XI. OPTIMIZATION OF INVESTMENT/OUTPUT / QUALITY RATIO
Light manual equipment presents the advantage of being cheap, but the disadvantage of a low durability, a low
output and not very well compressed blocks. Heavy manual equipment presents a more interesting ratio, with
more output, more durability and more strength for a subsequent increase of costs. Motorized equipment steps
into another category of cost: it will produce better quality blocks with more output, but more expensive.
Therefore, heavy manual presses are most of the time the best choice in terms of optimization for the
investment/output/quality ratio. Mobile-units are always coming far behind. Industrialization is not adapted to
the production of CSEB. Semi industrialization is the best: it offers the advantage to be more flexible and easily
adapted to a local context. It increases the quality without increasing tremendously the cost of a block. Semi
industrialization should be understood here as a centralized production, but rather with manual presses than
motorized ones.
Table 5. Physical properties of Mycelium, CSEB, Red Bricks

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PROPERTIES MYCELIUM BRICKS CSEB BRICKS RED BRICKS
Compressed Stabilized
Earth Brick (CSEB), also
A mycelium brick is an
known as Pressed Earth A Red brick is a single unit of a
organic brick that is formed
Brick, are a type of ceramic i.e., clay material used in
Definition from organic waste and the
construction material masonry construction.
mycelium of fungus.
created by compressing
moist earth under high
pressure to form blocks.
Compressed Stabilized
Mycelium are the thin root- Earth Blocks (CSEB),
like fibers from fungi which commonly called, Pressed
Red bricks are made by mixture
run underneath the ground, Earth Blocks, are
of clay (alumina), sand, lime,
when dried it can be used as construction material made
iron oxide and magnesia. Sand
a super strong, water, mold using damp soil under high
Composition from locally available natural
and fire-resistant building amount of pressure to form
soil is used for production of
material that can be grown blocks. They are composed
bricks.
into specific forms, thus of dry inorganic subsoil,
reducing the processing non-expansive clay,
requirements. aggregates and Portland
cement.
Red bricks are strong, hard,
and durable; therefore, they
are used as a structural
Mycelium materials are CSEBs are an material in different structures
durable and naturally fire environmentally friendly such as buildings, bridges,
resistant, and they can be alternative to clay bricks foundations, arches and
Durability
easily molded to any shape. that most of the residential cornices, and pavements. Red
Moreover, they are construction in India today bricks are also used for
environmentally friendly. uses. aesthetic purposes such as
facing bricks, architectural
purposes, exposed practice
work and in landscaping.
Standard modular sizes Standard modular sizes are:
Standard modular sizes
are: 190x90x90mm
are:
Sizes 200x90x60 mm 190x90x40mm
190x90x90 mm
225x100x75 mm 230x110x70
190x90x40 mm
230x110x30
Depending upon class of the red
bricks, its compressive strength
Depending upon class of
ranges from 3.5 to 35 N/mm2.
The average compressive the CSEB bricks, its
Compressive Though IS code providing
strength of the mycelium compressive strength
Strength maximum strength of 35
brick is 13.1 N/mm2. ranges from 75 to 150
N/mm2, the maximum strength
N/mm2.
that is available in the market is
7.5 N/mm2.
Water absorption of Water absorption of fly Water absorption of brick should
Water
mycelium bricks should not CSEB bricks should not be not be more than 20% of its
Absorption
be more than 20 % of its more than 12.5 – 15% of its weight.

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weight. weight.
0.6 – 1.0 W/m K. The amount of
heat transfer from a specific
Thermal conductivity of
Thermal conductivity for material is called its thermal
Thermal mycelium brick is 0.078-
CSEB blocks ranges from conductivity. The thermal
Conductivity 0.081 W/m K.
0.52-0.93 W/m. conductivity of brick is high, and
hence heat transfer from brick is
more than that of AAC blocks.
Red bricks are not termite
Mycelium bricks do not
Pest CSEB bricks have excellent resistant as they are made from
spread termites and pests.
Resistance insect resistance. clay which is an organic
material.
Average 10 to 12 % or even
more breakage happens on
construction site depending
Negligible breakage. Almost Negligible breakage. Almost upon the quality of bricks. So
Breakage 100% utilization is possible. 100% utilization is 100% utilization is not possible.
possible. Even at some place, due to the
poor quality of bricks, wastage
goes up to 33%, while loading,
unloading, etc.
By using mycelium there is
a huge reduction on the
Red brick is not a green product.
reliance on fossil fuels, the
Red bricks are made from the
embodied energy required
clay which is naturally available
for fabrication and a CSEB bricks have less
material but it reduces the top
Carbon massive reduction in the carbon emission as
fertile soil cover. Hence, the land
Emission building waste which is left compared to fly ash and red
available for agriculture gets
at the end of the product’s bricks.
reduced. More amount of CO2 is
life as the mycelium product
emitted during the
is 100 percent
manufacturing of red bricks.
biodegradable and can be
used as soil.
They are cheaper as compared to
Mycelium brick are low cost CSEB blocks are costlier as other masonry units. However,
Cost and can be easily produced compared to red bricks and overall cost is more, as it
fly ash bricks. requires more mortar both for
joints and plaster.
XII. CONCLUSION
This project presented a brief overall review on CSEB bricks. In this, we have done a brief review on
Compressed Stabilized Earth Brick (CSEB). Previous researches showed that compressed earth bricks
demonstrate many advantages compare to conventional fired bricks. Compressed stabilized earth bricks are
ultimately greener, ecofriendly, comparable in strength, durability and thermal conductivity. The use of
compressive earth bricks also promotes healthier living for the building dwellers. Still, it has many possibilities
to explore more in enhancing its properties. And this project has social benefits also like energy effectiveness,
less maintenance etc. The economic benefits and contribution of CSEB bricks for sustainable development have
also been outlined. Since the CSEB brick is a whole new concept of bricks with new technology no Indian
Standards are available, so a detailed study on the chemistry behind the CSEB bricks is needed. Now a detailed
study thereafter should be needed for making of bricks cheaper and useful than that of standard brick so it can

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be introduced into the market. Mycelium could bring a huge change in construction industry and transform the
commerce because of its maintainable design practices. The current study used oyster spawn, as it seemed
from current research that it would produce a stronger and stiffer mycelium which is also used by some
currently experimenting in this field. The making of bio-composite mycelium bricks as maintainable
construction building materials using agricultural waste. 'Mushroom materials' are a novel class of renewable
biomaterial grown from fungal mycelium and low-value non-food agricultural materials using a patented
process developed by Ecovative Design. This pure mycelium which grew at the edges and between the flat
faces of the molds was also an unexpected discovery. As there were only small pieces of this material, we could
not test its strength. These bricks are not suitable for water logging and external walls. It can be used in inner
partition walls. Mycelium bricks have excellent insulation properties, as they are made from a porous material
that can trap air and reduce heat loss.
XIII. FUTURE SCOPE
The research conducted emphasizes on the advantages of using CSEB for better living. As it promotes healthier
building material and cost reducing not only in production but also in service cost. Although economic potential
may attract more rather than ecological reasons, the full-scale production of compressed stabilized earth bricks
has demonstrated that this kind of building material have a great potential in the future for low to medium cost
housing construction and contribute on sustainable development. To date the mycelium was not so normal but
rather on future premise there is part of utilization of mycelium in numerous development materials. Like it
can supplant the thermocol that are utilized for protection and numerous different works Additionally it can
supplant wood since the mycelium can utilized to develop engineered wood and that wood is considerably
more grounded than ordinary wood and furthermore it will supplant cowhide as the calfskin we develop from
mycelium are substantially more grounded and no longer creature skin is required to develop calfskin. Many
things can be made of the mycelium. In future there is immense utilization of mycelium in development and in
different things.
XIV. SUMMARY
This project presented a brief overall review on CSEB bricks. In this, we have done a brief review on
Compressed Stabilized Earth Brick (CSEB). Previous researches showed that compressed earth bricks
demonstrate many advantages compare to conventional fired bricks. Compressed stabilized earth bricks are
ultimately greener, ecofriendly, comparable in strength, durability and thermal conductivity. The use of
compressive earth bricks also promotes healthier living for the building dwellers. Still, it has many possibilities
to explore more in enhancing its properties. And this project has social benefits also like energy effectiveness,
less maintenance etc. The economic benefits and contribution of CSEB bricks for sustainable development have
also been outlined. Since the CSEB brick is a whole new concept of bricks with new technology no Indian
Standards are available, so a detailed study on the chemistry behind the CSEB bricks is needed. Now a detailed
study thereafter should be needed for making of bricks cheaper and useful than that of standard brick so it can
be introduced into the market. Mycelium could bring a huge change in construction industry and transform the
commerce because of its maintainable design practices. The current study used oyster spawn, as it seemed
from current research that it would produce a stronger and stiffer mycelium which is also used by some
currently experimenting in this field. The making of bio-composite mycelium bricks as maintainable
construction building materials using agricultural waste. 'Mushroom materials' are a novel class of renewable
biomaterial grown from fungal mycelium and low-value non-food agricultural materials using a patented
process developed by Ecovative Design. This pure mycelium which grew at the edges and between the flat
faces of the molds was also an unexpected discovery. As there were only small pieces of this material, we could
not test its strength. These bricks are not suitable for water logging and external walls. It can be used in inner
partition walls. Mycelium bricks have excellent insulation properties, as they are made from a porous material
that can trap air and reduce heat loss.
XV. REFERENCES
[1] BS 5628: PART 1: 1992, CODE OF PRACTICE FOR USE OF MASONRY, British Standards Institute, United
Kingdom

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[2] BAHAR R, BENAZZOUNG Mand KENAI S., Performance of compacted cement stabilized soil, Cement &
Concrete composites, 26, 811-820, 2004.
[3] Jaafar M.S., Thanoon W.A., Najm A. M. S., Abdulkadir M.R., Ali A.A.A., Strength correlation between
individual block, prism and basic wall panel for load bearing interlocking mortarless hollow block
masonry, Construction and Building Materials, 20, (2006), 492 -498.
[4] Kasthurba A.K., Santhanam M., Mathews M.S., Investigation of laterite stones for building purpose from
Malabar region, Kerela State, SW Indi a - Part I, Field studies and profile characterization, Construction
and Building Materials, 21, (2007), 73 -82
[5] WALKER P and MANJATID1S V., A review of m111111ed cart/; co11slmclio11, Natural Building
Technology group, Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, University of Bath, United
Kingdom, 2003.
[6] HEATHCOTE K.A., Durability of earth wall buildings, Construction and Building Materials,; 9(3), 185-
189, 1995
[7] HENRY A.W., Structural Masonry, Mac million Press, London, P 284, 1990,
[8] NEW MEXICO EARTHEN BUILDING MATERIAL CODE, 2003.
[9] NZS 4297: 1998, NEW ZEALAND STANDARDS, Engineering design of earth buildings, Standard New
Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand
[10] Easton, D. (2007), The rammed earth house, Chelsea Green
[11] Faure, X. & Le Roux, N. (2012). “Time dependent flows in displacement ventilation considering the
volume envelope heat transfers”, Building and Environment, 50; 221- 230.
[12] Wagner, A., Kleber, M. and Parker, C. (2007). “Monitoring Results of a Naturally Ventilated and
Passively Cooled Office Building in Frankfurt, Germany”, International Journal of Ventilation, 6; 3-20.
[13] Orosa, J. A. and Oliveira, A. C. (2012). “A field study on building inertia and its effects on indoor thermal
environment”, Renewable Energy, 37; 89-96.

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International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science

Figure 1. House made of CSEB brick

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Figure 3. Mixing of materials

Figure 4. Hydraulic Compression Machine

Figure 5. Sun Drying of Bricks

Figure 6. Brick Mould filled with Mycelium

Figure 7. Mycelium Brick

Figure 8. Water absorption test

Figure 9. Efflorescence Test

Figure 10. Hardness

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Figure 11. Compression test

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Figure 12. Efflorescence test of mycelium brick

Figure 13. Mycelium Brick

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VI. DETAILS ABOUT CSEB AS BUILDING MATERIAL

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