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acknowledge my indebtedness to this valuable volume for much
information in connection with Henry VII.’s ships.
[61] In the Middle Ages it was the custom to refer to the masts of
a ship possessing four in the manner as above. The aftermost
was the bonaventure.
[62] “On the Spanish Main,” by John Masefield, London, 1906.
See chap, xvi., on “Ships and Rigs.”
[63] See article by W. Laird Clowes in vol. ii. of Traill and Mann’s
“Social England,” London, 1901.
[64] See “Christopher Columbus and the New World of his
Discovery,” by Filson Young, London, 1906. The reader is
especially advised to study an admirable article in vol. ii. of this
work on “The Navigation of Columbus’s First Voyage,” by the Earl
of Dunraven.
[65] See “Ancient and Modern Ships,” by Sir G. C. V. Holmes.
[66] London, 1830.
[67] “Navi Venete.”
[68] See “Letters and Papers relating to the War with France,
1512-1513,” by Alfred Spont, Navy Records Society, 1897.
[69] “A History of the Administration of the Royal Navy and of
Merchant Shipping in Relation to the Navy,” vol. i., 1509-1660, by
M. Oppenheim, London, 1896.
[70] “On the Spanish Main,” by John Masefield, chap. xvi., on
“Ships and Rigs.”
[71] Reprinted in “The Naval Miscellany,” edited by Professor Sir
J. K. Laughton, M.A., R.N., vol. i., Navy Records Society, 1902.
[72] This was the Missa Sicca (Messe Sèche), the “Messe
Navale,” or “Missa Nautica,” in which no consecration took place.
[73] See “Companion to English History (Middle Ages),” edited by
F. P. Barnard, M.A., F.S.A., Oxford, 1902; article on “Shipping,” by
M. Oppenheim.
[74] Manwayring, who fought in the English Fleet against the
Armada, states that a “cross-sail” (square-rigged) ship in a sea
cannot sail nearer than six points, unless there be tide or current
setting her to windward.
[75] See chap. iii. p. 78. This revival in Edward VI.’s time of lead
sheathing was copied from the contemporary custom among
Spanish ships.
[76] P. 16.
[77] “Judicious and Select Essayes,” p. 33.
[78] See article on “Public Health,” by Charles Creighton, on p.
763, vol. i., of Traill and Mann’s “Social England.”
[79] “Naval Tracts of Sir William Monson,” edited by M.
Oppenheim, Navy Records Society. See vol. ii. p. 235.
[80] Edited by Professor Sir J. K. Laughton, M.A., R.N., Navy
Records Society, 1894.
[81] Given on p. 274 of “State Papers relating to the Defeat of the
Spanish Armada,” vide supra.
[82] Ibid. p. 82.
[83] See “The British Mercantile Marine: a Short Historical
Review,” by Edward Blackmore, London, 1897.
[84] “Naval Tracts of Sir William Monson,” edited by M.
Oppenheim, Navy Records Society, 1902. See vol. ii. p. 328.
[85] “Papers relating to the Navy during the Spanish War, 1585-
1587,” edited by J. S. Corbett, LL.M., Navy Records Society,
1898. I wish to express my indebtedness to this volume, and to
Mr. Oppenheim’s “Naval Tracts of Sir William Monson,” for much
matter in regard to the different types of Elizabethan ships.
[86] The reader who desires fuller information on the subject is
referred to an interesting article “The Lost Tapestries of the House
of Lords,” in Harper’s Monthly Magazine, April, 1907, from the
pen of Mr. Edmund Gosse.
[87] These nettings were at first made of metal chain, but in the
time of Elizabeth they were of rope.
[88] The illustration is taken from a print in the British Museum
made by an artist who was born in 1620.
[89] It is interesting to note that in the year 1903 some Armada
relics, consisting of a bronze breach loader, found fully charged,
and a pair of bronze compasses were recovered from the wreck
of the Spanish galleon Florencia, in Tobermory Bay, Isle of Mull.
She had formed one of the Spanish fleet which fled up the North
Sea from the English Channel, round the north of Scotland to the
west coast, where in August of 1588 this 900-ton ship was blown
up.
[90] See “Naval Tracts of Sir William Monson,” vol. ii. p. 318 et
seq.
[91] See vol. x., p. 158, of Maclehose’s edition of 1903.
[92] This map will be found reproduced at p. 171, vol. ii., of
Maclehose’s edition of Hakluyt, published in 1903.
[93] That is to say he not merely covers with the canvas-cloth the
whole length of the deck to prevent boarding, but the nettings
would also be drawn over the waist to catch the falling wreckage
of spars. (See Fig. 53.)
[94] Dexterous.
[95] “Boord and boord”—i.e., when two ships touch each other.
Manwayring advises against boarding the enemy at the quarter,
which is the worst place, because it is high. The best place for
entering was at the bows, but the best point for the play of the
guns was to come up to her “athwart her hawes”—i.e., across her
bows. By this means you could then bring all your broadside to
play upon her, while all the time the enemy could only use her
chase and prow pieces.
[96] I am far from convinced, however, that the drawing is in this
respect correct. Edward Hayward in his book on “The Sizes and
Lengths of Riggings for all His Majesties Ships and Frigates,”
printed in London in 1660, only twenty-three years after the
Sovereign of the Seas was launched, makes no mention
whatever of either her royals or of any mast or spar above
topgallant, although he mentions in detail the masts and yards
and rigging and sails other than royals. He does mention,
however, that the Sovereign carried a bonnet to be laced on to
her spritsail. It is possible, however, that the royals were added in
1684, when she was rebuilt.
[97] See Appendix II. of “Ancient and Modern Ships,” by Sir G. C.
V. Holmes.
[98] See “A History of the Administration of the Royal Navy and of
Merchant Shipping in Relation to the Navy,” &c., by M.
Oppenheim, p. 268.
[99] Edited by J. R. Tanner, M.A., Navy Records Society, 1896,
from the MSS. in the Pepysian Library.
[100] I am indebted for many important details of this reign to “A
Descriptive Catalogue of the Naval MSS. in the Pepysian Library
at Magdalene, Cambridge,” edited by Dr. J. R. Tanner, Navy
Records Society, 1903.
[101] “Judicious and Select Essayes and Observations,” p. 29.
[102] But see Chapter IX. of this volume.
[103] “Ancient and Modern Ships,” pp. 111, 112.
[104] “The Royal Navy,” by W. Laird Clowes, London, 1898. See
p. 25, vol. ii.
[105] “Life of Captain Stephen Martin, 1666-1740,” edited by
Clement R. Markham, C.B., F.R.S., Navy Records Society, 1895.
See p. 24.
[106] “Old Sea Wings, Ways and Words in the Days of Oak and
Hemp,” by Robert C. Leslie, London, 1890.
[107] For the purpose of not showing too prominently the blood
shed in casualties.
[108] For further matter regarding the American frigates, the
reader is referred to “American Merchant Ships and Sailors,” by
William J. Abbot, New York, 1902.
[109] See pp. 36-37.
[110] For some of the facts in connection with this period I am
indebted to articles by the late Sir W. Laird Clowes in his
monumental history of “The Royal Navy,” and in Traill and Mann’s
“Social England.”
[111] “The Navy Sixty Years Ago,” by Admiral Moresby, in the
National Review of December 1908.
[112] See an interesting article by Mr. Frank T. Bullen on “Deep-
Sea Sailing” in the Yachting Monthly of August 1907, to which I
am indebted for some details of information.
[113] See “La Navigation Commerciale au XIXe Siècle,” by
Ambroise Colin, Paris, 1901.
[114] “Ancient and Modern Ships,” part ii., “The Era of Steam, Iron
and Steel,” p. 24, by Sir George C. V. Holmes, K.C.V.O., C.B.,
London, 1906.
[115] “The British Mercantile Marine,” by Edward Blackmore,
London, 1897.
[116] In connection with this chapter, I wish to acknowledge my
indebtedness to certain matter contained in the following:
“Architectura Navalis Mercatoria,” by F. H. Chapman, Holmiæ,
1768; “The History of Yachting,” by Arthur H. Clark, New York,
1904; “Yachting,” by Sir Edward Sullivan, Bart., Lord Brassey, &c.,
2 vols., London, 1894-95; “Mast and Sail in Europe and Asia,” by
H. Warington Smyth, London, 1906; “Lloyd’s Almanac”; “Lloyd’s
Yacht Register,” &c.; the Yachtsman; the Yachting World; the
Yachting Monthly.
[117] “Architectura Navalis Mercatoria,” by F. H. Chapman,
Holmiæ, 1768.
[118] This vessel was until recently in Portsmouth Harbour.
TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE
The page number in the caption of Plate illustrations, a typesetter indicator, has
been removed. These Plates are indicated by the words ‘to face’ in the List of
Illustrations.
Many illustrations have been moved to be closer to the related text.
All occurrences of ‘Memlinc’ have been changed to ‘Memling’.
Obvious typographical errors and punctuation errors have been corrected after
careful comparison with other occurrences within the text and consultation of
external sources.
Some hyphens in words have been silently removed, some added, when a
predominant preference was found in the original book.
Except for those changes noted below, all misspellings in the text, and
inconsistent or archaic usage, have been retained.
Pg 37: ‘again been stretched’ replaced by ‘again being stretched’.
Pg 94: ‘ancient Northener’ replaced by ‘ancient Northerner’.
Pg 94: ‘found that be could’ replaced by ‘found that he could’.
Pg 201: ‘and at at any rate’ replaced by ‘and at any rate’.
Pg 276: ‘on the i en a single’ replaced by ‘on the mizzen a single’.
Pg 276: ‘continu till they’ replaced by ‘continued till they’.
Pg 328: ‘nas been made’ replaced by ‘has been made’.
Pg 339: ‘postliminis reversis’ replaced by ‘postliminio reversis’.
Pg 340: ‘Darenburg, Ch.’ replaced by ‘Daremberg, Ch.’.
Pg 347: ‘Capelle, Jan’ replaced by ‘Cappelle, Jan’.
Pg 352: ‘Mainwayring, Sir’ replaced by ‘Manwayring, Sir’.
Pg 358: ‘Vahalla’ replaced by ‘Valhalla’.
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