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Inside Hard Cover (Sponsor 1)

“
 ... cementing the gap ...

PROCEEDINGS OF THE
SECOND ANNUAL EAST
AFRICA
CEMENT, CONCRETE AND
ENERGY SUMMIT

ORGANIZERS STRATEGIC PARTNERS

April 19th & 20th, 2017

Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

“Investing in East Africa’s Future: Exploring Cement, Concrete, Energy Potentials in Ethiopia”
 Officialy Endorsed By

Ministry of Industry Ministry of Construction

Ministry of Urban Development Ministry of Mines, Petroleum Ministry of Water, Irrigation and
and Housing and Natural Gas Electricity

Main Theme

“INVESTING IN EAST AFRICA’S FUTURE: Exploring

Cement, Concrete and Energy Potentials in Ethiopia”

Conference Sub-Themes
Ready-mix concrete market
Fates of vertical shaft kiln
Human Capital Development
Collaborative local coal development
Production and supply of municipal waste and biomass
Sustainability of carbon black
Vertical roller mill
Performance evaluation of Ethiopian cements
Cement & concrete standards and regulatory frameworks and challenges of enforcement
Sustainable mining and land management
High strength concrete [Advanced Concrete]
Concrete ad-mixtures
Fiber reinforcement concrete

Summit Components

PANEL TRAINING
CONFERENCE EXHIBITION
DISCUSSION WORKSHOP
About the Summit 8
About i-Capital 9
About ASTU
9
Welcoming Speech
12
Keynote Address 14
Opening Remarks
16
Papers
GROWTH POTENTIAL AND CHALLENGES OF READY- 23
MIX CONCRETE MARKET (THE ADDIS SCENARIO)

Kassahun Admassu (PhD)

PRODUCTION & SUPPLY OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE

AND OTHER BIOMASS AS SOURCE OF SUSTAINABLE 29
ALTERNATIVE ENERGY

Axumawi Ebuy

FATES OF VERTICAL KILN CEMENT PRODUCTION 35

IN ETHIOPIA
Eng. Basso Assefa
WAS RIGID PAVEMENT APPROPRIATE FOR ADDIS ABABA - 40
ADAMA TOLL MOTORWAY PROJECT?

Adonay Kebede

Abstracts of Other Presentations 45

 About the Summit
We are very much pleased to organize
this Annual East Africa Cement, Concrete
and Energy Summit (Annual EA-CCES)
as the 2nd event. EA-CCES is essentially
an annual knowledge sharing platform
designed to facilitate and support the
development of cement, concrete and
energy industries in the region. The
1st Annual EA-CCES was successfully
organized last year from March 17th –
20th, 2016 in Addis Ababa at the African
Union Conference Center under the main
theme of “Strategic Cooperation among
Cement, Concrete, and Energy Industries:
Agendas for Action.”
On the 1st event last year, delegates from
more than six countries took part on the
Summit as exhibitors and conference
participants. It is our strong belief that the
1st Annual EA-CCES was such a successful
platform where business leaders, policy
makers, technology suppliers, scholars,
researchers, consultants and many more
came together and deliberated on key
issues of cement, concrete and energy
sectors.
This 2nd Annual EA-CCES intends to
capitalize of the gains and lessons from
the first Summit. The main theme for April
2017 is “Investing in East Africa’s Future:
Exploring Cement, Concrete and Energy
Potentials.”
Like the previous one, the main purpose
of this Annual EA-CCES is also to provide
a convenient platform for key players of
the industries’ development where they
all come together to network and address
8
critical issues as well as set-out strategic
directions shaping the future of the three
sectors.
In East Africa, there is a significant
opportunity to invest on these sectors
of the economy. Countries in this region
are among those quickly growing while
cement, concrete and alternative energy
industries are yet taking off from a lower
base.
This 2nd Summit is a brand event of The
i-Capital Africa Institute and is being
organized with Cement Technology
Center of Adama Science and
Technology University (CTC-ASTU) with
strategic partnerships from Chemical
and Construction Input Industries
Development Institute (CCIIDI), Ethiopian
Construction Projects Management
Institute (ECPMI) and Ethiopian Cement
Producers Association (ECPA).
Furthermore, this Summit is also officially
endorsed by Ministry of Industry; Ministry
of Construction; Ministry of Science and
Technology; Ministry of Mines, Petroleum
& Natural Gas; Ministry of Urban
Development & Housing and Ministry of
Water, Irrigation & Electricity.
Finally, we have full confidence that
this Summit will benefit from last year’s
experience and address the critical issues
identified as sub-themes. There will also
be take-home lessons to document for
improvement of practices and policies.
 About i-Capital
The i-Capital Africa Institute is a private
consulting firm based in Ethiopia and
established to deliver Intellectual
Capital (IC) related to solutions for
small to large scale enterprises in
Africa in the form of Knowledge Sharing
Platforms, Human Capital Development
Packages, Innovation and Technology
Transfer, and Sourcing Solutions.
The solutions i-Capital provides are
geared towards enhancing enterprises
ability to prepare for the fast changing
About ASTU
Adama Science and Technology
University (ASTU) was first established
in 1993 as Nazareth Technical College
(NTC), offering degree and diploma level
education in technology fields. Later,
the institution was renamed as Nazareth
College of Technical Teacher Education
(NCTTE), a self-explanatory label that
describes what the institution used to
train back then: candidates who would
become technical teachers for TVET
colleges/Schools across the country.
In 2003, a new addition to NCTTE
came about—introduction of business
education. Nonetheless, the new entries
were solely meant for similar purposes:
these graduates were also expected
to help overcome the existing dearth
of educators in vocational institutions.
Although it is an institution with a history
of only two decades, ASTU is known
for its dynamic past. It has always been
business world and become successful.
The foundation of the Institute is our
understanding to the significant gaps
that are limiting innovativeness and
competitiveness of African enterprises
both at regional and global levels. The
i-Capital is a member of International
Federation of Training and Development
Organizations (IFTDO) www.iftdo.net
as well as intelligence for innovation
(iN4iN) network www.in4in.net.
responsive to the realization of national
policies: training of technologists at
its infant stage, and later shifting to
training of technical trainers, as well
as business educators, to fill the gap
in TVETs. Following its inauguration in
May 2006 as Adama University, the full-
fledged university started opening other
academic programs in other areas—
an extension to its original mission.
However, it was not until it was
nominated by the Ministry of Education
as Center of Excellence in Technology
in 2008 that it opened various programs
in applied engineering and technology.
For its realization, it became a university
modeled after the German paradigm:
it not only became the only technical
university in the nation, but also the
only one led by a German professor.
Notwithstanding closure of some
9
disciplines as per the new vision
and mission, the ensuing three
years saw flourishing of graduate
programs, of which some (like a few
in the undergraduate program) were
exceptional to our university. The same
period saw pioneering of the university
in introducing PhD by Research and
MA/MSC by Research programs. Before
2008, the university was stratified into
faculties, and ASTU’s reach was limited
to its only campus in Adama town. The
university has now extended its reach
to Asella, where two of the total seven
schools are located. The faculties at the
main campus include: School of Business,
School of Engineering and Information
Technologies, School of Humanities
and Law, School of Natural Sciences,
and School of Educational Science
and Technology Teachers Education.
On the other hand, the two schools in
Asella are the School of Agriculture
and School of Health and Hospital.
In addition to its main concern
(academics), ASTU is also host of
research Institutes and enterprises. In
the main campus, apart from the Institute
10
of Continuing and Distance Education
(ICDE), there exist two others: the Further
Training Institute (better known as FTI)
and Adama Institute of Sustainable
Energy. The sister town where the two
schools are located, Asella, is also host to
the Artificial Insemination Institute and
Asella model Agricultural Enterprise.
Following its renaming by the Council
of Ministers as Adama Science and
Technology University in May 2011, the
university has started working towards
the attainment of becoming a center of
excellence in science and technology,
thereby allowing for the realization of
goals set in the Growth and Transformation
Plan (GTP). To this end, a South Korean
has been appointed as President of the
University. Currently, ASTU is setting up
a Research Park, in collaboration with
stakeholders and other concerned bodies:
one of a kind in the Ethiopian context.
The university is also venturing out to
the wider community and is currently
engaged in various joint undertakings.
 ��

DEFENCE CONSTURCTION ENTERPRISE

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ኢንተርፕራይዛችን በደረጃ 1 የስራ ተቆራ+ነት ተመዝግቦ yመከላከያ የመሠረተ ልማት
ግንባታ ፍላጎት እና በሌሎችም ግዙፍና አስቸጋሪ ግንባታዎች ላይ አህጉራዊ ተቀባይነት ባለው የግንባታ
ስታንዳርድ መሠረት የሚሠራ ተመራጭ ተቋም ሲሆን ሀገራችን የጀመረችውን የህዳሴ ጉዞ እውን
ለማድረግ በኮንስትራክሽኑ መስክ እየተደረገ ያለውን ዘርፈ ብዙ እንቅስቃሴ በማገዝ የልማት
አጋርነቱን እያስመሰከረ ይገኛል፡፡
በዚሁም መሰረት በአሁኑ ወቅት በሙያቸው ብቁና አንቱ በተባሉ ሙያተኞች እና በዘመናዊ
መሳሪያዎች እየታገዘ በበርካታ የሀገራችን አካባቢዎችና በተፈጥሮ በሞቃታማነታቸው አስቸጋሪ
በሚባሉት yሀገራችን ክልሎች ላይ በመሰማራት የግንባታ ስራዎችን በጥራት በመስራት ላይ
የሚገኝ አንጋፋ የኮንስትራክሽን ተቆም ነው ፡፡
በቤት ልማት ½ በመንገድ ግንባታ / ኮንክሪት አስፋልት/ በመስኖና ግድብ ግንባታዎች
እንዲሁም ሌሎች ከኮንስትራክሽን ሥራ ጋር ተያያዥነት ያላቸውን ስራዎች ተረክቦ በጥራትና በፍጥነት
በመሥራት ለተጠቃሚዎች እያስተላለፈና በማስተላለፍ ላይ የሚገኝ ግዙፍ የኮንስትራክሽን ተቋም
ሲሆን ማንኛውንም የኮንስትራክሽን ሥራ ከድርጀቱ ጋር ለመሥራት ከፈለጉ ወደ ዋናው ቢሮ ብቅ
ይበሉ፡፡

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b_‰t$Â bF_nt$ y»t¥mn#bT
አድራሻችን፡-
ወሎ ሰፈር ከብራና ማተሚያ ወረድ ብሎ ለበለጠ መረጃ
በስልክ ቁጥራችን 011-442 22 60/70/71 ይደውሉ፡
E-mail; info @ dec.gov.et Eab.Sita; WWW.dce.gov.et
Fax 011 442 07 16 /0114420746 P..O.BOX 3414
አዲስ አበባ ኢትዮጵያ
 WELCOMING SPEECH
GEMECHU
WAKTOLA (PHD)

CEO, The i-Capital Africa Institute

Dear
Guests of Honor, Speakers, delegates, co-organizers, strategic partners, the media, our
sponsors and all participants [of course all protocols observed]
It’s a great honor for me to be here and welcome you all to the 2nd Annual East Africa,
Cement, Concrete and Energy Summit.
This is truly exciting for our relentless team. The inception of this annual event had its
humble beginning back in 2015 when we were involved in preparation of Ethiopian
Cement Industry Development Strategy for the period 2015-2015. The process had shown
us the need to establish a platform on which key players from cement, concrete and
alternative energy sectors to discuss pertinent issues of the sectors, share knowledge
and forge cooperation.
The idea was to launch a platform that will continue to be organized annually in a format
of strong public-private partnership. The first one was organized in March last year at
the African Union Conference Center here in Addis Ababa. It was such a challenging
beginning but certainly a learning opportunity and satisfying progress.
The success of the 1st Summit gave us a lot of strength and courage to start planning
for this 2nd one. We have tried to incorporate lessons from the first one. At i-Capital, we
believe in continuous learning and improvement.
Last year, we had participants from business leaders, experts, policy makers, technology
suppliers, researchers, and more from the three sectors. This year, we have even more
representation in terms of number of companies, government offices, universities and
technology suppliers from local and abroad.
We are very grateful that we have reliable public partners like our co-organizer Adama
Science and Technology University, our strategic partners Ethiopian Construction
Projects Management Institute (ECPMI) and Chemical & Construction Input Industries
Development Institute (CCIIDI).
In general, the purpose of this annual summit is to provide a common platform for key
players and stakeholders of the region’s cement, concrete and alternative energy sectors
to come together and discuss issues that matter most in shaping the future of the sectors
in Ethiopia and the region. For the coming few years, we hope to run it here in Ethiopia

12
and gradually rotate it within other countries in East Africa as well.
The i-Capital Africa Institute is a private consulting company established to deliver
knowledge sharing platforms and intellectual capital development packages for
business enterprises in Africa. When we shared the idea of launching such platform, we
have received enormous support from our co-organizer ASTU and our strategic partners.
Now, we have tremendous support from many including high profile individuals and
companies.
Our sponsors and financial supporters receive high credit for believing in what we are
committed to achieve and trusting our judgments.
On this Summit, we have variety of issues to be addressed through presentations by
researchers and practitioners as well as through your unreserved participations on
discussions.
I have full confidence that this summit will be a learning opportunity and another step
forward.We hope to see more support and ownership of this platform from all stakeholders.
Finally and once again, on behalf the i-Capital Africa Institute and our Summit Coordination
Committee of the 2nd Annual East Africa Cement, Concrete and Energy Summit, I would
like to say welcome to all of you. I wish you a value adding and productive two-day event.
I THANK YOU!

13
 KEYNOTE ADDRESS
HAILE
ASSEGIDE

President Ethiopia Cement

producers Ass. & CEO, Derba
MIDROC Cement

(Delivered through a representative)

Your excellencies,
Dear guests, participants and organizers
Ladies and gentlemen,
On behalf of Ethiopian cement producers and myself, I am pleased to deliver a keynote
speech on the opening of the 2nd Annual East Africa Cement, Concrete and Energy Summit.
We had the 1st one of the same event last year at the African Union conference center
on which various issues affecting the cement industry in particular and the construction
sector in general were raised and discussed as well as solution were suggested.
I believe that this Annual Summit is very important to bring stakeholders and key players
from cement, concrete and energy together on one forum and address multiple issues.
I would also like to ensure that it will continue to serve as common platform for policy
makers, executives, experts, researchers and others.
It is my strong belief that the cement industry has expanded significantly over the last few
years. Today, there are about sixteen active producers with a total production capacity
of nearly 17million tons of cement every year. This is a very significant growth in our
investment compared to where the industry was in terms of number of producers and
production capacity almost a decade ago. There was a time our country was dependent
on import of large quantity of cement because the local cement production capacity was
too small to supply for the booming construction sector in the past.
Thanks to the continuous investments we cement producers made and investment friendly
policy of our country over the last several years, now there is no need for cement import
to supply for the enormously growing construction sector.
Ladies and gentlemen,
Even though, the aforementioned developments have been witnessed in our cement
industry, all of that did not come without challenges. Some of the challenges which I believe
need attention by all concerned include market problem, limited access to finance and
foreign currency, shortage of cement specialized manpower, dependence on imported

14
coal, limitation of spare parts supply and so on.
It is obvious that this country has a big potential for cement in the medium and long-term.
Cement per capita consumption is yet at a much lower level even compared to average
per capita consumption in Africa. Due to the fluctuating cement market, our production
capacity utilization rate is not much higher than 50%. This is not what we prefer to see
happening as cement producers. Addressing these and other pertinent issues is one of
the Association’s priorities in the coming several months.
Furthermore, our Association also aims to address the other key challenges of the
cement industry including improving access to finance for producers, collaboratively
exploring possibilities to use local call and alternative energy by closely working with
key stakeholders.
Ladies and gentlemen,
Tackling the challenges of the cement industry requires strong collaboration among
stakeholders. From this perspective, we are setting up a strong cement association which
will be able to bring all cement producers under one umbrella and create collective energy
to address those challenges by constantly engaging with members, the government,
universities and others in order to establish strong partnership.
It is my high confidence that all cement producers will come under one umbrella and
highly benefit from a collective effort than attempting to address every sort of issues
individually and separately.
I believe that a strong association will help us all come together and negotiate favorable
policies, resolve our spare part problems and improve our practices to ensure sustainability
of the industry. It will also help us solve our existing shortage of cement experts. As you
all know, currently we highly depend on destructive practice of lobbying and taking
experienced cement experts from each other instead of cooperating among ourselves
and universities and training institutes to develop more new ones.
Ladies and gentlemen,
I hope that this 2nd summit will also address some of the issues I mentioned above as they
are our critical challenges seriously affecting our short and long-term operations. We will
like to see more concrete solutions proposed in order to help us consider and use for our
Association to become a strong player. We will also like to see policy recommendations
which our policy makers will be able to consider for ensuring sustainability of cement
production and supply in this country.
Furthermore, I would like to appreciate the organizers of the summit for working very
hard with patience and strength to make this 2nd Annual, Cement, Concrete and Energy
Summit a reality. I understand that putting all this together is such a challenging task and
needs strong support from all cement producers, government, and other stakeholders.
Finally, I would end my key note address by wishing, on behalf of myself and member
cement producers, a very productive and fruitful summit for the two days.

15
 OPENING REMARK
H.E. ENG. AYISHA
MOHAMMED

Minister, Ministry of Construction

Your Excellency Distinguished Ministers, State Ministers, Executive

Directors, Director Generals, Presidents, CEOs, Invited Guests!
Ladies and Gentlemen!
It gives me great pleasure to make the opening remark of the 2st Annual East Africa
Cement, Concrete and Energy Summit.
Indeed, I must commend the Ethiopian Construction Project Management Institute, The
i-Capital Africa Institute, Adama Science and Technology University and Chemical and
Construction Input Industries Development Institute for taking the initiative and organize
such a big summit targeted at investing in East Africa’s future and exploring the potentials
of cement, concrete and energy sectors.
In Ethiopia, cement, concrete and energy sectors play major roles in satisfying a
wide range of physical, economic and social needs and contribute significantly to the
fulfillment of various national goals. With the growth in our economy and the increase in
urbanization, there is a parallel need for cement and concrete. Of course, in Ethiopia, for
most construction activities by the government and private developers, there is currently
no other material that can replace cement or concrete in terms of effectiveness, price and
performance. Given these sectors importance, with the major emphasis and effort by the
Ethiopian government and investments by both government and private investors, the
sectors have shown remarkable growth and improvement in the past several years.
Ladies and Gentlemen!
However the sectors achieved significant improvements in the past several years, there
are still gaps that are limiting the sectors use their full potential to the socio-economic
development of the country.
With this regard, towards curbing the challenges faced by these interrelated sectors of
the economy, the coming together of various stakeholders of the sectors is invaluable. In
view of these, I believe, this Summit brought together the industry leaders, the academia,
policy makers, experts, consultants and others who could be playing the leading role in
catalyzing the changes envisioned for the sectors in the country as well as in the region.

16
I also believe that, the two days discussion will indicate new directions and potentials to
the sectors, so that, the sectors will continue improving their growth and contribution to
the socio-economic development of the country.
Since ensuring sustainable future is a collective task, I would like to assure you our
Ministry’s commitment to effectively take part in playing a role towards exploiting new
potentials and directions to be indicated by this summit.

17
 OPENING REMARK
H.E. DR. ALEMU
SIME

State Minister, Ministry of Industry

(Delivered through a representative)

Dear

Excellencies ministers,

Invited guests and business leaders,

Speakers and panelists from here and abroad,

Local & International Delegates from both public and private sectors,

Organizers & strategic partners of the 2nd Annual East Africa Cement, Concrete &
Energy Summit,

Ladies and gentlemen

First of all, I would like to express my gratitude for having the opportunity to open this
timely and very important Summit on behalf of the FDRE Ministry of Industry and myself.
It is very clear from the title of the summit and thematic area selected by the organizers
that it is about “INVESTING IN EAST AFRICA’S FUTURE: Exploring Cement, Concrete and
Energy Potentials in Ethiopia.”

The purpose of the this event is also to provide a sustainable platform for local, regional
and global key players of the three sectors including business leaders, policy makers,
investors, researchers, regulatory bodies and many others to come together and explore
opportunities and address challenges.

Noticeably, Ethiopia and many countries in the East Africa Region have made significant
progresses in the economic front during the last several years. Particularly, during the
last decade, Ethiopia has registered impressive economic development which is also an-
ticipated to continue with more acceleration for the coming decade as well.

18
As you all know, our country’s ambition is to speedup industrialization and increase ac-
cess to infrastructure through improving capacity of the construction sector. In this re-
gard, I believe that the Ethiopian Cement Industry has a crucial role to play in terms of
supplying adequate quality and variety of cement products for the booming construction
and infrastructure development.

It is also clear that cement is the most consumed product in the world and very essential
component for infrastructure development and most important input for construction in-
dustry, particularly for our big projects, infrastructure and housing programs, which are
also the backbones of our socioeconomic growth and development.

As a result, the Government of Ethiopia believes that cement is one of the strategic indus-
tries that need to be strategically managed in order to sustain the growth of construction
and infrastructure development in the country.

Our cement industry has grown substantially during the past few years. Production ca-
pacity has almost doubled within the last few years alone. We have big producers with
latest technologies which helped the country from import dependence to self sufficiency.

Ladies and gentlemen-

Even though our cement industry has made significant progress in the past, it is also very
clear that the industry has tremendous challenges which need collective efforts to ad-
dress. Some of the major challenges of the industry include:

• dependence on imported skills

• low rate of capacity utilization,

• market concentration around the center

• dependence on imported energy source,

• focus on limited product varieties,

• operational inefficiency,

• quality and standard concerns

• limited access to finance, and lack of cooperation

These are only some of the problems facing the cement industry. However, I believe that

19
this Summit is such a great opportunity to deliberate on some of those challenges and
recommend policy inputs, research outcomes and share best practices.

As a country, we still have ambitious plans for the future; which we very well understand
that the government alone cannot at all make meaningful progress without strong and
expanded private sector participation in the economic development effort. These are the
areas where we all need to work collaboratively via public private partnership.

Ladies and gentlemen

This annual summit is a great opportunity not only to discus key challenges and suggest
the way forward, but also to evaluate progresses made every year. We need similar plat-
forms in other sectors as well. The organizers of the Summit have made the right decision
to bring the cement, concrete and energy sector which are very interrelated.

I hereby would like to appreciate their initiative, efforts and commitment they have shown
to make this big Summit a reality through public-private partnership.

I would like to assure you that the Ministry of Industry strongly encourages such pub-
lic-private partnership to develop not only in the cement sector but also in other sectors.
I am glad to see that Adama Science and Technology University and the i-capital Africa
Institute in partnership with Chemical and Construction Input Industries Development
Institute and Ethiopian Construction Projects Management Institute have taken the initia-
tive, committed their time and resources to organize this 2nd Annual East Africa Cement,
Concrete and Energy Summit.

I believe that the summit will be very much productive and you will have a constructive
dialogue during the two days. It is also my strong interest to see the outcomes from the
presentations and panel discussion to be informative and helpful to reexamine our poli-
cies and regulations as necessary.

Finally, on behalf of FDRE Ministry of Industry and myself, I want to assure the organizers
that we are committed to support your initiative and closely work with you to ensure this
East Africa Cement, Concrete and Energy Summit continues to be organized annually.

I also want to let you know that I will personally follow up that the outcomes are used as
inputs for improving policies and regulations. It’s also my confidence that leaders of the
three sectors will use the outcomes of this summit to improve their business practices.

Hoping that the next two days will generate enormous knowledge and discussion, I would

20
Preface

like to wish you all a pleasant and successful engagement.

With this, on behalf of my Ministry and myself, I declare that the 1st East Africa Finance
Summit is now officially opened.

21
SELECTED
PAPERS
 GROWTH POTENTIAL AND CHALLENGES OF
READY-MIX CONCRETE MARKET (THE ADDIS
SCENARIO)

KASSAHUN
ADMASSU (PhD)

Managing Director, Materials

Research & Testing Centre (MRTC)
EiABC

Abstract
As the concrete technology stands now, ready-mix concrete is leading the infrastructure development
the world over. That being the case, the paper at hand has tried to assess the level of popularity,
relevance and acceptance for application within the local context; specifically in the Nation’s
Capital, Addis Ababa. The effort as a whole is directly focused in examining the growth potential
and challenges of ready-mix concrete’s market in the ambitious and yet need driven housing and
infrastructure developments. Considering the high engagement of the City Government in vertical
settlement development programs of condominiums and apartments, concrete is a major input to
bring the effort to fruition. For this, RMC is the perfect choice to tackle the intricate situation of the
inner City development.
Key Words: Ready-mix concrete, Growth potential, Households, Infrastructure, Inner city

BACKGROUND and mostly used building material for housing”

Ready-Mix Concrete (RMC) is tailor-made
product according to the specifics of the
customer and delivered in a plastic condition to
the pouring site. The use of ready-mix concrete
was debated as far as the 1870s. The first
recorded delivery of sold ready-mix concrete
was made in Baltimore in 1913. It was not until
1926 that the transit mixer was born and the first
concrete delivered in a truck mixer [1].
CONCRETE USE IN THE ETHIOPIAN
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
Though the exact period is yet hanging in the air,
Zegeye Cherinet and Helawi Sewnet’s work of
2012 note: “Ever since its introduction in the five
years Italian occupation, (1935-1940), cement
and concrete technology has become the widest
[3]. The 1960s architecture of Addis Ababa
according to the designers of Foreign Affairs
and Hilton Hotel buildings, Enav of Michael
Tewodros Studio and architect Charles Warner
of America mentioned the following: “It can be
hard to see today, but some of these buildings
reflected a great technical achievement at a
time when finding quality concrete in Ethiopia
proved difficult” [4].
The above source was documented 24 years after
the introduction of cement and concrete into the
Ethiopian construction industry. Today, it is 57
years since the above document was compiled;
but 81 years as of the establishment of the Dire
Dawa cement factory in the land. That being the

23
highlight of the concrete business development
in Ethiopia, its use as a major component of
the industry, the way our folks understood and
adopted concrete was in the form of a very
rudimentary, unclean, but in anyway produced
with whatever property of ingredients for
construction through manual mixing. Then this
was followed by the use of small scale mixers
of very basic type in nature. The appearance of
such semi or fully automated concrete mixers
opened the door for bigger size stationary and
mobile concrete batching units. In the meantime,
the skill and familiarization to the qualitative
nature of concrete from batching to casting and
curing was understood to a better degree than it
was in its earlier way of application.
READY-MIX CONCRETE (The local
perspective)
The use of ready-mix concrete has already
gained a matured market in the USA, Europe, and
Japan, lots of other countries are following suit
in joining the industry. In the Ethiopian context,
the use of such concrete product was introduced
by foreign companies in the construction of huge
volume concrete demanding projects of power
stations, highway bridges, irrigation schemes,
high rise buildings and the like.
Ethiopia’s exposure to foreign investors
further aroused interest in the local elites to
take the advantage of the flourishing concrete
dependent construction sector by embarking
on the state-of-the-art of the top notch concrete
technology which expresses itself by a ready-
mix concrete delivery to construction sites. In
24
effect, the exercise has started ensuring; waste
minimization, the culture of working within
a congested narrow space, site cleanliness,
quality product delivery, a saving in time and
economical project execution.
Growth Potential: The growth potential of
RMC use is heavily dependent on the housing
and other infrastructure developments in the
country. In this regard, Center for Affordable
Housing Finance in Africa-CAHF on 30th of
October 2016, has noted; “Housing demand is
high and authorities have set up a lottery system
for aspiring house holders for which 750,000
people have signed up to” [5].
What would make the upcoming housing
development very resource demanding and
technology driven are the twinned/ dual
activities of demolishing and reconstruction.
Both the processes are tasks which require strict
planning and serious implementation programs
focused on time compliant executions, quality
service products and targeted economical
completions. The challenge within such
packages of a project calls for an efficient and
knife-edge contemporary technology to handle
the immense volume of freshly delivered
concrete to construction sites.
A survey conducted and reported in October
2011 by the City of Addis Ababa, notes the
following [6]:
• A total of 578,547 households for the then
predicted population of 3,327,498 was
required.
 • The then built houses with walls of
modern materials amounted to 6.6% of
the total.
• The Ethiopian urban houses are
characterized by substantial qualitative
and quantitative short comings.
• To improve the dismal situation of
housing in urban areas, if carried out well,
this necessity can be transformed into an
opportunity, which may accelerate the
country’s industrialization.
Challenges: The current level of technology
in use whispers that enormous challenges are
pending ahead. Among these the daunting ones
are:
• The absence of working standard
specifications and guidelines for use; like,
ASTM C 940 M-16, AASHTO & ACI
304.6R-09 in its national version form.
• Lack of professionals and skilled
technologists.
• In-availability of plant erection space
in the proximity of RMC delivery
construction sites.
• Commitment from government bodies
in the facilitation of smooth and efficient
traffic flow management.
• If situations dictate, changing the mind-
set of the work force to engage in the
informal working hours to avoid the
traffic hustle during day hours.
• Getting the right quality and quantity of
fine and coarse aggregates uninterruptedly.
• Securing a reliable power source.
• The huge environmental impact of
running RMC facilities as experienced
elsewhere in the world.
• Most significantly, win the hearts and
minds of RMC consumers by penetrating
the market with affordable and sustainable
market price; which can eliminate the
competition from the conventional
concrete industry.
The RMC Market: The urban housing and
related infrastructure development programs
are niche markets for RMC suppliers. A report
on housing of MoUDHC (2014) notes: rural
housing development is 3,400,000; urban
including Addis Ababa is 1,500,000 [7] and
industrial park development of 30,930,000m2
of which 29,370,000m2 yet to be developed per
the Ethiopian Investment Commission of 2015
report [8]. One very vital future RMC market
opportunity in the pipe line is derived from
the January 2015 FDRE, Ministry of Industry
Strategy document which states the following to
entice the concrete technology trend [9].
* Encourage use of RMC and discourage on
site/traditional production of concrete.
* Cement concrete roads are cheaper as
compared to the conventional asphalt.
For more opportunities, the Ethiopian RMC
market is supposed to look out of the box and
25
see to it that Regional and inter-African mobility
and infrastructure developments are matured
integrated business opportunities. Koteng (2013)
has brought to light that, “The Lamu Port-South
Sudan-Ethiopia Transport (LAPSSET) project
is estimated to cost USD 23 billion”. This truly
indicates that, the consumption of cement and
concrete will continue to rise in the coming
years. The author reminds the industry once
more that, “Sustainable concrete practice calls
for economy in the use of materials, equipment
and labor, fast construction methods, durable
structures and concern for the environment”
[10].
Though not an indicative purposive survey
was conducted due to a very limited time for
the preparation of this paper other options of
construction concrete supplies cannot stand as
competitors in the face of RMC. The current
traditional practice of construction with concrete
is liable to: lots of wastage at every level of the
process, poor quality work, unnecessary delay,
inconsistent curing methods and less attention
for sustained supervision.
The results of a quick survey into the active
four RMC local suppliers cost for a C-25 class
of concrete including a pumping service for
pouring is Birr 3,263.67/m3. The cost of such a
C-25 concrete as batched in-situ traditionally is
Birr 2,952.18/m3 including direct and indirect
expenses. The difference in cost of Birr 311.49
makes the RMC product charge higher by such
a margin. The crude cost comparison presented
in here is only for those companies who provide
motor pumps for placement. Otherwise, there
26
are also RMC producers who are without the
placing pump units. These were purposely
shoved aside to make the comparison more
vivid.
INFERENCE AND EMINENT
SUGGESTIONS
Inference: Cognizant of the fact that the 81
years long of our exposure to cement and
concrete exercise has not raised the material
culture of the whole practice to a level best,
a due attention has to be given to change
the whole attitudinal spectrum. The RMC
technology needs consistency in: operation, time
compliance, commensuration, communication,
dedication, all round concern, compliance to
specifications and guidelines, etc.; it is a pretty
tough business. Moreover, it is capital intensive
at establishment.
The hastily compiled of a C-25 concrete cost
for the conventional and RMC comparison has
indicated that, the RMC product is expensive.
This is in a sharp contrast to the world trend that
embarking on RMC technology is meant for
cheaper concrete; in monetary terms.
Eminent Suggestions: To bring RMC
technology into the arms fold of the construction
industry as a relevant business, the following
vital considerations must get due attention.
• Working standard specifications and
guidelines must be prepared as a first
step towards the technology’s smooth,
cultured implementation and nurturing.
• Financial, plant space and some more
 related incentive packages have to be plant stays in service.
there for local investors.
• Proactively, every stakeholder has to
• Our technical schools which are the support the research and development
power houses to generate skilled human (R&D) effort in finance to uphold the
resource have to train their intakes as to cement and concrete industry sustainable
cope with such upcoming technologies. and healthy.

• Through Public-Private-Partnership • Since the environment without which

(PPP) the firms who are hiring the
technical graduates must support the
training scheme in every aspect, for a
win-win situation.
• RMC companies have to work diligently
to supply their product at an affordable
price as it used to be elsewhere.
everything is non-existent has to be given
a due consideration and respect to keep
the whole echo-system in its natural
balance state. After all, our whole effort
in whichever way executed is for the well
being of the human species.

• With not a lesser attention, the concerned

Government bodies have to give a due
consideration to the whole scenario of
reliable all aggregate supply sources.

• RMC companies have to tap the local

knowledge (where available) from
feasibility to plant selection, installation
and commissioning to have these
professionals on their side as long as the

27
REFERENCES

1. John Newman, Ban Seng Choo (2003), Advanced Concrete Technology-Processes, Elsevier Ltd.

2. Zegeye Cherinet , Helawi Sewnet (2012), Building Ethiopia, EiABC.

3. Ethiopia: The 1960s Architectural Legacy of Addis Ababa, nazret.com

4. Centre for Affordable Housing Finance in Africa (CAHF-2016), Housing Finance in Ethiopia, 30th

October 2016.

5. Central Statistics Agency (2011), Population and Housing Census of 2007, Addis Ababa: Ethiopia.

6. MoUDHC (2014), National Housing Development Policy and Strategic Framework.

7. Ethiopian Investment Commission Report (2015).

8. FDRE, Ministry of Industry (January 2015), Ethiopian Cement Industry Development Strategy

2015-2025.

9. David Otieno Koteng (May 2013), Concrete Use for Sustainable Development, Department of

Construction & Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan.

28
 PRODUCTION & SUPPLY OF MUNICIPAL SOLID
WASTE AND OTHER BIOMASS AS SOURCE OF
SUSTAINABLE ALTERNATIVE ENERGY

AXUMAWI
EBUY

CEO, East African Mining

Corporation PLC

ABSTRACT
Energy Cost takes the lion share of cement production (world average 30-40%) and its share
increases to around 60% in Ethiopian Cement Industries. The thermal energy requirement
of Ethiopian Cement Industries is mainly satisfied by imported South African Bituminous
Coal using the scarce foreign currency the country generates. Nowadays fossil
fuels like coal are being substituted by alternative fuels in order to reduce
carbon emission, reduce cost and avoid the dependency on imported fossil fuels throughout
the world. Ethiopia is endowed with different alternative fuels which can be used in the
cement industries (like sesame stalk, cotton stalk, coffee husk, rice husk, bamboo tree,
jatropha curcus oil/oil cake, prosopis juliflora and RDF from municipal solid waste and other
by products from industries). Different types of biomasses
which can be used as alternative fuels shall be highlighted;
However, this presentation shall focus on Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) from municipal solid
waste which comprises plastic, paper, clothes, leather, bones and etc which are the
combustible part of the solid waste; moreover it shall focus on Carbon black which is by
product of used tire pyrolysis process. In this presentation, the
potential and possibility of RDF and Carbon Black supply to
Ethiopian cement plants, the preparation, handling and burning technologies, their
environmental and socio-economic benefits of utilizing it; shall be evaluated and discussed.

INTRODUCTION AND BACK- are commonly used all over the world for
thermal energy requirement such as coal,
GROUND/PROBLEM STATEMENT
pet coke, furnace oil and etc.
Energy cost takes the lion share (40-60%)
In order to reduce the energy cost and CO2
of Cement production, besides 40% of
emission, alternative fuels can be used
the CO2(which is one of the greenhouse
as a substitute to the conventional fuels.
gases) emission arises from conventional
Alternative Fuels in cement industries are
fuel combustion. Conventional fuels in the
fuels other than the current conventional
cement industry can be defined as fuels that

29
fuels (coal, pet coke , furnace oil etc). There
are different alternative fuels in Ethiopia
which can be used as alternative fuels such as
Coffee husk, risk husk, Cotton stalk, Sesame
stalk, Prosopis juliflora weed, jatropha
curnel/oil, Bamboo tree, Refuse derived
fuel(RDF) from Municipal solid waste(MSW),
Tire derived fuels(TDF) from used car tires,
used oils and etc.
This paper shall focus on Alternative fuel
sources from Municipal solid waste (Refuse
Derived Fuel(RDF)), Tire Derived Fuel (TDF)
/Carbon black .
MSW definition
Municipal solid waste refers to solid wastes
from houses, streets, public places, offices,
Commercial establishments (Restaurants,
Hotels and etc), hospitals and etc which are
usually the responsibility of municipal or
other related government authorities as can
be seen in Fig 1
Municipal Solid waste Composition
Generally speaking solid wastes are
composed of Organic wastes, Combustible
waste (paper/plastic/textiles/boards/
leather/bone/tires), metal, glass, stones,
ashes/soil, hazardous wastes etc.
Municipal solid wastes arise from different
sources such as households, street sweeping,
Shop/store/markets, institutions, Cafe/
bar/restaurant and Hotel with different
composition as can be seen in Fig 2 below.
RDF Definition
RDF refers to Refuse Derived Fuel which
30
mainly consists of the combustible part of the
municipal solid waste (paper, plastic, leather,
textile, bone and etc)
Integrated Solid waste Management
Integrated solid waste management refers
to managing waste according to waste
management hierarchy(Fig-3) on an
integrated way(government, NGO’s, people
and all stakeholders) and on Sustainable
way(Environmentally effective, Economically
Affordable, Socially acceptable)
Objective of the study
The objective of this study is
To make awareness( to waste management
bodies , car tyre pyrolysis plants and
cement industries owners) that wastes are
resources if utilized properly which shall
Reduce energy cost of cement plants,
Reduce CO2 emission of Cement plants
and reduce the multifaceted harmful
effect of municipal Solid wastes.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Potential of Refused Derived Fuel (RDF)
The cement plants in Ethiopia are located
near to the main raw materials (limestone and
Shale/Clay) resource areas; for that reason
the cement plants are concentrated at Addis
Ababa surrounding, Mekelle and Diredawa
and hence the potential of Refuse Derived
Fuel(RDF) from municipal solid waste of the
above cities is shown in the following tables.
From the above tables we can see that in 2017
addis ababa city shall generate solid waste of
721,026 tons/year out of which 420,000tons/ Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) is produced from
year is expected to be consumed by REPI mixed municipal solid waste by the following
waste to Energy project for generating steps (See Fig4 below.
electricity; the remaining amount of municipal
• Sorting the combustible part of the
solid waste is around 301,026tons/year; from
municipal waste from non-combustible
this the RDF fraction (15% of the total waste
according to waste characterization made • Drying the sorted combustible part of
by Artelia) is around 45,154 tons/year. This the municipal solid waste(Drying the
waste is theoretically expected to satisfy or RDF)
substitute 26% of the energy requirement
• Shredding the combustible part of the
of Habesha Cement which has the capacity
municipal solid waste(shredding the
to produce 3000ton/day clinker. The RDF
RDF)
amount is expected to increase from year
to year ( as population is expected to grow) • Baling the shredded RDF and Transport
to around 78,853tons/year RDF and 45% is to Cement plants
substitution rate in 2027.
Potential of Carbon Black as Alternative
Similarly in 2017 Diredawa City is expected Fuel to Cement Plants
to generate around 85,045tons/year MSW  Car tyre is composed of the following
and 12,757tons/year RDF which is able to
Passenger
substitute 7% of National Cement’s thermal Material Truck Car
Car
energy requirement. In 2027 the MSW is
Natural rubber 14% 27%
expected to increase to 113,306 tons/year
Synthetic rubber 27% 14%
and RDF is expected to increase to 17,071 Carbon black 28% 28%
tons/year which is able to substitute only 10% Steel 14-15% 14-15%
of National Cement’s energy requirement. Fabric, fillers, 16-17% 16-17%
accelerators, an-
Likewise, Mekelle city is also expected to
tiozonants, etc.
generate around 65,432tons/year MSW, 9,815
tons/year RDF which is able to substitute 6%
 Used tyres are being pyrolised to
of Messebo’s cement Line2 (3000ton/day
produce back pyrolysis oil(used as
clinker capacity) energy requirement. In 2027
substitute for HFO), Carbon black, Steel
the MSW is expected to increase to 109,406
wire and gases(used as source of heat
tons/year and RDF is expected to increase to
for pyrolyzer)
16,411 tons/year which is able to substitute
only 9% of Messebo Line2 Cement plant’s  There are around 3(three) tyre
energy requirement. pyrolysis industries in Ethiopia with
the following carbon black output as
RDF Production Techniques for Cement
by product.
Plants

31
  Dong Fung --- 750tons/year
 Hangwa --- 112ton/year
 Allied Chemicals --- 3000ton/
year
Total === 3862 tons/year
 Carbon black which has similar
 Carbon black does have similar
properties with imported coal having
net Calorific value of 6000kcal/kg and
with low sulfur content below 1%.
 The above carbon black amount(3862
tons/year) is theoretically able
to substitute 3.3% of the energy
requirement of Habesha Cement
Plant(3000ton/day clinker capacity)
CONCLUSION AND
 I recommend the Cement plants,
RECOMMENDATION
 Even though the amount is not too
much, the nearby cement plants to
the biggest cities(AA, Diredawa and
Mekelle) can consider RDF as an
additional alternative fuel resource
in order to reduce their energy cost ,
environmental foot print and foreign
currency burden of the country.
32
 The load of sanitary landfills and
the multifaceted negative impacts of
municipal solid waste shall decrease if
the combustible part of the municipal
solid waste is utilized for cement
alternative fuel (energy).
characteristics with imported coal
can also be considered as thermal
energy source to be used in mixture
with imported South African coal as
a strategy to reduce energy cost and
foreign currency burden of the country
although the amount is currently not
too much. This shall also benefit the car
tyre pyrolysis plants which produce
carbon black as by product.
municipalities, car tyre pyrolysis
plants, waste processing companies
and other stalk holders to work jointly
on how to mutually benefit each other.
References

1. ARTELIA(2013), Solid Waste Management in Addis Ababa, AGENCE FRANCAISE DE

DEVELOPPEMENT/ADDIS ABABA CITY GOVERNMENT, SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
PROJECT FINAL STRATEGY REPORT –R5

2. Chemical and Construction Input Industry Input Development Institute (personal

communication around February 2017)

3. http://cambridge-industries.com/ (visited on February 2017)

4. Telephone Conversation with Mekelle and Diredawa Waste Management bodies(personal

communication around February 2017)

5. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Central Statistical Agency CSA (2013), Population
Projection of Ethiopia for All Regions At Woreda Level from 2014-2017.

6. Wali,Hamad,Abdulrahaman,(2014), Used Tires Recycling and Utilization in Saudi Arabi

33
 FATES OF VERTICAL KILN CEMENT
PRODUCTION IN ETHIOPIA

ENG. BASSO
ASSEFA

Managing Director- BYH

Engineering and Management plc

ABSTRACT
There are two main types of kilns to produce cement: the Vertical Shaft Kiln and the Rotary
Kiln. The Vertical Shaft Kiln or VSK is probably the first type of kiln that was used and it can be
traced back to the 5th century A.C. in Greece, when they were used for limestone calcining
(Reiter, AC, 11/1997, p. 23). In the 20th century, they have been largely replaced by rotary
kilns, which were implemented for the first time in 1880. However, in several countries such
as China and India, many of these kilns are still operating (4000 units in China in 2005) and
even, some companies still offer this technology for sale. However, the Chinese government
expects to close all mechanized shaft kilns by 2020 and that only 10% of the optimized ver-
tical kilns keep operating. (Karstensen, UNIDO, 2006, p. 13). In Ethiopia there are seven VSK
cement plant with total clinker production capacity of 6,200tpd from which only two plants
with 2,600tpd are operational against 31,400tpd preheater rotary kilns under full operation
from eight plants. Some of the advantages of preheater rotary kiln are High quality and uni-
form cement production, Low production cost, Low heat consumption, Low percentage of
free lime, and Possibility of using alternative fuel while Vertical shaft kiln have the negatives
or the opposite of the above advantages.With this the survival rate from these very strong
computations for vertical shaft kilns against preheater rotary kiln is very low and ultimately
the fate of VSK shall be to closed up or change their production line to other products like
lime.

INTRODUCTION Clinker quality produced from VSK kilns

In Ethiopia there are seven VSK cement
plant with total clinker production ca-
pacity of 5,800tpd or 1,740,000t per year.
All these VSK kilns were installed during
high cement demand in the country, 2010-
2011. On the other side eight rotary kilns
are operational producing total clinker of
30,000tpd or 9million tons per year.
are on the low quality side Compared to
rotary kiln clinker production. This will
limit the additive percentage to the min-
imum quantity which is disadvantageous
for VSK kiln owners. On the other side,
clinker produced by rotary kiln has much
better quality allowing the additive per-
cent to go up to 30% to produce Portland
pozolana cement.

34
Only two VSK plants with 2,600tpd or
780,000t per year were operational. The
others were closed or not operational
due to high competition from rotary kiln
plants.
high cement shortage period (2010 and
2011) cement importation reached 0.3
million tons of cement. This favored the
investor to invest on VSK kilns as because
of:

DISCUSSION AND RESULTS • Its Low initial investment cost

What favors VSK to come in to the mar-
ket in Ethiopia?
In the years 2010 to 2011, there was high
demand of cement in Ethiopia. These high
created a gap between supplies against
the cement demand as construction
booms. During high cement demand and
• Its ow construction period, only one
year time
• Cement quality was seen as second-
ary criteria because of customers’
low understanding of quality with
this very high shortage of cement.

Table 1: Vertical shaft kilns in Ethiopia and their daily production capacity
Clinker
Number of capacity Status of kiln op- Number of (raw
No. Plant name
kiln eration + cement) mills
tpd
1 Dejen Cement 4x75tpd 300 Stopped 4+4=8
2 Mengesteab indus- 2x700tpd 1400 Under rehabili-
trial plc tation
3 Abysinia cement 2x100 200 Partial operation 1 + 2 = 3
4 Debresina-Holeta 3x100tpd 300 Stopped 2 + 3 =5
cement
5 Enchini bed rock ce- 3x300 900 operational 2+3=5
ment
6 Mojo cement 3x300 900 Stopped 2+ 3 =5
7 Pioneer cement 3x900tpd 1800 Operational 2 + 3 =5
Total clinker pro- 5,800
duction
or
1.74 mil-
lion tons
Total production of 6.96 mil- Taking 25% av-
PPC cement (if all lion to erage pumice
clinker is changed per year additives
to PPC)

35
Table 2: Preheater Rotary kilns in Ethiopia and their daily production capacity
No. Plant name Number of Total Clinker ca- Status as of today
kilns pacity
tpd
1 Mugher Cement 2x1000tpd 5000 operational
1x3000tpd
2 National Cement 1x400tpd 3400 operational
1x3000tpd
3 Messebo Cement 1x2000tpd 5000 operational
1x3000tpd
4 Derba Cement 1x5000tpd 5000 operational
5 Dangote Cement 1x5000tpd 5000 operational
6 East cement 1x1800tpd 1800 operational
7 Ethio Cement 1x1800tpd 1800 operational
8 Habesha cement 1x3000tpd 3000 Tobe commissioned as of
April 30/2017
Total production of 30,000 tpd
clinker per day
Or
9 million ton per
year
Total production of 12.86 million to per Taking 25% average pum-
PPC cement (if all year ice additives
clinker is changed
to PPC)

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAG- • Low heat consumption (<900kcal/kg

ES OF PREHEATER ROTARY KILNS clinker), low fuel consumption and
OVER VSK KILNS which give low production cost

Advantages of preheater rotary kilns • Reduced number of personnel. Be-

• High quality and uniform cement pro-
duction.
• Low production cost as it uses efficient
burning system
• Less environmental pollution due to
optimized combustion and high tech
dedusting system
cause of high tech stat-of the art ma-
chineries are used the number of per-
sonnel used compared to VSK kiln are
minimum.
• Low percentage of free lime (<1.5%).
This will highly contribute for the qual-
ity of clinker produced.
• Possibility of using alternative fuel.

36
 This will give the rotary kiln produc-
tion better competitive advantage on
cost reduction. As fuel is 40-50% the
production cost structure in clinker
production, saving from fuel by sub-
stituting high cost thermal coal by any
alternative fuel will give high competi-
tive advantage for rotary kiln plants.
• Dynamic production process, since the
material is always agitated. This will
give producers to produce uniform
and high grade clinker quality. I means
they can add more additives to pro-
duce PPC ( Portland pozolana cement)
• New plants can more easily obtain en-
vironmental permits, as they comply
with all existing environmental regula-
tions.
• High economy of scale (plant with big
capacity 5,000tpd to 10,1000tpd is pos-
sible). To produce more cement in one
plant means low cost of production
with same overhead cost they produce
more cement quantity gat better ad-
vantage over VSK
Advantages of VSK
• Low initial investment: The VSK kiln
system require very minimum invest-
ment cost. This is the only advantage
over Rotary kiln system.
Disadvantage of Rotary kilns
• High initial investment:- Rotary kiln
system requires high capital invest-
ment. This is one major barrier for the
investors not jump easily in to the busi-
ness.
Disadvantages of VSK kilns
• Produces Low-grade cement not suit-
able for large structures or infrastruc-
ture such as bridges, air ports, high
ways, skyscraper buildings, etc. , inap-
propriate for export
• High production cost. High fuel con-
sumption leads to high production cost.
• High environmental pollution and diffi-
cult to adapt to modern dedusting sys-
tem
• High heat consumption ( Up to 105%
more per ton of clinker ) , therefore
higher fuel cost which is also high pro-
duction cost
• More personnel needed. Because of
the technology used, there will be
more personnel required compared to
rotary kiln production line.
• High percentage of free lime (1.5 to
5%). Because of high free lime, the clin-
ker quality produced by VSK kiln has
low quality which limits the assuage of
more additives.
• Unable to use alternative fuel such as
waste. The technology used cannot al-
low use of alternative fuel and lose the
advantage of cost reduction.
• It is a static process (Each nodule is an
‘independent’ kiln). As it is static pro-
cess, it will be difficult to get uniform
quality of clinker during production.
• Environmental licenses are harder to
obtain
• Low economy of scale. Less quantity of
cement is produced compared to rota-
ry kiln and loss the advantage to be ob-
tained from high quantity production.
As seen above the rotary kiln has only
high investment cost as disadvantage
compared to VSK kilns but the advantag-
es obtained from rotary kiln are far most
supersedes the VSK kilns. On the other
hand the disadvantages listed under VSK
37
kiln production so high that it will be more
difficult to compete with rotary kiln plants.
So, it will be very difficult to survive in
such highly competitive market with VSK
kiln producing low quality of clinker as
high quality required by the market.
WHY SOME OF VSK PLANTS SUR-
VIVED UP TO NOW?
• Due to Low awareness of customers
about cement quality in previous
years. But now this is changing.
• The VSK plant cement producers
use Small niche market through
peoples (customers) they know
and the opportunities when cement
shortage appear in the country.
RISKS ASSOCIATED TO USE VSK
PRODUCED CLINKER CEMENT
• Due to low cement quality under-
standing of majority of Ethiopian
cement customers (in previous time,
now is improving more) on cement
quality difference, use of VSK clin-
ker produced cement for bridges,
or highways or high rise builds is
possibley risking the build for fail-
ure
• No strong quality control mecha-
nism implemented in the country.
(Every cement producer is respon-
sible for the quality of cement pro-
38
duced in its plant according to the
standards.) This will give a loop
hole to distribute low quality ce-
ment in the market.
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMEN-
DATIONS
Fate/Future of VSK plants
The survival rate of VSK kilns from high
clinker quality producing rotary kilns is
very low as the quality awareness increas-
es and cement price decrease with econo-
my of scale (High cement production from
Rotary kiln)and low production cost from
rotary kiln plants. So, the only fate of the
VSK kiln plants I suppose are as follows.
• They have to close their clinker pro-
duction lines from producing ce-
ment clinker
• There a chance to change the VSK
kilns to produce lime. As lime mar-
ket is available, it will good to mod-
ify their clinker production line to
produce lime.
• Use their raw mills and cement
mills to produce cement as satel-
lite grinding station from preheater
rotary kiln clinker producers. They
can have a contract with rotary kiln
plant or sale complete plant to them
to use as satellite grinding station
for cement production.
REFERENCES
• Ethiopian Herald newspaper on 25th March 2017 edition, “ Cement production
transforming construction center”
• S.P Deolalkar, Hand book for designing cement plants, BS publications, 2009.

• From different internet sources.

39
 WAS RIGID PAVEMENT APPROPRIATE FOR
ADDIS ABABA - ADAMA TOLL MOTORWAY
PROJECT?

ADONAY
KEBEDE

General Manager, Bethelhem:

Adonay General Building
Construction Partnership
ABSTRACT
In the context of Ethiopia’s geography, pattern of settlement and economic activity, transport plays
a vital role in facilitating economic development. In particular, it is road transport that provides
the means for the movement of people, utilization of land and natural resources, access to social
services and opportunities for sustainable growth.With this regard, the roads and highways need to
be constructed by taking account of future generations need. In order to accomplish that, reviewing
the state-of-the- practice in methods used for pavement type selection is the critical responsibilities
of Road Sector Development Program. Flexible pavements have been the preferred choice because
of low initial cost as compared to the rigid pavements. In view of availability of cement in plenty
within the country and scarcity and raising prices of bitumen, it has become prudent to consider
rigid pavement, a far better alternative to flexible pavement. In connection to this, the research
paper primarily focuses on addressing a gap in the existing knowledge base, contributing a new
perspective and generating facts about phenomena that has not been explored previously. The
choice of the appropriate economically advantageous pavement type, flexible or rigid, is made
by carrying out Life Cycle Cost (LCC) analysis which takes in to account the initial investment cost
and also the maintenance cost over the design life of the pavement structure. Accordingly, for this
purpose, Addis Ababa – Adama Express way has been adopted for the assessment. Upon finalizing
research results and entailing implicated findings, expanding the use of rigid pavements in the
development of infrastructure for high volume roads is one aspect that provides sustainability for
future generations. In addition to the longer service lives exhibited by rigid pavements and lower
life cycle cost, this research shows the positive environmental, social, as well as, economic impact
of rigid pavements provide.

INTRODUCTION economic growth is very closely linked

to the rate at which the transport sector
Transport is one of the key infrastructures
growth.Roads and highways,to satisfy their
of a country. The rate at which country’s

40
intended purpose, must be constructed to
be safe, easy and economical. With this
regard, pavements have a vital role in
achieving the anticipated objective.
A highway pavement is designed to
support the wheel loads imposed (from
traffic moving) on it. Additional stresses
are also imposed by changes in the
environment. Therefore it should be strong
enough to resist the stresses imposed on it
and it should be thick enough to distribute
the external loads on the earth sub grade
so that the sub grade itself can safely bear
it.
From the point of view of structural
performance, pavements can be classified
as flexible, rigid, semi rigid and composite.
A flexible pavement is essentially a
layered system which has low flexural
strength. Thus, the external load is largely
transmitted to the sub grade laterally
with increasing depth. Because of low
flexural strength, the pavement deflects
momentarily under load but rebounds to
its original level of removable of load. The
pavement thickness is so designed that
the stresses on the sub grade soil are kept
within its bearing power and the sub grade
is prevented from excessive deflection.
This implies that in flexible pavement, the
sub grade plays an important role as it
carries the vehicle loads transmitted to it
through the pavement.
As a contrast, a rigid pavement derives
its capacity to withstand loads from
the flexural strength or beam strength
(modulus of elasticity), permitting the
slab to bridge over minor irregularities
in the sub grade, sub base or based
upon which it rests. This implies that the
inherent strength of the slab itself is called
upon to play a major role in resisting the
wheel load.
The third category of pavements has
become popular during recent times.
Known as semi rigid pavement, it
represents an intermediate state between
the flexible and the rigid pavement. It has
much lower flexural strength compared to
concrete slabs, but it also derives support
by the lateral distribution of loads through
the depth of pavement as in the flexible
pavement.
A composite pavement is one which
comprises of multiple, structurally
significant layers of different sometimes
heterogeneous- composition. A typical
example is the brick sandwich concrete
pavement. It consists of top and bottom
layer in the neutral axis zone.
From the widely used pavement used
pavement types, flexible pavements
have been the preferred choice because
of low initial cost as compared to the
rigid pavements. However, this trend of
selecting pavement alternatives has to be
reviewed. To asses all the options to select
a better pavement types, Addis Ababa-
41
Adama Toll Motor Way Project have been
selected to check weather rigid pavement
is appropriate or not.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
In Ethiopia, paved roads are solely built
from asphalt concrete and a substantial
amount of bitumen is being imported
each year. On the other hand, the price
of bitumen is increasing by leaps and
bounds. On the other hand, Ethiopia
neither has sufficient currency reserve
nor does it has its own port. The country,
being landlocked, is spending its meager
hard currency on port fees too. This is
really putting financial strain on nation’s
economy. Moreover, it usually takes too
long to transport bitumen from abroad
to Djibouti port and from the port to
the construction site, which may partly
contribute for a delay in construction.
On the contrary, currently, the cement
price is declining and it’s expected to
decline as more new cement factories
are entering to the market. Nevertheless,
no study is conducted to investigate the
viability of rigid pavement over flexible
pavement in context of today’s situation.
OBJECTIVE OF THE RESEARCH
The study aims to compare flexible
and rigid pavement construction costs
by using life cycle cost analysis (LCC)
technique, investigate the viability if
rigid over flexible pavement, and make
42
suggestion whether to maintain the status
quo or make a paradigm shift.
Major objectives that are set to be met by
the completion of this thesis are:
• To demonstrate the feasibility of
rigid pavement construction in
Ethiopia.
• To assess the conditions and
areas of rigid pavements to be
more economical over flexible
pavements.
• To optimize design options
with regards to thickness, mix
proportions and base layer types
from different concrete pavement
options and;
• To build demonstrative design
templates.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
As mentioned above, to show the viability
of rigid pavement over flexible one, LCCA
(life cycle cost analysis) is adopted in this
case study. LCCA is an analytical technique
that uses economic principles in order to
evaluate long term alternative investment
options. The analysis enables total
cost comparison of completing design
alternatives with equivalent benefits.
LCCA accounts for relevant costs to the
sponsoring agency, owner, operator of
the facility, and the roadway user that will
occur throughout the life of an alternative.
Relevant costs include initial construction
(including project support), future
maintenance and rehabilitation, and user
costs ( time and vehicle costs). The LCCA
analytical process helps to identify the
lowest cost alternative that accomplishes
the project objectives by providing critical
information for the overall decision-
making process. In connection to this,
specifically for our case study, the initial
cost of rigid pavement is way higher than
flexible pavement. On the other hand,
the overall maintenance cost of flexible
pavement is larger than concrete one.
While analyzing their life cycle cost, one
can use any project appraisal methods.
CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATION
Entailing implicated findings for Addis
Ababa-Adama Toll Motor Way ;
 Life cycle of flexible pavement
will be approximately about 20%
higher than rigid pavement
 Since the life of pavement will be
more than 40 years, it has additional
advantage than that of flexible
pavement
 Using Fly ash in concrete pavement,
initial and life cycle cost of concrete
pavement will further reduce
Upon finalizing research results,
expanding the use of rigid pavements in
the development of infrastructure for high
volume roads is one aspect that provides
sustainability for future generations.
In addition to the longer service lives
exhibited by rigid pavements and lower
lifecycle cost, this research shows the
positive environmental, social, as well
as, economic impact of rigid pavements
provides.
43
 REFERENCES

[1] FHWA (2002), Life-cycle cost Analysis Primer, Department of Transportation – Federal
Highway Administration Washington, D.C., U.S.A.

[2] ERA, Ethiopia Roads Authority (2011), Annual Traffic Count Report On the Federal
Road Newton in Ethiopia of 2009, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

44
ABSTRACTS
OF OTHER
PRESENTATIONS
 TSION ADMASSU BEYENE
Consultant, Ethiopia Corporate Governance Program

“Importance of Corporate Governance and Effective

Boards”

Corporate governance is a set of global principles to guide the Board of Directors in

directing and governing the affairs of the company with a view towards to maximize its
long-term value for the benefit of shareholders and of all other stakeholder as well. In the
observance of the fundamental principles of fairness, transparency, and accountability,
the Board of Directors set the tone at the top, ensuring that a culture of ethics, compliance
and social responsibility pervade all levels and aspects of corporate.
The principles of corporate governance are universal. They hold in all economies and
societies. However, in applying these global principles, each economy and society would
need to adapt them into their local circumstances, taking into account their culture, histo-
ry, and the prevailing business and economic regime. Due to the greater interconnection
between economies and particularly in the global financial market, there is also increas-
ing convergence towards a set of “best practices” in those economies that aim to attract
foreign investments into their markets.
Corporate governance in today’s world seeks to empower the Board of Directors in actual
practice since this is what the law mandates. In addition, this would help address several
issues that have arisen due to the problem of management having concentrated powers
of decision-making with few operative checks and balances.
The orientation that the Board of Directors should have in directing the affairs of the cor-
poration must be long-term. In a market economy, that orientation should therefore be
towards the long-term market value of the corporation. And this should be for the benefit
of all shareholders, holding the same class of shares, and with special attention given to
minority shareholders so they do not end up being discriminated against.
Numerous studies conclude that well-governed companies worldwide perform better
in commercial terms. For example, good corporate governance: (i) improves access to
external financing, (ii) lowers the cost of capital, (iii) improves operational performance,
(iv) increases firm valuation, (v) improves share performance, and (vi) reduces the risk
of corporate crises and scandals.
Good governance starts with a well-functioning board of directors. It is at the heart of a
company’s corporate governance framework and is crucial to ensuring all other gover-
nance components (i.e., the company’s control environment, shareholder practices, dis-
closure and transparency policies, etc) are working effectively. Broadly, boards exist to
provide stewardship and oversight to a company in various manners. Yet, based on IFC’s

46
experience, there are many common problems that inhibit a board’s ability to perform
these functions effectively. These are issues that will be discussed in this session. For ex-
ample:
• Board roles and responsibilities are unclear and/or overlap with management func-
tions;
• Directors do not fully understand or embrace their duties as board members;
• The Board is composed inadequately with a lack of proper skills, experiences, or ob-
jectivity;
• Proper board committees do not exist or do not function effectively; and
• Board procedures are poorly designed, inhibiting board efficiency and effectiveness.
Corporate Governance is a system of structures and processes to direct and control com-
panies. OECD-Principles of CG defines CG as “The corporate governance framework
should promote transparent and efficient markets, be consistent with the rule of law and
clearly articulate the division of responsibilities among different supervisory, regulatory
and enforcement authorities.”
IFC CG Program in Ethiopia and in the region helps companies become recognized as a
market leader and gain competitive advantage through good corporate governance.
The Program consists of:
i. Workshop on corporate governance leading practices;
ii. Brief diagnostic leading to a concise, practical Action Plan
iii. Tool for ongoing board/CG evaluations
The aim of the program is to explore leading governance practices and how they might
practically apply to your company. The IFC CG Methodology has specific tools for each
major type of IFC client- Listed companies, family (or founder) owned unlisted compa-
nies, financial institutions, transition economy companies and SOEs.
The Program will explore leading governance practices in the areas of board excellence,
control environment and processes, Shareholder practices and disclosure, transparency,
conflicts/conducts. The IFC CG Methodology is internationally recognized, having been
adopted by more than 30 other DFIs and other private investment firms globally.
IFC brings a unique perspective stemming both from our private sector investment ac-
tivity and our macro level advisory work to promote good CG standards, regulations,
and practices across entire markets. A key part of this includes working with companies
to implement good governance practices as a demonstration effect for the market. We
utilize internationally recognized tools and methods, combined with professionals who
possess deep governance experience across all types of companies.

47
 GEMECHU
TSION ADMASSU
WAKTOLA
BEYENE
(PhD)
Consultant,
CEO, The i-Capital
EthiopiaAfrica
Corporate
Institute
Governance
& Assistant
Program
Professor, AAU

“Human Capital Deficit & Self Sufficiency Approach for

Ethiopian Cement Industry and Lessons for Construction
Sector”

As it stands right now, the Ethiopian Cement Industry has multiple challenges ranging
from operational inefficiency, insufficient demand leading to under capacity utilization,
lack of innovation and strategic thinking, weak cooperation, dependence on expensive
source of energy and above all human capital deficiency. Even though there were few
players and many other challenges the industry had to endure, at least in terms of human
capital, it was once a self-sufficient industry in the history of cement industry develop-
ment of the country.
Currently, the industry is significantly dependent on foreign sourced skills not only for
plant building but also for operation and maintenance as well. In a country where annual-
ly more than 300,000 and 100,000 trainees and students graduate from TVET and higher
education programs respectively as well as where unemployment is considerably large,
this reality is really troubling. Furthermore, the predominant reality in this business era of
talent economy is that no business can survive and sustain through the stiff competition
without obtaining, developing and retaining talent of its own.
Therefore, there are adequate societal, industry and firm level reasons why such human
capital deficit should be systematically addressed through a collaborative effort at all
levels.This presentation intends to address historical reasons for existing human capital
deficits within the Ethiopian Cement Industry, shows current human capital status, and
proposes a systematic approach for collaborative skills developing in order to sustain-
ably meet future human capital needs of the Industry.

48
 DEREJE TESSEMA (PhD)
PMP, PMI-ACP, CEA, CSM, CSP President & CEO, Maryland
Global University
“The Role of Policy, Governance, and Skill Training in
Construction Project Management”

Globally, both in public and private sectors,a large number of construction projects and
programs fail to be completed on time, within budget, and with good quality. The 2016
State of Project Management annual survey of 686 professionals from 317 organizations
in UK and Europe revealed that 32% of their projects are never completed on time, 31%
never delivered full benefits, 31% never completed on budget, and 46% never have a
track record of success.
A 2016 Project Management Institute (PMI) global survey of 2,428 project management
practitioners, 192 senior executives and 292 PMO directors responded that US $122 mil-
lion is wasted for every US $1 billion invested on projects and programs. The Interna-
tional Project Leadership Academy outlined 101 common causes of project failure and
categorized them under lack of goal and vision, leadership and governance, stakeholder
engagement, requirements gathering, lack of planning and estimation, risk management,
quality, configuration and information management, performance tracking and measure-
ment.
The majority of these causes are not related to the technical skills of engineers, architects,
and construction professionals, but rather to lack of proper project and program man-
agement methodologies, practices and principles, and overall lack of integration (PMI,
2016, Standish Group Chaos Report, 2015, State of Project Management, 2016). Research
also showed that projects are 2.5 times more successful when proven project manage-
ment practices are used (PMI, 2016). The purpose of this conference paper is to analyze
issues related to the failure of construction projects and recommend solutions based on
tools and techniques developed from industry best practices and lessons learned.

49
 ESAYAS G. YOUHANNES (PhD)
Associate Prof. of Concrete Materials & Structures
Executive Director, AAU-AAiT with the Rank of V/President for AAU
Head of Construction Materials Lab AAU, AAiT

“Performance Evaluation of Ethiopian Cements: physical,

chemical, thermodynamic and mechanical aspects”

Use of high strength concrete is growing in the concrete industry in order to reduce the
area occupied by concrete sections. This in turn leads to application of low water to ce-
ment ratio for concrete mix design. One major effect of using low water to cement ratio
is the introduction of autogenous shrinkage (self-desiccation) within concrete structures,
especially during early age of concrete placement. This effect is mainly dependent on
the type and behavior of cement used for concrete work. Hence this research was car-
ried out with the aim of determining autogenous shrinkage behavior of different cement
types produced in Ethiopia and consequent evaluation of crack risk potential for use in
the high strength concrete mix design.
Laboratory tests as well as prediction models were used to investigate behaviors of dif-
ferent OPC, PPC and PLC cements. Linear and volumetric shrinkage tests were carried
out with sealed paste specimens using strain gauges and membranes respectively. Wa-
ter to cement ratio of 0.3 were taken in order to achieve autogenous condition. Fineness
using wet sieve and air permeability(Blaine) apparatus, setting time, chemical analysis,
heat of hydration, compressive and flexural strength tests were also conducted to see ex-
isting correlations following international standard codes. The CEB-FIP 90 and the JSCE
shrinkage prediction models were also used to supplement the laboratory results.
Crack risk assessment were carried out with the help of two parameters, average stress
rate and stress ratio. While the former is based on analysis of the slope of the graph
formed between measured shrinkage strain and square root of elapsed time the latter
uses ratio of induced shrinkage stress and tensile strength and it is a well-known and
widely used method for determining crack risk potential of cementitious materials.
The laboratory investigations revealed that there are strong correlations between au-
togenous shrinkage and other cement properties. Cement s having relatively finer parti-
cles, high silica and alumina content have shown larger shrinkage strain. This was mainly
due to difference in the source of ingredient materials, especially that of Pozzolana used,
and the working procedures. Cracking potential assessment has also shown that even if
crack occurs mainly due to restrained shrinkage, high flexural strength could overcome
this challenge and leads to increased cracking resistance.

50
 FAYEZ GRESS
Chairman and Managing Director,
ASEC Company for Mining ASCOM-Geology & Mining

“Sustainable Mining and Land Management for Cement

Industry”

Sustainable mining and land management for cement industry according to ASCOM’s
vision which supported with over 40 years of exceptional track record in the Egyptian
market and its operations covering North& East Africa, the Gulf and Levant regions in
offering geological investigations & total quarry management, quarry design, raw ma-
terial evaluation & quality control as well as drilling and blasting to the cement industry
in Egypt, United Arab of Emirates, Syria, Sudan, Algeria and Ethiopia as well as teams in
many other countries in the region.

51
 TEBABAL WUDINEH
Deputy Director General, Corporate R & D
Ethiopian Chemical Industry Corporation (CIC)

“Challenges and Prospects of Collaborative Local Coal

Development”

In today’s globalized world, business organizations are expected not only to survive fierce
competition but also have to make sure their operations is sustainable enough throughout
the dynamism. The cost of energy for manufacturing industries is so high due to several
factors. One such factor is the fact that the input materials to run the plants come from
outside source as an import. Coal as a source of energy was an important stimulus to
industrialization and it currently contributes around 30% of the world’s primary energy
usage. A little greater than half of the coal produced is used for power generations; the
remainder is used for the production of steel, cement and certain chemical processing
and for domestic use.
In Ethiopia the cement plants use coal for clinker burning process. During the process
coal is usually burnt in the form of powder. Around 130kg of coal is consumed to produce
a tone of clinker. The five major cement producing plants alone when working at full ca-
pacity require close to one million tons of coal per annum, and to import that much quanti-
ty, Ethiopia need to spend on average about 80 million USD. At least 40 to 60 % of the coal
could be substituted if local production is well developed. According to a study by Ethio-
pian Institute of Geological Survey, currently there are five relatively studied coal deposits
whose exploration stage have reached the preliminary resource evaluations stage.
There is a total of about 600 x 106 tons of lignite to sub bituminous coal resource in these
deposits the quality of which are suitable for cement production, power generation, and
fertilizer making. As the cement industry is said to be an energy intensive industry togeth-
er with steel, paper and petro chemical industries, reduction of energy cost means lower-
ing of the manufacturing cost which results in increasing the companies’ profits. Currently
almost all coal input is imported from South Africa even though one or two cement plants
have been trying to utilize domestic coal at a very low proportion. In addition to cost issue,
to be very much dependent on imported coal has a potential risk on the supply chain, and
hence developing and use of local coal would be necessary. Indeed, the contribution of
different stakeholders (cement companies, different government institutions) is required
to overcome challenges and only through such collaborative work would it be possible to
realize domestic resource utilization such as the coal under discussion. The presentation
will ignite point of discussions which includes the country’s energy sector policy as well
as some other technical, technological and financial constraints

52
 ROLAND MARTINI
Area Sales Manager, Gebr. Pfeiffer SE Barbarossastr.

“Vertical Roller Mills – the efficient grinding technology”

Different grinding technologies and systems have been developed for comminution of
raw materials, fuels, clinker and additives in the cement production process. Coming
from the ancient simple tube mills different suppliers have created different grinding
technologies.
Among these grinding solutions, the vertical roller mills have been proven to be the most
efficient one. This starts already in the engineering and construction phase of a project.
Nowadays vertical mill easily achieve capacities that allow to install single mills for raw
material grinding and cement grinding even for kiln capacities of more than 10.000 tons
per day. The installation of huge single mills safes about 25% of total investment com-
pared to solutions with two or more smaller mills. Innovative modern MVR mills with
MultiDrive® solution also minimize the risk of production loss in case of failure or main-
tenance of one component.
In terms of energy consumption the vertical mills system are the most efficient technol-
ogy, even more efficient than combined grinding systems. Operation data from different
cement plants in the world have proven this for various types of cement. Adding this with
the other features - such as the high drying capacity - the vertical roller mills are the per-
fect solution for most applications in the cement production process.
Furthermore it has repeatedly been confirmed by different cement producers, that also
the maintenance for vertical roller mills is less expensive than for other grinding systems.
Gebr. Pfeiffer has supplied hundreds of vertical mills to clients all over the world. Among
them, you can find the largest mills for cement grinding. The MVR mill technology is the
proper answer to the raising energy prices and the demand for highly flexible and main-
tenance friendly cement production machinery with highest availability.

53
 PROF. ABEBE DINKU
VP for Institutional Development of AAU
Chair holder of the Construction Materials and Management,
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering at AAiT, AAU

“High strength concrete production in Ethiopia: Prospects

and challenges”

Concrete is a versatile material made of binding agent, which is usually cement, fine and
coarse aggregates, water and additives. Since the aggregate’s component covers the ma-
jor share of concrete ingredients by volume, the short and long term behaviors of con-
crete are substantially influenced by the size, amount, physical and chemical properties
of the aggregate. Though the percentage is small, cement is the most expensive concrete
making material and its type, amount, physical properties and composition are crucial in
determining the quality and durability of concrete.
In this paper, the history of concrete specifications and production in Ethiopian construc-
tion industry is briefly reviewed. The recent trends in concrete production in the sector in
general and high strength concrete application in particular are further analyzed.
Test results from experimental investigations done to produce high strength concrete us-
ing locally produced cements are presented. Encouraging test results were obtained and
recommendations are forwarded so that concerned stakeholders should appreciate the
mandatory shift from normal strength to high strength concrete for high raised buildings
and other important infrastructure developments.

54
 YOSEPH BIRRU (PhD)
Assistant Professor

“Trends on utilization of Fibre Reinforced Concrete

(FRC)”

The low tensile strength of concrete is being compensated for in several ways, and this
has been achieved by the use of reinforcing bars and also by applying prestressing meth-
ods. Though these methods provide tensile strength to concrete, they do not increase the
inherent tensile strength of concrete itself and moreover installation of reinforcements is
time taking business. Researchers have demonstrated that conventionally reinforced con-
crete is not a two-phase material in the true sense unless cracks are initiated and cracked
matrix is held by the reinforcing bars. Existence of one phase (i.e., steel or concrete)
does not improve the basic strength characteristics of the other phase and consequently
the overall performance of the traditional reinforced concrete composite is dictated by
the individual performance of the concrete and steel phase separately.
Fibres have been used since Biblical times to strengthen brittle matrices; for example
straw and horse-hair was mixed with mud to form walls and floors. In modern technology,
steel fibres were for the first time proposed as dispersed reinforcement for concrete by
Romualdi in his two papers in 1963 and 1964. Since that time, the concept of dispersed
fibres in cement-based materials has developed considerably for various applications
demonstrating significant improvement on flexural capacity of concrete elements. The
first serious civil engineering constructions with the application of FRC were carried out
in the 1960s. The most remarkable application was building of 18 runways of airports in
USA between 1972 and 1980, which demonstrated excellent performance for about two
decades towards crack and local damages. Recently FRC technology is gaining more and
more popularity among constructors for shotcrete work in which steel fibers of various
types and shapes were introduced for the application of unstable slopes, landslides, tun-
nel lining, and road embankments.
In this study, literature reviews have been presented exploring the state of the art of FRC
technology and also possible future perspectives have been discussed. Moreover, it is in-
tended to provide an overview of the types of commercially available FRCs and how they
work. The paper also discusses commonly applied terminology and models of mechani-
cal behavior that form a basis for understanding material performance without involving
too much of mathematical details.

55
 ENG. YONAS AYALEW
Head, Addis Ababa City Construction Bureau

“Standards and regulatory frameworks for cement &

concrete production and enforcement challenger”

In this paper the Ethiopian construction industry development and its direct relation with
cement and cement products; the demand of cement and cement products and the out-
moded construction system that influence the cement products quality, time, cost and
public satisfaction is compared with a modern prefabricated cement product construc-
tion materials system on same parameters. The regulatory issues such as construction
permit, certification of the production process on quality and its compatibility with Ethi-
opian construction standards and quality controlling laboratories and certification for
prefabricated construction elements is seen. Finally the policy framework set to be im-
plemented for the development of the construction industry and related legal documents
and practices that are derived from it will be discussed.

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PANELISTS

DR. ARGAW ASHA

A. Executive Director, Ethiopian
Construction Projects Management
Institute

DR. GEMECHU WAKTOLA

CEO, The i-Capital Africa Institute,
Assistant Professor, Addis Ababa University

DR. MEDHANYE BIEDEBRHAN

Assistant Professor of Structural
Engineering , Ethiopia Institute of
Technology Mekele University

MR. SAMUEL HALALA

Director General, Chemical and
Construction Input Industries
Development Institute

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 MR. WOLDAY BERHE
General Manager, Defence
Construction Enterprise

MR. KIDANE T.HAIMANOT

Deputy General Manager, Messebo
Cement Factory

MR. SHIFERAW FEYESA

Vice President, Adama Science and Technology
University

TOR
E R A
D
MO
MR. YOHANNES NEDA
Deputy CEO, the i-Capital Africa Institute
Lecturer & Coordinator of Graduate Programs
College of Business & Economics, AAU

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PHOTO GALLERY
Delegates

60
Exhibition

Guests

61
Panel Discussion

Presentations

62
Dangote Cement is a fully integrated cement company and has projects and operations
in more than 18 African countries including Nigeria, Cameroon, Benin, Ghana,
Senegal, Tanzania, Zambia, South Africa, Ethiopia etc. The combined manufacturing
capacity is more than 40 Million tons per annum. Dangote Industries (Ethiopia)
Limited is a subsidiary of Nigeria based Dangote Cement and is engaged in cement
manufacture & inaugurated its factory on June 04, 2015 which is offering employment
opportunities to more than 7,000 people; the factory is currently producing cement
that meets world class quality standards & has capacity to produce 2.5 Million tons per
annum.Dangote Industries (Ethiopia) is currently producing both PPC (32.5) & OPC
(42.5) types of Cement.

Packaging
Our products are packed in high quality PP bags. The strength and durability of our
bags boosts our customers’ confidence in safe delivery.

Quality & Technology

• Modern robotic laboratories monitor standards in-process and online from the
raw material stage, through all intermittent processes, right up to the end product.
• The laboratories are manned by trained personnel who are conversant with the
latest technologies, practices and standards. Stringent quality assurance processes
are put in place to ensure the best quality cement.
• Automatic loading with the capacity to load 9 trucks at a time
FINANCIAL SUPPORTERS