Hi2H2_STEVENS_TechDays05_051208_FINAL

Hi2
H 2
Highly Efficient, High Temperature,

Hydrogen Production
by Water Electrolysis
(Contract number 503765)
http://www.Hi2H2.com
Philippe Stevens
European Institute for Energy Research – EIfER/EDF R&D
Technology Platform Operation Review Days, Brussels 8th-9th December 2005 Hi2H2 project Philippe STEVENS
EIfER
European Institute for Energy Research,
EDF R&D
RISOE National Laboratory
Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials

Testing and Research
Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR)

German Aerospace Centre
2H2O 2H2 + O2
? G = ? H – T? S
• H2 from elec + heat

• > 100% e possible
• Electrochem. losses
are not lost but used to
provide heat
contribution
• Faster kinetics
• No noble metals
• Higher safety
● Demonstrate the feasibility of using SOFC
technology for High Temperature Electrolysis
(HTE)
– Planar technology
◆ Cermet (Hydrogen electrode) supported (Risoe and EIfER)
◆ Metal supported (DLR)
● Analyse the limitations and degradation
mechanisms of SOFC cells used in HTE mode.
● Development of new materials for corrosion
resistant and high performance HTE
● 2 cell short stack
● 2000 hrs with < 1%/1000 hr at 300 mA/cm²
1600
1400 < 100% electrical efficiency Thermoneutral voltage

1200 > 100% electrical efficiency
Cell voltage [mV]
1000
800
600
400 Electrolyser mode Fuel cell mode

200 (H2O → H2 + ½ O2) (H2O ← H2 + ½ O2)
0
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Cermet supported cells 2
1000°C
! "
iV curves at 950°°C – Extremely high current density and high performance
1.6
1.49 V at -3.59 A/cm2
1.4 p(H2O)=0.84 atm, p(H2)=0.16 atm, 30% H2O util, O2 to LSM
1.2
p(H2O)=0.64 atm, p(H2)=0.36 atm, 39% H2 util, O2 to LSM
1
Cell voltage [V]
Slope 0.17 Ωcm2

0.8
0.6
0.4 Slope 0.12 Ωcm2
0.2
0
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
2
i [A/cm ]
● > 2A/cm² under HTE at cell voltages below thermoneutral
voltage (> 100% elec efficiency) and 3.6A/cm at 1.49V, a
world record.
● 1000 hrs of operation on single cells without degradation
● HTE operation between 680°C and 1000°C on YSZ
electrolyte based SOFC cells
● Metal supported cells operated in HTE at >500 mA/cm² for
150 hrs
● Development of protective coatings for metal
interconnects
850 °C, -0.25A/cm2, 70% H2O
1
Cell voltage [V]
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Time [hours]
1.1
1.08
Cell voltage [V]
1.06
1.04
1.02
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Ni Passivation hypothesis:
rate determining process
is H+ diffusion
e- H2O(g)
H2(g)
H+Ni
H+YSZ s
ad
2O
H
O2-
YSZ
Impurities determining the diffusion length of H+ in the bulk of
YSZ or on the surface or bulk of the impurities
● DS “Snapshot 2020”
– Section 1.4.1 “Hydrogen Production” of DS:
◆ “Hydrogen will be produced from a variety of sources” among
them carbon-free electricity (renewables like wind, nuclear)
On a cell level, the Hi2H2 project has shown the

feasibility of hydrogen production using HTE
Hi2 • using SOFC planar technology
H 2 • at low cost
• from nuclear or renewable sources
System studies planned further on within the
project
● DS “Snapshot 2020”
« Two main technologies will be in place :
high efficient and low cost
electrolysers »
Hi2 The Hi2H2 project has demonstrated

2 • very high current densities LOW COST
H
• at electrical efficiencies >100%
HIGH EFFICIENCY
● SRA
4.1 Hydrogen Production
Recommended R&D areas
● Compact « onsite » and larger « central » high
temperature electrolysers aiming for higher
efficiencies and cost reduction
● Development of alternative types of
electrolysers including PEM and SOFC
Hi2
Cross-cutting areas
H 2 ● Applying SOFC technology to HTE that offers
30% energy savings compared to low
temperature electrolysis
Hi2 ● The feasibility of using the latest SOFC technology
2
(2nd and 3rd Generation planar technology) for HTE
H
has been demonstrated successfully
● Energy savings >30% versus low temperature
electrolysis has been demonstrated on a cell level
(>100% electrical efficiencies have been achieved)
● System studies will be performed to evaluate the
potential of HTE for small “onsite” plants
(exothermal mode) as well as larger “central” plants
(endothermal mode)
● Heat management for HTE
– High efficiency HTE will require very good
thermal management
◆ Endothermic process
◆ Heat losses need to be minimised for high e
◆ “standalone” HTE (not connected to a heat

source) and HTE using relatively low
Hi2
temperature heat will need efficient heat
exchangers
H 2 – Minimise heat loss to the outside which needs
to be compensated with ohmic heating
● Systems design for large plants
– Modular design
– Distribution of fluids
● Demonstrate large stacks
– Prepare the road to multi MW plants
● Explore storage of electricity using a reversible
SOFC coupled to heat storage
● Explore Synthetic liquid fuel production by HTE
of a mixture of H2O + CO2 to produce syngas
followed by Fischer-Tropsch process
# $ %&
1600
1400 < 100% electrical efficiency Thermoneutral voltage

1200
Cell voltage [mV]
1000
800
600
400 Very high

Electrolyser mode Fuel cell mode
« charging
200 → H2 + »½ O2)
(H2O currents (H2O ← H2 + ½ O2)
0
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Anode supported cells 2
1000°C
● Systems design for large plants
– Modular design
– Distribution of fluids
● Demonstrate large stacks
– Prepare the road to multi MW plants
● Explore storage of electricity using a reversible
SOFC coupled to heat storage
● Explore Synthetic liquid fuel production by HTE
of a mixture of H2O + CO2 to produce syngas
followed by Fischer-Tropsch process
' ( )( !
- High temperature electrolysis of steam and carbondioxide
e-
Nickel
850°C H2 + 400°C CH4 +

- CO H 2O 25°C
+ 2O2-
H 2O + Heat exchanging H 2O +
O2 CO2 CO2 25°C
Heat exchanging
O2 O2 25°C
● The French National Agency for
Research, ‘ANR ’ has a new programme
on Hydrogen and FC : Plan d’Action
National pour l’Hydrogène (PAN-H)
– A new national (F) project on HTE will begin in
2006 : ‘SEMI-EHT’ with the participation of the
CEA and EDF
◆ Take the Hi2H2 project to the next development step :
demonstrate a pressurised 3-5 kWe stack in 2008
● An international workshop on HTE was
organised in Nov 2004
– Strong wish from the DOE to collaborate with European
teams on HTE
● France-Iceland collaboration
– France and Iceland, by virtue of their largely CO2 free
electricity production and heat sources next to power plants
are ideal markets for HTE
● HTE using Solar thermal needs to be explored
with « sunbelt » countries
● The road to the 10’s and 100’s MW Scale HTE
needs to be prepared
– Will require large trans-national and EU projects
– Collaborate with DOE to demonstrate a centralised plant
coupled to a Gen4 nuclear reactor?
– Collaborate with Japan to demonstrate a plant coupled to
their HTR which is in operation?
– If a JTI on hydrogen and FC is created, it should include a
large HTE demonstrator
* + "
H2
HTE
Hi2
H 2
( +'

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Hi2

Highly Efficient, High Temperature,

RISOE National Laboratory

Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials

Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR)

• H2 from elec + heat

1400 < 100% electrical efficiency Thermoneutral voltage

400 Electrolyser mode Fuel cell mode

Slope 0.17 Ωcm2

0.4 Slope 0.12 Ωcm2

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

On a cell level, the Hi2H2 project has shown the

Hi2 The Hi2H2 project has demonstrated

◆ Heat losses need to be minimised for high e

◆ “standalone” HTE (not connected to a heat

1400 < 100% electrical efficiency Thermoneutral voltage

400 Very high

850°C H2 + 400°C CH4 +

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