TITLE: IODINE REACTION

GROUP GROUP 5
GROUP MEMBER OOI KOH HUI (A20ET0362)
ERNY IZZATY BT MOHD NOR (A20ET0065)
NUR ZULAIKHA ADRIANA BINTI SHAHRULNIZAM
(A20ET0216)
MOHAMMAD ZARUL AZAM BIN TAJRI (A20ET0133)
EXPERIMENT EXPERIMENT 1
DATE SUBMISSION 22/5/2023
LECTURER DR. ASIAH NUSAIBAH BINTE MASRI
 CONTENT PAGE

NO DECSRIPTION PAGE NUMBER

1 ABSTRACT 1

2 INTRODUCTION
• OBJECTIVES 2
• SCOPE OF EXPERIMENT

3 LITERATURE REVIEW 3-6

4 METHODOLOGY 6-8

5 RESULT 9-22

6 DISCUSSION 22-23

7 CONCLUSION 24

8 REFERENCES 25

9 APPENDICS 26
1.0 ABSTRACT
The iodine clock reaction is a classic chemical clock demonstration experiment that
demonstrates chemical kinetics in action. In this experiment, we will investigate the reaction
kinetics and rate laws of the "iodine clock reaction" in this experiment. This happens at a rate
that can be easily measured at room temperature. A chemical reaction's rate is determined by
the appearance of a product or the removal of a reactant. In this experiment, the effects of
reactant concentration and reaction temperature on reaction rate are investigated. As the
reaction progresses, the color of the solution changes from colorless to a deep blue complex
color. The reaction orders and rate constant of the iodine reaction are computed. The first
experiment aimed to identify the reaction order with respect to persulfate, as well as the
relationship between persulfate concentration and reaction pace, by altering persulfate
concentration while holding the iodide concentration and reaction temperature constant. The
second set of experiments aims to identify the reaction order in regard to the iodide ion, as well
as the relationship between the iodide ion concentration and reaction rate, by altering the iodide
ion concentration while maintaining the persulfate concentration and reaction temperature
constant. The third experiment was carried out to explore the link between reaction rate and
reaction temperature, as well as to determine the reaction's Arrhenius constant. Based on the
findings of the experiments, the activation energy and Arrhenius constant of the iodine reaction
are determined.

1
2.0 INTRODUCTION

The reaction of iodine, a halogen element known for its unique properties and
adaptability, is one fascinating area of research. Our experimental investigation into iodine
reactions will be thoroughly documented and analyzed in this laboratory report with the
intention of revealing the fundamental principles and mechanisms governing this fascinating
chemical process.

Iodine, with its profound violet tone and exceptional scent, has long captivated
physicists and analysts. Its reactivity, especially when exposed to various chemical species,
results in a wide variety of intriguing reactions that call for in-depth investigation. We can gain
valuable insights into the behavior of iodine and its interactions with various substances
through carefully controlled experiments.

Our research center examination centers around two essential goals. First and foremost,
we want to observe and comprehend how iodine reacts with various chemical compounds, with
a focus on the development of intricate iodine-containing species. Second, we want to find out
what factors, such as temperature, concentration, and catalysts, affect the rate and extent of
these reactions.

We use a methodical approach that includes precise measurements, controlled

conditions, and precise data collection to accomplish these goals. In order to guarantee the
safety of each and every one of the participants, we use appropriate chemicals and equipment
in the experimental setting. Checking the responses includes visual perception,
spectrophotometric examination, and other logical procedures, empowering us to completely
analyze the iodine response process.

By diving into the iodine response try, we expect to procure significant information
about the key standards of substance energy, thermodynamics, and atomic cooperations.
Moreover, this examination holds guarantee for giving functional bits of knowledge into the
possible utilizations of iodine responses in fields like drugs, materials science, and ecological
examination.

2
3.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

The “clock reaction” is a reaction famous for its dramatic colorless-to-blue color change,
and is often used in chemistry courses to explore the rate at which reactions take place. The
color change occurs when I2 reacts with starch to form a dark blue iodine or starch complex.
In this experiment, iodine ions are oxidized to iodine and starch, which forms a characteristic
dark blue color with iodine, is added as an indicator to signal when a specified amount of iodine
has been formed. The time needed for the reaction to occur, from the time of mixing to the time
when the blue color suddenly appears, is measured and used to calculate the rate of reaction.
In general, the iodine is formed in a slow or rate-determining step, but the reaction of iodine
with sodium thiosulfate is extremely fast. This can be represented by the equation below:

• Reaction 1 - Slow Reaction

𝑆2 𝑂82− + 2𝐼 − → 2𝑆𝑂42− + 𝐼2
• Reaction 2 - Fast Reaction
2𝑆2 𝑂32− + 𝐼2 → 𝑆2 𝑂62− + 2𝐼 −

Based on the chemical equations shown, iodine can be restored to its original ionic state
where from reaction 1, the produced iodine is reacted with thiosulfate as shown in chemical
equation of reaction 2. As the result of the chemical reaction, tetrathionate ions and solution of
excess iodine from reaction 2 are formed. The excess iodine becomes liquid form when all the
thiosulphate ions are entirely dissolved and used. To estimate the rate of iodine formation, the
time for thiosulfate ions to fully react is considered in this experiment. As a result, the iodine
is consumed as fast as it is formed. As soon as all of the thiosulfate ions have reacted, however,
iodine begins to accumulate. The presence of iodine is then detected by the sudden appearance
of the dark blue color of the starch–iodine complex, which can be represented by below
equation:

• Reaction 3 – Fast Reaction

𝐼2 + (𝐶6 𝐻10 𝑂5 )𝑛 ∙ 𝐻2 0 → (𝐶6 𝐻10 𝑂5 )𝑛 ∙ 𝐻2 0 − 𝐼2

At constant temperature and ionic strength, the rate of reaction can be expressed as the change
in concentration of a reagent or product over the change in time and can be equated to the rate
law expression:

3
 𝑑[𝑆2 𝑂82− ] 𝑑[𝐼 − ]
𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = − = = 𝑘[𝑆2 𝑂82− ]𝑚 [𝐼 − ]𝑛
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
∆[𝑆2 𝑂82− ] ∆[𝐼 − ]
≈ − =
∆𝑡 ∆𝑡

where,

• r = reaction rate (mol/L.min)

• [ ] = species concentration (mol/L)
• k = reaction rate constant
• m, n = order of reaction

The rate law expression shown aboce had expressed the initial change in concentration of
S2O82- ions), and Δt, the time elapsed during the change, as well as the initial concentration of
S2O82- and I- ions.

The variation in concentration of persulfate and the variation in concentration of iodine are
basically given by:

∆[𝑆2 𝑂82− ] = [𝑆2 𝑂82− ]𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 − [𝑆2 𝑂82− ]𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 = 0 − [𝑆2 𝑂82− ]𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 = −[𝑆2 𝑂82− ]𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑑

∆[𝐼2 ] = [𝐼2 ]𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 − [𝐼2 ]𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 = [𝐼2 ]𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 − 0

Since, [𝐼2 ]𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 = 0,

∆[𝐼2 ] = [𝐼2 ]𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙

Hence, the rate of equation can be represented as below;

∆[[𝐼2 ] 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐼2
𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = =
∆𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑥 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

where,

• moles of I2 = moles of S2O32- = volume of S2O32- added x concentration of S2O32-

Based on the stoichiometry of reaction 2, e, 1 mole of iodine produced is equivalent to 2

mole of thiosulfate consumed, the equation can be further written as below:

1 2− 2−
∆[[𝐼2 ] 2 𝑥 volume of 𝑆2 𝑂3 added x concentration of 𝑆2 𝑂3
𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = =
∆𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑥 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

4
 Hence, the order of the reaction with respect to the persulfate and the order of the
reaction with respect with iodine will be determined by using the initial rate method. Initial rate
method is the method of initial rates allows the values of these reaction orders to be found by
running the reaction multiple times under controlled conditions and measuring the rate of the
reaction in each case (Libretexts, 2021). All variables are held constant from one run to the
next, except for the concentration of one reactant. The rate law of the equation can be written
as:

𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑘[𝑆2 𝑂82− ]𝑚 [𝐼 − ]𝑛

Hence, by taking the natural of log of both sides, the equation can be written as:

ln 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = ln 𝑘 + 𝑚 ln[𝑆2 𝑂82− ] + 𝑛 ln[𝐼 − ]

where, 𝑛 ln[𝐼 − ] = constant. By comparing the above equation with the linear equation, y =
mx+c, the slope of the best fit line of the graph that plotted by ln rate versus ln S2O82- will be
the order of the reaction with respect to persulfate.

Besides that, in order to investigate the effect of temperature on the reaction rate, the
different temperature start from 35 ▫C to 60 ▫C with interval range of 5▫C will be used in the
experiment. The reaction rate of different temperature can be calculated by using the Arrhenius
equation. Arrhenius equation is an equation that describe the relation between the rate of
reaction and temperature for many physical and chemical reactions (Ashter, 2014). Arrhenius
equation can be represent as below:

−𝐸𝑎
𝑘 = 𝐴 exp( )
𝑅𝑇

where,

• A = pre-exponential factor or frequency factor

• R = gas constant (8.314 J/mol.K)
• T = absolute reaction temperature
• E = activation energy (J/mol)

Hence, by put the natural of log at the both sides of the equation, the Arrhenius equation
can be linearised into this form:

−𝐸𝑎
ln 𝑘 = + ln 𝐴
𝑅𝑇

5
Thus, a graph of ln k versus 1/T will be plotted and the value of Ea and ln A can be calculated
by using the slope and y-intercept of the graph.

4.0 METHODOLOGY

the following solution will be provided :

• Sodium thiosulfate, Na2S2O3 solution (1M) ~ 6.25/40 g/L

• Potassium persulfate, K2S2O8 solution (2.5%) ~ 25g/L
• Potassium iodide, KI solution (5%) ~ 50g/L
• Starch solution (1%)

First Experiment: Dependence of reaction rate on the concentration of reactants

Scope: Determination of reaction orders (m and n) and rate constant (k)

Experimental procedures for the first experiment are described according to Table 1 and Table
2. The first experiment must be conducted at similar and constant reaction temperature.

Part I: Determination of reaction order with respect to persulfate ion (m)

1. All the beakers and flasks are cleaned up with distilled water.
2. For the data set in Table 1, a conical flask containing K2S2O8 solution should be soaked
in a water bath at a temperature around 35oC - 40oC. The K2S2O8 solution should be
allowed to reach a similar temperature as the water bath.
3. Another conical flask should be filled with 30mL of KI solution. Into this flask,
Na2S2O3 solution, starch solution, and distilled water (according to Table 1) should be
added. This mixture represents the reaction medium.
4. The reaction medium should be soaked in the same water bath. The reaction medium
should be stirred with a magnetic stirrer until it reaches the temperature of the water
bath.
5. Once the K2S2O8 solution and the reaction medium have reached the same temperature
as the water bath, the K2S2O8 solution should be pipetted into the reaction medium.
The stopwatch should be started at the first drop of K2S2O8 solution into the reaction
medium.
6. The timing should be stopped when the reaction medium turns into a deep blue complex
color.

6
Part II: Determination of reaction order with respect to iodide ion (n)

The experiment was repeated for the set of data in the table 2, for different amount of KI
solution and distilled water, where as the amount of K2S2O8 solution is kept constant.

Second Experiment: Dependence of reaction rate on the reaction temperature

Scope: Determination of activation energy (Ea) and Arrhenius constant (k)

The experiment was repeated for the set of data in the Table 3 at different reaction temperature.

Experiment 1: Iodine Reaction

Table 1. Preparation of solution to determine the reaction order with respect to persulfate ion
(m)

Conical Flask Exp. Run #1 #2 #3 #4 #5

Reaction Starch Solution (mL) 5 5 5 5 5
Medium Distilled water (mL) 50 45 40 25 15
Na2S2O8 solution (mL) 10 10 10 10 10
KI solution (mL) 30 30 30 30 30
In Pipette K2S2O8 solution (mL) 5 10 15 30 40
Total (mL) 100 100 100 100 100
Time (min)

Table 1. Preparation of solution to determine the reaction order with respect to iodide ion (n)

Conical Flask Exp. Run #1 #2 #3 #4 #5

Reaction Starch Solution (mL) 5 5 5 5 5
Medium Distilled water (mL) 55 50 45 30 20
Na2S2O8 solution (mL) 10 10 10 10 10
KI solution (mL) 5 10 15 30 40
In Pipette K2S2O8 solution (mL) 25 25 25 25 25
Total (mL) 100 100 100 100 100
Time (min)

7
Table 3. Preparation of solutions to determine the activation energy (Ea) and Arrhenius
constant (k)

Conical Flask Exp. Run #1 #2 #3 #4 #5

Reaction Starch Solution (mL) 5 5 5 5 5
Medium Distilled water (mL) 55 55 55 55 55
Na2S2O8 solution (mL) 10 10 10 10 10
KI solution (mL) 5 5 5 5 5
In Pipette K2S2O8 solution (mL) 25 25 25 25 25
Total (mL) 100 100 100 100 100
Reaction Temperature (℃) 35 40 45 50 60
Time (min)

All the results collected from the experiment were shown on result section.

8
 5.0 RESULT

5.1 Dependence of Reaction Rate on Concentration of Reactants

Table 5.1: Preparation of solution to determine the reaction order with respect to
persulfate ion (m)

Conical
Exp. run #1 #2 #3 #4 #5
Flask
Starch solution
5 5 5 5 5
(mL)
Distilled water
Reaction 50 45 40 25 15
(mL)
Medium
Na2S2O3 sol.
10 10 10 10 10
(mL)
KI sol. (mL) 30 30 30 30 30
K2S2O8 sol.
In pipette 5 10 15 30 40
(mL)
Total (ml) 100 100 100 100 100
Time (min) 2.28 1.51 1.16 0.36 0.28
Initial moles Na2S2O3
0.000395294 0.000395294 0.000395294 0.000395294 0.000395294
(mol)
Initial moles K2S2O8 (mol) 0.000462411 0.000924823 0.001387234 0.002774469 0.003699292
moles I2 reacted (mol) 0.000197647 0.000197647 0.000197647 0.000197647 0.000197647
moles K2S2O8 reacted
0.000197647 0.000197647 0.000197647 0.000197647 0.000197647
(mol)
moles K2S2O8 remained
0.000264764 0.000727176 0.001189587 0.002576822 0.003501645
(mol)
final conc. Of K2S2O8
0.002647643 0.007271758 0.011895873 0.025768218 0.035016447
(mol/L)
change in conc. K2S2O8
0.001976472 0.001976472 0.001976472 0.001976472 0.001976472
(mol/L)
rate,-rA (mol/L.min) 0.000866874 0.001308922 0.001703855 0.0054902 0.007058829
ln(-rA) -7.05061725 -6.63855145 -6.37486181 -5.20479056 -4.95347613
ln(S2O8 2-) -5.93408552 -4.92375723 -4.43156377 -3.65861342 -3.3519374

9
5.1.1 Calculation: Preparation of solutions to determine the reaction order with respect
to persulfate ion (m)

Calculation on Exp. Run #1

• Concentration of sodium thiosulfate, Na2S2O3 solution = 6.25 g/L

• Molar Mass of Sodium thiosulfate, Na2S2O3 solution = 158.11g/mol

6.25 𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑙 1𝐿
Initial moles of Na2S2O3 = × × × 10 mL = 0.000395294 mol
𝐿 158.11 𝑔 1000 𝑚𝐿

• Concentration of Potassium persulfate, K2S2O8 solution (2.5%) =25g/L

• Molar Mass of Potassium persulfate, K2S2O8 solution =270.322g/mol

25 𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑙 1𝐿
Initial moles of K2S2O8 = × × × 5 mL = 0.000462411 mol
𝐿 270.322 𝑔 1000 𝑚𝐿

• Reaction (1):

K2S2O8 + 2𝐾𝐼 → 2𝐾2𝑆𝑂4 + 𝐼2

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝐾2𝑆2𝑂8 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑠 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝐼2

• Reaction (2):

2𝑁𝑎2𝑆2𝑂3 + 𝐼2 → 𝑁𝑎2𝑆4𝑂6 + 2𝑁𝑎𝐼

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝐼2 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎2𝑆2𝑂3

• From Reaction (2):

1 1
Moles of I2 reacted = 2 × mol of 𝑁𝑎2𝑆2𝑂3 = 2 × 0.000395294 mol

= 0.000197647 mol
• From Reaction (1):
Moles of 𝐾2𝑆2𝑂8 reacted = mol of I2 reacted
= 0.000197647 mol

‫ ؞‬moles of 𝐾2𝑆2𝑂8 remaining = mol 𝐾2𝑆2𝑂8 initial - mol 𝐾2𝑆2𝑂8 reacted

= 0.000462411 mol - 0.000197647 mol

= 0.000264764 mol

• Concentration

10
 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 K2S2O8 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑
Final concentration of 𝐾2𝑆2𝑂8 =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
0.000264764 mol 1000 mL
= ×
100 𝑚𝐿 1𝐿
= 0.002647643 mol/L
• Rate of reaction
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 K2S2O8
Rate, -rA =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
0.001976472 mol/L
= = 0.000866874 mol/L
2.28 𝑚𝑖𝑛

• Natural Log
ln(-rA) = ln (0.000866874)
= -7.05061725

ln(CA) = ln (final concentration of 𝐾2𝑆2𝑂8)

= ln (0.002647643)

= -5.93408552

The calculation step shown in above were repeated for Set 2 until Set 5.

5.1.2 Graph of ln(-rA) against ln [S2O8 2-]

From the equation,

𝐼𝑛 (−𝑟𝐴) = ln 𝑘 + 𝑚 𝑙𝑛 𝐶𝐴 + 𝑛 ln 𝐶𝐵

For this part, the preparation of solutions was done to determine the reaction order with
respect to persulfate ion (m) where the concentration of iodide is constant.

𝐼𝑛 (−𝑟𝐴) = ln 𝑘 + 𝑚 𝑙𝑛 𝐶𝐴 + 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

Hence, an equation can be obtained to plot a graph which can use y = mx+c to find out the
order of the reaction.

𝐼𝑛 (−𝑟𝐴) = 𝑚 ln 𝐶𝐴 + 𝐴

Where,

𝐴 = 𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 = ln 𝑘 + 𝑛 𝑙𝑛𝐶𝐵

𝑚 = 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑖𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

11
𝐼𝑛 (𝐶𝐴) = ln [𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐾2𝑆2𝑂8]

0
-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0
-1

-2

-3
𝐼𝑛 (−𝑟𝐴)

-4

-5

y = 0.8526x - 2.2419
-6

-7

-8
ln(S2O8 2-)

Figure 5.1 : Graph of ln(-rA) against ln[S2O8 2- ]

From the graph, the equation obtained is

𝐼𝑛 (−𝑟𝐴) = 0.8526 ln [S2O8 2- ] – 2.2419

Where,

A = – 2.2419 ; m = 0.8526

Thus, the reaction order with respect to persulfate (m) is 0.8526.

12
5.2 Preparation of solutions to determine the reaction order with respect to iodide ion.

Table 5.2.1: Preparation of solution to determine the reaction order with respect to
iodide ion (n).

Conical Exp. Run Set 1 Set 2 Set 3 Set 4 Set 5

Flask
Reaction Starch Solution 5 5 5 5 5
Medium (mL)
Distilled Water 55 55 55 55 55
(mL)
Na2S2O3 10 10 10 10 10
Solution (mL)
KI Solution 5 5 5 5 5
(mL)
In Pipette K2S2O8 25 25 25 25 25
Solution (mL)
Total (mL) 100 100 100 100 100
Time (min) 6.20 3.10 1.58 0.58 0.37

Table 5.2.2: Data Calculated from Calculation for Determining the Reaction Order,
Rate Constant, Activation Energy and Arrhenius Constant of Iodine Reaction.

Initial Moles of Na2S2O3 0.0003953 0.0003953 0.0003953 0.0003953 0.0003953

(mol)
Initial Moles of K2S2O8 0.002312 0.002312 0.002312 0.002312 0.002312
(mol)
Initial Moles of KI (mol) 0.001506 0.003012 0.004518 0.009036 0.01205
Mol of K2S2O8 Reacted 0.0001977 0.0001977 0.0001977 0.0001977 0.0001977
(mol)
Mol of KI reacted (mol) 0.0003953 0.0003953 0.0003953 0.0003953 0.0003953
Mol of KI Excess (mol) 0.0011107 0.002617 0.004123 0.008641 0.01165
Final Concentration of 0.011107 0.02617 0.04123 0.08641 0.1165
KI (mol/L)

13
 Change in Concentration 0.003953 0.003953 0.003953 0.003953 0.003953
of KI (mol/L)
Rate (mol/L.min) 0.0006376 0.001275 0.002502 0.006816 0.0107
ln (-rA) -7.3578 -6.6648 -5.9907 -4.9885 -4.5375
ln (I-) -4.5002 -3.6431 -3.1886 -2.4487 -2.1499

5.2.2 Calculation

For Set 1

Concentration of sodium thiosulfate solution = 6.25g/L

Molar mass of sodium thiosulfate solution = 158.11 g/mol

6.25𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑙 1𝐿
𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆2 𝑂3 = 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥10𝑚𝑙
𝐿 158.11𝑔 1000𝑚𝑙
= 0.0003953 𝑚𝑜𝑙

Concentration of potassium persulfate (2.5%) = 25g/L

Molar mass of potassium persulfate = 270.322g/mol

25𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑙 1𝐿
𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐾2 𝑆2 𝑂8 = 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥25𝑚𝑙
𝐿 270.322𝑔 1000𝑚𝑙
= 0.002312 𝑚𝑜𝑙

Concentration of potassium iodide solution (5%) = 50g/L

Molar mass of potassium iodide = 166.0028 g/mol

50𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑙 1𝐿
𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐾𝐼 = 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 5𝑚𝑙
𝐿 166.0028𝑔 1000𝑚𝑙
= 0.001506 𝑚𝑜𝑙

Based on reaction 1, 1 mol of K2S2O8 produces 1 mol of I2, hence in reaction 2, 1 mol of I2
will react with 2 mol of Na2S2O3, so number of moles of K2S2O8 reacted is:

1
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓𝐾2 𝑆2 𝑂8 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 𝑥 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆2 𝑂3
2
1
= 𝑥 0.0003953 𝑚𝑜𝑙
2
= 0.0001977 𝑚𝑜𝑙

14
 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐾𝐼 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 2 𝑥 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝐾2 𝑆2 𝑂8 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑
= 2 𝑥 0.0001977 𝑚𝑜𝑙
= 0.0003953 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐾𝐼 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 − 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑
= 0.001506 − 0.0003953
= 0.0011107 𝑚𝑜𝑙

Concentration:

𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐾𝐼 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐾𝐼 =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
0.0011107𝑚𝑜𝑙 1000𝑚𝑙
= 𝑥
100𝑚𝑙 1𝐿
= 0.011107 𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝐿

𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝐾𝐼 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐾𝐼 =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
0.0003953 𝑚𝑜𝑙 1000𝑚𝑙
= 𝑥
100𝑚𝑙 𝐿
= 0.003953𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝐿

Rate of Reaction:

𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐾𝐼
−𝑟𝐴 =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
0.003953𝑚𝑜𝑙 1
= 𝑥
𝐿 6.2𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑚𝑜𝑙
= 0.0006376
𝐿. 𝑚𝑖𝑛

Natural Log:

ln( − 𝑟𝐴 ) = ln (0.0006376)
= −7.3578

ln(𝐶𝐵 ) = ln(𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐾𝐼)

= ln(0.011107)
= −4.5002

Then, the calculation step shown in above were repeated for Set 2 until Set 5.

15
5.2.3 Graph of ln (-rA) against ln (I-)

The equation given,

ln 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = ln 𝑘 + 𝑚 ln[𝑆2 𝑂82− ] + 𝑛 ln[𝐼 − ]

Since in table 2, the preparation of solutions was done to determine the reaction order with
respect to iodide ion (n), so the concentration of persulfate ion is constant. Hence, the equation
can be further simplifying to

ln 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑛 ln 𝐶𝐵 + 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐
ln(−𝑟𝐴 ) = 𝑛 ln 𝐶𝐵 + 𝐴

Wher4e,

• A= y-intercept of graph = m ln CA + constant

• n = slope of graph with best fit line = order of reaction
• ln (CB) = ln (final concentration of KI)

ln(-rA) vs ln (I-)
0
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0
-1

-2

-3
ln(-rA)

y = 1.2241x - 2.0078 -4

-5

-6

-7

-8
ln(I-)

Figure 5.2.3: Graph of ln (-rA) against ln (I-).

Based on the graph obtained,

ln(−𝑟𝐴 ) = 1.2241 𝑙𝑛𝐼 − − 2.0078

𝐴 = ln 𝑘 + 𝑚 ln 𝐶𝐴 = −2.0078
𝑛 = 1.2241

16
• The reaction order with respect to iodide ion (n) is 1.2241.

𝐶𝐴 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐾2 𝑆2 𝑂8
= 0.002312 − 0.0001977)
𝑚𝑜𝑙
= 0.0021143
𝐿
𝐶𝐵 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐾𝐼
𝑚𝑜𝑙
= 0.011107
𝐿
−𝑟𝐴 = 0.0006376𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝐿

• Reaction order
m = 0.8526
n =1.2241

𝐶𝐴𝑚 𝐶𝐵𝑛 = 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐾2 𝑆2 𝑂8𝑚 𝑥 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐾𝐼 𝑛

= 0.00211430.8526 𝑥 0.0111071.2241
= 0.000021235
• Arrhenius Constant, k

𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑘[𝑆2 𝑂82− ]𝑚 [𝐼 − ]𝑛

−𝑟𝐴
𝑘= 𝑚 𝑛
𝐶𝐴 𝐶𝐵
0.0006376
=
0.000021235
𝐿
= 30.0259
𝑚𝑜𝑙. 𝑚𝑖𝑛

17
5.3 Dependence of Reaction Rate on the Reaction Temperature

Table 5.3.1 : Preparation of solutions to determine the activation energy (Ea) and
Arrhenius constant (k).

Experiment 1 2 3 4 5

Temperature (K) 308.15 313.15 318.15 323.15 333.15

Starch (C H O ) (mL) 6 10 5 5 5 5 5 5

Distilled water (mL) 55 55 55 55 55

Na S O (mL)
2 2 3 10 10 10 10 10

KI (mL) 5 5 5 5 5

K S O (mL)
2 2 8 25 25 25 25 25

Total volume of solution (mL) 100 100 100 100 100

Time (min) - - 13.14 7.30 6.20

Initial moles Na S O (10 ) mol 2 2 3

-4
3.97 3.97 3.97 3.97 3.97

Initial moles K S O , (10 ) mol 2 2 8

-3
2.31 2.31 2.31 2.31 2.31

Initial moles KI, (10 ) mol -3

1.51 1.51 1.51 1.51 1.51

Moles K S O reacted, (10 ) mol

2 2 8
-4
- - 1.99 1.99 1.99

Moles KI reacted, (10 ) mol -4

- - 3.98 3.98 3.98

Moles K S O remained (10 ) 2 2 8

-3
- - 2.11 2.11 2.11
mol

Moles KI excess, (10 ) mol -3

- - 1.11 1.11 1.11

Final concentration K S O , C 2 2 8 A - - 2.11 2.11 2.11

(10 ) M -2

18
 Final concentration KI, CB (10 ) -2
- - 1.11 1.11 1.11
M

-rA, (10 ) mol / L min

-4
- - 3.028 5.452 6.419

C C (10 ) mol /L
A
m
B
n -4 2 2
- - 1.5086 1.5086 1.5086

k (L/mol.min) - - 2.0071 3.6139 4.2549

ln k - - 0.6967 1.2848 1.4481

1/T (10 ) K -3 -1
- - 0.00310 0.00320
0.00314

Calculation For Table 5.3

Concentration of Na2S2O3 = 6.25 g/LMW g/mol

= 6.25 g/L158.12 g/mol

= 0.0397 mol/L (0.0397M)

Initial moles of Na2S2O3 = Volume Na2S2O3 x concentration Na2S2O3

10𝑚𝐿 0.0397𝑚𝑜𝑙 1𝐿
= 1
| 𝐿 | 1000𝑀𝐿

-4
= 3.97 X 10 mol

25𝑔/𝐿
Concentration of K2S2O8 = 𝑀𝑊𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙

25𝑔/𝐿
= 270.34𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙

= 0.0924 mol/L (0.0924M)

Initial moles of K2S2O8 = Volume K2S2O8 x concentration K2S2O8

25𝑚𝐿 0.0924𝑚𝑜𝑙 1𝐿
= 1
| 𝑙
| 1000𝑚𝐿

-3
= 2.31 X 10 mol

19
Concentration of KI = 50 g/LMW g/mol

= 50 g/L166 g/mol

= 0.3012mol/L (0.3012M)

Initial moles of KI = Volume KI x concentration KI

= 5 mL1 | 0.3012molL | 1L1000mL

-3
= 1.51 x 10 mol

Moles of K2S2O8 and KI reacted can referred to sample calculation in 4.2.1 and 4.2.2

Moles K2S2O8 remained = Initial moles K2S2O8- Moles K2S2O8 reacted

= (2.31 x 10-3) – (1.99 x 10-4)

= 2.11 x 10-3 mol

Moles KI excess = Initial moles KI - Moles KI reacted

= (1.51 x 10-3) – (3.98 x 10-4)

=1.11 x 10-3 mol

Final Concentration of K2S2O8 = Moles K2S2O8 excess / Total volume

= 2.11 x 10-3 / 0.1 L

= 2.11 x 10-2 M

Final Concentration of KI = Moles KI excess / Total volume

= 1.11 x 10-3 / 0.1 L

= 1.11 x 10-2 M

3.98𝑥10−4𝑚𝑜𝑙
-rA = moles of I2Total volume x Time = 0.1 𝐿 𝑥13.14

= 3.028 x 10-4 mol / L min

From the plotted graph, m = 0.8526 and n = 1.2241

20
 CAmCBn = (2.11𝑥10 − 2)0.8526 (1.11𝑥10−2 )1.2241

= 1.5086 X 10−4

k = -rA / CAmCBn

= 3.028 x 10-4 / 1.5086 X 10−4

= 2.0071 L/mol.min

ln (k) =ln (2.0071)

= 0.6967

Figure 5.3.1: Graph ln K vs 1/T

Determination of activation energy (Ea) and Arrhenius constant (k)

Arrhenius equation:
ln k = -EaR (1/T) + ln A
From graph, equation is
By comparison,
k = A. exp (-EaRT) k
ln k= -0.00013(1/T) +0.0033.
𝐸𝑎
-𝑅 =-0.00013, where R= 8.314 J/k. mol

Ea = 0.0011 J/mol

ln A =0.0033

21
A = 1.007627 x 1010
Hence, the activation energy, Ea is 0.0011 J/mol and Arrhenius constant, A is 1.007627 x 1010

6.0 DISCUSSION

Figure 5.1 depicts a graph of ln (-rA) vs ln [𝑆2 𝑂82−]. The slope of the best fit line is
0.8526, indicating the value of the persulfate reaction order (m) if the iodide concentration was
held constant. The concentration of 𝑆2 𝑂82− is proportional to the rate of reaction, according to
the graph. The rate of reaction increases as the concentration of 𝑆2 𝑂82− increases. As a result, as
the concentration of a reactant grows, the time required for the reaction to occur reduces,
causing the rate of reaction to increase due to the increased chance of molecule collision during
the reaction period. According to Table 5.1, the time required for the mixed solution to react
with potassium persulfate ( 𝐾2 𝑆2 𝑂8 ) decreased from 2.28 minutes to 0.28 minutes. However,
the higher the concentration of potassium persulfate (𝐾2 𝑆2 𝑂8 ) will cause its concentration to
rise, increasing the pace of reaction gradually.

The graph in Figure 5.2 demonstrated a linear relationship between ln ( 𝑟𝐵 ) and ln

(𝐶𝐵 ). This linear graph's gradient, n, is 1.2241, which shows the overall order of the reaction in
this experiment. Table 5.2 demonstrates that as the amount of potassium iodide (KI) increases,
the time required to react with potassium persulfate (𝐾2 𝑆2 𝑂8) decreases from 6.20 minutes to
0.37 minutes. As a result, the overall order of the reaction achieved is 1st order.

Using the Arrhenius equation to compute the value of activation energy, Ea, and the
Arrhenius constant, A, the equation obtained is ln k= -0.00013(1/T) +0.0033. . As a result, Ea
is 0.0011 J/mol and the y-intercept that represents the veluae of A is 1.007627 x 1010
liter/mol.min. According to Table 5.3, when the temperature rises, the reactants' molecules
obtain more kinetic energy in order to achieve the lowest activation energy and collide with
one another, causing them to flow faster. In this experiment, the rate of reaction increases as
the temperature rises.

A few mistakes were made during the experiment, which resulted in varied outcomes.
First and foremost, it is critical to select an adequate instrument for measuring the volume of
solutions. Following that, parallax should be avoided when measuring the volume of solution.
Besides that, the measuring cylinder and beaker should be set on a flat surface, and the volume
should be read at the bottom of the meniscus to avoid errors in the volume of chemical that fills

22
the beaker. Then, we must be patient and focused while waiting for the solutions to change to
dark blue, since the color changes in a matter of seconds.

Aside from that, another inaccuracy that may affect the accuracy of the amount obtained
may be caused by the number of decimal places employed during the computation part. To
avoid this issue, the significant figure should be standardized throughout the calculation.
Finally, the presence of wind in the lab might affect both the temperature of the water bath and
the solution in the beakers since the fans and windows do not close properly. As a result, the
experiment must be carried out in a contained atmosphere, with all fans and windows turned
off. Lastly, only 3 reading was recorded for Table 5.3 due to some mistake. To avoid this, make
sure to use the correct chemical substances during the experiment.

23
7.0 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the reaction order, m, obtained is 0.8526, and the reaction order, n,
obtained is 1.2241. At the same time, the overall order of the reaction determined in this
experiment is the first order of reaction. At different temperatures, the minimum activation
energy, Ea, is 0.0011 J/mol, and the Arrhenius constant, A, is 1.007627 x 1010 liter/mol.min.
The sole manipulated variable in this experiment was the amount of 𝐾2 𝑆2 𝑂8 , and we may
deduce that the more volume of 𝐾2 𝑆2 𝑂8 added, the less time it took for the reaction to change
color. The graph indicates an overall increasing positive trend, with the time required for color
change increasing as the volume of 𝐾2 𝑆2 𝑂8 , KI, and temperature rose in each experiment.
Finally, some parameters must not be overlooked, such as the volume of reactants employed,
the recorded time, and the color changes of the solution during the experiment, in order to
acquire more precise results and avoid mistakes.

24
8.0 REFERENCES

Libretexts. (2021). 1: Chemical Kinetics - The Method of Initial Rates (Experiment).

Chemistry LibreTexts. Retrived from:
https://chem.libretexts.org/Ancillary_Materials/Laboratory_Experiments/Wet_Lab_E
xperiments/General_Chemistry_Labs/Online_Chemistry_Lab_Manual/Chem_12_Exp
eriments/01%3A_Chemical_Kinetics__The_Method_of_Initial_Rates_(Experiment)#
:~:text=The%20method%20of%20initial%20rates%20allows%20the%20values%20o
f%20these,the%20concentration%20of%20one%20reactant.
Ashter, S. A. (2014). Mechanics of Materials. In Elsevier eBooks (pp. 123–145). Elsevier

BV. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-1-4557-3172-5.00006-2

Reaction Kinetics: The Iodine Clock Reaction (Lab Manual). (n.d.).

https://www.bellevuecollege.edu/wp-

content/uploads/sites/140/2014/06/Kinetics_Iodine_Clock_Rxn_Reportsheets.pdf

25
9.0 APPENDICS

Experiment
Result for Table 1

Experiment
Result for Table 2

26