UTS REVIEWER MIDTERM acknowledge but attempt to hide from ourselves

and others
PSYCHOLOGICAL
• Anima
Psychology - the feminine side of man and is responsible for
many of their irrational moods and feelings
- derived from the Greek word “psyche” which
• Animus
means “soul” and “logos” which means the “the
- the masculine side of women, is responsible for
study of”
irrational thinking and illogical opinions in women
- scientific study of human behavior and mental
• The Great Mother
processes
- the archetype of fertility and destruction
GOALS OF PSYCHOLOGY • The Wise Old Man
- archetype of wisdom and meaning symbolizes
• describe humans’ preexisting knowledge of the mysteries of
• explain life
• predict • Hero
• control - the unconscious image of a person who conquers
Nature VS Nurture Controversy an evil foe but who also has a tragic flaw
• Self
- the longstanding controversy over the relative - archetype of completeness, wholeness, and
contributions that genes and experiences make to perfection
the development of psychological traits and
behaviors William James

Biopsychosocial Approach - American philosopher and psychologist

- first educator to offer psychology in the United
- an integrated approach that incorporates States (Father of American Psychology)
biological, psychological, and socio-cultural
levels of analysis Theory of the Self

Analytical Psychology - an individual’s mental picture of the self is divided

into two categories: the “Me” and the “I”
- a theory which assumes that occult phenomena
can and do influence the lives of everyone ME Self

Collective Unconscious - considered as a separate object or individual that

the person refers to when discussing or describing
- refers to the idea that a segment of the deepest their personal experience
unconscious mind is genetically inherited and is - also called empirical ME
not shaped by personal experience • Material Self
• Social Self
Archetypes
• Spiritual Self
- ancient or archaic images that derive from the
collective unconscious I Self

Types of Archetypes according to Carl Gustav Jung - the self that knows and recognizes who they are
(Psychiatrist and Psychoanalyst) and what they have done
- also called PURE EGO
• Persona - similar to the person’s soul and mind
- represents the side of personality that people
show to the rest of the world Global Self
• Shadow - it represents the overall value that a person places
- the archetype of darkness and repression, upon himself
represents those qualities we do not wish to
 - the product of all experiences that a person had in
the society which accounts for the kind of person
he presently is
Self-Differentiation
- coined by an American Psychiatrist, Murray Bowen
- process of freeing yourself from your family’s
processes to define yourself
REAL AND IDEAL SELF-CONCEPTS
Self-Concept
- conceptualized by Carl Rogers, an American
Psychologists who proposed the personality
theory “Person-Centered Theory”
- how a person thinks about or perceives
himself/herself
Real Self-Concept
- refers to all information and perception the person
has about himself
Ideal Self-Concept
- model version the person has of himself/herself
- one’s view of self as one wishes to be
Self-Discrepancy Theory
- developed by Edward Tory Higgins in 1987
- individuals compare their “actual” self to
internalized standards or the “ideal/ought self” or
self guide.
SELF-DISCREPANCY THEORY
Actual Self
- your representation of the attributes that you
believe you actually possess, or that you believe
others believe you possess
Ideal Self
- your representation of the attributes that someone
(yourself or another) would like you, ideally, to
possess
Ought Self
- your representation of the attributes that someone
(yourself or another) believes you should or ought
to possess
Multiple Selves Theory
- this suggests that there exists in the individual
different aspects of the self
Unified Self
- integration of the different and conflicting aspects
of the self
True and False Selves
- came from an English Pediatrician and
Psychoanalyst, Donald Woods Winnicott
- D.W. Winnicott suggest the play is significant in
the development of the child
True Self
- sense of being alive and real in one’s mind and
body, having feelings that are spontaneous and
unforced
False Self
- a defense, a kind of mask of behavior that
complies with other’ expectations
Albert Bandura
- a Canadian-American psychologist, is well-known
for his “Social Cognitive Theory” (holds that
portions of an individual's knowledge acquisition
can be directly related to observing others within
the context of social interactions, experiences,
and outside media influences).
- believes that observation allows people to learn
without performing any behavior (observational
learning).
THE SELF AS PROACTIVE AND AGENTIC
Self-Efficacy
- refers to people’s belief that they are capable of
performing those behaviors that can produce
desired outcomes in a particular situation
Self-Regulation
- ability to monitor and manage your energy states,
emotions, thoughts, and behaviors in ways that
are acceptable and produce positive results such
as well-being, loving relationships, and learning
- can occur when a person attempts to minimize
the discrepancies between what a person already
accomplished and what the person still wants to
achieve
SELF-REGULATION ACCORDING TO ALBERT BANDURA:
1. Monitor our own behavior, the influences on our
behavior, and the consequences of our behavior;
2. Judge our behavior in relation to our own personal
standards and broader, more contextual
standards;
3. React to our own behavior (i.e., what we think and
how we feel about our behavior)
THE PHYSICAL SELF
Self-Understanding
- individual’s cognitive representation of the self
Growing Up
- physical self is the concrete, tangible dimensions
of the body
- adolescence 10 to 19 y.o.
- youth in nation building act defined youth as ages
15-30
Puberty
- Puberty is not the same as adolescence because
puberty ends prior to the end of the adolescent
period.
- The most essential marker of the beginning of
adolescence
Body Image
- the way one sees himself/herself
- a healthy body image is made up of positive
thoughts, feelings, and acceptance of one’s body
and overall physical appearance
Imaginary Audience
- young adolescent believe that many people are
actively listening to or watching him/her
- this is called SPOTLIGHT EFFECT in Social
Psychology
THE SEXUAL SELF PART 1
Sexual Self
- human sexuality is influenced by physical,
psychological, spiritual, and cultural factors
PERSPECTIVE OF HUMAN SEXUALITY
Sexual Selfhood
- how one thinks about himself or herself as a
sexual individual.
VARIOUS WAYS OF UNDERSTANDING SEXUALITY:
1. Historical
Ancient Greece
- penis is the symbol of fertility and the male body
was greatly admired
- Wives were objects to be possessed
- Women have no legal and political rights, not even
allowed to read and write.
- only function is to bear children “gyne” –bearer of
children
The Middle Ages
- influenced by the church especially “sexuality”
Church decree: all sexual acts which do not lead
to procreation is evil
- women were labelled as “temptress” or “of virtue”
The Protestant Reformation
- Martin Luther and others started a movement
- Sexuality is a natural part of life and that priests
should be allowed to marry and have families
- Sexual intimacy is to strengthen the bond
between husband and wife and not just for
procreation.
17th and 18th Century
- Puritans (discontented with the Church of
England) rallied for religious, moral, and social
reformation
- Premarital sex was considered immoral
Victorian Era (1800s to 1901)
- homosexuality and prostitution were rampant
- sex was a marital duty (pure)
- ejaculating more than once a month can weaken a
man, masturbation leads to blindness, insanity,
and death.
- 20th century, separation between the church and
state reduced the influence of the church over
sexual matters and morals
- pregnancy was controlled by natural and artificial
contraception
 - increased incidence of sexually transmitted 5. Religious
diseases because of risky sexual activities.
Judaism – marital sex is blessed by God and is pleasurable
- rise of feminism (employment, home life)
for both man and woman
- overtime, it led to today’s view of what is
considered sexually normal. - sexual connection is an opportunity for spirituality

2. Biological Islam – family is important

- it is the brain that initializes and organizes sexual
- celibacy within marriage is prohibited
behavior.
- muslim men are allowed to have up to 4 wives
- sexual reproduction
while women much have only 1 husband
- starts with the body being prepared (secondary
- extramarital sex penalized
sex characteristics)
- reproductive organs are being prepared for Taoism (China) – sex is natural and healthy
functional maturity
- sexual union is a way to balance male and female
- During intercourse, fertilization may take place
energy
22 pairs are called autosomes
Hinduism – sexuality is seen as a spiritual force
23 pair determines the sex
rd

- ritual of lovemaking is celebrating a transcending

female – xx the physical

male – xy Roman Catholic – marriage is purely for intercourse and

3. Sociobiological/Evolutionary
Natural Selection
- process by which organisms that are best suited
for their environment are most likely to survive.
- traits that lead to reproductive advantage tend to
be passed on and maladaptive traits are lost.
• it all begins with physical attraction
procreation
- homosexual orientation is not sinful but
homosexual acts are immoral and sinful
- opposes use of birth control and abortion is
prohibited
THE SEXUAL SELF PART 2 (HIV AND AIDS)
HIV AND AIDS

Beauty - In 2006, about 2.3 million children from 1 to 15

were living with HIV and AIDS
- more than just a cultural standard
- 1,500 children are infected and mostly are from
- it is an evolutionary standard used to attract best
Asia
male or best female
- 2,916 cases are registered in the Philippines but
the actual number is estimated to be more than
• Women with big breasts – produce more milk
11,000
and ensures offspring’s survival.
- Prevention of risk behaviors leading to the disease
• Men with broad shoulders and muscles – ensure
is deemed important
safety and security for offspring
HIV – Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Survival is the goal of evolutionary perspective but what’s
important is the love, care and responsibility each gender - the one who cause AIDS
has for each other - infect human cells and uses the nutrients and the
energy provided by the cells to reproduce and
4. Psychological
grow
- sexuality involves emotions
AIDS – Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Erogenous zones – areas of pleasure in the body
- disease leading to the breakdown of the body’s
immune system which causes the body to fail in
fighting off infections
HIV AND AIDS
• HIV can lead to infections that attack and destroy
CD4 (T cells) of the immune system
• AIDS can be diagnosed by the number of CD4 cell
count
• a healthy individual has around 500 – 1,600 cells /
cubic mm
• less than 200 cells / cubic mm indicates AIDS
MAIN CAUSES OF HIV / AIDS
1. Sexual Transmission – intimate sexual activities
like vaginal, oral, anal sex with a partner
2. Transmission through pregnancy – pregnant
woman infecting the fetus during pregnancy or
breastfeeding
3. Transmission through blood – sharing of syringes
and needles
• THERE IS NO CURE FOR HIV / AIDS
• 25 MILLION PEOPLE HAVE DIED WORLDWIDE
ABC OF HIV PREVENTION
A – abstinence or delaying sex
B – being safe by being faithful to only one partner
C – correct use of condoms although it is not 100% safe
THE SEXUAL SELF PART 3 (LOVE AND SEXUAL ISSUES)
The Psychology of Love
1. Behavioral Reinforcement Theory
- when someone receives a reward, a positive
feeling may be experienced. The better the
feelings associated with the behavior, the more
that the behavior is repeated.
2. Physiological Arousal Theory
- our bodies experience a physiological change
then we assign an emotion to that change.
3. Evolutionary Theories
- male seeks a female who is physically
attractive to carry their offspring while
female seeks a male who can support her
and their offspring
FACTORS TO DETERMINE WITH WHOM PEOPLE FALL IN
LOVE
• Physical Attractiveness
• Reciprocity (liking those who also like us)
• Proximity (being around anytime, physically or
virtually)
• Similarities (age, religion, education, race, both
physically attractive, intelligence, socio-economic
class)
DIVERSITY OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR
1. Sociosexual Behavior
- involving more than one person
- it is generally expressed in heterosexual and
homosexual behavior
2. Solitary Behavior
- self stimulation or self masturbation
SEXUAL ORIENTATION
1. Homosexual
- a person whose sexual orientation is toward
another of the same sex
a. Lesbian – a woman whose sexual and romantic
attraction is toward women
b. Gay – a man whose sexual and romantic
orientation is towards other men
2. Heterosexual
- person whose sexual orientation is towards others
of the opposite sex
3. Bisexual
- person who may be sexually orientated to both
men and women
 4. Pansexual
- a new sexual orientation of persons who are
sexually attracted to people regardless of their sex
or gender identity
• Pan – Greek word for “all or every”
- aside from men and women, they may also be
attracted to transgender, transsexuals,
androgynous, and other gender categories
5. Transgender
- broad spectrum of individuals who persistently
identify with a gender different from their natal
gender
• gender dysphoria – distress that may accompany
the incongruence between one’s expressed
gender or gender identity and one’s assigned
gender
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS
1. Genital Herpes
- caused by a large family of viruses of different
strains. These strains also produce other non-
sexually transmitted disease such as chicken pox.
2. Genital Warts
- caused by human papillomavirus. They are very
contagious and are commonly acquired in the US
in 15-24 age group.
3. Gonorrhea
- thrives in the moist mucuous membranes linings
of the mouth, throat, vagina, cervix, urethra, and
the anal tract.
4. Syphilis
- if left untreated, it may progress through 4 phases:
1. Primary – sores appear
2. Secondary – general skin rashes occur
3. Latent – no overt symptoms which may last for
several years
4. Tertiary – cardiovascular disease, blindness,
paralysis, skin ulcer, liver damage, mental
problem and death
5. Chlamydia
- the most common urinary tract and bladder
infection as well as vaginal yeast infection
6. HIV and AIDS
MATERIAL SELF OR ECONOMIC SELF
Material Self
- your concept of self as reflected in a total of all the
tangible things you own
Semiotics
- also called semiology
- found by Swiss Linguist and Semiotician,
Ferdinand de Saussure
- the study of signs
• sign – it is anything that communicated a meaning
Semiotic Analysis
- used by scholars and professional researchers as
a method to interpret meanings behind symbols
and how the meanings are created
Roland Barthes
- revealed that everyday objects are not just things
but they are also complex system of signs which
allows to read meaning into people and places.
Signifier
- the thing, item, or code that we read so, a drawing,
a word, a photo
Signified
- the meaning or idea expressed by a sign, as
distinct from the physical form in which it is
expressed
Sam Gosling
- a personality and social psychologist who studied
how people project their inner selves into their
material possessions
- He wrote the book Snoop: What Your Stuff Says
About You
Helga Dittmar
- professor of Social and Applied Psychology in the
University of Sussex
- author of The Social Psychology of Material
Possessions (1992) – this book addresses the
solely neglected subject of the social
psychological meanings and functions of
possessions and property
THEORY OF THE MEANING OF MATERIAL POSSESSIONS
Instrumental Functions
- direct control over environment, functional uses
• Use-related – make possible activity and
symbolize activity
Symbolic Function
- expression of who somebody is
 • Self-Expressive - symbolize unique aspects, Economic Self-Sufficiency
personal qualities, values, attributes; reflects
- the ability of individuals and families to maintain
personal history; signify relationships
sufficient income to consistently meet their basic
• Social-Categorical - symbolize group
needs with no or minimal financial assistance or
membership, social position, status; locate
subsidies from private or public organizations
individual in socio-material term
Economic Identity
Economics
- psychological phenomenon that results from
- a science that deals with the making, distributing,
social categorization
selling, and purchasing of goods and services

Needs

- in economics, it refers to an individual’s basic

requirement that must be fulfilled, in order to
survive

Wants

- described as the goods and services, which an

individual like to have, as a part of his caprices

SYMBOLIC MOTIVES

Status

- the extent to which people believe they can derive

a sense of recognition or achievement from
owning and using the right kind of product

Affective Motives

- pertains to affect (emotions) as a motivator of

behavior/action

Anticipated Affect

- refers to an individual’s positive or negative

feelings about performing or not performing the
behavior in question

Materialism

- philosophy that everything can be explained in

terms of matter, or the idea that goods and wealth
are the most important things

Consumerism

- a social and economic order that encourages the

acquisition of goods and services in ever
increasing amounts

Consumer Identity

- the consumption pattern through which a

consumer describes themselves