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HTVT1-Chuong 5 -mạng viễn thông
HTVT1-Chuong 5 -mạng viễn thông
1
TELEPHONE NETWORK
6.2
TELEPHONE NETWORK
6.3
PSTN (Public Switch telephoneNetwork)
6.4
TELEPHONE NETWORK
6.5
TELEPHONE NETWORK
Local Loops: Local Loops are the twisted pair cables that are used to connect
a subscriber telephone to the nearest end office or local central office.
Trunks: It is a type of transmission medium used to handle the
communication between offices
Switching Offices: As there is a permanent physical link between any two
subscribers.
6.6
TELEPHONE NETWORK
Advantages:
• It is a circuit-switched network.
• There is no transmission delay as any receiver can be selected.
• It is cheap in price because it is a widely spread network.
Disadvantages:
• It requires a large time for connection.
• It has a low transmission speed.
6.7
TELEPHONE NETWORK
6.8
PSTN (Public Switch telephoneNetwork)
6.9
VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol)
6.10
VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol)
6.11
CABLE TV NETWORK
6.12
CABLE TV NETWORK
6.13
Synchronous Optical Network (SONET)
6.14
Synchronous Optical Network (SONET)
6.15
Synchronous Optical Network (SONET)
6.16
Synchronous Optical Network (SONET)
6.17
Synchronous Optical Network (SONET)
6.18
Synchronous Optical Network (SONET)
6.19
6.20
The Cellular Concept
System Design
Fundamentals
F7 F2
F7 F2 F6 F1
F1 F3
F6 F1
F1 F3 F5 F4 F7 F2
F5 F4 F7 F2 F6 F1
F1 F3
F6 F1
F1 F3 F5 F4
F5 F4
2023-11-17 21
Cell Shape
R
R
R
Cell
R R
(a) Ideal cell (b) Actual cell (c) Different cell models
Cell i Cell j
-60 -60
-70 -70
-80 -80
-90
-90 -100
-100
Cell i Cell j
-60
-70
-60
-80
-70
-90
-80
-90 -100
-100
2023-11-17 24
Frequency Reuse Concept
Radio coverage,
called a cell.
f
The same frequency can be
reused in different cells, if they
are far away from each other
2023-11-17 25
Frequency Use
2023-11-17 26
Cellular Architecture
• MS – Mobile Station
• BSC – Base Station Controller
• MSC – Mobile Switching Center
• PSTN – Public Switched
MS Telephone Network
BSC
segmentation
of the area
MSC PSTN into cells
2023-11-17 27
Interference
• Two types of interference are important in such a cellular architecture:
• a), Cochannel interference
– The interference due to using the same frequencies in cells of
different clusters.
• b), Adjacent channel interference
– The interference from different frequency channels used within a
cluster whose side lobes overlap.
• The allocation of channels within the cluster and between clusters
must be done so as to minimize both of these.
2023-11-17 28
Handoff and Roaming
• Call Handoff (or handover) is the switching of an on-going call to a
different traffic channel from one Base Station to another Base
Station
– frequency / time / code
• Handoff categories
– Handoff inside cell - for performance or quality improvement.
– Handoff between cells - MS moves from one cell/BS to another
cell/BS within the same MSC (or operator) during an existing call.
• Handoff can be classified:
– Hard handoff: When there is an actual break in the connectivity
while switching from one Base Station to another Base Station,
‘break before make’ policy
– Soft handoff: Soft Handoff is a mechanism in which the device
gets connected with two or more base stations at the same time,
‘make before break’ policy
2023-11-17 29
Handoff within, between cells,
and Roaming
2023-11-17 30
Handoff Case
• In case of cellular telephony
– The transfer of a voice call from one BS to another.
• In case of WLANs
– Transfer the connection from one AP to another
• In case of hybrid networks
– Transfer a connection from a BS to another, from an AP to
another, between a BS and an AP.
2023-11-17 31
Handoff Requirements
• Processing handoff is an important task in any cellular
radio system.
– as infrequently as possible
Pi(x) Pj(x)
Pmin
Δ
BSi MS BSj
X1 X3 X5 Xth X4 X2
2023-11-17 34
When to handoff
• Ensure that the drop in the measured signal level is not
due to momentary fading and that the mobile is actually
moving away from the serving base station.
– the base station monitors the signal level for a certain
period of time before a handoff is initiated.
– This running average measurement of signal strength
should be optimized,
– Information about the vehicle speed, which can be
useful in handoff decisions, can also be computed from
the statistics of the received short-term fading signal at
the base station.
2023-11-17 35
The Time to Make A Handoff
• In GSM, Handoff takes 1 to 2 seconds, delta is between 0 and 6 dB.
2023-11-17 36
Methods for Reducing Handoff
Call Dropping
• Reasons to drop a handoff call
– Received signal below an acceptable level before handoff is done.
– No free channel.
– Too many handoff calls that MSC can’t handle.
• Handoff call (on-going call) dropping is less desirable compared to
new call blocking.
• Handoff calls are given higher priority than new calls in using network
resources.
• Methods to reduce handoff call dropping
– 1.Handoff queuing: call is put in the queue of the BS when no free
channel. When a channel is available, that channel will be assigned to
that call.
– 2.Handoff reservation: certain number of channels are reserved for
handoff calls only. So, no other calls, like new calls, can use these
channels.
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Hard Handoff
2023-11-17 38
Soft Handoff
2023-11-17 39
Location Management
• Location Area (LA) Concept
– To track the location of the MSs, a cellular service area is
partitioned into several location areas (LAs) or registration areas.
– Each LA is given an LA address (ID).
– Every LA consists of a group of BSs.
– An MSC covers several LAs.
• Location Area Hierarchy
– One or more MSCs connected to a VLR (Visitor Location Register)
to exchange location info using SS7 (Signaling System #7).
– The VLR exchanges location info with HLR (Home Location
Register) using SS7.
2023-11-17 40
Location Area
2023-11-17 41
Mobility Management
2023-11-17 42
MTSO (Mobile Telephone Switching Office) or
MSC
- Provide mobile to PSTN
subscriber connectivity
- Serve handoff initiated by mobile
or BTS
- Serve handoff initiated by mobile
or BTS based on channel
conditions as well as movement of
the mobile.
- Provide connections of all mobile
phone users with the telephone
central office
2023-11-17 43
GSM system architecture with essential
components
PLMN &
Internet
ISC
MS PSTN
OMC ISDN
BTS
PDN
BSC
GMSC
MSC
BSC
MS BTS
EIR
AUC
HL R
BTS VL R
MS
2023-11-17 44
Essential components for GSM
• BTS • HLR
– Base Transceiver Station – Home Location Register
• BSC • VLR
– Base Station Controller – Visited Location Register
• MSC • EIR
– Mobile Switching Center – Equipment Identity Register
• GMSC • AUC
– Gateway MSC – Authentication Center
• MS • OMC
– Mobile Station – Operation and Maintenance
• ISC Center
– International Switching Center
2023-11-17 45
Essential components
• BTS
– The cell is formed by the radio area coverage of a Base Transceiver
Station.
• BSC
– Several base stations together are controlled by one BSC.
• MSC
– The combined traffic of the mobile stations in their respective cells is
routed through a switch, the Mobile Switching Center.
• GMSC
– Calls originating from or terminating in the fixed network are handled
by a dedicated Gateway Mobile Switching Center.
• OMC
– Operation and maintenance are organized from a central place, the
Operation and Maintenance Center.
2023-11-17 46
Essential components
• Several databases are available for call control and network
management:
– Home Location Register (HLR)
• For all subscribers registered with a network operator,
permanent data (such as the user's service profile) as well as
temporary data (such as the user's current location) are stored
in the HLR.
• In case of a call to a user, the HLR is always first queried, to
determine the user's current location.
– Visited Location Register (VLR)
– Authentication Center (AUC)
– Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
2023-11-17 47
Essential components
• Several databases are available for call control and network
management:
– Home Location Register (HLR)
– Visited Location Register (VLR)
• A VLR is responsible for a group of LAs.
• A VLR stores the data of subscribers who are currently in its area of
responsibility.
• This includes parts of the permanent subscriber data which have
been transmitted from the HLR to the VLR for faster access.
• The VLR may also assign and store local data such as a temporary
identification.
– Authentication Center (AUC)
– Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
2023-11-17 48
Essential components
• Several databases are available for call control and network
management:
– Home Location Register (HLR)
– Visited Location Register (VLR)
– Authentication Center (AUC)
• The AUC generates and stores security-related data such as
keys used for authentication and encryption.
– Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
• EIR registers equipment data rather than subscriber data.
2023-11-17 49
Addresses and Identifiers
• GSM distinguishes explicitly between user and equipment and deals
with them separately.
• The user identity is associated with a mobile station by means of a
personal chip card, the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM).
– It allows to distinguish between equipment mobility and subscriber
mobility.
2023-11-17 50
Addresses and Identifiers
• GSM distinguishes between subscriber identity and telephone
number.
2023-11-17 51
Addresses and Identifiers
• 1 International Mobile Station Equipment Identity (IMEI)
• 2 International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)
• 3 Mobile Subscriber ISDN Number (MSISDN)
• 4 Mobile Station Roaming Number (MSRN)
• 5 Location Area Identity (LAI)
• 6 Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI)
• 7 Local Mobile Subscriber Identity (LMSI)
• 8 Cell Identifier (CI)
• 9 Base Transceiver Station Identity Code (BSIC)
• 10 Identification of MSCs and Location Registers
2023-11-17 52
2.1 International Mobile Station Equipment
Identity (IMEI)
• The IMEI uniquely identifies mobile stations internationally.
• It is a kind of serial number.
• The IMEI is
– allocated by the equipment manufacturer and
– registered by the network operator, who
– stores it in the Equipment Identity Register.
2023-11-17 53
International Mobile Station Equipment
Identity (IMEI)
• By means of the IMEI one recognizes obsolete, stolen, or
nonfunctional equipment and, for example, can deny
service.
• For this purpose, the IMEI is assigned to one or more of
three categories within the EIR (Equipment Identity
Register):
– The White List is a register of all equipment.
– The Black List contains all suspended equipment.
– Optionally, an operator may maintain a Gray List, in
which malfunctioning equipment or equipment with
obsolete software versions is registered.
2023-11-17 54
2.2 International Mobile Subscriber Identity
(IMSI)
• When registering for service with a mobile network operator, each
subscriber receives a unique identifier, the International Mobile
Subscriber Identity (IMSI).
• A mobile station can only be operated
– if a SIM with a valid IMSI is inserted into equipment with a valid
IMEI, since this is the only way to correctly bill the associated
subscriber.
2023-11-17 55
2.6 Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity
(TMSI)
• The VLR being responsible for the current location of a subscriber can
assign a Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI), which has only
local significance in the area handled by the VLR.
• It is used in place of the IMSI for the definite identification and
addressing of the mobile station.
• The TMSI is stored on the network side only in the VLR and is not
passed to the HLR.
• A TMSI may be assigned in an operator-specific way, it can consist of
up to four octets (4 X 8 bits).
2023-11-17 56
Inter-LA Movement
2023-11-17 57
Inter-MSC Movement
2023-11-17 58
GSM Example:
Location Update HLR
( (
5) 4)
(
(
VLR MSC 3) MSC VLR
6)
(
2)
Mobile
( Switching
1) Center
2023-11-17 59
Coverage of an area with three sectorized
BTSs
• Coverage of an
area with three
sectorized BTSs.
• Each BTS
covers a
segment of
120 degrees.
2023-11-17 60
Mobile Station (MS)
• MS consist of two major • Mobile equipment
components personalization with the SIM
– the Mobile Equipment
– the Subscriber Identity
Module (SIM)
• SIM
– mobile equipment into a
complete mobile station
• IMEI, IMSI and MSISDN etc.
2023-11-17 61
SIM
2023-11-17 62
Data Stored on a SIM
• Administrative data
• Security related data
• Subscriber data
• Roaming data
2023-11-17 63
Multiple Access
Technology
2023-11-17 64
Outline
• Multiple access techniques are used to allow sharing of a finite
amount of radio spectrum by many simultaneous users.
• The major multiple access techniques:
– Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
– Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
– Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
• Direct Sequence CDMA
• Frequency Hopping CDMA
– Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA)
2023-11-17 65
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
• The frequency band is divided into channels of equal bandwidth
such that each conversation is carried on a different frequency.
• Best suited to analog mobile radio.
• Single channel per carrier.
• BS dynamically assigns a carrier frequency to each active MS.
• Used in All first generation cellular systems and early cordless
telephones.
2023-11-17 66
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
• Separation of whole spectrum into smaller frequency bands
• A channel gets a certain band of the spectrum for the whole
time
k1 k2 k3 k4 k5 k6
Advantages: c
• no dynamic coordination f
necessary
• works also for analog signals
Disadvantages:
• waste of bandwidth
if the traffic is t
distributed unevenly
• Inflexible guard band
2023-11-17 67
FDMA Transmitter
ω1
m1(t)
FDMA Transmitter
Modulator
1
ω2
m2(t) Modulator RF
2
∑ Modulator
…
ωn
mn(t) Modulator
n
2023-11-17 68
FDMA Receiver
Demodulator m1(t)
BRF ω1
1
Demodulator m2(t)
RF BRF ω2
2
Demodulator
…
Demodulator mn(t)
BRF ωn
n
FDMA Receiver
2023-11-17 69
FDMA: Channel Structure
Guard Band Wg Sub Band Wc
1 2 3 4 … N
Frequency
… …
Frequency
Reverse channels Forward channels
Protecting bandwidth
2023-11-17 70
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
2023-11-17 72
TDMA system
M1(t) M1(t)
M2(t)
Demodulator
M2(t)
Modulator
RF
RF
Mn(t) Mn(t)
2023-11-17 73
TDMA
Frequency f ’ Slot Frequency f
… … … … … …
#1
#1
#1
#1
MS #1 t t
… … … … … …
#2
#2
#2
#2
MS #2 t t
…
… … … … … …
#n
#n
#n
#n
MS #n t t
2023-11-17 74
TDMA FRAME
2023-11-17 78
An Example of Frequency Hopping Pattern
Frequency
Time
2023-11-17 79
Direct Sequence Spread
Spectrum for CDMA
Transmitter Receiver
Spreading Despread
Digital signal
Digital signal Spreading signal s(t)
s(t) m(t)
Code Code
c(t) c(t)
Power Power Power
2023-11-17 80
Space Division Multiple Access
(SDMA)
• Space division multiple access (SDMA) controls the
radiated energy for each user in space.
• SDMA serves different users by using directed antennas.
• Sectorized antennas may be thought of as a primitive
application of SDMA,
• In the future, adaptive antennas will be used to
simultaneously steer energy in the direction of many users
– It appear to be best suited for TDMA and CDMA base
station architectures.
2023-11-17 81
Multiple access procedures
2023-11-17 82