BC Science 8 Workbook Answers

7. resolving power
Unit 1: Cells and Systems
8. upside down, reversed
Chapter 1 The cell is the basic unit of life. 9. electron micrograph

Section 1.1 Answers Assessment

Section 1.1 Summary Observing living things
Reading Checks Page 7
Pages 2–3 1. B 2. F 3. C 4. G 5. E 6. A 7. D 8. B 9. D 10. A 11. C
1. A microscope helps you focus two objects or details 12. A 13. B
that are close together and makes an object seem
larger than it is. Section 1.2 Answers
2. The object will appear 16× larger than it is.
Section 1.2 Summary
Analyzing Information Reading Checks
Characteristics of living things Pages 8–9
Page 4 1. Prokaryotic cells do not have organelles with a
Accept all reasonable answers. Sample answers (can be membrane around them.
in any order): 2. cell wall, chloroplasts
1. responds to its environment—we respond to hunger
Interpreting Illustrations
by eating
Parts of cells
2. needs energy—plants need sunlight, water, and
carbon dioxide to make food
Page 10
A. cell membrane
3. grows—children grow taller, replace cells
B. nucleus
4. reproduces—salmon lay eggs
C. mitochondria
5. gets rid of wastes that build-up in its body—exhaling
carbon dioxide D. vacuoles
E. cytoplasm
Interpreting Illustrations F. mitochondria
The compound light microscope G. cytoplasm
Page 5 H. nucleus
1. light source I. chloroplast
2. stage J. vacuole
3. objective lenses K. cell wall
4. eyepiece L. cell membrane
5. arm
6. coarse focus knob Cloze Activity
7. fine focus knob Inside a cell Page 11
1. organelle
Cloze activity 2. cell membrane
Microscopes 3. cytoplasm
Page 6
4. nucleus
1. compound light microscope
5. mitochondria
2. eyepiece
6. vacuoles
3. coarse focus knob
7. cell wall
4. fine focus knob
8. chloroplasts
5. objective lenses
9. eukaryotic
6. light source

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 10. prokaryotic 9. diffusion
11. bacteria
Applying Knowledge
12. viruses
Osmosis and diffusion
Comprehension Page 17
True or false? Accept all reasonable answers. Sample answer:
Page 12 Diffusion (left circle)
1. True – can move particles, such as gas
2. False. Some organisms are composed of only one Similarities (middle)
cell. OR All organisms are composed of one or more – move substances into and out of cells
cells. – use a selectively permeable membrane substances
3. False. Plant cells use chloroplasts to trap the Sun’s – move from high concentration to a low concentration
energy.
Osmosis (right circle)
4. False. Plant cells are cells surrounded by a cell wall.
– moves water only
OR Prokaryotic cells are cells with organelles that do
not have a membrane around them.
Interpreting Illustrations
5. True Examples of osmosis
6. True Page 18
7. True A. Water particles move in, causing the cell to swell.
8. False. Bacteria are examples of prokaryotic cells. OR The plant cell swells beyond its normal size.
Plant cells and animal cells are examples of B. Water particles move in and out of the cell at the
eukaryotic cells. same rate. The plant is in its normal state. No
change occurs.
Assessment
C. Water particles leave the cell by osmosis causing the
Cells cell to shrink. The plant cell membrane shrinks away
Page 13 from the cell wall.
1. D 2. D 3. B 4. A 5. C 6. D 7. F 8. B 9. H 10. A 11. E
12. C 13. D Assessment
Diffusion, osmosis, and the cell membrane
Section 1.3 Answers Page 19
1. C 2. C 3. C 4. C 5. A 6. E 7. A 8. B 9. C
Section 1.3 Answers
Reading Checks
Pages 14–15
1. Diffusion moves substances that a cell needs from
Chapter 2 Human body systems work
outside the cell to inside the cell. Diffusion also independently and together.
moves wastes from inside the cell to outside the cell.
2. Water will move into the cell.
Section 2.1 Answers
Section 2.1. Summary
Vocabulary Reading Checks
Crossing the cell membrane Pages 20–21
Page 16 1. A tissue is a group of cells that have the same
1. concentration structure and play the same role.
2. diffusion 2. nerve, muscle, connective, epithelial
3. a selectively permeable membrane
Vocabulary
4. osmosis
Eleven body systems
5. diffusion
Page 22
6. a selectively permeable membrane
1. respiratory
7. osmosis
2. skeletal
8. diffusion
3. nervous

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 4. excretory Cloze Activity
5. endocrine Know your nutrients
6. digestive Page 28
7. integumentary 1. energy
8. reproductive 2. pasta, brown rice
9. immune 3. Protein; fish, nuts
10. muscular 4. cell membranes; energy
11. circulatory 5. butter, oil
6. calcium, iron
Vocabulary Puzzle 7. vitamin C, vitamin D
Body systems puzzle 8. digestive
Page 23
9. excretory
Across
2. organ Illustrating Concepts
3. tissue Stages of digestion
7. reproductive Page 29
Down The diagram should include the following concepts. Each
1. integumentary section should be a different colour.

4. respiratory 1. ingesting at top of the digestive tract

5. nervous 2. digesting at the stomach area

6. cell 3. absorbing at the small intestine

8. digestive 4. eliminating from large intestine to rectum

Interpreting Illustrations Vocabulary

Name the system Looking inside digestion and excretion
Page 24 Page 30
1. respiratory system 1. E 2. G 3. B 4. A 5. F 6. I 7. D 8. H 9. C 10. K

2. digestive system
Assessment
3. skeletal system The digestive and excretory systems
4. nervous system Page 31
5. muscular system 1. B 2. C 3. A 4. A 5. A 6. B 7. A 8. D 9. B 10. G 11. C
6. circulatory system 12. A 13. F 14. D

Assessment
Body systems
Section 2.3 Answers
Page 25 Section 2.3 Summary
1. I 2. G 3. A 4. L 5. K 6. H 7. C 8. J 9. B 10. M 11. E Reading Checks
12. F 13. C 14. A 15. D 16. C 17. B 18. B Pages 32–33
1. arteries
Section 2.2 Answers 2. Gas exchange takes place between the alveoli and
the capillaries.
Section 2.2 Summary
Reading Checks Applying Knowledge
Pages 26–27 Follow the blood through the heart
1. carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals Page 34
2. ingesting, digesting, absorbing, eliminating Labels and flow should reflect Figure 2.23 of page 84 in
the student textbook.
1. right atrium
2. right ventricle

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 3. lungs 5. second
4. left atrium 6. white blood cells
5. left ventricle 7. innate
6. arteries to whole body 8. antigens
9. antibodies
Vocabulary
10. active immunity
Respiration match-up
Page 35 Illustrating Concepts
1. C 2. K 3. E 4. A 5. I 6. B 7. J 8. D 9. H 10. F Infectious disease
Page 41
Interpreting illustrations
Answers will vary. Sample answers:
Blood vessels
Direct contact: shaking hands, sharing drink containers
Page 36
Indirect contact: being near someone who sneezes or
A. artery—thick-walled blood vessels that move blood
coughs
rich with oxygen to all the cells of the body
Water and food: consuming infected food or water
B. capillaries—very thin blood vessels that link arteries
Animal bites: being bitten by an animal
with veins. Oxygen diffuses from capillaries into cells.
Carbon dioxide diffuses from cells into capillaries.
Extension
C. vein—thinner-walled blood vessels that bring blood
Defence in Action
back to the heart and lungs so it can be enriched
Page 42
with oxygen again.
Answers will vary but might include steps showing
Assessment recognition of pathogens, keeping pathogens out of the
The circulatory and respiratory systems body, production of antibodies, attacking of pathogens,
disposing of pathogens, and immunity.
Page 37
1. A 2. C 3. B 4. C 5. A 6. B 7. D 8. H 9. D 10. B 11. E Assessment
12. G 13. F 14. C 15. I The immune system
Page 43
Chapter 3 The immune system protects 1. E 2. B 3. G 4. A 5. C 6. F 7. A 8. C 9. A 10. D 11. B
the human body. 12. A 13. A

Section 3.1 Answers Section 3.2 Answers

Section 3.1 Summary
Section 3.2 Summary
Reading Checks
Reading Checks
Pages 38–39
Pages 44–45
1. The immune system’s two lines of defence are to
keep pathogens out of the body (the skin) and to 1. People are given vaccines so that their bodies will
attack pathogens (innate and acquired response). have antibodies to defend them if they are exposed
to the live form of the disease.
2. A pathogen is a living thing or substance that causes
a disease. An antigen is a non-living thing that is 2. You should keep your immune systems healthy
foreign to the body and that triggers an immune because it keeps all the other body systems healthy.
response.
Cloze Activity
Cloze activity Disorders of the immune system
Looking at the immune system Page 46
Page 40 1. vaccine, dead
1. pathogens 2. antibodies, antigens
2. infectious 3. live
3. immune 4. memory
4. first 5. allergy
6. allergic reaction, histamine

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 7. antihistamine
Unit 2: Optics
8. allergen
9. HIV, helper T cells Chapter 4 Many properties of light can
10. B cells, killer T cells (Note: either order is correct)
be understood using a wave model of
Comprehension light.
True or false? Section 4.1 Answers
Page 47
Section 4.1 Summary
1. False. If you have already been vaccinated you may
need to be vaccinated again. Reading checks
Pages 50–51
2. False. HIV is transmitted through semen or in blood.
1. The rest position of a water wave is where the water
3. False. A vaccine is a dead form of a disease
would be if it were still.
pathogen.
2. The frequency of a wave is measured in hertz. Hertz
4. False. An allergen causes an allergic reaction.
(Hz) means cycles per second.
5. True
6. False. AIDS is caused by a virus called HIV. Vocabulary
7. True Features of a wave
8. True Page 52
1. crest
Illustrating Concepts
2. trough
Show what you know
3. amplitude
Page 48
4. wavelength
Students should choose one of the following points to
5. rest position
illustrate:
6. Amplitude is the height of a wave crest or depth of
Eat a well-balanced diet.
a wave trough from its rest position.
Brush your teeth, shower or bathe, and wash your hands
7. The crest is the highest part of a wave.
often.
8. The trough is the lowest part of a wave.
Keep your home clean.
9. The wavelength is the distance from crest to crest
Avoid tobacco and other non-prescription drugs.
or from trough to trough (the distance from one
Get plenty of rest and exercise.
point on a wave to the same point on the next
Keep your vaccinations up to date. wave).
Do not engage in activities that involve sharing body 10. For a water wave, the rest position is where the
fluids with others. water level would be if it were still.

Assessment Analyzing Information

Factors affecting the immune system Characteristics of waves
Page 49 Page 53
1. D 2. F 3. C 4. A 5. B 6. A 7. D 8. D 9. B 10. D 11. A 1. 4 m
12. A 2. 2 m
3. Wave B
4. Wave A
5. amplitude
6. Wave Y
7. Wave X

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Comprehension Comprehension
True or false? Facts about visible light
Page 54 Page 59
1. False. Waves transfer energy forward. 1. The different colours come from the refraction of
2. True white light.
3. False. A crest is the highest point in a wave. OR A 2. The colours all have different wavelengths and
trough is the lowest point in a wave. therefore are bent by different amounts.
4. False. The wavelength is the distance from crest to 3. Light refracts or bends when it passes from one
crest OR from trough to trough. (The wavelength is material to another.
also the distance covered by one point on a wave to 4. Red has the longest wavelength.
the same point on the next wave, such as one 5. Violet has the shortest wavelength.
complete crest plus one complete trough.) 6. Another prism can be placed, in reversed orientation,
5. True in the path of the refracted light. This will cause it to
6. False. The larger the amplitude, the more energy is combine again into white light
transported by the wave. OR The smaller the 7. Blue has a higher frequency than yellow because it
amplitude, the less energy is transported by the has a shorter wavelength.
wave. 8. A violet dress appears to be violet in sunlight
7. False. Frequency is the number of motions that occur in because it reflects violet and absorbs colours other
a given time. OR Amplitude is the height of a wave crest than violet from the sunlight.
(or depth of a wave trough) from its rest position. 9. Red, green, and blue are three colours that can
8. True combine to produce all the colours of the rainbow.
9. False — The wavelength of a wave increases as
frequency decreases. OR The wavelength of a wave Cloze Activity
decreases as frequency increases. Visible light
Page 60
Assessment 1. wave model of light
Properties of waves
2. visible light
Page 55
3. refraction
1. E 2. C 3. A 4. F 5. D 6. D 7. C 8. B 9. B 10. B
4. wavelengths, frequencies (either order)
5. colour
Section 4.2 Answers 6. prism
Section 4.2 Summary 7. refracted
Reading Checks
8. spectrum
Pages 56–57
9. ROY G BIV
1. Refraction is the bending of a wave between one
10. reflected
medium and another.
11. absorbed
2. A red ball looks black in the dark because there is no
light for the ball to reflect or absorb. The ball itself
Assessment
does not produce light.
Properties of visible light
Interpreting Illustrations Page 61
Colour your world 1. G 2. C 3. E 4. F 5. B 6. A 7. D 8. D 9. B 10. C 11. D
Page 58 12. B
1. ROY G BIV (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo,
violet) Section 4.3 Answers
2. white Summary
3. white Reading Checks
4. cyan Pages 62–63
5. yellow 1. The visible spectrum is part of a larger spectrum of
6. magenta waves called the electromagnetic spectrum.

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 2. Infrared waves are used to heat food, in remote 2. electromagnetic radiation
controls, and to read CD-ROMS. 3. radiant energy
4. infrared waves
Illustrating Concepts
5. radio waves
The electromagnetic spectrum
6. microwaves
Page 64
7. gamma rays
Examples will vary. Accept all reasonable answers.
Sample answers: 8. frequency
1. Radio waves: broadcasting radio and television 9. ultraviolet rays
signals, MRI
Assessment
2. Microwaves: microwave ovens, communication with
satellites
Visible light and the electromagnetic spectrum
Page 67
3. Infrared waves: used to keep food warm in
restaurants with heat lamps; used in remote controls 1. E 2. A 3. D 4. B 5. D 6. D 7. C 8. C 9. B 10. A
for televisions; used in computers to read CD-ROMS
4. Ultraviolet rays: used for making vitamin D in Chapter 5 Optical systems make use of
humans; used to study fingerprints with fluorescent mirrors and lenses.
powder; used to kill bacteria in food, water, and
medical supplies Section 5.1 Answers
5. X rays: used by dentists to photograph teeth; used Section 5.1 Summary
by doctors to photograph bones; used by airports to Reading Checks
see inside a passenger’s suitcase; used to inspect Pages 68–69
cracks inside high performance jet engines without 1. Light may be reflected, transmitted, or absorbed.
taking the engine apart, and to photograph the inside
2. Angle of incidence = angle of reflection
of machines
6. Gamma rays: used for radiation therapy to kill cancer Applying Knowledge
cells Getting in light’s way
Page 70
Comprehension
1. Sample answers:
True or false?
Page 65 SURFACES DESCRIPTION EXAMPLES
1. True transparent all or most of air, plastic wrap, water,
2. False. Electromagnetic radiation includes visible and the light is glass, overhead
transmitted transparency
invisible light waves. OR Electromagnetic radiation
includes visible light waves and radio waves, infrared translucent some light is light rays are scattered
waves, ultraviolet rays, X rays, and gamma rays. transmitted in all directions
skin, clouds, waxed
3. False. Some microwaves are a type of radio waves paper, fingernail,
and infrared waves. Microwaves are also a category lampshade, frosted
bathroom window
on their own.
4. False. Gamma rays have more energy than X rays. opaque • all or most of rock, brick, book, wood,
the light is wall, aluminum can
OR X rays have more energy than ultraviolet, infrared, absorbed or
or radio waves. reflected
• no light
5. True
passes
6. True through
7. False. Communicating with satellites is an application
of microwaves (or radio waves). 2.
8. True 1. translucent; scattered
2. translucent; scattered
Cloze Activity 3. opaque; reflected
More than meets the eye 4. opaque; absorbed
Page 66 5. transparent; transmitted
1. electromagnetic spectrum

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Illustrating Concepts Interpreting Illustrations
Predictable behaviour of light Mirrors
Page 71 Page 76
1. Sketches should show the rays passing through the Sample answers:
surface. 1. plane mirror: allows you to see yourself
2. Sketches should show only one or two rays passing 2. concave mirror: enlarges a person’s face so it is
through the surface, and the rest scattered in easier to see small details
different directions. 3. convex mirror: increases the field of view for the
3. Sketches should show the rays reflecting at the same driver
angle as they struck the surface. 4. concave mirror: enlarges the inside of the mouth so
4. Sketches should show the angle of incidence as the that the dentist can see your teeth more easily
angle between the incoming ray and the normal. The 5. convex mirror: increases the field of view and allows
angle of reflection should be shown between the all the store’s aisles to be seen at the same time
outgoing ray and the normal.
6. concave mirror: enlarges the parts of a watch or
5. Sketches should show the ray bending toward the jewellery piece so that it is easier for the jeweller to
normal in the water. see the tiny parts
6. Sketches should show the ray bending away from 7. convex mirror: increases the field of view for the
the normal in the air. driver
8. concave mirror: widens the area in which light is
Cloze Activity
projected
Light can reflect and refract
9. concave mirror: enlarges a person’s face so it is
Page 72
easier to see small details
1. ray model of light
10. plane mirror: allows you to see yourself
2. transparent
3. translucent Applying Knowledge
4. opaque Flat mirrors and curved mirrors
5. incidence Page 77
6. plane mirror Plane Mirror Concave Mirror Concave Convex Mirror
7. refraction (object near to Mirror
mirror) (object
8. refracted ray far from
mirror)
reflecting flat inward inward outward
Assessment surface
The ray model of light size same size Larger smaller smaller
Page 73 orientation upright upright upside upright
1. D 2. B 3. C 4. A 5. B 6. C 7. C 8. A 9. D down
shape same different different different
location behind behind in front behind
Section 5.2 Answers example Sample Sample Sample Sample answer:
Section 5.2 Summary answer: answer: answer: security mirror
bathroom shaving mirror, flashlight
Reading Check mirror makeup mirror
Pages 74–75
1. Reflecting surface of the concave mirror curves Cloze Activity
inward and the reflecting surface of the convex mirror
Mirror, mirror, on the wall
curves outward.
Page 78
2. Light rays that are converging are coming together.
1. reflect
Light rays that are diverging spread apart.
2. images
3. plane mirror
4. concave mirror, focal point
5. converging
6. upside down

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 7. upright Vocabulary
8. convex mirror, behind Lenses puzzle
9. diverging Page 84
Across
Assessment 3. away from
Using mirrors to form images 5. convex
Page 79
6. smaller
1. A 2. B 3. E 4. D 5. C 6. A 7. B 8. D 9. D 10. C 11. B
9. length
13. converge
Section 5.3 Answers 14. thinner
Section 5.3 Summary Down
Reading Checks 1. larger
Pages 80–81
2. point
1. When light rays pass through a concave lens they
4. upside down
diverge and do not meet at a focal point.
7. toward
2. The focal length is the distance from the centre of
8. upright
the lens to the focal point.
10. thicker
Interpreting Illustrations 11. diverge
Light rays and lenses 12. concave
Page 82
1. smaller, upside down Assessment
2. larger, upside down Using lenses to form images
Page 85
3. smaller, upright
1. B 2. E 3. D 4. C 5. B 6. B 7. C 8. B 9. A 10. B 11. A
4. smaller, upright

Applying Knowledge Chapter 6 Human vision can be

Concave lenses and convex lenses corrected and extended using optical
Page 83 systems.
Draw the lens:
concave (lenses are thinner in the middle than at the Section 6.1 Answers
edge) Section 6.1 Summary
convex (lenses are thicker in the middle than at the edge) Reading Checks
Do light rays converge or diverge? Pages 86–87
concave (light rays pass through concave lens diverge 1. cornea pupil? lens? retina
and never meet at the focal point) 2. near-sightedness, far-sightedness, astigmatism
convex (light rays pass through convex lens converge
and come together at focal point) Vocabulary
Is the image upright or upside down? Parts of the eye
concave (upright) Page 88
convex (depends on where the object is relative to the 1. a (iris)
focal point; can be upright or upside down) 2. d (sclera)
Is the image smaller or larger than the object? 3. c (pupil)
concave (smaller than object) 4. e (retina)
convex (depends on where the object is relative to the 5. g (optic nerve)
focal point; can be smaller or larger) 6. b (lens)
7. f (cornea)
8. cornea
9. sclera

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 10. pupil Condition Description Cause Where is Correction of
11. iris image condition
formed?
12. lens
Astigmatism fuzzy vision cornea has image corrected with
13. retina caused by an irregular focusses lenses or
an irregularly shape on more surgery
14. optic nerve shaped than one
cornea point on
the retina
Comprehension
Inside the eye Assessment
Page 89 Human vision
1. The cornea does most of the focussing of the light Page 91
rays that pass through the eye. OR 1. E 2. D 3. A 4. B 5. A 6. C 7. A 8. C 9. B 10. D 11. C
The lens does some of the focussing of the light rays
that pass through the eye. Section 6.2 Answers
2. The light rays that pass through the eye converge.
Section 6.2 Summary
3. In bright light, the iris makes the pupil smaller to
Reading Checks
allow less light to enter. OR In dim light, the iris
makes the pupil larger to allow more light to enter.
Pages 92–93
1. convex
4. The human eye has a convex lens.
2. Laser light can be used for surgery and in optical
5. The lens of the eye produces an inverted or upside
fibre technology.
down image.
6. Electrical signals are sent to the brain through the Cloze Activity
optic nerve.
Using optical systems
7. People who are far-sighted cannot bring nearby Page 94
objects into focus.
1. microscope, convex
OR People who are near-sighted cannot bring distant
objects into focus. 2. magnifies
8. Near-sightedness can be corrected by using a 3. refracting
concave lens. 4. reflecting, plane
OR Far-sightedness can be corrected by using a 5. binoculars
convex lens. 6. laser light
7. optical fibres
Illustrating Concepts
8. total internal reflection
Vision problems
Page 90 Interpreting Illustrations
Condition Description Cause Where is Correction of Compare a telescope and microscope
image condition
formed? Page 95
Near- nearby eye has a image corrected with 1. eyepiece lens
sightedness objects are longer focusses in concave lens 2. focal point
clear, but shape than front of the (or surgery)
distant normal eye retina 3. objective lens
objects are
fuzzy 4. light from distant object
Far- distant eye has a image corrected with 5. light from light source
sightedness objects are shorter focusses convex lens
clear, but shape than behind the (or surgery)
nearby normal eye retina Extension
objects are
fuzzy Now you see it!
Page 96
Designs will vary. Look for an understanding of how
mirrors and lenses create an image, and of how laser
light and optical fibres work.

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Assessment 3. melting, sublimation
Extending human vision 4. evaporation, solidification
Page 97 5. condensation, deposition
1. E 2. F 3. B 4. D 5. A 6. D 7. B 8. B 9. D 10. B 11. C 6. vibrate, slide past each other, move around quickly
7. slower, contracts
8. kinetic molecular theory
Unit 3: Fluids and Dynamics
Comprehension
Chapter 7 Kinetic molecular theory What’s the matter?
explains the characteristics of solids, Page 102
liquids, and gases. 1. sublimation
2. melting
Section 7.1 Answers 3. evaporation
Section 7.1 Summary 4. solidification
Reading Checks 5. condensation
Pages 98–99 6. deposition
1. When it expands, volume increases (gets bigger).
Change of state Heat added or released
2. The particles move faster and farther apart, Condensation gas to liquid released
becoming a liquid.
Deposition gas to solid released
Evaporation liquid to gas added
Interpreting Illustrations
Solids, liquids, and gases Melting solid to liquid added

Page 100 Solidification liquid to solid released

Sublimation solid to gas added
Solid Liquid Gas

Assessment
Shape fixed shape not fixed; takes not fixed; takes the
the shape of the shape of the States of matter
container container
Page 103
Volume fixed volume fixed volume not fixed; fills all the
space in the 1. A 2. C 3. B 4. A 5. A 6. C 7. A 8. B 9. B
container
Spaces
between
little space;
particles are
particles are
touching, but
large spaces Section 7.2 Answers
particles packed tightly able to move Section 7.2 Summary
together so that past one another
they are side by Reading Checks
side
Pages 104–105
Movement can only vibrate can slip and can move freely and
of particles slide past one quickly in all 1. Density describes the spacing of the particles in a
another direction in the material. There is more space between the particles
container
of a gas, so a gas is less dense than a liquid.
Gas: The particles of the gas should be moving around 2. You can put the object into a full container of water
quickly and bouncing off the wall of the jar. and collect the water that spills out. That water is
Liquid: The particles of the liquid should be a little closer equal to the volume of the object.
together.
Cloze Activity
Solid: The particles of the solid should be tightly packed
Go with the flow
together, perhaps shown as a cube.
Page 106
Cloze Activity 1. fluids
Expand and contract 2. density
Page 101 3. particles
1. mass, volume, matter 4. float
2. rises 5. denser, water

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 6. mass, volume 3. friction, tension, elastic
7. displacement 4. gravitation, magnetic, static electricity
3
8. g/mL, g/cm 5. newtons
6. mass, weight
Illustrating Concepts
7. balanced
Dense, denser, densest
8. unbalanced
Page 107
Beaker: Substances should appear in this order from top Interpreting Illustrations
to bottom: gasoline, rubbing alcohol, vegetable oil, Name the force
glycerol, and corn syrup. Page 113
Tank: Floating objects are: cork, ice, block of wood 1. elastic force—contact
Objects at the bottom of the tank are: gold ring, marble 2. gravitation—action-at-a-distance
3. magnetic—action-at-a-distance
Applying Knowledge
Density detective 4. static electricity—action-at-a-distance
Page 108
Comprehension
1. D = m ÷ V = 26.76 ÷ 3 = 8.92 g/ cm3
True or false?
The old coin must be made of copper. Page 114
2. D = m ÷ V = 5.28 ÷ 2 = 2.64 g/ cm3 1. F. A force can set a motionless object in motion.
You found a quartz. 2. T
3. D = m ÷ V = 107 ÷ 5 = 21.4 g/ cm3 3. T
The ring must be made of platinum. 4. F. Friction force works to slow down or stop motion
4. D = m ÷ V = 184.32 ÷ (3 × 4 × 6) = 2.56 g/ cm3 due to surfaces rubbing against each other. OR
The paperweight must be made of marble. Tension force is exerted on a rope when it is pulled
from either end.
Assessment 5. F. Gravitation pulls objects toward each other. OR
Fluids and density Elastic force is exerted when a spring returns to
Page 109 normal shape after it has been stretched.
1. C 2. F 3. C 4. A 5. D 6. C 7. A 8. C 9. A 6. F. An example of static electricity is lightning. OR An
example of magnetic force is magnets attracting
metal, such as iron.
Chapter 8 Fluids are affected by forces, 7. F. The weight of an object measures how strongly
pressure, and heat. gravity pulls on that amount of matter.
8. T
Section 8.1 Answers 9. T
10. T
Section 8.1 Summary
Reading Checks
Assessment
Pages 110–111 Forces
1. Contact forces only act on objects in direct contact. Page 115
Action-at-a-distance forces can act on objects that
1. D 2. B 3. F 4. C 5. E 6. A 7. A 8. D 9. C 10. D 11. C
are not touching.
12. C 13. B
2. Weight is the amount of force that gravity exerts on
the mass of an object. Mass measures the amount of
matter in an object. Section 8.2 Answers
Section 8.2 Summary
Cloze Activity Reading Checks
What is a force? Pages 116–117
Page 112 1. There is more space between the particles of a gas
1. force so it can be compressed. Liquids and solids do not
2. contact, action-at-distance have as much space between their particles.

12 MHR • Workbook Answers © 2006 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited

 2. In cohesion, particles of the same fluid stick together.
force (F) F
2. pressure (P) =  or P =  In adhesion, particles of a fluid stick to something
area (A) A
else.
Cloze Activity
What is pressure? Cloze Activity
Page 118 Properties of fluids
1. pressure Page 124
2. compression, decreases 1. fluid
3. gases 2. viscosity, thinner, thicker
4. pressure, explosion 3. greater, slowly
5. pressure, force, area 4. flow rate
6. N, m 2 5. decreases
7. pascal, Pa 6. increases
8. kilopascal, kPa 7. cohesion
8. surface tension
Illustrating Concepts 9. adhesion
Compression
Page 119 Analyzing Information
The diagrams should compare the underfilled balloon Viscosity of different substances
and the balloon when compressed. The volume of the Page 125
balloon is reduced but the number of molecules remains 1. substance C
the same. There is a greater concentration of gas 2. 30ºC
molecules in the compressed balloon and therefore the
3. substance B
pressure is higher.
4. substance A
The diagrams should show that the speeds of the gas
molecules increase as the can is heated. The pressure 5. 32 cm/s
increases until the can explodes; and then the gas
Applying Knowledge
molecules can escape into the surroundings.
How does it flow?
Applying Knowledge Page 126
Under some pressure Definition
Page 120 • fluids that do not flow easily
1. P = F ÷ A = 147 N ÷ (1 m × 0.75 m) = 196 Pa Characteristics
2. P = F ÷ A = 700 N ÷ (2 m × 2 m) = 175 Pa • have high viscosity
3. P = F ÷ A = 300 N ÷ (0.75 m × 0.5 m) = 800 Pa • have slow flow rates
4. P = F ÷ A = 600 N ÷ (0.5 m × 0.5 m) = 2400 Pa • flow thickly and smoothly
• resist movement and flow
Assessment
• particles that make up the fluid are larger therefore
Pressure causing greater resistance to flow
Page 121
Examples
1. D 2. B 3. D 4. C 5. A 6. A 7. D 8. C 9. D 10. C 11. B
• answers will vary, but might include ketchup, molasses,
12. B 13. D syrup, motor oil, honey, toffee, lava flowing from a
volcano
Section 8.3 Answers Non-examples
Section 8.3 Summary • answers will vary, but might include milk, soft drinks,
Reading Checks vinegar
Pages 122–123
Assessment
1. Honey has a greater viscosity because it pours much
more slowly.
Viscosity, adhesion, and cohesion
Page 127
1. D 2. C 3. A 4. B 5. E 6. A 7. D 8. C 9. B 10. B

© 2006 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited Workbook Answers • MHR 13

Chapter 9 There are both natural and Cloze Activity
Putting on the pressure
constructed fluid systems. Page 132
Section 9.1 Answers 1. lower, higher
Section 9.1 Summary 2. lower, higher
Reading Checks 3. increases
Pages 128–129 4. 1 atm
1. Pressure increases with depth because there is more 5. 1 atm
fluid pressing down on the fluid at a lower level. 6. buoyancy
2. It will sink because the downward pulling force of 7. density
gravity on the object is greater than the upward 8. buoyant
pushing of the buoyant force. The force of gravity is
9. buoyant, gravity
larger.
10. gravity, float
Interpreting Illustrations
Assessment
All that pressure
Fluids under pressure
Page 130
Page 133
1. From the top hole, the fluid will fall close to the
1. D 2. E 3. B 4. C 5. D 6. B 7. B 8. A
container because there is little pressure near the top
of the container. The fluid will be forced much farther
from the bottom hole of the container than the top Section 9.2 Answers
hole because the pressure is greater at the bottom of Section 9.2 Summary
the container. Reading Checks
2. a. Air pressure is greater at the base of a mountain. Pages 134–135
b. There is more air pressure at the bottom of the 1. A hydraulic system is a device that uses pressure to
mountain because air is more dense near sea apply a force through a liquid to move something
level. else. (i.e., toothpaste, car brakes)
3. a. 2 atm of pressure on the scuba diver at 10 m 2. A pneumatic system is a device that uses pressure to
below sea level. apply a force through a gas to move something else.
b. 25 m = 3.5 atm of pressure on the scuba diver at (i.e., filling tires, dental drill)
25 m below sea level. There is less pressure on
the scuba diver at the surface of the waves. The Cloze Activity
deeper the scuba diver goes into the water, the Fluids at rest and fluids in motion
more water will be pressing down upon him. Page 136
Therefore, the water pressure increases with 1. fluid
depth. There is higher pressure on the scuba diver
2. hydraulics
at a depth of 25 m below sea level (the pressure is
1 atm at sea level, so going down 25 m results in 3. hydraulic system
(1 atm + 2.5 atm) 4. hydraulic system
5. pumps
Applying Knowledge 6. pressure
Fluid pressure 7. liquid
Page 131
8. hydraulic multiplication
1. floating
9. pneumatics
2. sinking
10. pneumatic system
3. sinking
4. rising Applying Knowledge
5. rising Comparing systems
6. floating Page 137
Answers will vary, but might include any of the examples
below.

14 MHR • Workbook Answers © 2006 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited

Hydraulic system Section 9.3 Answers
system uses liquids
force is transmitted along the liquid causing motion Section 9.3 Summary
force applied to the system can be multiplied Reading Checks
pressure is applied at one location and the force Pages 140–141
performs a task in another location 1. The circulatory system has a pump (heart), pipes
can use a pump (blood vessels), and a fluid under pressure (blood).
operates devices from a distance 2. In the respiratory system, air under pressure is
Pneumatic system moved from one place to another place.
system uses gas (e.g., air)
enclosed gas transmits a force causing motion Vocabulary Puzzle
Both Fluid systems puzzle
pressure is created Page 142
force is transmitted Across
a fluid is used 1. breathing
2. Answers may vary, but might include: 5. circulatory
Hydraulic systems:
11. sphygmomanometer
pipes providing water to the house
squeezing a tube of toothpaste 12. blocked
garden hose spraying out water 13. blood pressure
dentist’s chair Down
mechanic’s piston used to lift cars for repair 2. respiratory
Pneumatic systems: 3. blood
drills used by dentists 4. blood vessels
filling tires with air
6. infections
jackhammer
pneumatic brakes (air brakes) on large trucks and 7. diaphragm
buses 8. asthma
9. heart
Comprehension 10. arteries
True or false?
Page 138 Cloze Activity
1. F. Hydraulics is the study of pressure in liquids. Pressure in the human body
2. F. Hydraulic systems produce pressure that moves Page 143
through a liquid. 1. circulatory
3. T 2. heart, blood
4. F. A pneumatic system uses a device to compress 3. pump
the air so pressure builds up. 4. pressure
5. F. Pumps are important parts of hydraulic systems. 5. sphygmomanometer
6. T 6. blood vessels, blood pressure
7. F. Pneumatic systems use gas in an enclosed system 7. respiratory
under pressure. 8. breathing
9. inhale, diaphragm
Assessment
Constructed fluid systems 10. higher
Page 139
Extension
1. B 2. D 3. C 4. A 5. F 6. A 7. C 8. C 9. D
A world of fluid systems
10. D (also accept A). Page 144
Collages may vary. Examples of hydraulic systems: heart,
gall bladder, salivary gland, river, stream, volcano, hot
spring, aquifer. Examples of pneumatic systems: lungs,
hurricanes.

© 2006 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited Workbook Answers • MHR 15

Assessment Interpreting Illustrations
Natural fluid systems The water cycle
Page 145 Page 150
1. B 2. D 3. A 4. E 5. C 6. D 7. B 8. A 9. D 10. A 11. C 1. Evaporation: ocean water is heated by the Sun.
Water vapour rises into the atmosphere
2. Condensation: air is cooled and water droplets form.
Unit 4: Water Systems on Earth 3. Precipitation: depending on conditions, clouds
release water as rain, snow, or another form of
Chapter 10 The water cycle plays a vital precipitation.
role on Earth. Assessment
Section 10.1 Answers Distribution of water
Page 151
Section 10.1 Summary
1. D 2. C 3. B 4. D 5. A 6. D 7. B 8. A 9. A 10. D 11. D
Reading Checks
Pages 146–147
1. evaporation, condensation, melting, solidification,
Section 10.2 Answers
sublimation, deposition Section 10.2 Summary
2. A hydrologist is a person who studies the water Reading Checks
cycle, and where and how water is found on Earth. Page 152–153
1. Salt can come from the ground, rocks and
Cloze Activity volcanoes.
The water cycle 2. The ocean is denser than fresh water because of the
Page 148 amount of salt in it.
1. water vapour, liquid, ice
2. water cycle Cloze Activity
3. the Sun Ocean Water
4. evaporation, solidification Page 154
5. freezing point 1. dissolve

6. condensation, deposition 2. ocean floor

7. melting, sublimation 3. land

8. hydrologist 4. salinity
5. North and South Poles
Analyzing Information 6. Equator
Changing state 7. Less
Page 149 8. sodium chloride
1. evaporation: heat added; from liquid into gas 9. density
2. melting: heat added; from solid into liquid 10. greater
3. condensation: heat taken away; from gas into liquid
4. solidification: heat taken away; from liquid into solid Comprehension
5. deposition: heat taken away; from gas into solid Salt water
6. sublimation: heat added; from solid to gas. Page 155
7. solid 1. Water that falls to the ground seeps into the ground
or flows into streams and rivers.
8. sublimation
2. As water moves over the ground and rocks on its
9. condensation
way to the ocean, it picks up salt.
10. liquid
3. Volcanoes on land send substances into the air that
11. solidification fall into the ocean. Volcanoes on the ocean floor add
12. melting substances directly to the water.

16 MHR • Workbook Answers © 2006 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited

 4. In some parts river water dilutes the salt. Near the Extension
Poles, salt is left behind when water freezes. Near From sky to sea
the equator, salt is left behind when water Page 161
evaporates. Look for an understanding that water from rain travels to
5. Density is the amount of mass in a given volume of the ocean through run-off.
material.
6. Ocean water has a higher density than fresh water. Comprehension
7. Fresh water has a higher freezing point than ocean True or false?
water. Page 162
1. F: Water runs along Earth’s surface because gravity
Analyzing Information pulls it from higher places to lower places.
Dissolved solids 2. F: A drainage basin drains run-off into a stream, river,
Page 156 or lake.
1. others 3. T
2. potassium 4. F: Most of the fresh water on Earth is frozen.
3. calcium 5. F: Glaciers are found in the Arctic and the Antarctic,
4. magnesium and in the mountains.
5. sulfate 6. F: Crevasses are deep cracks in glaciers. OR
6. sodium Icebergs are large chunks of ice.
7. chloride 7. T
8. 85.6%
Assessment
9. 14.4%
Sources of fresh water
Assessment Page 163
How ocean water differs from fresh water 1. C 2. F 3. E 4. B 5. D 6. D 7. D 8. A 9. A 10. A 11. C
Page 157
1. C 2. B 3. D 4. B 5. B 6. A 7. A 8. A 9. C Section 10.4 Answers
Section 10.4 Summary
Section 10.3 Answers Reading Checks
Section 10.3 Summary Pages 164–165
Reading Checks 1. weathering, erosion, deposition
Pages 158–159 2. rapids, landslides, striations (other examples may
1. Ground water comes from rain that falls on land. also be acceptable)

2. Water in glaciers is unavailable for use by people

Cloze Activity
because it is frozen in snow and ice.
Shaping Earth’s surface
Cloze Activity Page 166
Fresh water 1. physical, chemical, biological
Page 160 2. erosion, deposition
1. run-off, ground 3. acidic
2. gravity 4. calcium carbonate, cave
3. drainage basin 5. sinkhole, karst
4. ground water, wells 6. rapids
5. glaciers 7. striations
6. alpine
Comprehension
7. continental
The effect of water
8. crevasses, icebergs
Page 167
9. receding
1. weathering, erosion, deposition
2. Weathering breaks down rock into smaller pieces.

© 2006 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited Workbook Answers • MHR 17

 3. Water collects in the pores and cracks of rocks and Chapter 11 Oceans control the water
then freezes, expands, and breaks the rock apart.
4. Acidic rainwater dissolves substances on Earth’s
cycle.
surface. Caves, sinkholes, and karst are other Section 11.1 Answers
examples.
Section 11.1 Summary
5. Weathering breaks down rocks and erosion moves
Reading Checks
the rock from one place to another.
Pages 170–171
6. A cave forms when acid rainwater dissolves calcium
1. Tectonic processes are the movement of the plates
carbonate in rock.
and the way they interact.
7. A karst forms when rock is dissolved near the
2. continental slope, continental shelf, continental rise
surface of the ground and the surface collapses.
8. The water pushes rocks from one place to another Cloze Activity
in rapids.
The ocean floor
9. When rain soaks the sides of steep hills, gravity can Page 172
cause a landslide.
1. tectonic plates, molten rock
10. When moving water slows down and when moving
2. tectonic processes
ice melts, the rocks they carry are released. These
deposits build up as time passes. When this 3. molten rock, mid-ocean ridges
happens in the place where a river enters a lake or 4. trenches
ocean, the deposits form a fan shape called a delta. 5. continental shelf, continental slope
6. continental rise, turbidity currents
Vocabulary Puzzle
7. submarine canyons
Earth’s surface puzzle
8. abyssal plain, continental margin
Page 168
Across Interpreting Illustrations
4. cave Features of the ocean floor
6. striations Page 173
7. erosion 1. The ocean ridge forms when two plates are pushed
9. acidic apart by the underlying molten rock pushing up.
11. deposition 2. The ocean trench forms when the ocean plate
12. biological pushes under the continent plate.

Down 3. A. continental margin

1. physical B. continental rise

2. karst C. abyssal plain

3. weathering D. continental slope

5. landslide E. continental shelf

8. rapids F. submarine canyons

10. delta
Extension
13. chemical On the bottom of the ocean
Page 174
Assessment
Students’ answers should describe features such as
Water’s effect on shaping Earth’s surface
abyssal plain, continental shelf, continental slope,
Page 169
continental rise, submarine canyon, and turbidity
1. A 2. I 3. D 4. C 5. E 6. G 7. H 8. B 9. F 10. B 11. D currents. Some students may also describe tectonic
12. D 13. A processes.

18 MHR • Workbook Answers © 2006 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited

Assessment Illustrating Concepts
Ocean basins The ocean in motion
Page 175 Page 180
1. G 2. E 3. C 4. F 5. D 6. B 7. H 8. C 9. A 10. A 11. B 1. The Sun and moon should be shown aligned with
12. B 13. A 14. C Earth. The new moon should be between Earth and
the Sun. The full moon should be on the opposite
side of the Earth, farthest away from the sun. Bulges
Section 11.2 Answers should be drawn on the sides of the Earth closest to
Section 11.2 Summary the two moons in the diagram, to indicate spring
Reading Checks tides.
Pages 176–177 2. The Sun and moon should be at right angles to each
1. A surface current flows in the top 200 m of the other, with the Earth forming the apex. The first
ocean. A deep ocean current flows deeper than 200 quarter moon should be at a 90˚ degree angle above
m. the Earth, and the third quarter moon should be at a
2. The water bulges on the side facing the Moon, 90˚ degree angle below. Bulges should be drawn on
causing high tide. The water level falls between the the sides of the Earth closes to the two moons in the
two high tides, creating low tides. diagram, to indicate neap tides.

Cloze Activity Assessment

Currents and waves Ocean currents
Page 178 Page 181
1. ocean current, surface current, deep ocean current 1. B 2. D 3. A 4. E 5. C 6. G 7. D 8. C 9. A 10. B
2. wind action 11. D 12. C
3. temperature, salinity, density
4. upwelling Section 11.3 Answers
5. plankton Section 11.3 Summary
6. swells Reading Checks
7. tectonic forces, tsunami Page 182–183
8. tides 1. Weather is the state of the atmosphere at a given
9. spring tide time. Climate is all the features of the weather for a
certain region averaged over a long time.
10. neap tide
2. During el Niño, places that usually get wet and cold
Comprehension weather get dry and warm weather. La Niña brings
True or false? wetter weather to places that usually are dry.
Page 179
Cloze Activity
1. F. An ocean current is a large amount of ocean water
Convection and climate
that moves in one direction.
Page 184
2. F. Surface currents are caused by wind action, the
1. weather
spin of Earth, and the shape of the continents.
2. climate
3. F. Deep ocean currents are caused by salinity
differences and temperature differences. 3. equator, Poles
4. F. Density differences draw cooler, nutrient-rich water 4. equator
from deep in the ocean to the surface. 5. heat capacity
5. F. The movement of cool water to the surface of the 6. convection
ocean is called an upwelling. 7. Gulf Stream
6. T 8. mountains
7. F. Plankton are microscopic plants and animals. 9. la Niña
8. T

© 2006 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited Workbook Answers • MHR 19

Comprehension
Oceans, weather, and climate
Page 185
1. It takes a long time for water to heat up and cool
down.
2. Weather is the state of the atmosphere at a given
time. It includes features such as temperature, wind,
air pressure, and moisture.
3. Climate is all the features of the weather for a certain
region averaged over a long time.
4. Convection transfers heat by forming currents of
rising heated material and sinking cooler material in a
fluid such as air or water.
5. The Gulf Stream current helps to keep the British
Isles and northern Europe warmer in the winter and
cooler in the summer.
6. The coastal mountains prevent moist ocean air from
reaching the interior of British Columbia.
Comprehension
Different kinds of freshwater environments
Page 190
1. Streams and rivers are both fast moving waterways.
The main difference between streams and rivers is
size. Streams are smaller than rivers.
2. Rushes, cattails and water lilies grow at the edges of
lakes and ponds.
3. Phytoplankton are tiny plants and plant-like
organisms that make their own food from sunlight.
Zooplankton are tiny animals and animal-like
organisms that eat phytoplankton.
4. Wetlands store water, which helps to prevent
flooding. The roots of the plants help make the
ground more stable. Many kinds of birds and fish
breed in these areas. Insects and many other kinds
of animals live in or visit wetlands as part of their life
cycle.

7. El Niño is the period when the Pacific winds get 5. Estuaries are rich in nutrients that come from the
weak and the warm water current starts to move east rivers and the ocean. These nutrients feed a wide
toward South America. variety of plants, fish, birds, and mammals.

8. La Niña is a period during which upwelling causes

Cloze Activity
unusually cold water to rise to the surface off the
Fresh water
coast of South America near the equator.
Page 191
Interpreting Illustrations 1. (any order) lakes, ponds, wetlands, rivers, streams,
Convection transfers heat estuaries
Page 186 2. sunlight, nutrients, depth, fast, oxygen
1. c 2. d 3. b 4. c 5. a 6. d 7. e 3. phytoplankton
4. standing
Assessment 5. flooding, stable
Oceans and climate 6. estuaries, brackish
Page 187
1. D 2. B 3. A 4. E 5. G 6. C 7. B 8. A 9. A 10. B Illustrating Concepts
11. C 12. B Living in fresh water
Page 192
Chapter 12 Changes in water quantity Answers will vary but might include some of the
and quality can affect living things. following:
Figure 1: Pond
Section 12.1 Answers Water movement: shallow water, slow movement
Section 12.1 Summary Organisms: plankton, plants, amphibians, fish, larger fish,
mammals, birds
Reading Checks
Depth: Sunlight reaches to the bottom of the pond.
Pages 188–189
Figure 2: Wetlands
1. Plants can grow in lakes and ponds wherever
Water movement: slow movement or standing water
sunlight can reach.
Organisms: insects, rodents, fish, birds
2. An estuary is where a river flows into an ocean, so it
Figure 3: River
can only occur along a coast.
Water movement: fast moving
Organisms: weeds, mosses, algae, plants, insects, snails,
worms, fish

20 MHR • Workbook Answers © 2006 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited

Figure 4: Estuary 5. Hadal zone
Water movement: depends on river action and tidal Found in deepest ocean trenches. Freezing cold,
action from ocean enormous water pressure.
Organisms: eel grass, trout, otter, owls, herons
Interpreting Illustrations
Assessment Food webs
Freshwater environments Page 198
Page 193 harlequin duck—squid—zooplankton—phytoplankton
1. C 2. F 3. B 4. A 5. D 6. C 7. D 8. B 9. C 10. C 11. D harlequin duck—herring—zooplankton—phytoplankton

toothed whale—squid—zooplankton—phytoplankton
Section 12.2 Answers toothed whale—seal—squid—zooplankton—
Section 12.2 Summary phytoplankton
Reading Checks toothed whale—seal—herring—zooplankton—
Page 194 phytoplankton
1. The pelagic zone is the first 4000 m of water below toothed whale—herring—zooplankton—phytoplankton
the surface of the ocean.
2. The benthic zone is the cold, dark part of the ocean Assessment
that is deeper than 4000 m from the surface. Saltwater environments
Page 199
Cloze Activity 1. B 2. E 3. A 4. G 5. D 6. D 7. B 8. C 9. D 10. C 11. A
Living in saltwater
Page 196 Section 12.3 Answers
1. pelagic, benthic
Section 12.3 Summary
2. pelagic
Reading Checks
3. 200 m
Pages 200–201
4. sunlight, twilight, midnight
1. point source: dumping garbage/ oil spill
5. sunlight non-point source: pesticides on lawns
6. twilight 2. Acid precipitation is rain or snow that carries acids
7. benthic from pollution back down to Earth.
8. abyssal, hadal
9. abyssal Comprehension
10. hadal Water quality
Page 202
11. light
1. Pollution is a term that refers to harmful materials
Illustrating Concepts that are released into the environment.
Ocean water environments 2. Point sources are sources of pollution that come
Page 197 from one source, such as an oil spill, or garbage
Answers may vary slightly but should include the dumped from a boat.
following: 3. Non-point sources of pollution are from many
1. Sunlight zone different sources, such as pesticides added to lawns.

Sunlight penetrates, plants can grow 4. When it rains, some of the pesticide can get washed
into the soil and be absorbed. The pesticide may find
2. Twilight zone
its way into ground water. And the ground water may
Dim light, no plants grow feed into a stream or river. The stream or river then
3. Midnight zone carries the pesticide into a lake or an ocean.
No light reaches this zone 5. The wind carries pollutants from smokestacks and
4. Abyssal zone cars high into the air. They mix and dissolve with
Bottom of ocean, freezing cold temperatures and water vapour, and they form strong acids, which
enormous water pressure return to Earth as acid rain and acid snow.

© 2006 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited Workbook Answers • MHR 21

Cloze Activity
Water pollution
Page 203
1. point sources
2. oil spill
3. non-point sources
4. pesticide
5. pollutants
6. oil
7. pollutants, acids
8. acid precipitation, acidic
9. pH, 5.0
10. pollutants

Applying Knowledge
Sources of pollution
Page 204
Answers and drawings will vary, but might include any of
the following:
Point source: landfill leak; mill pumping out waste water;
oils spills; leaks from underground containers for gas
stations; sewage systems and waste water treatment
plants; garbage being dumped
Non-point source: industrial spills; pesticides; fertilizers;
animal waste; oil and chemicals from industrial,
commercial, and residential sources; sewage leakage;
increased water run-off; air pollution

Assessment
Water quality and its effects on living things
Page 205
1. C 2. A 3. E 4. D 5. A 6. D 7. D 8. D 9. D

22 MHR • Workbook Answers © 2006 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited