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radial canals. Carmarina of the Mediterranean and other seas
becomes larger even than Geryonia, from which it differs in the
arrangement of the centripetal canals.
The dactylozooid in these forms has a hollow axis, and the lumen is
continuous with the cavity of the neighbouring gastrozooid. Arranged
at regular intervals on the axis is a series of tentacles ("tentilla"), and
each of these supports a kidney-shaped swelling, the "cnidosac," or
battery, which is sometimes protected by a hood. Each battery
contains an enormous number of nematocysts. In Stephanophyes,
for example, there are about 1700 nematocysts of four different
kinds in each battery. At the extremity of the battery there is a
delicate terminal filament. The action of the battery in
Stephanophyes is, according to Chun,[334] a very complicated one.
The terminal filament lassos the prey and discharges its somewhat
feeble nematocysts at it (Fig. 141). If this kills it, the dactylozooid
contracts and passes the prey to a gastrozooid. If the animal
continues its struggles, it is drawn up to the distal end of the battery
and receives the discharge of a large number of nematocysts; and if
this also fails to put an end to its life, a membrane covering the
largest and most powerful nematocysts at the proximal end of the
whole battery is ruptured, and a final broadside of stinging threads is
shot at it.
The larger nematocysts of these batteries in the Siphonophora are
among the largest found in Coelenterata, being from 0.5 to 0.1 mm.
in length, and they are frequently capable of inflicting painful stings
on the human skin. The species of Physalia, commonly called
"Portuguese Men-of-War," have perhaps the worst reputation in this
respect, the pain being not only intense but lasting a long time.
The stolon is the common stem which supports the different zooids
of the colony. In the Calycophorae the stolon is a long, delicate, and
extremely contractile thread attached at one end to a nectocalyx,
and bearing the zooids in discontinuous groups. These groups of
zooids arranged at intervals on the stolon are called the "cormidia."
The stolon is a tube with very thick walls. Its lumen is lined by a
ciliated endoderm with circular muscular processes, and the surface
is covered with an ectoderm, also provided with circular muscular
processes. Between these two layers there is a relatively thick
mesogloea showing on the outer side deep and compound folds and
grooves supporting an elaborate system of longitudinal muscular
fibres. In many Physonectidae the stolon is long and filamentous, but
not so contractile as it is in Calycophorae, but in others it is much
reduced in length and relatively stouter. The reduction in length of
the stolon is accompanied by a complication of structure, the simple
tubular condition being replaced by a spongy complex of tubes
covered by a common sheath of ectoderm. In the Auronectidae the
stolon is represented by a conical or hemispherical spongy mass
bearing the zooids, and in the Rhizophysaliidae and
Chondrophoridae it becomes a disc or ribbon-shaped pad spreading
over the under side of the pneumatophore.
Sub-Order I. Calycophorae.
The character which distinguishes this sub-order is the absence of a
pneumatophore.
Sub-Fam. 1. Galeolarinae.—Galeolaria.
Sub-Fam. 2. Diphyopsinae.—Diphyes.
Sub-Fam. 3. Abylinae.—Abyla.
The mouth of the gastrozooid opens into a large digestive cavity, and
between this and the under surface of the pneumatophore there is a
glandular spongy tissue called the liver. The liver extends over the
whole of the under side of the pneumatophore, and sends processes
round the edge of the disc into the tissues of its upper surface.
Intimately associated with the liver, and penetrating its interstices, is
an organ which appears to be entirely composed of nematocysts,
derived from the ectoderm, and called the central organ. At the
margin of the disc there is a fringe of simple digitiform dactylozooids,
and between the dactylozooids and the centrally placed gastrozooid
are numerous gonozooids. Each of the gonozooids is provided with
a distinct mouth, and bears the gonophores, which escape before
the ripening of the gonads as the free-swimming Medusae called
Chrysomitra. The pneumatophore consists of a number of annular
chambers arranged in a concentric manner round the central original
chamber formed from a modified zooid. These annular chambers are
in communication with one another, and have each two pores
(pneumatopyles) opening above to the exterior. The most
remarkable feature, however, of the system is a series of fine
branching tubes ("tracheae"), which pass from the annular chambers
of the pneumatophore downwards into the hepatic mass and ramify
there.
There are two well-known genera: Velella with a sail, and Porpita
without a sail. They are both found at the surface of the warmer
regions of the great oceans and in the Mediterranean. Velella
sometimes drifts on to British coasts from the Atlantic.
CHAPTER XII