FMM Vol I Section 3 - Viscoelastic Fluid Systems V1!3!5769274 - 01

Viscoelastic (VES) Fluid
Systems
Reference: FMM Vol 1, 5769274
Version: 1.3
Release Date: 15-May-2013
EDMS UID: 1656044885
Produced: 15-May-2013 18:39:36
Owner: PPC WS SFE
Author: PPC WS SFE
Private PPC,ulation
Stim
Fracturing
Fmm
Volum
Systems,
micelles,
J533,
J508W,
J948,
U42,
J550,
recovery,
leakoff
SAPPHIRE,
U44,
wbf,
WS,
J550A,
ClearFRAC
J589,
econtrol,
ClearFRAC
1,ClearFrac,
FMMV1WBF,
breaker
VES,
U66,
SFE,
Fm
Mater
J589C,
VF100,
Fluids
KCl
mJ556,
Water
Pressur
rcp,
Vo
ials
Br
HiPer
booster,
lEngineer
J589D,
J623,
LT,
1,
ine,
ClearFRAC
ph
Manual–Water
J557,
-bFmm
J551A
Fractur
m,
ase
econtrol,
fluid-loss
J624,
Pum
ClearFRAC
J590,
proppant
M3,
V1,
fluids,
ing,
,ping
ClearFRAC
ing
J962,
Viscoelastic
Matrix
J475,
EF,
Well
M117,
Materials
control,
surfactants,
and
ClearFRAC-EF,
Base
pack
J609,
Services,
J479,
HT,
Breaker,
L64,
Chemistry,
Fluids,
XT
J566,
breaker,
shear
B315
Manual
L237,
U28,
Fluid
J948,
Copyright © 2013 Schlumberger, Unpublished Work. All rights reserved.

VES Fluids / Legal Information
Legal Information
This work contains the confidential and proprietary trade secrets of Schlumberger
and may not be copied or stored in an information retrieval system, transferred,
used, distributed, translated or retransmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, in whole or in part, without the express written
permission of the copyright owner.
PPC WS SFE\PPC WS SFE\FMM Vol 1, 5769274\1.3\Release Date:15-May-2013\EDMS UID: 1656044885\Produced: 15-May-2013 18:39:36
Trademarks & Service marks
Schlumberger, the Schlumberger logotype, and other words or symbols used

to identify the products and services described herein are either trademarks,
trade names or service marks of Schlumberger and its licensors, or are the
property of their respective owners. These marks may not be copied, imitated
or used, in whole or in part, without the express prior written permission of
Schlumberger. In addition, covers, page headers, custom graphics, icons, and
other design elements may be service marks, trademarks, and/or trade dress
of Schlumberger, and may not be copied, imitated, or used, in whole or in part,
without the express prior written permission of Schlumberger.
A complete list of Schlumberger marks may be viewed at the Schlumberger

Oilfield Services Marks page: http://markslist.slb.com
Marks of Schlumberger include but may not be limited to ClearFRAC*,
DataFRAC*, EB-Clean*, FracCADE*, GeoMarket*, HiWAY*,
InTouchSupport.com*, LAS*, POD*, PumperPOD*, SAPPHIRE*, WF*, YF*.
Private
VES Fluids / Document Control
Document Control
Owner: PPC WS SFE
Author: PPC WS SFE
Reviewer: Steve Davies
Approver: Steve Davies
Contact Information
Name: PPC WS SFE
LDAP Alias: ipc-doc
Revision History
Version Date Description Prepared by
1.3 15-May-2013 J533 and J508W Fracturing Fluids obsoleted Author: Lisette Anabella Garcia
as per InTouch ticket 6191588. In ClearFRAC Sanchez, Steve Davies, Trevor
XT J948 Fracturing Fluids: Corrected typo as Williamson
per InTouch ticket 6205269.
1.2 07-Feb-2013 In ClearFRAC XT J948 Fracturing Fluids, Author: Steve Davies, Trevor
Appendix F: Changed reference for shear Williamson
recovery test from InTouch 4267464 (content
to be retired) to InTouch 4290886 as per
InTouch ticket 6156066.
1.1 31-Jan-2013 Added SAPPHIRE VF100 Fracturing Fluids. Author: Olga Nevvonen,
Carlos Abad, Sergey
Makarychev-Mikhailov, Trevor
Williamson
1.0 06-Aug-2012 Document first produced. Author: Trevor Williamson
Private
iv VES Fluids / Table of Contents iv
Table of Contents
Version Control ________________________________________________ xvi
1 ClearFRAC-EF J533 Fracturing Fluids have been obsoleted. ____ 1-1
2 ClearFRAC J942 HiPerm Fracturing Fluids _____________________ 2-1

2.1 Introductory Summary ________________________________________ 2-1
2.2 Fluid Components ___________________________________________ 2-2

2.3 Base Fluid Design ___________________________________________ 2-5
2.4 Cleanup Aids ________________________________________________ 2-8
2.5 Leakoff and Fluid-Loss Control ______________________________ 2-13
2.6 Proppant-Pack and Formation Permeability __________________ 2-17
2.7 Friction Pressure ____________________________________________ 2-19
2.8 Emulsions __________________________________________________ 2-19
2.9 Resin-Coated Proppants (RCPs) _____________________________ 2-19
2.10 Additive Compatibility _______________________________________ 2-20
2.11 Mixing ______________________________________________________ 2-21
2.12 Execution __________________________________________________ 2-23
2.13 Storage ____________________________________________________ 2-24
2.14 Appendix A: Rheology Data _________________________________ 2-25
2.15 Appendix B: Leakoff Data – Leakoff Behavior of ClearFRAC J942 HiPerm
Fluids made with J56 ________________________________________ 2-33
2.16 Appendix C: Proppant-Pack Breaker J567 ____________________ 2-35
2.17 Appendix D: Preparation and Addition Rates of Liquid Breaker Booster
M003 Solutions _____________________________________________ 2-36
2.18 Appendix E: Viscosity of ClearFRAC J942 HiPerm Fluids made with J566
and Commingled with F105 and U066 ________________________ 2-38
2.19 Appendix F: J566 Quality Assurance and Quality Control
(QA/QC) ___________________________________________________ 2-40
2.20 Appendix G: Crude Oil Compatibility Test _____________________ 2-46
2.21 Appendix H: Compatibility Test Procedure ____________________ 2-48
2.22 Appendix I: Friction Pressure ________________________________ 2-49
2.23 Appendix J: U066 Loading ___________________________________ 2-50
2.24 Appendix K: Minimum Service Standard Guidelines for ClearFRAC J942
HiPerm Fluids ______________________________________________ 2-51
3 ClearFRAC HT J566 Fracturing Fluids __________________________ 3-1

3.1 Introduction __________________________________________________ 3-1
3.2 Fluid Components ___________________________________________ 3-1
3.4 Cleanup Aids ________________________________________________ 3-8
3.5 Leakoff and Fluid-Loss Control _______________________________ 3-14
Private
v VES Fluids / Table of Contents v
3.6 Proppant-Pack and Formation Permeability ___________________ 3-15

3.8 Emulsions __________________________________________________ 3-17
3.9 Resin-Coated Proppants (RCPs) _____________________________ 3-17
3.11 Mixing ______________________________________________________ 3-19
3.12 Execution __________________________________________________ 3-21
3.13 Storage ____________________________________________________ 3-22
3.14 Appendix A: Rheology Data _________________________________ 3-23
3.15 Appendix B: Foam Rheology Data ___________________________ 3-32
3.16 Appendix C: Leakoff Data - Leakoff Behavior of ClearFRAC* HT
Fluids ______________________________________________________ 3-41
3.17 Appendix D: Proppant-Pack Breaker J567 ____________________ 3-43

3.18 Appendix E: Preparation and Addition Rates of Liquid M003 Breaker
Booster Solutions ___________________________________________ 3-44
3.19 Appendix F: Viscosity of J566 Fluids with F105 _______________ 3-46
3.20 Appendix G: J566/J567 Quality Assurance and Quality Control
(QA/QC) ___________________________________________________ 3-48
3.21 Appendix H: Crude Oil Compatibility Test _____________________ 3-54
3.22 Appendix I: Compatibility Test Procedure _____________________ 3-56
3.23 Appendix J: Friction Pressure ________________________________ 3-57
3.24 Appendix K: U066 Loading __________________________________ 3-58
4 ClearFRAC J508W Fracturing Fluids have been obsoleted. _____ 4-1
5 ClearFRAC LT J551A Fracturing Fluids _________________________ 5-1

5.2 Health Safety and Environmental (HSE) _______________________ 5-2
5.3 Fluid Design _________________________________________________ 5-3
5.4 Contaminants ________________________________________________ 5-6
5.5 Appendix A: Rheology data ___________________________________ 5-7
5.6 Appendix B: ClearFRAC LT Compatibility ______________________ 5-8
5.7 Appendix C: Quality Assurance and Quality Control ____________ 5-9
5.8 Appendix D: Using Encapsulated Breaker J479 _______________ 5-11
6 ClearFRAC XT J948 Fracturing Fluids __________________________ 6-1

6.1 Introduction __________________________________________________ 6-1
6.5 Cleanup Aids _______________________________________________ 6-14
6.7 Formation Fluid Considerations ______________________________ 6-20
6.9 Resin-Coated Proppants (RCP) ______________________________ 6-22
6.10 Field Mixing ________________________________________________ 6-22
6.11 Execution __________________________________________________ 6-29
Private
vi VES Fluids / Table of Contents vi
6.12 Storage ____________________________________________________ 6-29

6.13 Appendix A: Rheology Data at 100 s−1 _______________________ 6-31
6.14 Appendix B: Fluid Characteristics ___________________________ 6-142
6.15 Appendix C: J567 Quality Assurance and Quality Control
(QA/QC) __________________________________________________ 6-153
6.16 Appendix D: Crude Oil Compatibility Test ____________________ 6-155
6.17 Appendix E: Compatibility Prescreening Test Procedure ______ 6-157
(QA/QC) __________________________________________________ 6-159
6.19 Appendix G: Rheology Modifier J589, J589D and J589C Quality
Assurance/Quality Control __________________________________ 6-164
6.20 Appendix H: Minimum Service Standard Guidelines for ClearFRAC
XT ________________________________________________________ 6-166
7 SAPPHIRE VF100 Fracturing Fluids ____________________________ 7-1

7.2 Health Safety and Environmental (HSE) Considerations ________ 7-3
7.3 Fluid Design _________________________________________________ 7-4
7.4 Field Mixing _________________________________________________ 7-9
7.5 Job Design _________________________________________________ 7-11
7.6 Appendix A: Fluid Performance ______________________________ 7-14
7.7 Appendix B: J567 Quality Assurance and Quality Control
(QA/QC) ___________________________________________________ 7-23
7.8 Appendix C: Crude oil Compatibility test ______________________ 7-24
7.9 Appendix D: Compatibility Prescreening test Procedure _______ 7-25
7.10 Appendix E: Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QA/QC) for
SAPPHIRE VF100 Fluids ____________________________________ 7-26
Private
vii VES Fluids / List of Figures vii
List of Figures
2-1 Recommended concentration of encapsulated breaker J567 for ClearFRAC

J942 HiPerm _____________________________________________________ 2-10
2-2 Base fluid viscosity of ClearFRAC* J942 HiPerm fluids made with J566 as a
function of temperature ___________________________________________ 2-25
2-3 6% (60 galUS/1,000 galUS (60 L/m3)) J566 fluid viscosity as a function
of shear rate showing recovery when shear rate returns to original
value. ____________________________________________________________ 2-31
2-4 Viscosity versus temperature for 6% (60 galUS/1,000 galUS (60 L/m3)) J566
surfactant. _______________________________________________________ 2-32

2-5 Leakoff of 6% (60 galUS/1,000 galUS (60 L/m3)) J566 as a function of
permeability. _____________________________________________________ 2-34
2-6 Rheological comparison of 6% (60 galUS/1,000 galUS (60 L/m3)) J566 fluids
with and without breaker J567 and breaker booster M003.___________ 2-35
2-7 Viscosity versus temperature when commingling of F105 preflush with 6%(60
galUS/1,000 galUS (60 L/m3)) J566. _______________________________ 2-38
2-8 Viscosity versus temperature when commingling of F105 or U066 preflushes
with 4.5% (45 galUS/1,000 galUS (45 L/m3)) J566. _________________ 2-39
2-9 Guideline for J566 and U066 concentration combinations. ___________ 2-50
3-1 Effect of foam quality on nitrogen foamed ClearFRAC HT 60 viscosity at
three temperatures. ________________________________________________ 3-8
3-2 Apparent viscosity of various foam qualities of nitrogen foamed ClearFRAC
HT 60 as a function of temperature._________________________________ 3-9
3-3 Recommended concentration of encapsulated breaker J567 as a function of
J566 concentration. _______________________________________________ 3-11
3-4 Viscosity of ClearFRAC* HT J566 base fluids in freshwater. _________ 3-23
3-5 Viscosity of ClearFRAC HT J566 fluids with KCl and NH4Cl brines. __ 3-26
3-6 Viscosity of a 60 galUS/1,000 galUS (60 L/m3) J566 fluid as a function of
shear rate ________________________________________________________ 3-30
3-7 Viscosity versus temperature for 60 galUS/1,000 galUS (60 L/m3) J566
surfactant. _______________________________________________________ 3-31
3-8 ClearFRAC HT 60 foam rheology at different nitrogen foam quality. __ 3-38
3-9 Effect of M117 concentration on ClearFRAC HT 60 foam rheology at 70%
nitrogen foam quality. _____________________________________________ 3-38
3-10 Effect of M117 concentration on ClearFRAC HT 60 foam rheology at 60%
3-11 Effect of U066 concentration on ClearFRAC HT foam rheology at 70%
3-12 Effect of U066 concentration on ClearFRAC HT foam rheology at 60%
3-13 Leakoff of 60 galUS/1,000 galUS (60 L/m3) J566 as a function of
permeability. _____________________________________________________ 3-42
3-14 Rheological comparison of 60 galUS/1,000 galUS (60 L/m3) J566 fluids with
and without breaker J567 and breaker booster M003. _______________ 3-43
Private
viii VES Fluids / List of Figures viii
3-15 Viscosity versus temperature with 60 galUS/1,000 galUS (60 L/m3) J566
fluids and F105. __________________________________________________ 3-46
3-16 Viscosity versus temperature with 45 galUS/1,000 galUS (45 L/m3) J566
fluids and preflushes F105 and U066. ______________________________ 3-46
3-17 Guideline for J566 and U066 concentration combinations. ___________ 3-58
6-1 J589D Shelf life as a function of storage temperature._______________ 6-25
6-2 J590/J589C preblend shelf life as a function of storage temperature. _ 6-26
6-3 Fann 50 viscosity versus temperature of J948 straight fluids in 2%
KCl ______________________________________________________________ 6-31
6-4 Fann 50 viscosity versus temperature of J948 straight fluids with 2
galUS/1,000 galUS L064 __________________________________________ 6-38
6-5 Fann 50 viscosity versus temperature of 45 galUS/1,000 galUS J590 and 7.5
galUS/1,000 galUS J589 straight fluids in different mix waters._______ 6-45

6-6 Viscosity versus temperature of 8.5 galUS/1,000 galUS J590 and 8.5
galUS/1,000 galUS J589 in tap water for varying N2 qualities ________ 6-50
galUS/1,000 galUS J589 in 2% KCl made with tap water for varying N2
qualities__________________________________________________________ 6-51
galUS/1,000 galUS J589 in 2 galUS/1,000 galUS L064 made with tap water
for varying N2 qualities ____________________________________________ 6-52
6-9 Viscosity versus temperature of 10 galUS/1,000 galUS J590 and 7.5
qualities__________________________________________________________ 6-59
qualities__________________________________________________________ 6-60
qualities__________________________________________________________ 6-61
qualities__________________________________________________________ 6-74
qualities__________________________________________________________ 6-75
qualities__________________________________________________________ 6-76
Private
ix VES Fluids / List of Figures ix

qualities__________________________________________________________ 6-89
qualities__________________________________________________________ 6-90
qualities__________________________________________________________ 6-91
or varying N2 qualities ____________________________________________ 6-92
qualities_________________________________________________________ 6-104
qualities_________________________________________________________ 6-105
qualities_________________________________________________________ 6-106
for varying N2 qualities ___________________________________________ 6-107
6-28 Viscosity versus temperature of 30 galUS/1,000 galUS J590 and 5
qualities_________________________________________________________ 6-117
qualities_________________________________________________________ 6-118
qualities_________________________________________________________ 6-119
qualities_________________________________________________________ 6-130
qualities_________________________________________________________ 6-131
Private
x VES Fluids / List of Figures x

qualities_________________________________________________________ 6-132
6-36 Viscosity as a function of shear rate and time for a straight fluid with 30
galUS/1,000 galUS J590 and 5 galUS/1,000 galUS J589 at 150 degF [66
degC] after 2 hours showing no shear degradation. ________________ 6-142
6-37 Viscosity as a function of shear rate and time for an N2-foamed fluid (FQ 70%)
with 20 galUS/1,000 galUS J590 and 3.3 galUS/1,000 galUS J589 in 4% KCl
at 150 degF [66 degC] showing no shear degradation in 2 hours. ___ 6-143
6-38 ClearFRAC XT leakoff coefficients versus formation permeability. ___ 6-144

6-39 Effect of F105 and W054 on viscosity of straight fluid with 15 galUS/1,000
galUS J590 and 2.5 galUS/1,000 galUS J589 in 2% KCl made in tap
water. ___________________________________________________________ 6-145
6-40 Fann 50 rheological comparison of J948 straight fluids (45 galUS/1,000
galUS J590 and 7.5 galUS/1,000 galUS J589 in 2% KCl made with tap water
with and without crushed Breaker J567. ___________________________ 6-148
6-41 Foam viscosity reduction of 70% N2-foamed 15 galUS/1,000 galUS J590 and
2.5 galUS/1,000 galUS J589 in 2% KCl made with tap water fluids with 5
lbm/1,000 galUS Breaker J567.___________________________________ 6-151
6-42 Friction pressure curves of N2-foamed J948 fluids in different ID tubulars
(irrespective of foam quality). _____________________________________ 6-152
6-43 Viscosity versus temperature for pure J590 gelling agent as
supplied. ________________________________________________________ 6-153
7-1 Viscosity of SAPPHIRE VF100 fluids in tap water at 100 s-1 as a function of
temperature _______________________________________________________ 7-6
7-2 Retained permeability of SAPPHIRE VF100 fluids compared to WF100 linear
guar fluid_________________________________________________________ 7-12
7-3 Friction reduction of SAPPHIRE VF105 and WF115 fluids relative to water
(laboratory data for ¾-in pipe) _____________________________________ 7-13
7-4 Viscosity of SAPPHIRE VF fluids at 170 s-1 prepared in tap water____ 7-15
7-5 Viscosity of SAPPHIRE VF fluids at 511 s-1 prepared in tap water____ 7-16
7-6 Viscosity of SAPPHIRE VF107 fluid at 100 s-1 and 125 degF [52 degC]
prepared in tap water and KCl solutions (2 and 7% KCl)_____________ 7-17
7-7 Viscosity of SAPPHIRE VF105 fluid at 100 s-1 with and without a J567
breaker and at different temperatures ______________________________ 7-18
7-8 Viscosity of SAPPHIRE VF107 fluid at 100 s-1 with and without a J567
breaker and at different temperatures ______________________________ 7-19
7-9 Viscosity of SAPPHIRE VF105 fluid at 100 s-1 with and without F105 and
W054 and at different temperatures ________________________________ 7-20
Private
xi VES Fluids / List of Tables xi
List of Tables
2-1 Physical Properties and Hazards ___________________________________ 2-2

2-2 Recommended Additive Concentrations_____________________________ 2-6
2-3 Amount of Breaker Booster M003 Needed for Different Mix-Water
Hardness ________________________________________________________ 2-11
2-4 Maximum Concentration of J567 Breaker that can be Leaked into ClearFRAC
J942 HiPerm Fluids _______________________________________________ 2-11
2-5 J567 Release Levels (no Closure Stress) __________________________ 2-12
2-6 T581 Particle size Distribution _____________________________________ 2-14
2-7 Estimated Fluid-Loss and Spurt Coefficients for ClearFRAC J942 HiPerm
with 40 lbm/1,000 galUS (4.8 kg/m3) T581 _________________________ 2-16
2-8 Proppant-Pack Conductivity data for Various Fracturing Fluids _______ 2-18
2-9 Core Cleanup data for Various Fracturing Fluids ____________________ 2-18
2-10 Compatibilities of Several Commercial RCPs _______________________ 2-20
2-11 Effect of Common Potential Contaminants on the Viscosity of ClearFRAC
J566 Fluids_______________________________________________________ 2-21
2-12 Rheology of ClearFRAC J942 HiPerm Fluids made with J566 in
Freshwater _______________________________________________________ 2-26
2-13 Rheology of ClearFRAC J942 HiPerm Fluids made with 6% (60 galUS/1,000
galUS (60 L/m3)) J566 in KCl Brines _______________________________ 2-28
2-14 Rheology of ClearFRAC J942 HiPerm Fluids made with 6% (60 galUS/1,000
galUS (60 L/m3)) J566 in NH4Cl Brines ____________________________ 2-29
2-15 Rheology of ClearFRAC J942 HiPerm made with J566/U066 Formulations in
2% (167 lbm/1,000 galUS (20 kg/m3) KCl Brine_____________________ 2-30
2-16 CT Calculated from Laboratory data for Various core Permeabilities __ 2-33
2-17 CT Calculated from Laboratory data for ClearFRAC* J942 HiPerm (Different
Fluid Formulations) _______________________________________________ 2-33
2-18 Preparation of Aqueous Breaker Booster M003 Solutions ___________ 2-36
2-19 Add Rates of M003 Solutions______________________________________ 2-36
2-20 Product Minimum Rheology Specification (Fann 50) ________________ 2-42
2-21 ClearFRAC HiPerm Crude oil Compatibility test Table _______________ 2-46
2-22 Emulsion Treatment Fluids ________________________________________ 2-46
2-23 Determination of Treatment Fluid Composition and Optimum Crude
oil/Treatment Fluid Ratio __________________________________________ 2-47
2-24 Friction Pressure of ClearFRAC* HiPerm Fluids made with J566 (Estimated
from Rheology) ___________________________________________________ 2-49
2-25 Friction Pressure of ClearFRAC HiPerm Fluids Measured During Field
Trials ____________________________________________________________ 2-49
2-26 ClearFRAC J942 HiPerm Mix-Water Testing Requirements __________ 2-51
3-2 Recommended Fluid Formulations__________________________________ 3-5
3-3 Amount of M003 Breaker Booster Needed for Different Mix-Water
Hardness ________________________________________________________ 3-12
3-4 Maximum Concentration (lbm/1,000 galUS) of Breaker that can be Leaked
into ClearFRAC HT Fluids_________________________________________ 3-12
Private
xii VES Fluids / List of Tables xii

3-6 Proppant-Pack Conductivity data for Various Fracturing Fluids _______ 3-15
3-7 Core Cleanup data for Various Fracturing Fluids ____________________ 3-16
3-9 Effect of Common Potential Contaminants on the Viscosity of ClearFRAC HT
J566 Fluids_______________________________________________________ 3-18
3-10 Rheology of ClearFRAC HT Fluids in Freshwater ___________________ 3-24
3-11 Rheology of ClearFRAC HT J566 Fluids in KCl Brines ______________ 3-27
3-12 Rheology of ClearFRAC HT J566 Fluids in NH4Cl Brines ____________ 3-28
3-13 Rheology of ClearFRAC Formulation in 2 wt % KCl _________________ 3-29
3-14 Foam Rheology of Nitrogen Foamed ClearFRAC* HT 60 ____________ 3-32
3-15 Foam Rheology of Nitrogen Foamed ClearFRAC HT 60 with Clay Stabilizer
M117 ____________________________________________________________ 3-34

3-16 Foam Rheology of Nitrogen Foamed ClearFRAC HT at Various Surfactant
Concentrations with U066 _________________________________________ 3-36
3-17 CT Calculated from Laboratory data for Various core Permeabilities __ 3-41
3-18 CT Calculated from Laboratory data for ClearFRAC HT at low Loadings
(Different Fluid Formulations)______________________________________ 3-41
3-19 Preparation of Aqueous M003 Breaker Booster Solutions ___________ 3-44
3-20 Add Rates of M003 Solutions______________________________________ 3-44
3-21 Product Specification (Fann 50) ___________________________________ 3-49
3-22 Minimum Fluid Viscosity Based on Fann 35 ________________________ 3-50
3-23 Crude oil Compatibility test Table __________________________________ 3-54
oil/Treatment Fluid Ratio __________________________________________ 3-55
3-26 Friction Pressure of J566 Fluids ___________________________________ 3-57
5-2 Recommended J551A Concentrations Versus Fluid Temperature _____ 5-3
5-3 Recommended salt Concentrations for 1 to 2% J551A, and Typical foam
Viscosity Values at 70 degF [21 degC] ______________________________ 5-4
5-4 Recommended salt Concentrations for 1 to 2% J551A, and Typical foam
Viscosity Values at 100 degF [38 degC] _____________________________ 5-5
5-5 Effect of Common Potential Contaminants on the Viscosity of 1% ClearFRAC
LT Fluids Prepared with 1.5% J534 _________________________________ 5-6
5-6 Typical Rheological Behavior of ClearFRAC* LT J551A Fluid Between 0 and
70% Nitrogen Quality ______________________________________________ 5-7
6-2 Comparison of J589, J589C and J589D Rheology Modifiers __________ 6-5
6-3 Recommended Straight Fluid Formulations (with 2% (167 lbm/1,000 galUS
(20 kg/m3)) KCl) Versus BHST _____________________________________ 6-6
6-4 Recommended foam Fluid (with foam Quality of 55 to 75%) Formulations
(with 2% (167 lbm/1,000 galUS (20 kg/m3)) KCl) Versus BHST _______ 6-6
6-6 Recommended J589 Concentrations in galUS/1,000 galUS Versus Mix-Water
Temperature for Given J590 Loading Levels _________________________ 6-9
Private
xiii VES Fluids / List of Tables xiii
6-7 Surface Tension data for low Concentration of J590 in 2% (167 lbm/1,000
galUS (20 kg/m3)) KCl ____________________________________________ 6-10
6-8 Proppant-Pack Conductivity data for Straight ClearFRAC XT J948
Fluids ____________________________________________________________ 6-14
6-9 Recommended Concentration of J567 to Facilitate Flowback as a Function of
J590 Concentration _______________________________________________ 6-17
6-10 Maximum Concentration (lbm/1,000 galUS) of live Breaker that can be
Leaked into ClearFRAC XT J948 Fluids ____________________________ 6-17
6-12 Effect of Common Potential Contaminants on the Viscosity of ClearFRAC XT
J948 Fluids_______________________________________________________ 6-21
6-14 Fluid Formulations and J590/J589 Ratios __________________________ 6-27

6-15 Fann 50 Rheology of J948 Fluids in 2 wt % KCl made with tap Water 6-32
6-16 Fann 50 Rheology of J948 Fluids made with L064 in tap Water ______ 6-39
6-17 Fann 50 Rheology of J948 Fluids in Different mix Waters ____________ 6-46
6-18 Foam Rheology of 8.5 galUS/1,000 galUS J590 and 8.5 galUS/1,000 galUS
J589 Fluids with Different mix Waters ______________________________ 6-53
6-19 Foam Rheology of 10 galUS/1,000 galUS J590 and 7.5 galUS/1,000 galUS
J589 Fluids with Different mix Waters _____________________________ 6-108
6-23 Foam Rheology of 30 galUS/1,000 galUS J590 and 5 galUS/1,000 galUS
6-25 ClearFRAC XT Leakoff Coefficients _______________________________ 6-144
6-26 Rheology of 15 galUS/1,000 galUS J590 and 2.5 galUS/1,000 galUS
J589 Fluids with Different F105 Concentrations and 5 galUS/1,000 galUS
W054 ___________________________________________________________ 6-146
6-27 Rheology of 45 galUS/1,000 galUS J590 and 7.5 galUS/1,000 galUS J589
Fluids with Different J567 Concentrations _________________________ 6-149
6-28 Friction Pressure of J948 N2-foamed Fluids (Irrespective of foam
Quality) _________________________________________________________ 6-152
6-29 Crude oil Compatibility test Table _________________________________ 6-156
6-30 Emulsion Treatment Fluids _______________________________________ 6-156
oil/Treatment Fluid Ratio _________________________________________ 6-157
6-32 Minimum Straight Fluid Viscosity (cP or mPa·s) at 100 s−1__________ 6-161
6-33 Minimum Viscosities with Fann 35 at 50% air foam Qualities at 50, 70 and
100 degF [10, 21 and 38 degC] ___________________________________ 6-163
6-34 ClearFRAC XT Mix-Water Testing Requirement____________________ 6-166
Private
xiv VES Fluids / List of Tables xiv
7-3 Recommended Temperature Range for SAPPHIRE VF100 Fluids ____ 7-5
7-4 Some Additives and Their Concentrations Compatibility with SAPPHIRE
VF100 Fluids ______________________________________________________ 7-8
7-5 Typical Rheological Properties of SAPPHIRE VF100 Fluids in tap
Water ____________________________________________________________ 7-14
7-7 Minimum Viscosity Estimates of air 50% foam Fluid as a Function of
Temperature Using a Fann 35 ____________________________________ 7-27
Private
xv VES Fluids / List of Equations xv
List of Equations
7-1 Equation to calculate % emulsion break. ___________________________ 7-25

Private
xvi VES Fluids / List of Equations xvi
Version Control PPC,

Fracturing
Vol
Matrix
Gelled
Acid,
J360,
Leakoff
II, WS,
A260,
hydr
fmm
Materials
Acid,
Control
SFE,
ochloric
of,
Materials
J425,
Wo
Acid-B
OCP,
Acid,
rm
Manual,
L058,
acid,
Holes,
Manual,
ased
Well
J429,
F75N,
H005,
Gelled
Services,
Fluid
worm
J570
Other
A201,
H010,
Systems,
holes,
Acid
Fluid
DocTBT,
FLA,
H015,
Systems,
Retar
s,MMM,
LCA,
FMM
H020,
ded
FMM,
This version of the document completely replaces any other version, published
or unpublished. Check that the version you are using matches the controlled
version published in InTouch. Document version information is indicated on the
document cover page.
To confirm you are using the correct version, check that the reference, version,
release date, EDMS UID, and production date and time all match those on the
controlled version of the document. Refer to the document control page for
the document revision history.
Private
1-i VES Fluids / ClearFRAC-EF J533 Fracturing Fluids have been obsoleted. 1-i
1 ClearFRAC-EF J533 Fracturing Fluids have

been obsoleted.
Private
1-1 VES Fluids / ClearFRAC-EF J533 Fracturing Fluids have been obsoleted. 1-1
1 ClearFRAC-EF J533 Fracturing Fluids

have been obsoleted. PPC,
Stimulation
Fracturing
Fmmwbf,
Volume
Sys
ClearFRAC,
EF
U066,
J550A,
J533,
tems,
WS,
U66,
KCl
1,U028,
FMMV1WBF,
VES,
Fmm
Materials
SFE,
Fluids
L237,
brine,
J533,
Water-base
U28,
Press
Vol
J550,
Engineering,
ClearFRAC-EF
1,
Manual–Water
M117,
ure
FmmV1,
Fracturing
J550A,
Pumping
fluids,
U042,
Well
J556,
Viscoelastic
JClearF
Materials
U42,
Bas
533,
and
Services,
matrix
eChemistry,
U044,
ClearFRAC
RAC
Fluids,
Manual
Fluid
breaker
J533,
U44,
Private
2-i VES Fluids / ClearFRAC J942 HiPerm Fracturing Fluids 2-i
2 ClearFRAC J942 HiPerm Fracturing Fluids

2.1 Introductory Summary _________________________________________ 2-1
2.2 Fluid Components _____________________________________________ 2-2
2.2.1 Surfactant package __________________________________________ 2-3
2.2.2 Mix water ____________________________________________________ 2-3
2.2.3 Shear recovery additive U066 _________________________________ 2-4
2.2.4 Breakers and breaker booster ________________________________ 2-4
2.2.5 Clay stabilizers ______________________________________________ 2-4
2.3 Base Fluid Design ______________________________________________ 2-5
2.3.1 Temperature range ___________________________________________ 2-5
2.3.2 Fluid formulations ____________________________________________ 2-5

2.3.3 Selection of fluid formulation and fracture job design ___________ 2-6
2.3.4 Shear history ________________________________________________ 2-8
2.4 Cleanup Aids ___________________________________________________ 2-8
2.4.1 Energized or foamed ClearFRAC J942 HiPerm fluids based on
J566 ________________________________________________________ 2-8
2.4.2 Preflush containing F105 _____________________________________ 2-8
2.4.3 ClearFRAC Encapsulated Breaker J567 _______________________ 2-9
2.4.3.1 J567 concentrations for fracturing treatments ______________ 2-10
2.4.3.2 Breaker booster M003 __________________________________ 2-11
2.4.3.3 J567 job design _________________________________________ 2-11
2.4.3.4 J567 auger output _______________________________________ 2-12
2.4.3.5 J567 Job execution checklist _____________________________ 2-13
2.4.3.6 Postjob flowback ________________________________________ 2-13
2.5.1 Leakoff coefficients for formations with <5 mD permeability ____ 2-13
2.5.2 Fluid Stabilizer T581 for ClearFRAC J942 HiPerm _____________ 2-14
2.5.2.1 Temperature and dissolution rate of T581 _________________ 2-15
2.5.2.2 T581 Compatibility _______________________________________ 2-15
2.5.2.3 Concentration of T581 in ClearFRAC J942 HiPerm fluids ___ 2-15
2.5.2.4 Fluid-Loss data for job design ____________________________ 2-16
2.5.2.5 Addition of T581 and J494 to ClearFRAC J942 HiPerm ____ 2-16
2.5.2.6 Storage life of T581 ______________________________________ 2-17
2.6.1 Proppant-Pack permeability _________________________________ 2-17
2.6.2 Formation damage in high-permeability formations ____________ 2-18
2.7 Friction Pressure ______________________________________________ 2-19
2.8 Emulsions ____________________________________________________ 2-19
2.9 Resin-Coated Proppants (RCPs) ______________________________ 2-19
2.10 Additive Compatibility _________________________________________ 2-20
2.10.1 Commonly used additives ___________________________________ 2-20
2.11 Mixing _________________________________________________________ 2-21
2.11.1 Continuously mixing the J566 ________________________________ 2-22
2.11.1.1 Preblend breaker booster ________________________________ 2-22
Private
2-ii VES Fluids / ClearFRAC J942 HiPerm Fracturing Fluids 2-ii
2.11.1.2 Continuous mixing of J566 and breaker booster M003 as an aqueous

solution _________________________________________________ 2-22
2.11.2 Batch mixing J566 fluids in small well-mixed tanks ____________ 2-22
2.11.3 Postjob equipment cleanup __________________________________ 2-23
2.12 Execution _____________________________________________________ 2-23
2.13 Storage _______________________________________________________ 2-24
2.14 Appendix A: Rheology Data ___________________________________ 2-25
2.14.1 Base fluid viscosity of ClearFRAC J942 HiPerm fluids made with J566 in
freshwater __________________________________________________ 2-25
2.14.2 Typical rheological properties of ClearFRAC J942 HiPerm fluids
______________________________________________________________ 2-26
2.14.3 Typical Rheological Properties of ClearFRAC J942 HiPerm fluids made
with J566 in KCl and NH4Cl brines ___________________________ 2-28

2.14.4 No shear degradation _______________________________________ 2-31
2.14.5 Rheology of ClearFRAC J942 HiPerm made with J566 between 20 and
80 degF [−7 and 27 degC] ___________________________________ 2-32
2.15 Appendix B: Leakoff Data – Leakoff Behavior of ClearFRAC J942
HiPerm Fluids made with J56 __________________________________ 2-33
2.16 Appendix C: Proppant-Pack Breaker J567 _____________________ 2-35
2.17 Appendix D: Preparation and Addition Rates of Liquid Breaker Booster
M003 Solutions ________________________________________________ 2-36
2.18 Appendix E: Viscosity of ClearFRAC J942 HiPerm Fluids made with
J566 and Commingled with F105 and U066 ____________________ 2-38
(QA/QC) _______________________________________________________ 2-40
2.19.1 Fluid preparation ____________________________________________ 2-40
2.19.2 Fann 50 QA/QC procedures: Fluid viscosity determination _____ 2-41
2.19.3 Fann 35 QA/QC procedures: Fluid viscosity determination _____ 2-42
2.19.4 Fluid viscosity shear recovery determination __________________ 2-42
2.19.5 J567 Onsite quality assurance and quality control _____________ 2-43
2.20 Appendix G: Crude Oil Compatibility Test _____________________ 2-46
2.21 Appendix H: Compatibility Test Procedure ____________________ 2-48
2.22 Appendix I: Friction Pressure _________________________________ 2-49
2.23 Appendix J: U066 Loading ____________________________________ 2-50
2.24 Appendix K: Minimum Service Standard Guidelines for ClearFRAC J942
HiPerm Fluids _________________________________________________ 2-51
2.24.1 Required testing ____________________________________________ 2-51
2.24.1.1 Mix-Water tests _________________________________________ 2-51
2.24.1.2 Base fluid viscosity tests ________________________________ 2-51
2.24.1.3 Fluid specifics determination _____________________________ 2-52
2.24.1.4 Breaker tests ____________________________________________ 2-52
2.24.1.5 Compatibility tests (formation crude/treatment fluid) ________ 2-52
2.24.1.6 Foam half-life tests ______________________________________ 2-52
2.24.1.7 Additive mixture tests ____________________________________ 2-52
2.24.2 Representative samples _____________________________________ 2-52
Private
2-1 VES Fluids / ClearFRAC J942 HiPerm Fracturing Fluids 2-1
2 ClearFRAC J942 HiPerm Fracturing

Fluids PPC,
Stimulation
Fracturing
Fmmwbf,
Volume
Sys
hiperm,
f105,
recovery,
leakoff
tems,
u066,
WS,
control,
j942,
1,breaker
VES,
FMMV1WBF,
Fmm
Materials
SFE,
Fluids
u66,
j566,
rcWater-base
Press
Vol
j567,
p,booster,
Engineering,
m003,
ph
1,
Manual–Water
m117,
ure
control
FmmV1,
Fracturing
Pumping
m3,
proppant
fluids,
fl uid-loss
m494,
Well
Viscoelastic
Materials
ClearFRAC,
Bas
and
pack
Services,
j581,
control,
eChemistry,
breaker,
Fluids,
l064,
Manual
Fluid
s hear
2.1 Introductory Summary

Historically, the use of viscoelastic surfactant (VES) fluids has been limited
primarily to reservoirs with permeabilities less than approximately 10 mD
because of the high rate of fluid loss above this permeability. ClearFRAC* J942
HiPerm is a VES system that extends the use of ClearFRAC technology to higher
permeability wells while still maintaining the clean proppant-pack conductivity
typical of ClearFRAC fluids.
ClearFRAC J942 HiPerm is a surfactant and water-based, polymer-free system

that extends the ClearFRAC family of viscoelastic surfactants into higher
permeability reservoirs between 10 and 350 mD. ClearFRAC J942 HiPerm is
a fracturing fluid containing gelling agent J566, a clay stabilizer, ClearFRAC
Encapsulated Breaker J567, and breaker booster M003. In some formulations,
ClearFRAC J942 HiPerm also contains U066. For improved fluid efficiency when
needed, a unique, non-damaging fluid stabilizer, T581, is added to ClearFRAC
J942 HiPerm. Unlike polymer-based fluid systems, crosslinkers are not needed
since viscosity is developed upon mixing.
ClearFRAC J942 HiPerm is designed primarily for continuous-mix operations.

The fluid system has not been designed or tested for energized or foamed
applications, and this manual addition presents information concerning only
non-energized J566 fluids.
Note
The data presented in this manual addition illustrate general trends only.
Thorough prejob testing in a laboratory, using the same materials that will be
employed at the wellsite should be performed before any job.
At present, J566 is approved for use in all countries except for offshore Canada
and offshore North Sea. Consult the QA database for the latest registration
status or changes. Violations of a country’s environmental regulations can result
in serious legal consequences. Consult the HSE Department for guidance.
Private
2.2 Fluid Components

Table 2-1 provides physical properties and hazards of the principal components
of ClearFRAC J942 HiPerm fluids. Information is current as of the Last Edit Date
as documented in InTouch. Complete information on health hazards, protective
equipment, handling precautions, environmental hazards and disposal is listed in
the current Schlumberger Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for these products.
Additional safety information is available from the WS Quality Management
System - QHSE Standards, Reference Page, InTouch content 4055049.
Table 2-1: Physical Properties and Hazards
Flash
Product Specific Health Physical Point,
Product Name Form pH
Code Gravity Hazard Hazard degF
[degC]
ClearFRAC Brown Highly
J566 1.03 Eyes 63 [17] 9.5
HT J566 liquid flammable
ClearFRAC Not
Tan 9 to 11
J567 Encapsulated 0.90 Eyes Dust applicable
granules (10 g/L)
Breaker J567 (NA)
White 11.6
M003 Soda Ash M3 2.50 Eyes, skin Corrosive NA
powder (10 g/L)
Temporary
Colorless None
L064 Clay Stabilizer 1.01 Eyes, skin >199 [93] 7
liquid Identified
L64
Potassium White
M117 1.98 Eyes, skin Dust NA NA
Chloride M117 granules
Multifunctional
Colorless
F105 Surfactant 0.95 Eyes, skin Combustible 142 [61] 8.7
liquid
F105
Eyes, skin,
Mutual solvent Colorless
U066 0.9 blood, Combustible 152 [67] 9.5
U66 liquid
kidneys
PH CONTROL White None
J494 1.9 Eyes NA 9.5
J494 granules identified (NI)
Fluid Stabilizer Tan
T581 1.4 Eyes NI NA 4 (10%)
T581 powder
Note
Product codes M117 and KCl (potassium chloride) may be used interchangeably.
Private
2.2.1 Surfactant package

J566 is the surfactant package used for ClearFRAC J942 HiPerm fluids.
Recommended concentrations range from 3.5 to 6% (35 to 60 galUS/1,000
galUS (35 to 60 L/m3)) depending on bottomhole temperature conditions. To
ensure optimum fluid performance:
• Tanks and mixing equipment must be clean. Hydrocarbon residues in tanks

can severely decrease fluid performance.
• Care must be taken to avoid contamination from other common additives.

Information concerning additive compatibility is given in Section 2.10.
The quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) procedures for J566 fluids are
presented in Section 2.19. Confirm that the batch of J566 conforms to the
minimum rheology specification in FRESHWATER as per Table 2-20 using
Fann 50 predicted viscosity at 100 s-1. Note that this test is performed for 6%
(60 galUS/1,000 galUS (60 L/m3)) J566 even if the fluid design requires lower
concentrations of J566.
2.2.2 Mix water

Freshwater is recommended for mixing J566 fluids. Seawater and produced
water can be used for fluid preparation as well if prejob testing in a laboratory
confirms fluid performance with respect to viscosity, shear recovery, and breaker
effectiveness. No heavy brines or completion brines can be used.
Since the performance of ClearFRAC fluids is sensitive to the presence of

contaminants such as hydrocarbons, de-emulsifiers, acid, etc., it is important to
take note of the following points:
• Location water should be clean and low in Ca2+, Mg2+ and Fe3+ (<500 ppm
(500 mg/L) combined total).
• Total ion salinities in the mix water, including all monovalent species (NaCl,
KCl), should be less than 10%, preferably less than 7%, especially when
using formulations with U066.
• Whenever possible, for optimal performance, ammonium chloride (NH4Cl)
brines should not be used. See Section 2.14.3 for the effect of ammonium
chloride brine on the rheology of fluids made with J566.
The concentration limits of Ca2+, Mg2+, and Fe3+, and the concentration limits
of clay stabilizers, M117 or L064, are still valid when U066 is added to the
fluid formulation. The breaker booster M003 is still required when exceeding
Private
these limits. The sensitivity towards NH4Cl also remains for formulations with
U066. Prejob testing based on QA/QC procedures should be performed for any
deviations from these limits and for produced water and seawater to ensure
fluid performance.
2.2.3 Shear recovery additive U066

The addition of U066 at surfactant concentrations below 6% (60 galUS/1,000
galUS (60 L/m3)) J566 ensures rapid shear recovery. QA/QC procedures have to
ensure that the fluid shear recovery time according to Section 2.19 is within the
specifications after high-shear exposure.
2.2.4 Breakers and breaker booster

Although ClearFRAC fluids lose viscosity upon contact with hydrocarbons or
formation waters, it is recommended in most conditions that an encapsulated
breaker be added to the PROPPANT stages of the fracturing treatment. This
breaker provides insurance for proppant-pack cleanup and is particularly
important for applications in wells where pressure drawdown is low or the
mixing of J566 with hydrocarbon may be limited (e.g., low-pressure or dry gas
wells). Encapsulated breaker J567 is the only breaker available for J566 and
is described in Section 2.4.3.
The breaker booster M003 is required to ensure breaker performance and is

added to all formulations as explained in Section 2.4.3.2. Note, formulations
that use T581 fluid stabilizer will also have additional M003 (or J494) added to
stabilize the fluid as explained in Section 2.5.2.3.
Note that at temperatures around 240 degF [116 degC], and the addition of KCl,
the breaker does not lower the high-shear viscosity significantly (between 25 and
100 s-1). However, the low-shear viscosity decreases, so that flow initiation is
sufficiently reduced to provide good cleanup performance.
2.2.5 Clay stabilizers

Nearly all sandstone formations contain clay particles. Swelling of clays can
cause formation damage by plugging formation pores when the aqueous fluids
enter the formation.
M117 (KCl) and L064 are the recommended clay stabilizers for the ClearFRAC
fluids. ClearFRAC J942 HiPerm is compatible with a maximum of 10% (835
lbm/1,000 galUS (100 kg/m3) KCl or 0.2% (2 galUS/1,000 galUS (2 L/m3)) L064.
Potassium chloride brine or L064 are both very effective for clay stabilization.
Private
2.3 Base Fluid Design

ClearFRAC J942 HiPerm base fluids are prepared by mixing gelling agent J566,
Mutual Solvent U066, breaker booster M003, and clay stabilizer (M117 or L064)
in water. For applications using Fluid Stabilizer T581, pH control J494 can be
added to the fluid in place of M003 as explained in Section 2.5.2.3.
2.3.1 Temperature range

ClearFRAC J942 HiPerm is designed for treating wells with bottomhole

temperatures (BHT) ranging from 150 to 250 degF [66 to 121 degC]. The fluid
design has to be confirmed with QA/QC based on bottomhole temperature.
2.3.2 Fluid formulations

J566 is used in a concentration range between 3.5 and 6% (35 to 60 galUS/1,000
galUS (35 to 60 L/m3)) depending on the applicable temperature range (see
Table 2-2). QA/QC has to ensure that the fluid viscosity at BHT is above 50 cP
(50 mPa·s) at 100 s-1. Table 2-2 shows the recommended U066 concentrations
for different J566 loadings; refer to Section 2.23 for interpolation between the
given concentrations.
Note
Fluids made with J566 loadings below 6% (60 galUS/1,000 galUS (60 L/m3))
REQUIRE the addition of U066 as per Table 2-2. Fluids made with J566 loadings
less than 6% and not containing U066 will have unacceptably long-shear
recovery times.
Private
Table 2-2: Recommended Additive Concentrations
J566 U066 M003

Concentration, Concentration, Concentration, Clay Stabilizer Concentration,
galUS/1,000 galUS/1,000 lbm/1,000 galUS galUS/1,000 galUS or L/m3
galUS or L/m31 galUS or L/m3 (kg/m3)
2 to 7% (167 to 585 lbm/1,000
10 to 20 (1.2 galUS (20 to 70 kg/m3) M117 or
20 20.0
to 2.4) 0.2% (2 galUS/1,000 galUS
(2 L/m3)) L064
2 to 7% (167 to 585 lbm/1,000
30 14.0
to 2.4) 0.2% (2 galUS/1,000 galUS

(2 L/m3)) L064
2 to 7% (167 to 585 lbm/1,000
40 10.0
to 2.4) 0.2% (2 galUS/1,000 galUS
(2 L/m3)) L064
2 to 7% (167 to 585 lbm/1,000
50 7.5
to 2.4) 0.2% (2 galUS/1,000 galUS
(2 L/m3)) L064
2 to 7% (167 to 585 lbm/1,000
60 0
to 2.4) 0.2% (2 galUS/1,000 galUS
(2 L/m3)) L064
1
J566 concentrations less than 3.5% (35 galUS/1,000 galUS (35 L/m3)) are used as flush fluids and are NOT
recommended for fracturing.
Note
3.5% (35 galUS/1,000 galUS (35 L/m3)) is the minimum recommended J566
concentration for fracturing fluids. Concentrations below 3.5% J566 should not
be used for fracturing fluids unless specifically tested in the laboratory under
well conditions.
Concentrations between 2 and 3.5% (20 and 35 galUS/1,000 galUS (20 and 35
L/m3)) J566 can be used for preflushes or postflushes.
2.3.3 Selection of fluid formulation and fracture job

design
The allowed fluid formulations are
Private
1. Formulation 1: 3.5 to 6% (35 and 60 galUS/1,000 galUS (35 and 60 L/m3))

J566 with the recommended amount of U066 (see Table 2-2) in freshwater
with 0 to 0.2 % (0 to 2 galUS/1,000 galUS (0 and 2 L/m3)) L064.
2. Formulation 2: 2 to 6% (20 and 60 galUS/1,000 galUS (20 and 60 L/m3))
J566 with the recommended amount of U066 (Table 2-2) in brines with 0
to 10% (0 to 835 lbm/1,000 galUS (0 and 100 kg/m3)) KCl, preferably less
than 7% (585 kg/1,000 galUS (70 kg/m3)). NH4Cl is not compatible with
this formulation.
Formulation 2 provides significant flexibility for use, since it covers a range of

likely compositions. With either formulation, total divalent ion content should be
below 500 ppm (500 mg/L), so that breaker performance is not compromised
(see Section 2.4.3.2).
For each formulation, a set of n′ and K′s has been determined from Fann 50
measurements. Typical viscosities at 100 s-1 as a function of temperature are
shown in Figure 2-3.
The effect of dissolved salts on the rheology of J566 based fluids is minor,
and there are only small differences between the rheology of Formulations 1
and 2. Values of n′ and K′ in Section 2.14 reflect these differences showing
that, compared with Formulation 1, Formulation 2 gives reduced viscosity in
the temperature range of 130 to 170 degF [54 to 77 degC], but shows similar
rheology in other temperature ranges.
The effect of Fluid Stabilizer T581 on the rheology of ClearFRAC J942 HiPerm
is insignificant as long as J494 or M003 are added to the formulation at 35
lbm/1,000 galUS (4.2 kg/m3) to maintain a fluid pH greater than 9 (see Section
2.5.2).
The user procedure is as follows:
1. Confirm that the batch of J566 conforms to the minimum rheology

specification in FRESHWATER as per Table 2-20 using Fann 50 predicted
viscosity at 100 s-1. Note that this test is performed for 6% (60 galUS/1,000
galUS (60 L/m3)) J566 even if the fluid design requires lower concentrations
of J566.
2. Select the brine formulation to be used and confirm the compatibility with
other additives to be used. If further confirmation of the performance in the
selected brine is necessary, measurements of viscosity at 100 s-1 should be
made with the Fann 50 and compared with the lower limit given in Table 2-20.
3. Select the values of n′ and K′ for the required formulation, from the
appropriate data set in Table 2-12 and Table 2-13.
Private
Note
Viscosity data at 100 s-1 in Table 2-20 are to be used for QC purposes only. The
viscosity measurement for QC purpose should be performed with the standard
Fann 50 procedure only at 100 s-1 without shear rate ramps.
2.3.4 Shear history

As with all ClearFRAC fluids, J566 systems are not degraded when exposed to
extended periods of shearing, and the viscosity is independent of time. The fluid
viscosity decreases with increasing shear rate, but the original fluid viscosity is
recovered when the shear rate returns to the original value (see Section 2.14.4).
Therefore, the customary viscosity versus time at different temperatures graphs
presented for polymer fluids are not relevant for J566 based fluids. Instead,
the evolution of the viscosity as a function of fluid temperature is the critical
information for design (see Section 2.14).
The shear recovery time has to be tested following the QA/QC procedures.
2.4 Cleanup Aids

Low-temperature and low-pressure dry gas formations are the most difficult
environments for ClearFRAC J942 HiPerm in terms of cleanup. In the absence
of sufficient hydrocarbons or formation water, the time required to remove
ClearFRAC J942 HiPerm fluid from the formation and fracture could be
unacceptably slow. It is critical before using approaches discussed in Sections
2.4.1 to 2.4.3 to avoid overdesigning the treatment. The use of ClearFRAC
J942 HiPerm with lower surfactant concentrations and the use of U066 help to
alleviate the cleanup challenges at low temperature and low pressure.
2.4.1 Energized or foamed ClearFRAC J942 HiPerm fluids

based on J566
ClearFRAC J942 HiPerm has NOT been designed or tested for energized or
foamed applications.
2.4.2 Preflush containing F105

To ensure optimum matrix cleanup after treatment with ClearFRAC J942
HiPerm, a preflush containing F105 should be pumped at frac rates ahead of the
J566-based fluid. This will reduce the viscosity of the ClearFRAC J942 HiPerm
Private
fluid when flowback and cleanup of the fracture begins. The recommended
preflush composition is 2 to 10% (167 to 835 lbm/1,000 galUS (20 to 100 kg/m3))
KCl brine containing 5 to 10 vol % (50 to 100 galUS/1,000 galUS (50 to 100
L/m3)) F105. The recommended preflush volume is 25% of the ClearFRAC pad
fluid volume. The Fann 50 rheograms of 6% (60 galUS/1,000 galUS (60 L/m3))
J566 fluids with 1, 1.5 and 2% F105 are presented in Section 2.18.
Note
F105 is the only mutual solvent approved for ClearFRAC J942 HiPerm preflush
treatments. U066 does not work as an effective preflush for this fluid system
and is not to be used.
2.4.3 ClearFRAC Encapsulated Breaker J567

J567 is an encapsulated proppant-pack breaker in the size range of 10 to 40
mesh. It is for use in the proppant stages of J566 treatments only. Upon fracture
closure, the breaker particle is crushed and the water-soluble core material is
released into the fluid. The released breaker disrupts the VES micelle structure
and thereby permanently reduces the viscosity of the fracturing fluid at all
applicable shear rate ranges. The viscosity reduction ranges from 45 to 99%
at low-shear rates (0.1 s-1) and 25 to 50% at medium-shear rates (100 s-1)
depending upon the J567 concentration (see Section 2.16).
J567 is an inorganic salt and does not work like the conventional oxidizer
breakers for polymeric fluids. In J566 applications, J567 reduces viscosity by
disrupting and rearranging the thread-like micelles in the fracturing fluid at the
molecular level. There is no chemical reaction in the process of breaking VES
fluids. This is in contrast to breaker mechanisms for polymer fluids, where
polymers are oxidized and thus decomposed chemically. Since the mechanism
of break employed here leaves intact surfactant molecules remaining in the fluid,
there will always be some residual viscosity at all shear rates. J567 reduces
low-shear viscosity and degrades the VES micelle structure, thereby providing
easier cleanup and accelerated hydrocarbon production.
The effectiveness of J567 depends on the concentrations of multivalent metal

ions—Ca2+, Mg2+ and total dissolved iron (represented by Fe3+). A breaker
booster, M003, is required for all treatments to maximize breaker efficiency. The
M003 concentration guideline is detailed in Section 2.4.3.2.
The following section provides guidelines for using J567 with ClearFRAC J942
HiPerm fluids. Information on safety, handling, storage, equipment, chemical
compatibility, and disposal can be found in the corresponding MSDS.
Private
2.4.3.1 J567 concentrations for fracturing treatments

The breaker loading is optimized with respect to the recommended J566
concentration and thus differs with temperature (see Figure 2-1). Representative
rheological data are presented in Section 2.16 for 6% (60 galUS/1,000 galUS
(60 L/m3)) J566. In all cases, a breaker booster is required to achieve optimum
breaker performance (see Section 2.4.3.2).
Figure 2-1: Recommended concentration of encapsulated breaker J567 for ClearFRAC

J942 HiPerm. To facilitate flowback as a function of J566 concentration.
Note
A lower-than-recommended concentration of J567 may not provide sufficient
viscosity reduction to facilitate flowback.
KCl inhibits the viscosity decrease at high shear rates (25 to 100 s-1) at
temperatures around 240 degF [116 degC]. However, the viscosity at low
shear rates is decreased. Thus, flow initiation is sufficiently reduced to provide
satisfactory cleanup.
Private
2.4.3.2 Breaker booster M003

It is recommended that a water analysis be performed on location water before
designing the breaker schedule. The effectiveness of J567 is sensitive to divalent
(Ca2+, Mg2+) and trivalent (Fe3+) metal ions. Do not use water with greater than
500 ppm (500 mg/L) adjusted [Ca2+] concentration. Breaker booster M003, must
be used on all ClearFRAC J942 HiPerm treatments to maximize the performance
of breaker J567. The concentration guideline is presented in Table 2-3.
Adjusted [Ca2+] (ppm) = ppm Ca2+ + 1.65 x ppm Mg2+ + 0.72 x ppm Fe3+
Table 2-3: Amount of Breaker Booster M003 Needed for Different Mix-Water Hardness
Adjusted [Ca2+] Concentration, M003, lbm/1,000 galUS

ppm or mg/L (kg/m3)
0 to 100 5 (0.6)
100 to 200 10 (1.2)
200 to 300 15 (1.8)
300 to 400 20 (2.4)
400 to 500 25 (3.0)
2.4.3.3 J567 job design

Leakage of active breaker material through the encapsulation of J567 particles
may adversely influence fluid viscosity during pumping. Table 2-4 shows the
maximum concentration of leaked breaker material that can be tolerated in J566
fluids before fluid viscosity is significantly reduced at medium-shear rate (i.e.,
between 100 and 170 s-1).
Table 2-4: Maximum Concentration of J567 Breaker that can be Leaked into ClearFRAC
J942 HiPerm Fluids
J567 Core Material, lbm/1,000

J566, vol %
galUS (kg/m3)
6 2 (0.24)
The actual amount of leaked core material in any stage may be calculated
using leakage data in Table 2-5, in combination with a FracCADE* temperature
simulation. It is unlikely that the leaked breaker material is greater than the
tolerance limits in Table 2-4. However, if it does occur, the concentration of J567
must be reduced accordingly.
Private
Table 2-5: J567 Release Levels (no Closure Stress)
Temperature, degF Breaker Material

Time, h
[degC] Release, wt %
170 [77] 0.5 0.9
170 [77] 1.0 2.1
170 [77] 2.0 4.4
250 [121] 0.5 0.2
250 [121] 1.0 4.4
250 [121] 2.0 7.5
The following procedure should be used for fracture treatment design using J567.
Note
Failure to properly design treatments using J567 can result in little added benefit
or may cause premature break and subsequent screen out.
1. Based on the J566 surfactant concentration, choose the appropriate

concentration of J567 using Figure 2-1.
2. Perform an onsite QA/QC test for J567 by adding the desired concentration
of breaker to the J566 fluid, and measuring the viscosity of the fluid at
ambient conditions with a Fann 35 viscometer. The viscosity of the fluid (at
170 s-1) with the encapsulated breaker should be within 80% of the viscosity
of the fluid without breaker (see Section 2.14). DO NOT ADD J567 INTO
THE WARING BLENDER. Add breaker to the Fann cup and mix gently.
3. Design the fracturing treatment using the FracCADE software. The software
will predict the fluid exposure time at temperature of each stage (this is
obtained by using the temperature versus fracture half-length and front
position versus treatment time plots). Use Table 2-5 to determine the
approximate concentration of breaker leakage during the job and make
adjustments to the J567 breaker loading if required.
2.4.3.4 J567 auger output

The auger output can be calculated as follows:
Half pitch: #/h = 5.770 * rpm, or #/min = 0.0962 * rpm (0.0962 #/REV)
Full pitch: #/h = 11.453 * rpm, or #/min = 0.1909 * rpm (0.1909 #/REV)
Private
2.4.3.5 J567 Job execution checklist

• Review all safety issues (i.e., chemical compatibility) concerning J567.
• Calibrate the dry-feeder additive and make sure that it adds the correct
concentration of breaker to the fluid.
No minimum shut-in time is required.
2.4.3.6 Postjob flowback

The viscosity of the J566 base fluid is reduced at both low- and intermediate-shear
rates upon the release of breaker material into the fluid. This change in viscosity
at the bottomhole temperature will facilitate flowback. The fluid that is flowed
back to the surface will regain some viscosity when it cools down simply due
to temperature effect. When excess foaming occurs for the flow back fluids,
D144 can be added to the pit or flowback tank to reduce foam volume (mixing is
required for the D144 to be an effective defoamer).
2.5 Leakoff and Fluid-Loss Control

Without a fluid-loss control additive, J566-based fluids do not form a filtercake
and the leakoff rate for VES systems is a function of fluid rheology, permeability,
temperature, and the differential pressure between the fracture and the reservoir
fluid.
2.5.1 Leakoff coefficients for formations with <5 mD

permeability
Since ClearFRAC fluids do not form filtercakes during leakoff, they do not obey
the traditional spurt and Cw behavior associated with polymer-base systems. The
leakoff for VES fluids is approximated by a function of volume versus t1/2, where
t is time. Consequently, a combined leakoff coefficient CT is recommended. CT
values calculated from laboratory data are given in Section 2.15. These data
were generated from static fluid-loss tests with sandstone cores. The cores were
initially saturated in 2% (167 lbm/1,000 galUS (20 kg/m3)) KCl brine and the
permeabilities were measured.
No laboratory data set can encompass all ranges of downhole conditions for fluid
loss, and it is essential that a DataFRAC* treatment be performed when using
ClearFRAC J942 HiPerm in new reservoirs. If a DataFRAC is not performed, the
Private
CT values in Section 2.15 offer a reasonable starting point for job design. These
data suggest a linear relationship between log CT (ft/min1/2) and log permeability
(mD) at any temperature. For permeabilities or temperatures not covered in the
table, linear interpolation of data in Section 2.15 can also be used as a starting
point for estimating the CT. Extrapolation of data in those tables should be limited
to temperatures above 130 degF [54 degC]. Extrapolation to permeabilities
below 0.1 mD is also uncertain. A constant, temperature independent CT value
of 0.001 ft/min1/2 is recommended for permeabilities of 0.05 mD or less.
For some formations, J566 alone may not provide sufficient fluid-loss
control. While this may not pose a problem in cases where the reservoir
fluid compressibility is the predominant fluid-loss control mechanism (heavy

oil), it is a significant concern for most dry gas reservoirs and for depleted or
under-pressured reservoirs where the differential pressure between the fluid in
fracture and the reservoir fluid exceeds approximately 1,000 psi (6,900 kPa). To
accommodate these situations and to extend the use of VES technology up to
permeabilities of 350 mD, a unique, nondamaging fluid stabilizer, T581, has been
developed for use with the ClearFRAC J942 HiPerm fluid when necessary.
2.5.2 Fluid Stabilizer T581 for ClearFRAC J942 HiPerm

T581 is a readily dispersible fluid stabilizer that is slurried in water and
continuously mixed into the fracturing fluid. Because the T581 material is readily
dispersible in water, the slurried additive can be accurately metered into the
fracturing fluid with no risk of lumping. T581 is composed of solid particulates
that degrade with time and temperature to a completely soluble material. This
avoids the proppant pack damage sometimes associated with fluid-loss additives
containing insoluble, nondegradable materials. The degradation of T581 allows it
to be used with ClearFRAC fluids without compromising the high proppant-pack
retained permeability characteristic of ClearFRAC fluids. T581 is intended to be
used in the DataFRAC and PAD stages only. Table 2-1 provides a summary of
the physical properties and hazards of T581.
Because of its particle size, T581 is not effective at controlling leakoff to natural
fractures, vugs, and ultra high-permeability formations containing large pore
throats. T581 should be used for applications with permeabilities less than 350
mD. Particle size distribution for T581 is provided in Table 2-6. After being added
to the fracturing fluid, the size distribution will change as the material degrades
and solubilizes.
Table 2-6: T581 Particle size Distribution
Particle Size, µ %, By Weight

>100 <1
Private
Particle Size, µ %, By Weight

20 to 100 6
10 to 20 23
1 to 10 65
<1 5
2.5.2.1 Temperature and dissolution rate of T581

The maximum bottomhole static temperature (BHST) for ClearFRAC J942
HiPerm is 250 degF [121 degC]. The rate of dissolution of T581 is temperature
dependent. At approximately pH 9, it ranges from approximately 2 days at 150
degF [66 degC] to 12 hours at 200 degF [93 degC] to less than 1 hour at 250
degF [121 degC].
2.5.2.2 T581 Compatibility

T581 is compatible with all the other components of the ClearFRAC J942 HiPerm
fluid system and its breaker, J567. The compatibility of other additives should be
determined in the laboratory as required.
2.5.2.3 Concentration of T581 in ClearFRAC J942 HiPerm fluids

When needed for high fluid-loss conditions, T581 is added to the ClearFRAC
J942 HiPerm fracturing fluid at a concentration of 40 lbm/1,000 galUS (4.8 kg/m3)
for the DataFRAC and pad stages of the treatment.
Whenever T581 is added to the fluid, J494 or M003 must also be added at a
concentration of 35 lbm/1,000 galUS (4.2 kg/m3) through all stages of the
fracturing treatment.
The J494 or M003 serves as a pH buffer to maintain the pH of the fracturing fluid
above pH 9 for optimum rheology. The J494 or M003 also serves to aid the
hydrolysis and dissolution of T581 after the treatment is complete. When J494 or
M003 is added to the treatment, it also acts as a breaker aid, and removes the
need for adding any additional M003 as a breaker as long as the 35 lbm/1,000
galUS (4.2 kg/m3) J494 or M003 is added throughout the treatment, including
proppant stages.
Addition of T581 at 40 lbm/1,000 galUS (4.8 kg/m3) does not measurably impact
the friction pressure or rheology of ClearFRAC J942 HiPerm as long as 35
lbm/1,000 galUS (4.2 kg/m3) of J494 or M003 have been added to maintain
the fluid pH above 9.
Private
Note
It is critical that 35 lbm/1,000 galUS (4.2 kg/m3) J494 or M003 be added to
treatments using T581. Failure to add either J494 or M003 to treatments using
T581 may reduce the rheology of the fracturing fluid while pumping, delay the
dissolution of T581 fluid stabilizer and reduce the effectiveness of the J567
encapsulated breaker.
2.5.2.4 Fluid-Loss data for job design

Table 2-7 provides estimates of fluid-loss coefficients for ClearFRAC J942

HiPerm over a range of permeabilities and a temperature range of 150 to
250 degF [66 to 121 degC]. These data are generated from laboratory tests
of Berea sandstone cores with initial brine saturation. Actual field results will
vary based on exact pore throat size distribution and initial fluid composition
in the rock. It should also be mentioned that high-permeability reservoirs are
typically composed of different layers of rock with very different permeabilities,
further making it difficult to exactly predict fluid-loss coefficients from laboratory
measurements. Instead, it is intended that the values in Table 2-7 serve as an
initial estimate for initial treatment design with the final estimate of fluid-loss
coefficient being obtained through a DataFRAC analysis.
Table 2-7: Estimated Fluid-Loss and Spurt Coefficients for ClearFRAC J942 HiPerm with 40
lbm/1,000 galUS (4.8 kg/m3) T581
Permeability, Spurt, S,p Fluid Loss, Cw,

mD galUS/100 ft2 ft/min1/2
34 24 0.003
42 24 0.003
78 24 0.0057
214 24 0.008
232 24 0.010
2.5.2.5 Addition of T581 and J494 to ClearFRAC J942 HiPerm

Both T581 and J494 are slurried and added as liquids in continuous mix during
the treatment. Before the start of the fracturing treatment, the powdered T581, is
to be slurried in clean water at a concentration of 2 lbm/galUS (240 kg/m3) of
water. The material is readily dispersible in water and no lumps or fisheyes will
form if the water is continuously stirred. Mix in a tote with an attached mixer
to keep the solid additive dispersed and suspended. Once mixed, keep the
Private
material continuously stirred to maintain suspension and use within 24 hours.

The mixed slurry is of low viscosity and is readily pumpable with standard field
metering equipment.
J494 is dissolved in water at a ratio of 1.5 lbm J494/galUS (180 kg/m3) water.
The mixture is to be made at least 1 hour before use to allow sufficient time for
complete dissolution of J494. It is critical that the J494 be completely dissolved
to avoid lumps, plugging lines, and interfering with continuous addition.
Note
Bags of J494 that have become wet and hardened must not be used.
2.5.2.6 Storage life of T581

The shelf life of T581 is at least 1 year if stored in a cool, dry place. The material
is supplied in plastic bags within sealed drums to ensure dry storage conditions.
2.6 Proppant-Pack and Formation Permeability
2.6.1 Proppant-Pack permeability

With the exception of the T581 fluid stabilizer, ClearFRAC J942 HiPerm fluids
are solids-free. Consequently, the retained permeabilities of proppant packs
placed with ClearFRAC fluids are typically greater than 95% (see Table 2-8).
The case of 6% (60 galUS/1,000 galUS (60 L/m3)) J566 is assumed to be the
worst-case scenario due to the highest surfactant loading, but still shows superior
cleanup over polymer based fluids (see Table 2-8). Fluids incorporating T581
fluid stabilizer additive have also been shown to clean up to better than 90% in
proppant pack conductivity tests, even if the shut-in time is as low as 1 hour at
150 degF [66 degC]. Very little water is required to complete the dissolution of
T581, and even the residual load water in fracturing dry gas wells is sufficient to
complete the process.
Private
Table 2-8: Proppant-Pack Conductivity data for Various Fracturing Fluids2-1
Pack
Retained
Proppant Fluid Permeability,
Permeability, %
D
No fluid (blank) 560 –
ClearFRAC J942
HiPerm (60
20/40 CarboLITE galUS/1,000 532 95
galUS or L/m3
J566)
YF*130HTD 250 45

ClearFRAC J942
HiPerm (60
galUS/1,000 823 98
16/20 CarboLITE galUS or L/m3
J566)
YF130HTD 330 39
YF125LG 440 52
2.6.2 Formation damage in high-permeability formations

Retained permeability was tested on 6% (60 galUS/1,000 galUS (60 L/m3)) J566,
which is expected to show the worst cleanup performance within the formation
due to the highest surfactant concentration. Leakoff tests were performed on
12-in long Berea sandstone cores with a differential pressure of 1,000 psi (6,900
kPa). Flowback with brine in the opposite direction was conducted to evaluate
the cleanup characteristics. The results shown below in Table 2-9 indicate that
J566-based fluids can provide better cleanup than crosslinked guar or HEC fluids.
Table 2-9: Core Cleanup data for Various Fracturing Fluids
Fluid Temperature, Core Permeability, Retained

Fluid
degF [degC] mD Permeability, %
YF125HTD1 130 [54] 1,000 20
2
80-lbm HEC 130 [54] 1,000 53
60 galUS/1,000 240 [116] 1,000 83
galUS or L/m3
J566 (6%) 3 200 [93] 0.4 90
1
Breaker: 0.5 lbm/1,000 galUS (0.06 kg/m3) J218
2
Breaker: 4 galUS/1,000 galUS or L/m3 J503
3
1-in core, 1,000 psi (6,900 kPa) differential pressure
2-1. Closure stress: 4,400 psi (30,360 kPa); data generated at Well Services product center.
Private
2.7 Friction Pressure

Friction pressures of 6% (60 galUS/1,000 galUS (60 L/m3)) J566 ClearFRAC
J942 HiPerm fluids for a variety of tubing sizes are presented in Section 2.22.
The numbers in Table 2-24 are calculated using fluid rheological properties. The
friction pressure values in Table 2-25 are from measurements from field trials
with live annuli. The presence of T581 fluid stabilizer does NOT alter the friction
pressure of the fluid as long as 35 lbm/1,000 galUS (4.2 kg/m3) of J494 or M003
has been added to maintain fluid pH and rheology.
2.8 Emulsions
Like other fracturing fluids, J566-based fluids can form an emulsion with certain
crude oils. Such an occurrence can severely inhibit well cleanup, and every effort
must be made to avoid this situation. Before applying J566 technology in any oil
well, it is essential that laboratory testing be performed to ensure compatibility
(see Section 2.20).
If the crude oil and J566 fluids form an emulsion it is recommended to pump a
preflush containing F105. A laboratory procedure using F105 is given in Section
2.20, that allows the determination of the most effective preflush composition,
and the optimum volume of preflush to be pumped during the job.
If a preflush fluid is required to eliminate an emulsion problem, then it must be the

first fluid to contact the formation during a treatment. The preflush fluid should
be pumped at, or as close as possible to, the designed fracturing treatment
rates. Ideally the volume should be sufficient to cover the majority of the propped
fracture length. Before starting the pad pump a small spacer (500 galUS (1,894
L) of mix water with clay stabilizer) to minimize intermixing of the J566 fluid
with the preflush fluid.
If the emulsion cannot be broken with the procedure described in Section

2.20, contact an area laboratory, Technology Center or InTouch.
2.9 Resin-Coated Proppants (RCPs)

It is crucial to perform the prejob compatibility tests (expose 10 ppa (4.5 kg
proppant added) RCP to J566 fluid at 240 degF [116 degC] for 1 hour) prior
to pumping RCPs with J566 fluids. Two key fluid properties that need to be
examined after the fluid is exposed to the RCPs are fluid viscosity (see “Fann 50
Private
QA/QC Procedures” in Section 2.19.2), and fluid viscosity recovery time (see
Section 2.19.4). If the measured data are within 15% of the specifications listed,
then the tested RCP is compatible with J566 fluids.
Several commonly available RCPs from Santrol and Borden have been tested
and their compatibilities have been listed in Table 2-10. The compatible claim
made is based on using 100% of the below stated RCP, i.e., any mixture of
these RCPs themselves or with other RCPs may become incompatible and thus
require further testing.
Table 2-10: Compatibilities of Several Commercial RCPs

Supplier Compatible RCPs Incompatible RCPs

Tempered HS
Tempered LC
Super LC
DynaProp, VES Optiprop
Santrol Dyanprop G2 VES Optiprop
VES-TLC G2, VES-THS
VES-SLC
VES-TDC
VES-TDS-PLUS
Ceramax Pg
PR6000
Borden XRT Gold 20/40
AcFrac Black
SB Excel 20/40
2.10 Additive Compatibility

A chemical that does not reduce the J566 based fluid viscosity below 90% of its
original value at 100 s-1 at all temperature ranges and does not lengthen fluid
recovery time (see Section 2.19.4) is considered compatible. In this section,
the effect of certain classes of chemicals on the performance of J566 fluids is
discussed. Materials not mentioned here must be screened for compatibility
prior to use. A compatibility test procedure is given in Section 2.21.
2.10.1 Commonly used additives

The effect of several common additives on the viscosity of 6% (60 galUS/1,000
galUS (60 L/m3)) J566 fluids at 80, 150 and 240 degF [27, 66 and 116 degC] is
shown in Table 2-11. All additives listed in Table 2-11, apart from L064, reduce
fluid viscosity at 240 degF [116 degC] and should not be mixed with J566 fluids.
Therefore, thoroughly clean and dry pumping equipment and hoses prior to any
J566 treatment is highly recommended.
Private
Table 2-11: Effect of Common Potential Contaminants on the Viscosity of ClearFRAC J566
Fluids
Concentration, % Change in Viscosity

galUS/1,000 At 80 degF [27 At 150 degF At 240 degF
Additive galUS or L/m3 degC] [66 degC] [116 degC]
L064
2 0 0 0
Clay stabilizer
L055
10 −4 −9 −30
Clay stabilizer
L237
10 +7 −30 −23
Clay stabilizer
M290
10 −22 +45 −83
Bactericide
F105
10 +45 −2 −93
Mutual solvent
K046
Methanol 10 −23 +19 0
solvent
W054
Nonemulsifying 10 −28 +40 −75
agent
F052
10 −50 −11 −80
Foaming agent
2.11 Mixing
Flush and drain all additive systems, hoses and lines. Ensure they are clean and
empty. Any impurities (especially oil or biocides) can have an adverse effect
on J566 based fluids.
High-temperature ClearFRAC J942 HiPerm fluids are prepared by mixing J566

gelling agent and M003 breaker booster with freshwater (clay stabilizer is
optional). Seawater and produced water can be used as mix water only if
qualified through QA/QC testing. J566 is usually added on the fly and must be
added to the suction side of the POD* blender since agitation in the mixer is
required to produce fluid viscosity. Perform a bucket check to make sure that the
add rate of J566 is being metered according to the design. J566 is electrically
conductive; its rates can be measured with either an electromagnetic or Micro
Motion flowmeter.
Low-temperature applications require a reduction in J566 concentration and the

addition of U066 according to Table 2-2.
Private
Quality Note
Batch mixing J566 in a frac tank ONLY by rolling the mix water can result in high
viscosity precipitations and is strongly discouraged. J566 can only be batch
mixed in a small, well-mixed tank such as a recirculated gravel-pack blender.
2.11.1 Continuously mixing the J566
2.11.1.1 Preblend breaker booster

The simplest way to prepare the fluid is to batch mix M003 into the mix water
in advance, and pump J566 and U066 as the liquid additives. This approach
reduces the complexity of job operations and minimizes errors.
Following a job, the surface equipment, hoses and treating iron should be flushed
with freshwater. Use isopropyl alcohol (IPA) for equipment exposed to J566.
2.11.1.2 Continuous mixing of J566 and breaker booster M003 as

an aqueous solution
Breaker booster M003 can be prepared and pumped on the fly as an aqueous
solution. The solution should go into the suction side of the POD to ensure
adequate mixing. The aqueous breaker booster M003 solution is prepared by
mixing M003 directly with freshwater. The mixing will take approximately 30
minutes at 80 degF [27 degC] for all solids to dissolve, and longer at colder
water temperature. The densities and feed rates for 10, 15 and 20% liquid M003
solutions are presented in Section 2.17.
J566 is metered into the suction side of the POD blender using liquid additive
pumps.
2.11.2 Batch mixing J566 fluids in small well-mixed tanks

ClearFRAC J942 HiPerm 942 can be prepared by batch mixing J566 with mix
water containing M003 and optional clay stabilizer, if the tank is adequately
mixed, like a gravel-pack blender. The fluid should be pumped slowly into the
suction of a recirculating centrifugal pump. A POD blender could be used to
recirculate the tank. For such applications the following procedure should be
used.
Private
1. Flush and drain all mixing equipment, hoses and lines. Ensure they are
clean and empty. Any impurities (especially oil) can have an adverse effect
2. Rig up blender to circulate mix water in tank.
3. Add breaker booster M003, appropriate amount of U066, and optional clay
stabilizer, then agitate for at least 30 minutes.
4. Slowly add J566 upstream of the recirculating pump of blender. Longer
mixing periods may be necessary when the mix-water temperature is less
than 70 degF [21 degC]. J566 contains surfactants and foaming may occur.
Do not use an antifoam agent in any J566 fluid.
5. Check the viscosity of the final solution according to the test method
described in Section 2.19. It is important to allow sufficient time and shear
for the fluid viscosity to develop. Do not add additional surfactant until the
measured fluid viscosity has stabilized.
6. Caution: Premixed J566 fluids are very viscous, and can cause suction
problems at the blender. This can limit the job rate or cause loss of prime
during the treatment. Refer to the PumperPOD* operator's manual (SCT-673
PumperPOD Operator's Manual, InTouch content 3013791), for a complete
description of prejob suction tests. As a quick summary:
a. Measure or calculate the head of the fluid in the mix tank.

b. Circulate the tank at 1.25 times the maximum job metering rate.
c. Slowly close suction valves on the mix tank to reduce the suction
pressure by the amount of head in the tank. This simulates pumping from
an empty tank under ideal conditions. Loss of prime indicates that the
system is not going to deliver the desired rate.
2.11.3 Postjob equipment cleanup

Following a job, the surface equipment, including hoses and treating iron should
be flushed with freshwater to the pit or to a frac tank. Use IPA or mutual solvents
for equipment that has been exposed to J566.
2.12 Execution
Fracturing jobs using ClearFRAC J942 HiPerm fluids are executed in the same
manner as those where polymer fluids are employed. For further details, consult
the Guidelines for the Design and Evaluation of ClearFRAC Treatments, InTouch
content ID 2039080, or the ClearFRAC Reference Page, InTouch content
3250788.
Private
2.13 Storage
J566 should be stored out of direct sunlight and sources of ignition in a
well-ventilated area. Even though J566 is chemically robust between 20 and 150
degF [−7 and 66 degC], it is recommended to store this material between 30 and
110 degF [−1 and 43 degC] to minimize phase separation, solvent evaporation
and possibly thermal degradation.
It is crucial to keep J566 containers tightly closed and to avoid unnecessary

agitation. J566 is a flammable liquid and will evaporate gradually if the container
is left uncapped. Partially evaporated J566 not only is thicker to pump, but also
might phase separate below 30 degF [−1 degC] depending on the amount of
evaporation.
The pour point of J566 is 15 degF [−9 degC]. Section 2.14 shows the impact of
cooler temperatures on the viscosity of 6% (60 galUS/1,000 galUS (60 L/m3))
J566 surfactant. In order to assure a homogeneous phase, it is recommended to
circulate the tote prior to use regardless of the storage temperature. J566 is a
flammable liquid and should be handled accordingly.
J566 has a shelf life of approximately one year if stored properly at temperatures
between 40 and 110 degF. The shelf life will shorten if not stored properly. Refer
to Section 2.19 for QA/QC procedures.
Note
Do not add any aqueous material to J566 container; the surfactant will gum up
immediately.
Note
Perform QA/QC before every job. The shelf-life information is only provided as
a guideline.
Private
2.14 Appendix A: Rheology Data
2.14.1 Base fluid viscosity of ClearFRAC J942 HiPerm

fluids made with J566 in freshwater
Figure 2-2: Base fluid viscosity of ClearFRAC* J942 HiPerm fluids made with J566
as a function of temperature. Formulations with less than 6% (60 galUS/1,000 galUS
(60 L/m3)) J566 contain U066 as recommended by Table 2-13.
Private
2.14.2 Typical rheological properties of ClearFRAC J942

HiPerm fluids
Table 2-12: Rheology of ClearFRAC J942 HiPerm Fluids made with J566 in Freshwater
Predicted
Fluid
K′, Viscosity, cP
Fluid Composition Temperature, n′
lbf-sn′/ft2 or mPa·s at
degF [degC]
100 s-1
79 [26] 0.193 0.225 262
100 [38] 0.170 0.253 265

110 [43] 0.155 0.274 268
127 [53] 0.185 0.222 249
149 [65] 0.278 0.08 138
6% (60 galUS/1,000 180 [82] 0.245 0.071 105
galUS (60 L/m3))
J566 only 199 [93] 0.220 0.093 123
219 [104] 0.210 0.12 151
235 [113] 0.210 0.119 150
250 [121] 0.216 0.091 118
277 [136] 0.240 0.035 51
298 [148] 0.280 0.016 28
77 [25] 0.363 0.055 139
110 [43] 0.224 0.153 205
5% (50 galUS/1,000
127 [53] 0.547 0.031 185
galUS (50 L/m3))
J566 146 [63] 0.378 0.036 99
0.75% (7.5 172 [78] 0.034 0.156 87
galUS/1,000 galUS
197 [92] 0.241 0.069 100
(7.5 L/m3)) U066
217 [103] 0.541 0.014 79
238 [114] 0.516 0.007 36
76 [24] 0.462 0.034 135
4.5% (45 110 [43] 0.208 0.142 177

galUS/1,000 galUS 125 [52] 0.462 0.041 166
(45 L/m3)) J566
147 [64] 0.314 0.046 93
0.85% (8.5
galUS/1,000 galUS 172 [78] 0.078 0.114 78
(8.5 L/m3)) U066 197 [92] 0.250 0.050 76
218 [103] 0.871 0.003 66
Private
Predicted
Fluid
K′, Viscosity, cP
degF [degC]
100 s-1
76 [24] 0.315 0.064 130
111 [44] 0.280 0.100 174
4.0% (40 126 [52] 0.506 0.029 143

galUS/1,000 galUS 148 [64] 0.454 0.022 86
(40 L/m3)) J566
173 [78] 0.134 0.080 71
1% (10 galUS/1,000
galUS (10 L/m3)) 197 [92] 0.368 0.027 69
U066 217 [103] 0.499 0.009 45

237 [114] 0.310 0.012 23
257 [125] 0.160 0.015 15
77 [25] 0.324 0.052 111
3.5% (35 110 [43] 0.274 0.088 148

galUS/1,000 galUS 126 [52] 0.476 0.027 114
(35 L/m3)) J566
147 [64] 0.330 0.033 73
1.15% (11.5
galUS/1,000 galUS 173 [78] 0.188 0.055 63
(11.5 L/m3)) U066 197 [92] 0.466 0.013 52
218 [103] 0.496 0.006 30
Private
2.14.3 Typical Rheological Properties of ClearFRAC J942

HiPerm fluids made with J566 in KCl and NH4Cl
brines
Table 2-13: Rheology of ClearFRAC J942 HiPerm Fluids made with 6% (60 galUS/1,000
galUS (60 L/m3)) J566 in KCl Brines
Predicted Viscosity, cP or
Fluid mPa·s at 100 s-1
Fluid K′,
Temperature, n′
Composition lbf-sn′/ft2 Lower Upper
degF [degC] Typical

Limit Limit
79 [26] 0.193 0.225 195 262 290
86 [30] 0.187 0.232 195 263 294
90 [32] 0.181 0.240 200 264 295
100 [38] 0.170 0.253 205 265 295
110 [43] 0.155 0.269 205 263 295
113 [45] 0.153 0.265 200 257 290
120 [49] 0.154 0.239 185 232 280
127 [53] 0.185 0.178 145 198 255
6% (60
galUS/1,000 135 [57] 0.235 0.110 110 153 215
galUS (60 140 [60] 0.278 0.072 99 121 195
L/m3)) J566
149 [65] 0.278 0.060 90 103 140
1 - 10%
(84 to 835 160 [71] 0.278 0.056 83 95 115
lbm/1,000 169 [76] 0.278 0.058 85 100 113
galUS (10 to
100 kg/m3)) 180 [82] 0.245 0.071 92 105 125
M117 199 [93] 0.220 0.093 111 123 150
219 [104] 0.210 0.120 133 151 175
230 [110] 0.210 0.122 140 154 177
235 [113] 0.210 0.119 135 150 170
238 [114] 0.211 0.116 132 147 168
250 [121] 0.216 0.091 100 118 143
258 [126] 0.220 0.071 70 94 115
277 [136] 0.240 0.035 32 51 65
298 [148] 0.280 0.016 22 28 40
Private
Table 2-14: Rheology of ClearFRAC J942 HiPerm Fluids made with 6% (60 galUS/1,000
galUS (60 L/m3)) J566 in NH4Cl Brines
Predicted Viscosity, cP or
Fluid mPa·s at 100 s-1
K′,
Composition Temperature, n′
lbf-sn′/ft2 Lower Upper
degF [degC] Typical
Limit Limit
Not
79 [26] 0.193 0.227 calculated 265 NC
(NC)
86 [30] 0.187 0.234 NC 265 NC
90 [32] 0.181 0.242 NC 267 NC
100 [38] 0.170 0.256 NC 268 NC

110 [43] 0.155 0.277 NC 271 NC
113 [45] 0.153 0.259 NC 251 NC
120 [49] 0.154 0.213 NC 208 NC
6% (60 127 [53] 0.185 0.140 NC 158 NC

galUS/1,000 135 [57] 0.235 0.078 NC 111 NC
galUS (60
L/m3)) J566 140 [60] 0.250 0.062 NC 94 NC
1 - 5% 149 [65] 0.234 0.061 NC 85 NC

(84 to 418 160 [71] 0.220 0.066 NC 87 NC
lbm/1,000
galUS (10 to 169 [76] 0.210 0.073 NC 92 NC
50 kg/m3)) 180 [82] 0.210 0.078 NC 98 NC
NH4Cl
199 [93] 0.210 0.089 NC 113 NC
219 [104] 0.211 0.111 NC 141 NC
230 [110] 0.216 0.110 NC 142 NC
235 [113] 0.225 0.105 NC 141 NC
238 [114] 0.240 0.094 NC 136 NC
250 [121] 0.280 0.055 NC 96 NC
258 [126] 0.330 0.034 NC 75 NC
277 [136] 0.450 0.010 NC 38 NC
298 [148] 0.60 0.003 NC 22 NC
Private
Table 2-15: Rheology of ClearFRAC J942 HiPerm made with J566/U066 Formulations in 2%
(167 lbm/1,000 galUS (20 kg/m3) KCl Brine
Predicted
Fluid
K′, Viscosity, cP
Composition Temperature, n′
degF [degC]
100 s-1
5% (50 100 [38] 0.301 0.0923 177
galUS/1,000
127 [53] 0.623 0.0187 158
galUS (50
L/m3)) J566 152 [67] 0.106 0.1025 80
0.75% (7.5 176 [80] 0.062 0.1454 93
galUS/1,000
202 [94] 0.414 0.0337 109

galUS (7.5
L/m3)) U066 227 [108] 0.696 0.0053 62
4% (40 101 [38] 0.279 0.0863 150
galUS/1,000
124 [51] 0.586 0.0156 111
galUS (40
L/m3)) J566 150 [66] 0.075 0.0955 64
1% (10 174 [79] 0.160 0.0794 79
galUS/1,000
199 [93] 0.591 0.0098 72
galUS (10
L/m3)) U066 229 [109] 0.514 0.005 26
3% (30 101 [38] 0.284 0.0597 106
galUS/1,000
126 [52] 0.472 0.0181 76
galUS (30
L/m3)) J566 151 [66] 0.200 0.0431 52
1.4% (14 176 [80] 0.326 0.0181 39
galUS/1,000
galUS (14 201 [94] 0.288 0.0129 23
L/m3)) U066
2% (20 98 [37] 0.227 0.0387 53
galUS/1,000
125 [52] 0.487 0.0101 45
galUS (20
L/m3)) J566
2% (20
galUS/1,000 148 [64] 0.468 0.0045 19
galUS (20
L/m3)) U066
Private
2.14.4 No shear degradation

Figure 2-3: 6% (60 galUS/1,000 galUS (60 L/m3)) J566 fluid viscosity as a function of
shear rate showing recovery when shear rate returns to original value.
Private
2.14.5 Rheology of ClearFRAC J942 HiPerm made with

J566 between 20 and 80 degF [−7 and 27 degC]
Figure 2-4: Viscosity versus temperature for 6% (60 galUS/1,000

galUS (60 L/m3)) J566 surfactant.
Private
2.15 Appendix B: Leakoff Data – Leakoff Behavior

of ClearFRAC J942 HiPerm Fluids made with
J56
Table 2-16: CT Calculated from Laboratory data for Various core Permeabilities
Temperature, degF Formation Permeability,

CT, ft/min1/2
[degC] mD
150 [66] 0.24 0.00267
0.25 0.0025
0.75 0.0036
5.03 0.0072
10.05 0.0110
240 [116] 0.21 0.00267

0.28 0.0043
0.59 0.0070
3.82 0.0317
10.6 0.0640
270 [132] 0.27 0.0052

0.96 0.0067
8.3 0.0850
Table 2-17: CT Calculated from Laboratory data for ClearFRAC* J942 HiPerm (Different
Fluid Formulations)
Formation CT, ft/min1/2 at 150

Formulation
Permeability, mD degF [66 degC]
4.0% (40 galUS/1,000
galUS (40 L/m3)) J566
0.3 0.0045
1% (10 galUS/1,000
galUS (10 L/m3)) U066
4.0% (40 galUS/1,000
galUS (40 L/m3)) J566
0.6 0.0075
1% (10 galUS/1,000
galUS (10 L/m3)) U066
4.5% (45 galUS/1,000
galUS (45 L/m3)) J566
0.6 0.0072
0.85% (8.5 galUS/1,000
galUS (8.5 L/m3)) U066
Private
The data were obtained from static fluid-loss tests performed on sandstone cores
at a differential pressure of 1,000 psi (6,900 kPa). The dimensions of the cores
were 1 inch in length and 1 inch in diameter. The test fluid for Table 2-13 was 6%
(60 galUS/1,000 galUS (60 L/m3)) J566.
Figure 2-5: Leakoff of 6% (60 galUS/1,000 galUS (60 L/m3)) J566 as a function of permeability.
Private
2.16 Appendix C: Proppant-Pack Breaker J567

Figure 2-6: Rheological comparison of 6% (60 galUS/1,000 galUS (60 L/m3)) J566
fluids with and without breaker J567 and breaker booster M003.
Private
2.17 Appendix D: Preparation and Addition Rates

of Liquid Breaker Booster M003 Solutions
Table 2-18: Preparation of Aqueous Breaker Booster M003 Solutions
Composition
M003, wt %
Water, galUS M003, lbm
10 100 93
15 100 147
20 100 209
Table 2-19: Add Rates of M003 Solutions
M003 10% M003 Solution 15% M003 Solution 20% M003 Solution
Concentration, Treating Treating Treating
lbm/1,000 Add Rate, Add Rate, Add Rate,
Rate, Rate, Rate,
galUS galUS/min galUS/min galUS/min
bbl/min bbl/min bbl/min
5 5 1.15 5 0.73 5 0.53
10 2.30 10 1.47 10 1.05
15 3.45 15 2.20 15 1.58
20 4.60 20 2.93 20 2.10
25 5.75 25 3.68 25 2.63
30 6.90 30 4.42 30 3.15
35 8.05 35 5.15 35 3.68
10 5 2.30 5 1.46 5 1.06

10 4.60 10 2.94 10 2.10
15 6.90 15 4.40 15 3.16
20 9.20 20 5.86 20 4.20
25 11.50 25 7.36 25 5.26
30 13.80 30 8.84 30 6.30
35 16.10 35 10.30 35 7.36
Private
Rate, Rate, Rate,
15 5 3.45 5 2.19 5 1.59
10 6.90 10 4.41 10 3.15
15 10.35 15 6.60 15 4.74
20 13.80 20 8.79 20 6.30
25 17.25 25 11.04 25 7.89
30 20.70 30 13.26 30 9.45
35 24.15 35 15.45 35 11.04
20 5 4.60 5 2.92 5 2.12

10 9.20 10 5.88 10 4.20
15 13.80 15 8.80 15 6.32
20 18.40 20 11.72 20 8.40
25 23.00 25 14.72 25 10.52
30 27.60 30 17.68 30 12.60
35 32.20 35 20.60 35 14.72
25 5 5.75 5 3.65 5 2.65

10 11.50 10 7.35 10 5.25
15 17.25 15 11.00 15 7.90
20 23.00 20 14.65 20 10.50
25 28.75 25 18.40 25 13.15
30 34.50 30 22.10 30 15.75
35 40.25 35 25.75 35 18.40
Private
2.18 Appendix E: Viscosity of ClearFRAC

J942 HiPerm Fluids made with J566 and
Commingled with F105 and U066
Figure 2-7: Viscosity versus temperature when commingling of F105 preflush

with 6%(60 galUS/1,000 galUS (60 L/m3)) J566.
Private
PPC WS SFE\PPC WS SFE\FMM Vol 1, 5769274\1.3\Release Date:15-May-2013\EDMS UID: 1656044885\Produced: 15-May-2013 18:39:36 2-39 VES Fluids / ClearFRAC J942 HiPerm Fracturing Fluids 2-39
Figure 2-8: Viscosity versus temperature when commingling of F105 or U066

preflushes with 4.5% (45 galUS/1,000 galUS (45 L/m3)) J566.
Private
2.19 Appendix F: J566 Quality Assurance and

Quality Control (QA/QC)
Scope
The objective of this section is to ensure that J566 develops proper fluid viscosity,
and that the viscosity recovers in a timely manner after experiencing high shear.
The following discussion covers fluid preparation, viscosity measurement and
viscosity recovery of J566 fluids. Product quality is ensured based on a 6%
(60 galUS/1,000 galUS (60 L/m3)) J566 base fluid, even in cases where lower
concentrations of J566 are intended to be used.
The Fann 50 procedure is appropriate for verifying that a batch of J566 meets the
product specification. The Fann 35 procedure is appropriate only for on-the-job
quality checks to ensure that the fluid is consistent with Fann 50 measurements.
It is recommended to run a Fann 50 QC test prior to any J566 treatment. The
viscosity recovery test is based on visual interpretation.
Safety
J566 is a flammable liquid and should be handled accordingly. Work in a

well-ventilated area and avoid ignition sources. Each analyst should be
acquainted with potential hazards, reagents, products and solvents before
commencing laboratory work. Disposal of reagents and solvents must be in
compliance with Schlumberger, local, state and federal laws and regulations. If
there is any accidental contact of any of these chemicals, wash with soap water
thoroughly. Check the Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for details.
2.19.1 Fluid preparation

Apparatus
• variable speed benchtop Palo laboratory stirrer or Waring blender

• balance (with spatula and weighing containers)
• heated water bath (170 degF [77 degC]) or centrifuge
• 500-mL graduated cylinder
• 16-oz glass or plastic jar with lid
• disposable syringes (10 mL)
• Fann 50 viscometer with R1/B5 combination and 410 spring
• Fahrenheit thermometer
Private
Reagents
• J566 (liquid)
• U066 (liquid)
• M003 (solid)
Procedure for preparing 6% (60 galUS/1,000 galUS (60 L/m3)) J566 fluid
1. Add 200 mL of location water into the blender cup.

2. Adjust mixer speed to form a deep vortex.

3. Add M003, mix until all solid is dissolved. (See Section 2.4.3.2 for
concentrations.)
4. Add 6% J566 to water (12 mL of J566 in 200 mL water). Increase the mixer
speed to approximately 8,000 rpm.
5. Continue mixing until the surfactant is well dispersed (~2 minutes). The fluid
will become foamy after mixing (approximately 40% quality).
6. Prepare a second fluid according to the fluid design with J566 and U066
following Steps 1 through 5.
7. For Fann 35 measurement, use the foamy fluid directly; for Fann 50
measurement, heat the fluid in a water bath at 170 degF [77 degC] (overnight)
or centrifuge (recommended) to remove entrained air. Fluids will become
clear after degassing.
2.19.2 Fann 50 QA/QC procedures: Fluid viscosity

determination
1. To determine whether the batch of J566 meets product specification, viscosity
measurements at 100 s-1 for 6% J566 fluid is performed at room temperature,
110, 150, 170, 230, and 250 degF [43, 66, 77, 110 and 121 degC].
2. Degas fluid in 170 degF [77 degC] water bath (overnight) or centrifuge
(recommended) and cool to 80 degF [27 degC] prior to measurement.
3. Follow Fann 50 operation manual for viscosity measurement.
Private
Table 2-20: Product Minimum Rheology Specification (Fann 50)
Fluid Composition: 6% (60 galUS/1,000 galUS (60 L/m3)) J566

Fluid Temperature, 77 110 150 170 230 250
degF [degC] [25] [43] [66] [77] [110] [121]
Minimum viscosity,
cP or mPa·s at 180 180 80 75 120 70
100 s-1
2.19.3 Fann 35 QA/QC procedures: Fluid viscosity

determination
1. This procedure is appropriate only for on-the-job quality checks to ensure
that the fluid meets the design criteria. Only measurements at 80, 150, and
180 degF [27, 66 and 82 degC] will be taken. Off-spec or contaminated
material typically exhibits lower fluid viscosity at 150 degF [66 degC] and
180 degF [82 degC].
2. There is no need to degas the fluid prior to measurement.
3. Fill the viscometer cup to scribe line with fluid. Use a heated cup if the test
temperature is higher than ambient. Alternatively, preheat the fluid prior
to viscosity measurement.
4. Raise cup until fluid level reaches the rotor scribe line on the Fann 35
viscometer.
5. Begin rotation at 100 rpm for 90 seconds.
6. Record the dial reading at 100 rpm (170 s-1 shear rate). Multiply the dial
reading by 3 to obtain the corresponding viscosity.
7. Compare reading with data in Figure 2-3.
8. Repeat the measurement at 150 and 180 degF [66 and 82 degC].
2.19.4 Fluid viscosity shear recovery determination

This test is only performed at ambient temperature (typically in between 60 to
100 degF [16 to 38 degC]). There is no need to degas the fluid prior to recovery
determination.
1. Mix 6% J566 with appropriate concentration of M003 in 200 mL mix water in

a blender vigorously (>8,000 rpm) for 2 minutes.
2. Stop mixing, and then pour the sheared fluid back and forth between the
blender cup and a beaker. The fluid should start regaining viscosity at around
10 to 15 seconds and recover completely (hang-lip) in less than 25 seconds.
Private
3. Repeat Steps 1 and 2 with the fluid according to design specifications.
The J566 batch specifications are met, if the 6% J566 fluid does not exceed a
shear recovery time of 25 seconds (hang-lip). DO NOT use the batch of J566 if
more than 25 seconds are needed for complete recovery. Consult the regional
laboratory or InTouch.
The addition of U066 for the final fluid formulations decreases the shear recovery
time by at least 50%. If this is not the case, contact the regional laboratory or
InTouch.
Note
Do not attempt to adjust shear recovery time with U066 for high-temperature
applications.
For more information and a video (Shear Recovery Demo) showing shear
recovery and fluid hang-lip, see VES Fracturing Fluid Shear Recovery Test
Procedure, InTouch content 4290886.
2.19.5 J567 Onsite quality assurance and quality control

Scope
The purpose of this test is to determine the effect of breaker on the viscosity of the
carrying fluid with the focus on the integrity of the coating. The procedure covers
the preparation and viscosity measurement of the fluid with and without breaker.
Safety
• J566 is a flammable liquid and should be handled accordingly. Work in a

well-ventilated area and avoid ignition sources.
• M003 is a white solid; it is an irritant and should be handled accordingly. Do
not allow M003 to contact skin or eyes.
• J567 is not a hazardous material.
Apparatus

• 1-liter plastic/glass mixing container
• 16-oz glass or plastic jars with lids
Private
• disposable syringes
• Fann 35 viscometer with R1/B1/F1 Rotor//Bob/Spring combination
• balance
• heated water bath
• Fann 50 viscometer (if available)
Chemicals
• J566
• M003 or J494
• U066 (when required)
• J567
• water (use water that will be used on the job, such as freshwater, seawater or
produced water)
Private
Example
Procedures
Consider a system where the carrying fluid is 5% (50 galUS/1,000 galUS (50
L/m3)) J566 with 0.75% (7.5 galUS/1,000 galUS (7.5 L/m3)) U066 and 8.5
lbm/1,000 galUS (1 kg/m3) J567 breaker. The bottomhole temperature is 200
degF [93 degC] (see Figure 2-1).
1. Prepare ClearFRAC* J942 HiPerm fluid made with J566 using a variable
speed benchtop Palo laboratory stirrer or a Waring blender. Add 200 mL
of water to the blender at medium mixing at speed. Add the appropriate

concentration of M003 or J494, J566, and U066. Begin rotation at 100 rpm
for 90 seconds.
2. Record the Fann 35 dial reading at 100 rpm (170 s-1 shear rate). Multiply the
dial reading by 3 to obtain the corresponding viscosity.
3. Add the J567 breaker (in this example: 8.5 lbm/1,000 galUS) into the fluid
and slowly shake and swirl till breaker is evenly distributed into the mixture.
Note
Important! DO NOT USE THE WARING BLENDER TO ADD BREAKER.
4. Wait for about 30 minutes, then record the Fann 35 dial reading at 100 rpm
(170 s-1 shear rate). Multiply the dial reading by 3 to obtain the corresponding
viscosity.
5. The “reading” in Step 4 should be no less than 80% of the reading in Step 2.
Private
2.20 Appendix G: Crude Oil Compatibility Test

When J566 fluids are mixed with some crude oils, an emulsion may occur that
can inhibit cleanup of the formation and proppant pack. Therefore, before
introducing ClearFRAC* J942 HiPerm to a new field, compatibility testing with a
sample of the crude oil is essential.
A preflush treatment using F105 is recommended. The following laboratory

test is designed to screen ClearFRAC/crude oil mixtures and identify potential
emulsion problems.
Procedure to determine compatibility of crude oil with ClearFRAC J942

HiPerm
1. Preheat the J566 fluid and crude oil in water bath to the desired temperature.
2. Mix 50 mL of ClearFRAC J566 HiPerm fluid with 50 mL crude oil in an API
test bottle. Cap the bottle and shake vigorously for 30 seconds.
3. Place the bottle in the preheated water bath and start the stopwatch.
4. Record the volume of the bottom layer and the volume of emulsion at 5, 10,
15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes.
5. Calculate the percentage of emulsion break using the following equation:
Table 2-21: ClearFRAC HiPerm Crude oil Compatibility test Table
Time, min 5 15 30 45 60
Volume of Bottom
Layer
Volume of Emulsion
If the emulsion does not break, a preflush treatment using F105 is recommended.
Table 2-22: Emulsion Treatment Fluids
90 vol% 2% KCl, This fluid can also be used for

Treatment Fluid
10 vol% F105 postflush.
2 wt % KCl is 167 lbm/1,000 galUS (20 kg/m3)
10 vol% F105 is 100 galUS/1,000 galUS (100 L/m3)
Private
Use the following procedure to determine the optimum ratio of crude oil to
treatment fluid.
Procedure to design treatment fluid composition and optimum crude

oil/treatment fluid ratio
1. Preheat J566 fluid, crude oil and Treatment Fluid to the test temperature
(preferably bottomhole static temperature (BHST)).
2. Mix the additives as described below, and shake for 30 seconds.
a. Mix crude and treatment fluid.

b. Add J566 fluid.

c. Record volume of bottom layer fluid at BHST.
3. Place the mixture in a preheated water bath and watch for the emulsion break.
Table 2-23: Determination of Treatment Fluid Composition and Optimum Crude oil/Treatment
Fluid Ratio
(Total Vol =50 mL) Add Time, min

Treat- Record Treatment
Crude,
ment J566, mL 5 15 30 45 60 Fluid, Vol
mL
Fluid, mL ⇒ ⇒ %
45 5 Shake 50 Shake for 10

for 10 s 30 s Volume
40 10 50 of Bottom 20
Layer, mL
35 15 50 30
The volume of treatment fluid required for the job can now be calculated.
Select the most effective crude oil/treatment fluid ratio. Note the corresponding
"Treatment Fluid Vol %" on the right-hand side of the table. If, for example, the
best Treatment Fluid Vol % is 20%, then the volume of treatment fluid to be
pumped during the job is 20% of the ClearFRAC J942 HiPerm pad volume.
If the tests are unsuccessful, contact an area laboratory or Pressure, Pumping

and Chemistry laboratory.
Private
2.21 Appendix H: Compatibility Test Procedure

recovery (see Section 2.19.4) is considered compatible. Some common additives
can adversely affect the viscosity of J566 fluids; therefore, it is recommended
to perform the compatibility test with the additives to be used with ClearFRAC*
J942 HiPerm. Compatibility is tested by measuring the viscosity of J566 fluid
before and after addition of the additive. The viscosity is measured on a Fann
50 viscometer equipped with an R1 rotor, B5 bob and 410 spring. The test
fluids should be degassed by heating in a water bath (170 degF [77 degC]) or
centrifuging prior to viscosity measurement.
Measurement of viscosity after adding the additive to be tested
Prepare a 6% (60 galUS/1,000 galUS (60 L/m3)) J566 fluid in a blender (see
Section 2.19.1). Add the required amount of the additive to the fluid and mix for
1 minute. The test fluids should be degassed by heating in a water bath (170
degF [77 degC]) or centrifuging prior to taking a Fann 50 viscosity measurement
(see Section 2.19.2). In some cases, if the viscosity reduction is not excessive,
the additive may be used provided the J566 concentration is increased to
compensate for the viscosity reduction.
Private
2.22 Appendix I: Friction Pressure

Table 2-24: Friction Pressure of ClearFRAC* HiPerm Fluids made with J566 (Estimated
from Rheology)
Friction Pressure,
Tubing Treating Rate, bbl/min
Fluid psi/1,000 ft
ID, in
Low Pivot High Low Pivot High
6% (60 1.995 1 4 15 50 65 435

galUS/1,000 2.441 1.5 4.5 16 44 59 360
galUS (60
L/m3)) J566 2.991 1.5 6 30 20 54 250
3.95 2 6 44 15 46 145
Table 2-25: Friction Pressure of ClearFRAC HiPerm Fluids Measured During Field Trials. All
results for 3.5-in tubing (13.3 lbm/ft).
Pressure Drop,
Fluid Composition Rate, bbl/min
psi/1,000 ft
6 52
5% (50 galUS/1,000
8 72
galUS (50 L/m3)) J5661
0.75% (7.5
galUS/1,000 galUS 14 188
(7.5 L/m3)) U066
6 52
3.5% (35 galUS/1,000
10 102
galUS (35 L/m3)) J566
1.2% (12 galUS/1,000
galUS (12 L/m3)) U066 12 156
6 52
2% (20 galUS/1,000
galUS (20 L/m3)) J566
2% (20 galUS/1,000 14 171
galUS (20 L/m3)) U066
1
2% J566 was measured for flush fluids and should NOT be used for fracturing.
Private
2.23 Appendix J: U066 Loading

Figure 2-9: Guideline for J566 and U066 concentration combinations.
Private
2.24 Appendix K: Minimum Service Standard

Guidelines for ClearFRAC J942 HiPerm Fluids
Prior to any fracturing treatment with ClearFRAC* J942 HiPerm, follow the
Stimulation Minimum Service Standards Lab Testing Guidelines, InTouch
content 3827834, for ClearFRAC fluids. The guidelines specify the tests and
procedures required for each type of fracturing fluid. Below is a summary of
testing requirements.
2.24.1 Required testing
2.24.1.1 Mix-Water tests

Mix-water tests are to be completed prior to any treatment, at a district laboratory
and/or on location, using representative water samples. Mix-water parameters
to be tested are given in Table 2-26.
Table 2-26: ClearFRAC J942 HiPerm Mix-Water Testing Requirements
Analysis Specification
Chloride <10 wt % KCl
pH 6 to 8
<500 ppm (or mg/L) combined
Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe3+ content
total
Visually observe the mix water for hydrocarbon contamination. If the oily layer
on a settled representative water sample is more than 0.7%, i.e., 1 inch thick on
a 500 bbl square horizontal frac tank, special cautions need to be paid. The
hydrocarbon in mix water needs to be settled completely to the surface. This
layer should be skimmed off or water intake should be from the bottom of the
tank and the tank should not be completely drained to allow the hydrocarbon
contaminated water to be used.
2.24.1.2 Base fluid viscosity tests

Base fluid viscosity tests are to be completed with the base fluid prior to
breaker testing and prior to the treatment, at a district lab or on location,
using representative water and additive samples. The viscosity of a 6% (60
galUS/1,000 galUS (60 L/m3)) J566 straight fluid must be within published
specifications for 6% J566 for the fluid temperature (refer to Section 2.19 for test
procedures and minimum viscosity specifications).
Private
2.24.1.3 Fluid specifics determination

No fluid specific tests are required for ClearFRAC J942 HiPerm. Optional tests
include shear recovery tests.
2.24.1.4 Breaker tests

Breaker tests are to be completed with ClearFRAC J942 HiPerm fluid prior to
the treatment, at a district laboratory or on location, using representative water
and additive samples. Tests are to be performed with representative location

base fluids prepared while batch mixing. Breaker test procedures are defined in
Section 2.19.
2.24.1.5 Compatibility tests (formation crude/treatment fluid)

Compatibility tests are required for ClearFRAC J942 HiPerm before all
treatments in oil wells or gas wells containing condensate. Tests are to be
completed prior to the treatment, at a district laboratory or on location, using
representative water and additive samples. Compatibility test procedures are
explained in Section 2.20.
2.24.1.6 Foam half-life tests

Since ClearFRAC HiPerm is not a foam fluid, no foam half-life tests are
applicable.
2.24.1.7 Additive mixture tests

Additive mixture tests (quality control and fluid performance tests) are to be
performed with any mixture of existing liquid additives, or any dilution of an
existing solid or liquid.
2.24.2 Representative samples

Representative water samples include samples from each frac tank
(recommended for district tests and required for location tests). Samples should
be taken at three different depth levels if it is suspected that the water is not
completely mixed.
Private
Representative additive samples include samples from field loaded chemicals

(e.g., transports, totes, etc.) preferred, or alternatively from representative lots
designated for the treatment.
Representative location base fluid samples include samples from each batch
mixed tank at three different depth levels.
Representative crude samples include no less than 1 quart (1 liter) of crude from
the subject well (or adjacent offset) and subject zone. The sample should be
received no less than 24 hours before the treatment is to be pumped.
Private
3-i VES Fluids / ClearFRAC HT J566 Fracturing Fluids 3-i
3 ClearFRAC HT J566 Fracturing Fluids

3.1 Introduction ____________________________________________________ 3-1
3.2 Fluid Components _____________________________________________ 3-1
3.2.1 Surfactant package __________________________________________ 3-2
3.2.2 Mix water ____________________________________________________ 3-3
3.2.3 Shear recovery additive U066 _________________________________ 3-3
3.2.4 Breakers and breaker booster ________________________________ 3-4
3.2.5 Clay stabilizers ______________________________________________ 3-4

3.3.3 Selection of fluid formulation and fracture job design ___________ 3-6
3.3.4 Shear history ________________________________________________ 3-7
3.4 Cleanup Aids ___________________________________________________ 3-8
3.4.1 Energized or foamed ClearFRAC HT __________________________ 3-8
3.4.2 Preflush containing F105 _____________________________________ 3-9
3.4.3 Encapsulated proppant-pack breaker J567 ___________________ 3-10
3.4.3.1 J567 concentrations for fracturing treatments ______________ 3-10
3.4.3.2 Breaker booster _________________________________________ 3-11
3.4.3.3 Job design ______________________________________________ 3-12
3.4.3.4 J567 auger output _______________________________________ 3-13
3.4.3.5 Job execution checklist __________________________________ 3-13
3.5 Leakoff and Fluid-Loss Control ________________________________ 3-14
3.5.1 Leakoff coefficients for formations with <5 mD permeability ____ 3-14
3.5.2 Formations with high leakoff _________________________________ 3-15
3.6.2 Formation damage in high-permeability formations ____________ 3-16
3.8 Emulsions ____________________________________________________ 3-17
3.9 Resin-Coated Proppants (RCPs) ______________________________ 3-17
3.11 Mixing _________________________________________________________ 3-19
3.11.1 Continuously mixing the J566 ________________________________ 3-20
3.11.1.1 Preblend breaker booster ________________________________ 3-20
3.11.1.2 Continuous mixing of J566 and breaker booster M003 as an aqueous
solution _________________________________________________ 3-20
3.11.2 Batch mixing J566 fluids in small well-mixed tanks ____________ 3-20
3.12 Execution _____________________________________________________ 3-21
3.13 Storage _______________________________________________________ 3-22
3.14 Appendix A: Rheology Data ___________________________________ 3-23
3.14.1 Viscosity of ClearFRAC J566 base fluids in freshwater ________ 3-23
Private
3-ii VES Fluids / ClearFRAC HT J566 Fracturing Fluids 3-ii
3.14.2 Typical rheological properties of ClearFRAC J566 fluids _______ 3-24

3.14.3 Typical rheological properties of ClearFRAC HT J566 fluids with KCl and
NH4Cl brines _______________________________________________ 3-26
3.14.4 Fluid characteristics - no shear degradation ___________________ 3-30
3.14.5 Rheology of J566 between 20 to 80 degF [−7 to 27 degC] _____ 3-30
3.15 Appendix B: Foam Rheology Data _____________________________ 3-32
3.16 Appendix C: Leakoff Data - Leakoff Behavior of ClearFRAC* HT
Fluids _________________________________________________________ 3-41
3.17 Appendix D: Proppant-Pack Breaker J567 _____________________ 3-43
3.18 Appendix E: Preparation and Addition Rates of Liquid M003 Breaker
Booster Solutions _____________________________________________ 3-44
3.19 Appendix F: Viscosity of J566 Fluids with F105 ________________ 3-46
3.20 Appendix G: J566/J567 Quality Assurance and Quality Control

(QA/QC) _______________________________________________________ 3-48
3.20.1 J566 quality assurance and quality control ____________________ 3-48
3.20.1.1 Fluid preparation ________________________________________ 3-48
3.20.1.2 Fann 50 QA/QC procedures: Fluid viscosity determination _ 3-49
3.20.1.3 Fluid viscosity determination with a Fann 35 rheometer ____ 3-50
3.20.1.4 Fluid shear recovery test _________________________________ 3-50
3.20.2 J567 Onsite quality assurance and quality control _____________ 3-51
3.21 Appendix H: Crude Oil Compatibility Test _____________________ 3-54
3.22 Appendix I: Compatibility Test Procedure _____________________ 3-56
3.23 Appendix J: Friction Pressure _________________________________ 3-57
3.24 Appendix K: U066 Loading ____________________________________ 3-58
Private
3-1 VES Fluids / ClearFRAC HT J566 Fracturing Fluids 3-1
3 ClearFRAC HT J566 Fracturing Fluids PPC,

Stimulation
Fracturing
Fmmwbf,
Volume
Sys
ClearFRAC
M003,
L55,
W054,
tems,
L237,
WS,
M3,
W54,
1,FMMV1WBF,
VES,
Fmm
Materials
SFE,
L064,
M290,
Fluids
HT,
F052,
Water-base
ClearFrac
Press
Vol
L64,
Engineering,
F105,
F52,
1,
Manual–Water
ure
M117,
FmmV1,
Fracturing
Leakoff,
U066,
Pumping
HT
fluids,
KCl,
J566,
U66,
Well
Viscoelastic
J567
F105,
Materials
ClearFrac
Bas
and
J566,
Services,
K046,
eChemistry,
RCP,
Fluids,
J567,
K46,
Manual
Fluid
, L055,
3.1 Introduction
ClearFRAC* HT J566 is a surfactant and water-based, polymer-free systems that
extends the ClearFRAC family of viscoelastic surfactants (VES) to 275 degF [135
degC]. ClearFRAC HT is the fracturing fluid for high-application temperatures

ranging between 100 and 275 degF [38 and 135 degC]. It contains gelling agent
J566, clay stabilizer, breaker J567 and breaker booster M003. For applications
between 100 and 220 degF [38 to 104 degC], U066 is added to the ClearFRAC
HT components. Unlike polymer-based fluid systems, crosslinkers are not
needed since viscosity is developed upon mixing.
The fluids are designed primarily for continuous-mix operations. This manual
presents information concerning nonenergized J566 fluids. Energized or foamed
fracturing fluids (primarily using nitrogen, (N2)) are commonly prepared from
ClearFRAC base fluids. For these applications, see FMM Volume II: Other Fluids
Section 1 - Foamed Fluid Systems, InTouch content 5769274, for guidance.
Note
The data presented in this manual illustrate general trends only. Thorough prejob
testing in a laboratory, using the same materials that will be employed at the
wellsite should be performed before any job.
At present, J566 is approved for use in all countries except for offshore Canada
and offshore North Sea. Consult the Quality Assurance database for the
latest registration status or changes. Violations of a country’s environmental
regulations can result in serious legal consequences. Consult the health, safety
and environment (HSE) department for guidance.
3.2 Fluid Components

of ClearFRAC HT J566 fracturing fluids. Information is current as of the Last
Edit Date as documented in InTouch. Complete information on health hazards,
protective equipment, handling precautions, environmental hazards and disposal
is listed in the current Schlumberger Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for
Private
these products. Additional safety information is available from the WS Quality

Management System - QHSE Standards, Reference Page, InTouch content
4055049.
Flash
Product Product Specific Health Physical Point,
Form pH
Code Name Gravity Hazard Hazard degF
[degC]
ClearFRAC Brown Highly
J566 1.03 Eyes 63 [17] 9.5
HT J566 liquid flammable
ClearFRAC Not
Tan 9 to 11
granules (10 g/L)
Breaker J567 (NA)
White Eyes, 11.6
M003 Soda Ash M3 2.50 Corrosive NA
powder skin (10 g/L)
Temporary
Colorless Eyes, None
L064 Clay Stabilizer 1.01 >199 [93] 7
liquid skin identified
L64
Potassium White Eyes,
M117 1.98 Dust NA NA
Chloride M117 granules skin
Multi-
functional Colorless Eyes,
F105 0.95 Combustible 142 [61] 8.7
Surfactant liquid skin
F105
Eyes,
Mutual Solvent Colorless skin,
U066 0.9 Combustible 152 [67] 9.5
U66 liquid blood,
kidney
Note
3.2.1 Surfactant package

J566 is the surfactant package used for this formulation. Recommended
concentrations range from 35 to 60 galUS/1,000 galUS (35 to 60 L/m3)
depending on bottomhole conditions. To ensure optimum fluid performance:
• Tanks and mixing equipment must be clean. Hydrocarbon residues in tanks

can severely decrease fluid performance.
Private
presented in Section 3.20. Confirm that the batch of J566 conforms to the
minimum rheology specification in freshwater as per Table 3-21 using Fann
50 predicted viscosity at 100 s-1. Note that this test is performed for 6% or
60 galUS/1,000 galUS (60 L/m3) J566 even if the fluid design requires lower
concentrations of J566.
3.2.2 Mix water

Freshwater is recommended for mixing J566 fluids. Seawater and produced
water can be used for fluid preparation as well if prejob testing in a laboratory
confirms fluid performance with respect to viscosity and shear recovery.
Since the performance of ClearFRAC fluids is sensitive to the presence of

contaminants like hydrocarbons, de-emulsifiers, acid, etc., it is important to take
note of the following points:
• Location water should be clean and low in Ca2+, Mg2+ and Fe3+. The total
of all these ions must be <500 ppm (500 mg/L).
• Total ion salinities in the mix water, including all monovalent species (NaCl,
KCl), should be less than 10%, preferably less than 7%, especially when
using formulations with U066.
• Whenever possible, for optimal performance, ammonium chloride (NH4Cl)
brines should not be used (see Section 3.14 for the effects of J566 in
ammonium chloride brine).
Prejob testing based on QA/QC procedures should be performed for any

deviations of these limits and for produced water and seawater to ensure fluid
performance.
3.2.3 Shear recovery additive U066

To provide superior cleanup at low temperatures (100 to 220 degF [38 to 104
degC]), high surfactant loadings should be avoided. A reduction of J566 loading
is recommended according to Table 3-2. However, the decrease in surfactant
concentrations is characterized by an increase in shear recovery time. This
effect is eliminated with a shear recovery additive.
The addition of U066 at surfactant concentrations below 6% (60 galUS/1,000

galUS (60 L/m3)) J566 ensures rapid shear recovery. QA/QC procedures have to
ensure that the fluid shear recovery time according to Section 3.20 is within the
specifications after high-shear exposure.
Private
3.2.4 Breakers and breaker booster

Although ClearFRAC fluids lose viscosity upon contact with hydrocarbons or
formation waters, it is recommended, in most conditions, that an encapsulated
breaker be added to the PROPPANT stages of the fracturing treatment. This
breaker provides insurance for proppant-pack cleanup and is particularly
important for applications in wells where pressure drawdown is low or the
mixing of J566 with hydrocarbon may be limited (e.g., low-pressure or dry gas
wells). Encapsulated breaker J567 is the only breaker available for J566 and
is described in Section 3.4.3.
The breaker booster M003 is required to ensure breaker performance and is

added to all formulations as explained in Section 3.4.3.
Note
Formulations that use J581 fluid-loss additive will also have additional M003 (or
J494) added to stabilize the fluid as explained in Section 3.4.3.2.
Note
At temperatures around 240 degF [116 degC] and the addition of KCl, the breaker
does not lower the high-shear viscosity significantly (between 25 and 100 s-1).
However, the low-shear viscosity decreases, so that flow initiation is sufficiently
reduced to provide good cleanup performance. At all other temperatures the
breaker reduces the viscosity independently of shear rate.
3.2.5 Clay stabilizers

Nearly all sandstone formations contain clay particles. Swelling of clays can
cause formation damage by plugging formation pores when the aqueous fluids
enter the formation.
M117 and L064 are the recommended clay stabilizers for the ClearFRAC
fluids. ClearFRAC HT J566 fluids are compatible with a maximum of 10% (835
lbm/1,000 galUS (100 kg/m3)) KCl or 0.2% (2 galUS/1,000 galUS (2 L/m3)) L064
(see Section 3.14.3 and Table 3-9).
Private

The fluids are prepared by mixing gelling agent J566, Mutual Solvent U066
when needed, breaker booster M003, and clay stabilizer (M117 or L064) in
freshwater. Such fluids are used within the temperature range 200 to 275 degF
[93 to 135 degC].

Viscoelastic surfactant-based fracturing fluids, prepared with J566, are designed

for use in wells with bottomhole temperatures (BHT) from 100 to 275 degF [38 to
104 degC]. The fluid design has to be confirmed with QA/QC based on BHT.

J566 is used in a concentration range between 35 and 60 galUS/1,000 galUS
(35 and 60 L/m3). QA/QC tests have to ensure that the fluid viscosity at BHT
is above 50 cP (50 mPa·s) at 100 s-1. Table 3-2 shows the fluid formulations
for these fluids; see Figure 3-17 in Section 3.24 for interpolation between the
given concentrations.
Note
The addition of U066 is required for J566 loadings below 60 galUS/1,000 galUS
(60 L/m3).
Fluid performance for low J566 loadings without U066 does not meet QA/QC
specification.
Table 3-2: Recommended Fluid Formulations
J566 Concentration, U066 Concentration, M003 Concentration,

Clay Stabilizer
galUS/1,000 galUS galUS/1,000 galUS lbm/1,000 galUS
Concentration
or L/m3 or L/m3 (kg/m3)
20.0 20.0 2 to 7%
(167 to 585 lbm/1,000
30.0 14.0
galUS
40.0 10.0 10 to 20 (20 to 70 kg/m3))
(1.2 to 2.4) M117
50.0 7.5
(See Section 3.4.3.2.) or
0.2%
60.0 0.0 (2 galUS /1,000 galUS
(2 L/m3)) L064
Private
Note
35 galUS/1,000 galUS (35 L/m3) is the minimum recommended J566
concentration for pad and slurry fluids. Concentrations below 35 galUS/1,000
galUS (35 L/m3) J566 should not be used unless proved to be adequate for the
job based on laboratory tests under well conditions.
Concentrations between 20 and 35 galUS/1,000 galUS (20 and 35 L/m3) J566

can be used for postflushes.
3.3.3 Selection of fluid formulation and fracture job

design
The allowed formulations are
1. Formulation 1: 35 to 60 galUS/1,000 galUS (35 to 60 L/m3) J566 with the

recommended amount of U066 (see Table 3-2 and Figure 3-4) in freshwater
and seawater with 0 to 0.2% (0 to 2 galUS/1,000 galUS (0 to 2 L/m3)) L064
2. Formulation 2: 35 to 60 galUS/1,000 galUS (35 to 60 L/m3) J566 with the
recommended amount of U066 (see Table 3-2 and Figure 3-4) in brines
with 0 to 10% (0 to 835 lbm/1,000 galUS (0 to 100 kg/m3)) KCl, preferably
less than 7% (585 lbm/1,000 galUS (70 kg/m3)). NH4Cl is not compatible
with this formulation.
Formulation 2 provides significant flexibility for use, since it covers a range of

likely compositions. With either formulation, total divalent ion content should be
below 500 ppm (500 mg/L), so that breaker performance is not compromised
(see Section 3.4.3).
For each formulation a set of n′ and K′ has been determined from Fann 50
measurements. Typical viscosities at 100 s-1 as a function of temperature are
shown in Figure 3-4.
The effect of dissolved salts on the rheology of J566 based fluids is minor, and
there are only small differences between the rheology of these formulations.
Values of n′ and K′ in Section 3.14 reflect these differences showing that,
compared with Formulation 1, Formulation 2 gives reduced viscosity in the
temperature range of 130 to 170 degF [54 to 77 degC], but shows similar
rheology in other temperature ranges.
Private
1. Confirm that the batch of J566 conforms to the minimum (rheology and shear
recovery) in freshwater. Table 3-21 shows the viscosity requirements using
Fann 50 viscosity at 100 s-1. Section 3.20.1.4 gives the instructions and
requirements regarding shear recovery.
Note
This test is performed for 60 galUS/1,000 galUS (60 L/m3) J566 even if the
fluid design requires lower concentrations of J566.
2. Select the brine formulation to be used and confirm the compatibility with
other additives to be used. Confirm that the shear recovery for the final
fluid formulation agrees with Section 3.20.1.4. If further confirmation of the
performance in the selected brine is necessary, measure the viscosity at 100
s-1 with a Fann 50 and compare it with the lower limit given in Table 3-21.
3. Select the values of n′ and K′ for the required formulation from the appropriate
data set in Table 3-10 and Table 3-11.
Note
Viscosity data at 100 s-1 in Table 3-11 is to be used for QC purposes only. The
viscosity measurement for QC purpose should be performed with the standard
Fann 50 procedure only at 100 s-1 without shear rate ramps.
3.3.4 Shear history

As with all ClearFRAC fluids, J566 systems are not degraded when exposed to
extended periods of shearing, and the viscosity is independent of time. The fluid
viscosity decreases with increasing shear rate, but the original fluid viscosity is
recovered when the shear rate returns to the original value (see Figure 3-6).
Therefore, the customary viscosity versus time at different temperatures graphs
presented in manual additions for polymer fluids are not relevant for J566-based
fluids. Instead the evolution of the viscosity as a function of fluid temperature is
the critical information for design (see Section 3.14).
However, since the fluid viscosity is a function of shear rate, the time that a
fluid needs to regain its viscosity after high-shear exposure is an important fluid
characteristic. 60 galUS/1,000 galUS (60 L/m3) J566 does not need any shear
recovery additives. However, lower J566 loadings require U066 to optimize the
shear recovery time. The shear recovery times of the J566 batch and the fluid
formulation according to the design have to be tested by QA/QC as described in
Section 3.20.1.4.
Private
3.4 Cleanup Aids

Low-temperature and low-pressure dry gas formations are the most difficult
environments for ClearFRAC HT in terms of cleanup. In the absence of sufficient
hydrocarbons or formation water, the time required to remove ClearFRAC HT
fluid from the formation and fracture could be unacceptably slow. It is critical
before using the approaches discussed in Section 3.4.1 through Section 3.4.3
to avoid overdesigning the treatment and use only 6% (60 galUS/1,000 galUS
(60 L/m3)) J566 fluids.
3.4.1 Energized or foamed ClearFRAC HT

Injecting nitrogen (N2) gas into the fluid increases the available energy to
achieve cleanup. Both energized and foamed ClearFRAC HT fluids have been
used with success in low-pressure dry gas wells. Note in Figure 3-1 that the
viscosity at 100 s-1 does not necessarily increase with increasing foam quality
for ClearFRAC HT; this runs counter to StableFOAM fluids for which increasing
foam quality always increases the apparent foam viscosity.
Figure 3-1: Effect of foam quality on nitrogen foamed ClearFRAC HT 60

viscosity at three temperatures.
Alternatively, Figure 3-2 demonstrates the same effect plotted as a function of

temperature.
Private
PPC WS SFE\PPC WS SFE\FMM Vol 1, 5769274\1.3\Release Date:15-May-2013\EDMS UID: 1656044885\Produced: 15-May-2013 18:39:36 3-9 VES Fluids / ClearFRAC HT J566 Fracturing Fluids 3-9
Figure 3-2: Apparent viscosity of various foam qualities of nitrogen foamed

ClearFRAC HT 60 as a function of temperature.
Note that at 225 degF [107 degC], the straight ClearFRAC HT 60 has a greater
viscosity than the same fluid foamed with N2. Consult the figures and tables in
Section 3.15 for rheology of N2-foamed ClearFRAC HT, including effects of clay
stabilizers and shear recovery agent U066 on foam viscosity.
3.4.2 Preflush containing F105

The viscosity of J566-based fluids above 200 degF [93 degC] is significantly
reduced when F105 is added. Preflushes containing F105 should be pumped
at fracturing rates ahead of the J566-based fluid. This will reduce the viscosity
of the ClearFRAC HT fluid when flowback and cleanup of the fracture begins.
The recommended preflush composition is 2 to 10% (167 to 835 lbm/1,000
galUS (20 to 100 kg/m3)) KCl brine containing 5 to 10% (by volume) (50 to 100
galUS/1,000 galUS (50 to 100 L/m3)) of F105. The recommended preflush
volume is 25% of the ClearFRAC HT pad fluid volume. The Fann 50 rheograms
of 60 galUS/1,000 galUS (60 L/m3) J566 fluids with 10 galUS/1,000 galUS (10
L/m3), 15 galUS/1,000 galUS (15 L/m3) and 20 galUS/1,000 galUS (20 L/m3)
F105 are presented in Section 3.19.
Note
F105 is the only mutual solvent approved for ClearFRAC HT preflush treatments.
Do not use U066.
Private
3.4.3 Encapsulated proppant-pack breaker J567

J567 is an encapsulated breaker in the size range 10 to 40 mesh. It is used as a
breaker for both straight and energized J566-based fluids.
J567 is designed for use only in the proppant stages of J566 treatments. Upon
fracture closure, the breaker particle is crushed and the water-soluble core
material is released into the fluid. This permanently reduces the viscosity of the
J566-based fluid at all applicable shear rate ranges by disrupting the VES micelle
structure. The viscosity reduction ranges from 45 to 99% at low shear rates (0.1
s-1) and 25 to 50% at medium shear rates (100 s-1) depending upon the J567
concentration (see Section 3.17). When used with energized J566 fluids (30%
nitrogen), J567 reduces both foamed fluid viscosities and foam half-lives at all
temperatures, including ambient.
J567 is not an oxidizer, but an inorganic salt that does not work like the
conventional oxidizer breakers for polymeric fluids. In J566 applications, J567
reduces viscosity by disrupting and rearranging the thread-like micelles in the
fracturing fluid at the molecular level. There is no chemical reaction in the
process of breaking VES fluids. This is in contrast to breaker mechanisms for
polymer fluids, where polymers are oxidized and thus decomposed chemically.
Since the mechanism of break employed here leaves intact surfactant molecules
remaining in the fluid, there will always be some residual viscosity at all shear
rates. The key point is that J567 reduces low-shear viscosity and degrades the
VES micelle structure. A fluid with reduced microstructure and reduced low-shear
viscosity is easier to cleanup and will accelerate hydrocarbon production.
The effectiveness of J567 is dependent upon the concentrations of multivalent

metal ions—Ca2+, Mg2+ and total dissolved iron (represented by Fe3+). A
breaker booster, M003, is required for all treatments to maximize breaker
efficiency. The M003 concentration guideline is detailed in Section 3.4.3.2.
The following section provides guidelines for using J567 with J566 based fluids.
Information on safety, handling, storage, equipment, chemical compatibility, and
disposal can be found in the corresponding MSDS.
3.4.3.1 J567 concentrations for fracturing treatments

The breaker loading is optimized with respect to the recommended J566
concentration and thus differs with temperature (see Figure 3-3). Representative
rheological data are presented in Section 3.17 for 60 galUS/1,000 galUS (60
L/m3) J566. In all cases, a breaker booster is required to achieve optimum
breaker performance (see Section 3.4.3.2).
Private
Figure 3-3: Recommended concentration of encapsulated breaker J567

as a function of J566 concentration.
Note
viscosity reduction to facilitate flowback.
KCl inhibits the viscosity decrease at high shear rates (25 to 100 s-1) at
temperatures around 240 degF [116 degC]. However, the viscosity at low
shear rates is decreased. Thus, flow initiation is sufficiently reduced to provide
satisfactory cleanup.
3.4.3.2 Breaker booster

It is recommended that a water analysis be performed on the location water
before designing the breaker schedule. The effectiveness of J567 is sensitive
to divalent (Ca2+, Mg2+) and trivalent (Fe3+) metal ions. If the total of adjusted
[Ca2+] concentration is less than 500 ppm (500 mg/L), addition of breaker
booster, M003, is required to maximize the performance of breaker J567. Do not
use water with higher than 500 ppm (500 mg/L) adjusted [Ca2+] concentration.
The concentration guideline is presented in Table 3-3.
Private
Table 3-3: Amount of M003 Breaker Booster Needed for Different Mix-Water Hardness
Adjusted [Ca2+]
M003, lbm/1,000 galUS
Concentration, ppm
(kg/m3)
or mg/L
0 to 100 5 (0.6)
100 to 200 10 (1.2)
200 to 300 15 (1.8)
300 to 400 20 (2.4)
400 to 500 25 (3.0)
3.4.3.3 Job design

Leakage of core material from the J567 particle may adversely influence fluid
viscosity during pumping. Table 3-4 shows the maximum concentration of leaked
breaker material that can be tolerated in J566 fluids before fluid viscosity is
significantly reduced at medium shear rate (i.e., between 100 s-1 and 170 s-1).
Table 3-4: Maximum Concentration (lbm/1,000 galUS) of Breaker that can be Leaked into
ClearFRAC HT Fluids
J566, galUS/1,000 J567 Core Material,

galUS lbm/1,000 galUS
60 2
using leakage data in Table 3-5, in combination with a FracCADE* temperature
simulation. It is unlikely that the leaked breaker material is greater than the
tolerance limits in Table 3-4. However, if it does occur, the concentration of J567
must be reduced accordingly.
Temperature, degF Breaker Material Release,

Time, h
[degC] wt %
170 [77] 0.5 0.9
170 [77] 1.0 2.1
170 [77] 2.0 4.4
250 [121] 0.5 0.2
250 [121] 1.0 4.4
250 [121] 2.0 7.5
Private
Note
or may cause premature break and subsequent screenout.
1. Based on the BHT and the concentration of J566 surfactants in the proppant
stage, choose the appropriate concentration of J567 using Table 3-4.
2. Conduct onsite QA/QC test J567 by adding the desired concentration of
breaker to the J566 fluid, and measuring the viscosity of the fluid at ambient
conditions with a Fann 35 rheometer. The viscosity of the fluid (at 170 s-1)
with the encapsulated breaker should be within 80% of the viscosity of the
fluid without breaker (see Section 3.14). DO NOT ADD J567 INTO THE
WARING BLENDER. Add breaker to the Fann cup and mix gently.
will predict the fluid exposure time at temperature of each stage (this is
approximate concentration of breaker leakage during the job.
3.4.3.4 J567 auger output

The calculations for the auger output are as follows:
Half pitch: #/h = 5.770 * rpm, or #/min = 0.0962 * rpm (0.0962 #/REV)
Full pitch: #/h = 11.453 * rpm, or #/min = 0.1909 * rpm (0.1909 #/REV)
3.4.3.5 Job execution checklist

• Review all safety issues (i.e., chemical compatibility) concerning J567.
• Calibrate the dry-feeder additive and make sure that it adds the correct
Note
No minimum shut-in time is required.
Private

The viscosity of the J566 base fluid is reduced at both low- and intermediate-shear
at the BHT will facilitate flowback. The fluid that is flowed back to the surface
will regain some viscosity when it cools down simply due to temperature effect.
When excess foaming occurs for the flowback fluids, mix D144 into the pit or
flowback tank to reduce foam volume.

J566-based fluids do not form a filtercake and the leakoff rate for VES systems is
a function of fluid rheology, permeability and temperature.
The use of lower surfactant concentrations with the use of U066 help alleviate
the challenges at low temperature and low pressure.
3.5.1 Leakoff coefficients for formations with <5 mD

permeability
Since ClearFRAC fluids do not form filtercakes during leakoff, they do not obey
the traditional spurt and Cw behavior associated with polymer-base systems. The
leakoff for VES fluids is approximated by a function of volume versus t1/2, where
”t” is time. Consequently, a combined leakoff coefficient CT is recommended. CT
values calculated from laboratory data are given in Section 3.17. These data
were generated from static fluid-loss tests with sandstone cores.
The current data set does not cover the entire range of temperature, permeability,
and ΔP. The CT can also be obtained from a DataFRAC* (a DataFRAC is
recommended before introducing J566 to a new field). If a DataFRAC treatment
is not performed the CT values in Section 3.16 are a reasonable starting
point for job design. These data suggest a linear relationship between log CT
(ft/min1/2) and log permeability (mD) at any temperature. For permeabilities or
temperatures not covered in the table, linear interpolation of data in Section
3.16 can also be used as a starting point for estimating the CT. Extrapolation
of data in Section 3.17 should be limited to temperatures above 130 degF
[54 degC]. Extrapolation to permeabilities below 0.1 mD is also uncertain. A
constant, temperature independent, CT value of 0.001 ft/min1/2 is recommended
for permeabilities of 0.05 mD or less.
Private
3.5.2 Formations with high leakoff

For some formations, J566 alone may not provide sufficient fluid-loss
control. While this may not pose a problem in cases where the reservoir fluid
compressibility is the predominant fluid-loss control mechanism (heavy oil), it is
a significant concern for most dry gas reservoirs. A previous recommendation
was that for permeabilities greater than 5 mD a fluid-loss control agent may
be necessary. However, recent studies have indicated significant spurt with
fluid-loss additives under dynamic conditions and reduced effectiveness with
VES fluids. Thus, other alternatives may be necessary for enhanced fluid-loss
control in high-permeability formations.

ClearFRAC HT J566 fluids are solids-free. Consequently, the retained
permeabilities of proppant packs placed with ClearFRAC fluids are typically
greater than 95% (see Table 3-6). The case of 60 galUS/1,000 galUS (60 L/m3)
J566 is assumed to be the worst-case scenario due to the highest surfactant
loading, but still shows superior cleanup over polymer based fluids (see Table
3-6).
Table 3-6: Proppant-Pack Conductivity data for Various Fracturing Fluids3-1
Pack Permeability, Retained

Proppant Fluid
D Permeability, %
ClearFRAC HT (60
20/40 CarboLITE® galUS/1,000 galUS 532 95
(60 L/m3) J566)
YF*130HTD 250 45
ClearFRAC HT (60
galUS/1,000 galUS 823 98
16/20 CarboLITE (60 L/m3) J566)
YF130HTD 330 39
YF125LG 440 52
3-1. Closure stress: 4,400 psi (30,360 kPa); data generated at Well Services (WS) product
center.
Private
3.6.2 Formation damage in high-permeability formations

Retained permeability was tested on 60 galUS/1,000 galUS (60 L/m3) J566,
which is expected to show the worst cleanup performance within the formation
due to the highest surfactant concentration. Leakoff tests were performed on
12-in long Berea sandstone cores with a differential pressure of 1,000 psi (6,900
kPa). Flowback with brine in the opposite direction was conducted to evaluate the
cleanup characteristics. The results shown in Table 3-7 indicate that J566-based
fluids can provide better cleanup than crosslinked guar or HEC fluids.
Table 3-7: Core Cleanup data for Various Fracturing Fluids
Fluid Temperature, Core Permeability, Retained

Fluid degF [degC] mD Permeability, %
YF125HTD1 130 [54] 1,000 20
2
80-lb HEC2 130 [54] 1,000 53
60 galUS/1,000
galUS (60 L/m3) 240 [116] 1,000 83
J5663
60 galUS/1,000
galUS (60 L/m3) 200 [116] 0.4 90
J5664
1
Breaker: 0.5 lbm/1,000 galUS (0.06 kg/m3) J218
2
Breaker: 4 galUS/1,000 galUS (4 L/m3) J503
3
4

Friction pressures of 60 galUS/1,000 galUS (60 L/m3) J566 ClearFRAC HT
fluids for a variety of tubing sizes are presented in Section 3.23. These numbers
are calculated using fluid rheological properties; they were not measured
experimentally. Any friction pressure data measured in actual treatments should
be submitted to the local GeoMarket* technical engineer (GMTE). This data can
then be forwarded to the appropriate contact at the product center for making
any necessary changes to the data.
Private
3.8 Emulsions
Like other fracturing fluids, J566 based fluids can form an emulsion with certain
crude oils. Such an occurrence can severely inhibit well cleanup. Before
applying J566 technology in any oil well, it is essential that laboratory testing be
performed to ensure compatibility (see Section 3.21).
If the crude oil and J566 fluids form an emulsion it is recommended to pump a
preflush containing F105. A laboratory procedure using F105 is given in Section
3.14 that allows the determination of the most effective preflush composition, and
the optimum volume of preflush to be pumped during the job.
If a F105 preflush fluid is required to eliminate an emulsion problem, then it

must be the first fluid to contact the formation during a treatment. The preflush
fluid should be pumped at, or as close as possible to, the designed fracturing
treatment rates. Ideally the volume should be sufficient to cover the majority of
the propped fracture length. Before starting the pad pump a small spacer (500
galUS (1,894 L) of mix water with clay stabilizer) to minimize intermixing of the
J566 fluid with the preflush fluid.

3.21, contact an area laboratory, the Pressure, Pumping and Chemistry
Laboratory or InTouch.
3.9 Resin-Coated Proppants (RCPs)

It is crucial to perform the prejob compatibility tests prior to pumping RCPs with
J566 fluids. (The test exposes 10 ppa (4.5 kg proppant added) of the RCP to
J566 fluid at 240 degF [116 degC] for 1 hour.) Two key fluid properties that
need to be examined after the fluid is exposed to the RCPs are fluid viscosity
(see Section 3.20.1.2) and fluid viscosity recovery time (see Section 3.20.1.4). If
the measured data are within 15% of the specifications listed, then the tested
RCP is compatible with J566 fluids.
Several commonly available RCPs from Santrol and Borden have been tested
and their compatibilities have been listed in Table 3-8. The compatible claim
made is based on using 100% of the below stated RCP, i.e., any mixture of
these RCPs themselves or with other RCPs may become incompatible and thus
require further testing.
Private

Tempered HS®, Tempered
LC®, Super LC®,Optiprop®,
DynaProp®, VES Dyanprop
Santrol VES Optiprop® G2,
G2®, VES-TLC®
VES-THS®, VES-SLC®,
VES-TDC®, VES-TDS-PLUS®
Ceramax Pg™, XRT Gold
Borden PR600™, AcFRAC Black™
20/40™, SB Excel 20/40™

recovery time (see Section 3.20.1.4) is considered compatible. In this Section,
the effect of certain classes of chemicals on the performance of J566 fluids is
discussed. Materials not mentioned here must be screened for compatibility
prior to use. A compatibility test procedure is given in Section 3.22.

The effect of several common additives on the viscosity of60 galUS/1,000 galUS
(60 L/m3) J566 fluids at 80, 150 and 240 degF [27, 66 and 116 degC] is shown
in Table 3-9. All additives listed in Table 3-9, apart from L064, reduce fluid
viscosity at 240 degF [116 degC] and should not be mixed with J566 fluids.
Therefore, thoroughly clean and dry pumping equipment and hoses prior to any
J566 treatment is highly recommended.
Table 3-9: Effect of Common Potential Contaminants on the Viscosity of ClearFRAC HT

J566 Fluids
% Change in Viscosity
Concentration,
Additive galUS/1,000 At 80 degF At 150 degF At 240 degF
galUS or L/m3 [27 degC] [66 degC] [116 degC]
L064
2 0 0 0
Clay stabilizer
L055
10 −4 −9 −30
Clay stabilizer
L237
10 +7 −30 −23
Clay stabilizer
M290
10 −22 +45 −83
Bactericide
Private
Concentration,
Additive galUS/1,000 At 80 degF At 150 degF At 240 degF
galUS or L/m3 [27 degC] [66 degC] [116 degC]
F105
Multifunctional 10 +45 −2 −93
surfactant
U066
10 −1 −11 −85
Mutual solvent
K046
10 −23 +19 0
Methanol solvent
W054
Nonemulsifying 10 −28 +40 −75
agent
3.11 Mixing
Flush and drain all additive systems, hoses and lines. Ensure they are clean and
empty. Any impurities (especially oil or biocides) can have an adverse effect
on J566-based fluids.
High-temperature ClearFRAC HT fluids are prepared by mixing J566 gelling

agent, U066 when needed, M003 breaker booster with freshwater and clay
stabilizer. If QA/QC tests results allow, seawater and produced water can be
used for mixing as well.J566 is usually added on the fly and must be added to
the suction side of the POD* blender, since agitation in the mixer is required to
produce fluid viscosity. Perform a bucket check to make sure that the rate of
J566 is according to the design. J566 is electrically conductive; its rates can be
measured with either an electromagnetic or Micro Motion flowmeter.
It has been reported that the POD blender will cause excess foaming and spitting
at low treating rates (<8 bbl/min (1.3 m3/min) for straight fluid). This can be
circumvented by pinching back the 8-in hose (frac tank to POD), or replacing it
with three 4-in hoses.
Quality Note
Batch mixing J566 in a frac tank ONLY by rolling the mix water can result in high
viscosity precipitations and is strongly discouraged. J566 can only be batch
mixed in a small, well-mixed tank such as a recirculated gravel-pack blender.
Private
3.11.1 Continuously mixing the J566
3.11.1.1 Preblend breaker booster

The simplest way to prepare the fluid is to batch mix M003 into the mix water in
advance, and pump J566 as the single liquid additive. This approach reduces
the complexity of job operations and minimizes errors.
Following a job, the surface equipment, hoses and treating iron should be flushed
with freshwater. Use isopropyl alcohol (IPA) for equipment exposed to J566.
3.11.1.2 Continuous mixing of J566 and breaker booster M003 as

an aqueous solution
Alternately, breaker booster M003 can be prepared and pumped on the fly
as an aqueous solution. The solution should go into the suction side of the
POD to ensure adequate mixing. The aqueous breaker booster M003 solution
is prepared by mixing M003 directly with freshwater. The mixing will take
approximately 30 minutes at 80 degF [27 degC] for all solids to dissolve, and
longer at colder water temperatures. The densities and feed rates for 10, 15 and
20% liquid M003 solutions are presented in Section 3.18.
J566 is metered into the suction side of the POD blender using liquid additive
pumps.
3.11.2 Batch mixing J566 fluids in small well-mixed tanks

High-temperature ClearFRAC HT can be prepared by batch mixing J566 with mix
water containing M003 and clay stabilizer, if the tank is adequately mixed, like a
gravel-pack blender. Lower temperatures require the addition of U066. The fluid
should be pumped slowly into the suction of a recirculating centrifugal pump. A
POD blender could be used to recirculate the tank. For such applications the
following procedure should be used.
clean and empty. Any impurities (especially oil) can have an adverse effect
2. Rig up the blender to circulate the mix water in the tank.
3. Add breaker booster M003 and optional clay stabilizer, then agitate for at
least 30 minutes.
Private
4. Slowly add J566 upstream of the recirculating pump of blender. Longer

mixing periods may be necessary when the mix-water temperature is less
than 70 degF [21 degC]. J566 contains surfactants and foaming may occur.
Do not use an antifoam agent in any J566 fluid.
described in Section 3.24. It is important to allow sufficient time and shear
for the fluid viscosity to develop. Do not add additional surfactant until the
measured fluid viscosity has stabilized.
6. Caution: Premixed J566 fluids are very viscous, and can cause suction
problems at the blender. This can limit the job rate or cause loss of prime
during the treatment. See the PumperPOD* operator's manual (SCT-673

PumperPOD Operator's Manual, InTouch content 3013791), for a complete
description of prejob suction tests.
As a quick summary:
1. Measure or calculate the head of the fluid in the mix tank.

2. Circulate the tank at 1.25 times the maximum job rate.
3. Slowly close suction valves on the mix tank to reduce the suction pressure by
the amount of head in the tank. This simulates pumping from an empty tank
under ideal conditions. Loss of prime indicates that the system is not going
to deliver the desired rate.

Following a job, the surface equipment, including hoses and treating iron should
be flushed with freshwater to the pit or to a frac tank. Use IPA or mutual solvents
for equipment that has been exposed to J566.
3.12 Execution
Fracturing jobs using all ClearFRAC HT fluid are executed in the same manner
as those where polymer fluids are employed. For further details, consult the
Guidelines for the Design and Evaluation of ClearFRAC Treatments, InTouch
content 2039080, or the ClearFRAC Reference Page, InTouch content 3250786.
Private
3.13 Storage
J566 should be stored out of direct sunlight and sources of ignition in a
well-ventilated area. Even though J566 is chemically robust between 20 and 150
degF [−6 and 66 degC], it is recommended this material be stored between
30 and 110 degF [−1 and 43 degC] to minimize phase separation, solvent
evaporation and possibly thermal degradation.
It is crucial to keep J566 containers tightly closed and to avoid unnecessary

agitation. J566 is a flammable liquid and will gradually evaporate if the container
is left uncapped. Partially evaporated J566 is not only thicker to pump, but might
also phase separate below 30 degF [−1 degC] depending on the amount of
evaporation.
The pour point of J566 is 15 degF [−9.4 degC] (see Section 3.14.5). To ensure
an homogeneous phase, it is recommended that the tote be circulated prior to
use regardless of the storage temperature. Also because J566 is a flammable
liquid, it should be handled accordingly.
J566 has a shelf life of approximately 1 year if stored properly at temperatures

between 40 and 110 degF [4 and 66 degC]. The shelf life will shorten if not stored
properly. See Section 3.20 for QA/QC procedures.
Note
Do not add any aqueous material to J566 container, the surfactant will gum up
immediately.
Note
Perform QA/QC before every job. The shelf life information is only provided as
a guideline.
Private
3.14 Appendix A: Rheology Data
3.14.1 Viscosity of ClearFRAC J566 base fluids in

freshwater
Figure 3-4: Viscosity of ClearFRAC* HT J566 base fluids in freshwater.
Private
3.14.2 Typical rheological properties of ClearFRAC J566

fluids
Table 3-10: Rheology of ClearFRAC HT Fluids in Freshwater
Calculated Viscosity,
Fluid cP or mPa·s
K′, at Shear Rates,
lbf-sn′/ft2
degF [degC] 40 100 170
s-1 s-1 s-1
79 [26] 0.477 0.0431 300 186 141

111 [44] 0.238 0.1279 368 220 122
126 [52] 0.328 0.0915 367 198 139
147 [64] 0.640 0.0140 178 128 106
173 [78] 0.170 0.0909 204 95 61
60 galUS/1,000 galUS
198 [92] 0.059 0.1673 249 105 64
(60 L/m3) J566 only
218 [103] 0.061 0.1934 290 123 75
238 [114] 0.311 0.0686 259 138 95
257 [125] 0.636 0.0117 146 105 86
277 [136] 0.601 0.0057 63 43 35
298 [148] 0.350 0.0065 28 16 11
77 [25] 0.363 0.0550 249 139 99
110 [43] 0.224 0.1530 418 205 136
127 [53] 0.547 0.0310 280 185 145
5 galUS/1,000 galUS (5
L/m3) J566 146 [63] 0.378 0.0360 175 99 71
7.5 galUS/1,000 galUS 172 [78] 0.034 0.1560 211 87 52
(7.5 L/m3) U066
197 [92] 0.241 0.0690 200 100 67
217 [103] 0.541 0.0140 121 79 62
238 [114] 0.516 0.0070 56 36 28
76 [24] 0.462 0.0340 220 135 101
110 [43] 0.208 0.1420 366 177 116
125 [52] 0.462 0.0410 271 166 124
(45 L/m3) J566 147 [64] 0.314 0.0460 174 93 65
8.5 galUS/1,000 galUS 172 [78] 0.078 0.1140 181 78 48
(8.5 L/m3) U066
197 [92] 0.250 0.0500 151 76 51
218 [103] 0.871 0.0030 74 66 62
237 [114] 1.533 0.0000 34 56 74
Private
Calculated Viscosity,
Fluid cP or mPa·s
lbf-sn′/ft2
degF [degC] 40 100 170
s-1 s-1 s-1
76 [24] 0.315 0.0640 243 130 90
111 [44] 0.280 0.1000 337 174 119
126 [52] 0.506 0.0290 224 143 110
40 galUS/1,000 galUS 148 [64] 0.454 0.0220 142 86 64
(40 L/m3) J566
173 [78] 0.134 0.0800 157 71 45
(10 L/m3) U066 197 [92] 0.368 0.0270 123 69 49

217 [103] 0.499 0.0090 71 45 34
237 [114] 0.310 0.0120 44 23 16
257 [125] 0.169 0.0150 33 15 10
77 [25] 0.324 0.0520 207 111 78
110 [43] 0.274 0.0880 288 148 101
35 galUS/1,000 galUS 126 [52] 0.476 0.0270 185 114 87
(35 L/m3) J566
147 [64] 0.330 0.0330 134 73 51
11.5 galUS/1,000 galUS
(11.5 L/m3) U066 173 [78] 0.188 0.0550 132 63 41
197 [92] 0.466 0.0130 85 52 39
218 [103] 0.496 0.0060 47 30 23
Private
3.14.3 Typical rheological properties of ClearFRAC HT

J566 fluids with KCl and NH4Cl brines
Figure 3-5: Viscosity of ClearFRAC HT J566 fluids with KCl and NH4Cl brines.
Private
Table 3-11: Rheology of ClearFRAC HT J566 Fluids in KCl Brines
Calculated Viscosity at 100 s-1,

Fluid cP or mPa·s
K′,
degF [degC] Typical
Limit Limit
79 [26] 0.193 0.225 195 262 290
86 [30] 0.181 0.232 195 263 294
90 [32] 0.187 0.240 200 264 295
100 [38] 0.170 0.253 205 265 295
110 [43] 0.155 0.269 205 263 295
113 [45] 0.153 0.265 200 257 290

120 [49] 0.154 0.239 185 232 280
127 [53] 0.185 0.178 145 198 255
135 [57] 0.235 0.110 110 153 215
60 galUS/1,000 galUS 140 [60] 0.278 0.072 99 121 195

(60 L/m3) J566 149 [65] 0.278 0.060 90 103 140
1 to 10% M117 160 [71] 0.278 0.056 83 95 115
(83.5 to 835 lbm/1,000
galUS 169 [76] 0.278 0.058 85 100 113
(10 to 100 kg/m3)) 180 [82] 0.245 0.071 92 105 125
199 [93] 0.220 0.093 111 123 150
219 [104] 0.210 0.120 133 151 175
230 [110] 0.210 0.122 140 154 177
235 [113] 0.210 0.119 135 150 170
238 [114] 0.211 0.116 132 147 168
250 [121] 0.216 0.091 100 118 143
258 [126] 0.220 0.071 70 94 115
277 [136] 0.240 0.035 32 51 65
298 [148] 0.280 0.016 22 28 40
Private
Table 3-12: Rheology of ClearFRAC HT J566 Fluids in NH4Cl Brines
Calculated Viscosity at 100 s-1,

Fluid cP or mPa·s
K′,
degF [degC] Typical
Limit Limit
Not
79 [26] 0.193 0.227 calculated 265 NC
(NC)
86 [30] 0.187 0.234 NC 265 NC
90 [32] 0.181 0.242 NC 267 NC
100 [38] 0.170 0.256 NC 268 NC

110 [43] 0.155 0.277 NC 271 NC
113 [45] 0.153 0.259 NC 251 NC
120 [49] 0.154 0.213 NC 208 NC
127 [53] 0.185 0.140 NC 158 NC
135 [57] 0.235 0.078 NC 111 NC
60 galUS/1,000 galUS (60 140 [60] 0.250 0.062 NC 94 NC
L/m3) J566
149 [65] 0.234 0.061 NC 85 NC
1 to 5% (83.5 to 417.5
lbm/1,000 galUS 160 [71] 0.220 0.066 NC 87 NC
(10 to 50 kg/m3)) NH4Cl 169 [76] 0.210 0.073 NC 92 NC
180 [82] 0.210 0.078 NC 98 NC
199 [93] 0.210 0.089 NC 113 NC
219 [104] 0.211 0.111 NC 141 NC
230 [110] 0.216 0.110 NC 142 NC
235 [113] 0.225 0.105 NC 141 NC
238 [114] 0.240 0.094 NC 136 NC
250 [121] 0.280 0.055 NC 96 NC
258 [126] 0.330 0.034 NC 75 NC
277 [136] 0.450 0.010 NC 38 NC
298 [148] 0.600 0.003 NC 22 NC
Private
Table 3-13: Rheology of ClearFRAC Formulation in 2 wt % KCl. 2 wt % KCl is 167 lbm/1,000

galUS (20 kg/m3).
Viscosity,
Fluid cP or mPa·s
lbf-sn′/ft2
degF [degC] 40 100 170
s-1 s-1 s-1
76 [24] 0.552 0.0261 239 158 125
102 [39] 0.290 0.1020 356 186 127
124 [51] 0.199 0.1749 436 209 137
150 [66] 0.503 0.0216 165 105 81

(60 L/m3) J566 only 174 [79] 0.119 0.1239 230 103 64
2% (167 lbm/1,000 galUS 201 [94] 0.033 0.2205 298 123 74
(20 kg/m3)) KCl
228 [109] 0.279 0.0848 284 147 100
224 [107] 0.167 0.1407 312 145 93
250 [121] 0.787 0.0067 147 121 108
276 [136] 0.474 0.0081 55 34 26
81 [27] 0.360 0.0612 276 153 109
50 galUS/1,000 galUS 100 [38] 0.301 0.0923 335 177 122

(50 L/m3) J566 127 [53] 0.623 0.0187 223 158 129
7.5 galUS/1,000 galUS
152 [67] 0.106 0.1025 182 80 50
(7.5 L/m3) U066
2% (167 lbm/1,000 galUS 176 [80] 0.062 0.1454 219 93 56
(20 kg/m3)) KCl 202 [94] 0.414 0.0337 186 109 80
227 [108] 0.696 0.0053 82 62 53
81 [27] 0.302 0.0716 261 138 95
40 galUS/1,000 galUS 101 [38] 0.279 0.0863 290 150 102

(40 L/m3) J566 124 [51] 0.586 0.0156 162 111 89
150 [66] 0.075 0.0955 151 64 39
(10 L/m3) U066
2% (167 lbm/1,000 galUS 174 [79] 0.160 0.0794 171 79 51
(20 kg/m3)) KCl 199 [93] 0.591 0.0098 104 72 58
229 [109] 0.514 0.0050 40 26 20
82 [28] 0.242 0.0919 269 134 90
30 galUS/1,000 galUS 101 [38] 0.284 0.0597 204 106 72
J566 126 [52] 0.472 0.0181 123 76 57
151 [66] 0.200 0.0431 108 52 34
(14 L/m3) U066
2% (167 lbm/1,000 galUS 176 [80] 0.326 0.0181 72 39 27
(20 kg/m3)) KCl 128 [53] 0.451 0.0177 112 67 50
201 [94] 0.288 0.0129 45 23 16
Private
Viscosity,
Fluid cP or mPa·s
lbf-sn′/ft2
degF [degC] 40 100 170
s-1 s-1 s-1
20 galUS/1,000 galUS 82 [28] 0.274 0.0420 138 71 48
(20 L/m3) J566
98 [37] 0.227 0.0387 107 53 35
(20 L/m3) U066 125 [52] 0.487 0.0101 73 45 35
2% (167 lbm/1,000 galUS 148 [64] 0.474 0.0048 33 20 15

(20 kg/m3)) KCl
3.14.4 Fluid characteristics - no shear degradation
Figure 3-6: Viscosity of a 60 galUS/1,000 galUS (60 L/m3) J566 fluid as a function of
shear rate. Plot also shows recovery when shear rate returns to original value.
3.14.5 Rheology of J566 between 20 to 80 degF [−7 to 27

degC]
Private
Figure 3-7: Viscosity versus temperature for 60 galUS/1,000 galUS (60 L/m3) J566 surfactant.
Private
3.15 Appendix B: Foam Rheology Data

Table 3-14: Foam Rheology of Nitrogen Foamed ClearFRAC* HT 60
Fluid
Viscosity at 100
Foam Quality, % Temperature, n′ K′, lbf-sn′/ft2
s-1, cP or mPa·s
degF [degC]
75 [24] 0.4619 0.1717 690
100 [38] 0.5729 0.1010 677
125 [52] 0.4208 0.1731 576
150 [66] 0.5077 0.1320 655

175 [79] 0.9135 0.0160 514
75
200 [93] 0.1744 0.1407 150
225 [107] 0.2217 0.0995 132
250 [121] 0.1106 0.1606 128
275 [135] 0.1571 0.1570 155
300 [149] 0.4283 0.0479 165
75 [24] 0.4892 0.1215 554

100 [38] 0.6490 0.0631 600
125 [52] 0.3788 0.1846 506
150 [66] 0.6436 0.0720 668
175 [79] 0.9394 0.0126 456
70
200 [93] 0.1973 0.1028 122
225 [107] 0.2604 0.0691 110
250 [121] 0.1129 0.1309 105
275 [135] 0.2031 0.1073 131
300 [149] 0.4548 0.0307 119
75 [24] 0.4177 0.1286 421

100 [38] 0.4711 0.1283 538
125 [52] 0.3122 0.2465 497
150 [66] 0.6992 0.0578 693
175 [79] 0.9771 0.0093 401
65
200 [93] 0.3038 0.0607 118
225 [107] 0.2058 0.0804 99
250 [121] 0.2088 0.0803 101
275 [135] 0.4048 0.0367 115
300 [149] 0.5590 0.0115 72
Private
Fluid
Viscosity at 100
Foam Quality, % Temperature, n′ K′, lbf-sn′/ft2
s-1, cP or mPa·s
degF [degC]
75 [24] 0.0179 0.5356 278

100 [38] 0.4513 0.1364 522
125 [52] 0.4655 0.1218 498
150 [66] 1.0252 0.0136 731
175 [79] 0.7607 0.0121 192
60
200 [93] 0.2137 0.0748 96
225 [107] 0.2246 0.0752 101

250 [121] 0.2471 0.0695 104
275 [135] 0.6066 0.0135 106
300 [149] 0.6307 0.0055 48
75 [24] 0.1057 0.0937 73

100 [38] 0.1340 0.2135 189
125 [52] 0.1128 0.2520 203
150 [66] 0.5106 0.0351 176
175 [79] 0.3888 0.0344 99
0
200 [93] 0.0800 0.1122 78
225 [107] 0.0111 0.2817 142
250 [121] 0.1936 0.0888 104
275 [135] 0.1126 0.0811 65
300 [149] 0.0365 0.0853 48
Private
Table 3-15: Foam Rheology of Nitrogen Foamed ClearFRAC HT 60 with Clay Stabilizer M117
Fluid Viscosity at
Foam
M117, wt % Temperature, n′ K′, lbf-sn′/ft2 100 s-1, cP
Quality, %
degF [degC] or mPa·s
75 [24] 0.6029 0.0899 691
100 [38] 0.5604 0.0910 575
125 [52] 0.4874 0.1274 576
150 [66] 1.1735 0.0045 479
175 [79] 0.2636 0.0666 107
70 2
200 [93] 0.1488 0.1003 95
225 [107] 0.1117 0.1553 124

250 [121] 0.1920 0.1387 161
275 [135] 0.3840 0.0641 180
300 [149] 0.4886 0.0323 147
75 [24] 0.5020 0.1359 657

100 [38] 0.5973 0.0848 636
125 [52] 0.4857 0.1114 499
150 [66] 0.6119 0.0717 575
175 [79] 0.9020 0.0124 378
70 4
200 [93] 0.4216 0.0420 140
225 [107] 0.1899 0.0904 104
250 [121] 0.0699 0.1701 112
275 [135] 0.3296 0.0715 156
300 [149] 0.5851 0.0189 134
75 [24] 0.3659 0.1340 346

100 [38] 0.6543 0.0559 545
125 [52] 0.4555 0.1093 426
150 [66] 0.7479 0.0374 561
175 [79] 0.7588 0.0125 197
70 8
200 [93] 0.2559 0.0540 84
225 [107] 0.0581 0.1373 86
250 [121] 0.1888 0.1049 120
275 [135] 0.3689 0.0605 158
300 [149] 0.5635 0.0226 145
Private
Fluid Viscosity at
Foam
M117, wt % Temperature, n′ K′, lbf-sn′/ft2 100 s-1, cP
Quality, %
degF [degC] or mPa·s
75 [24] 0.1700 0.2960 310
100 [38] 0.3175 0.2385 493
125 [52] 0.5683 0.0829 544
150 [66] 1.1082 0.0088 693
175 [79] 0.3675 0.0468 122
60 2
200 [93] 0.1313 0.1101 97
225 [107] 0.1956 0.0884 104
250 [121] 0.2391 0.0742 107

275 [135] 0.5807 0.0153 106
300 [149] 0.6196 0.0064 53
75 [24] 0.2716 0.2095 350

100 [38] 0.3861 0.1720 487
125 [52] 0.5291 0.0967 529
150 [66] 0.9956 0.0138 647
175 [79] 0.4622 0.0322 130
60 4
200 [93] 0.1395 0.0981 89
225 [107] 0.2029 0.0767 93
250 [121] 0.2031 0.0784 96
275 [135] 0.5311 0.0189 104
300 [149] 0.7089 0.0047 59
75 [24] 0.0932 0.2168 159

100 [38] 0.1832 0.3241 361
125 [52] 0.5481 0.0847 506
150 [66] 1.4376 0.0020 718
175 [79] 0.3708 0.0341 90
60 8
200 [93] 0.1175 0.0827 68
225 [107] 0.2199 0.0521 69
250 [121] 0.1142 0.0989 80
275 [135] 0.5536 0.0159 97
300 [149] 0.6869 0.0054 61
Private
Table 3-16: Foam Rheology of Nitrogen Foamed ClearFRAC HT at Various Surfactant

Concentrations with U066
Fluid
Fluid Viscosity at 100
Temperature, n′ K′, lbf-sn′/ft2
Composition s-1, cP or mPa·s
degF [degC]
75 [24] 0.5397 0.0864 497
100 [38] 0.7401 0.0355 514
125 [52] 0.3881 0.1621 464
ClearFRAC HT
50 150 [66] 0.8048 0.0330 643
7.5 galUS/1,000 175 [79] 0.9002 0.0098 296
galUS (7.5 L/m3)

U066 200 [93] 0.2764 0.0641 110
70% Foam 225 [107] 0.1939 0.0756 88
quality
250 [121] 0.0990 0.1305 99
275 [135] 0.4204 0.0374 124
300 [149] 0.4932 0.0181 84
75 [24] 0.2348 0.2731 386

100 [38] 0.5368 0.0817 463
125 [52] 0.4974 0.1169 553
ClearFRAC HT
50 150 [66] 1.1974 0.0059 701
7.5 galUS/1,000 175 [79] 0.4601 0.0322 128
galUS (7.5 L/m3)
U066 200 [93] 0.1733 0.0819 87
60% Foam 225 [107] 0.3285 0.0419 91
quality
250 [121] 0.4278 0.0245 84
275 [135] 0.6420 0.0060 55
300 [149] 0.3741 0.0089 24
75 [24] 0.5653 0.0663 429

100 [38] 0.7685 0.0293 483
125 [52] 0.4755 0.1066 456
ClearFRAC HT
40 150 [66] 0.8648 0.0239 614
10 galUS/1,000 175 [79] 0.7882 0.0123 222
galUS (10 L/m3)
U066 200 [93] 0.2413 0.0637 93
70% Foam 225 [107] 0.1378 0.0869 78
quality
250 [121] 0.1477 0.0964 91
275 [135] 0.4440 0.0245 91
300 [149] 0.4614 0.0140 56
Private
Fluid
Fluid Viscosity at 100
Temperature, n′ K′, lbf-sn′/ft2
Composition s-1, cP or mPa·s
degF [degC]
75 [24] 0.0699 0.3539 234
100 [38] 0.5247 0.0683 366
125 [52] 0.3559 0.1710 422
ClearFRAC HT
40 150 [66] 1.2240 0.0047 631
10 galUS/1,000 175 [79] 0.4876 0.0232 105
galUS (10 L/m3)
U066 200 [93] 0.2139 0.0554 71
60% Foam 225 [107] 0.3157 0.0341 70
quality
250 [121] 0.4737 0.0147 62
275 [135] 0.5534 0.0060 37
300 [149] 0.1988 0.0147 18
75 [24] 0.4598 0.1261 502

100 [38] 0.4457 0.1415 528
125 [52] 0.4533 0.0681 263
ClearFRAC HT
35 150 [66] 0.6492 0.0239 228
11.5 galUS/1,000 175 [79] 0.7448 0.0323 478
galUS (11.5
L/m3) U066 200 [93] 0.4655 0.0958 391
70% Foam 225 [107] 0.1391 0.1356 123
quality
250 [121] 0.0968 0.0351 23
275 [135] 0.4219 0.0249 83
300 [149] 0.4136 0.0183 59
75 [24] 0.3314 0.1084 239

100 [38] 0.3954 0.1045 309
125 [52] 0.4051 0.1292 400
ClearFRAC HT
35 150 [66] 0.8059 0.0142 278
11.5 galUS/1,000 175 [79] 0.3612 0.0326 82
galUS (11.5
L/m3) U066 200 [93] 0.2572 0.0400 63
60% Foam 225 [107] 0.3296 0.0260 57
quality
250 [121] 0.5807 0.0078 54
275 [135] 0.4007 0.0091 28
300 [149] 0.1490 0.0168 16
Private
Figure 3-8: ClearFRAC HT 60 foam rheology at different nitrogen foam quality.
Figure 3-9: Effect of M117 concentration on ClearFRAC HT 60 foam

rheology at 70% nitrogen foam quality.
Private
Figure 3-10: Effect of M117 concentration on ClearFRAC HT 60 foam

rheology at 60% nitrogen foam quality.
Figure 3-11: Effect of U066 concentration on ClearFRAC HT foam rheology

at 70% nitrogen foam quality.
Private
Figure 3-12: Effect of U066 concentration on ClearFRAC HT foam rheology

at 60% nitrogen foam quality.
Private
3.16 Appendix C: Leakoff Data - Leakoff Behavior

of ClearFRAC* HT Fluids
Table 3-17: CT Calculated from Laboratory data for Various core Permeabilities3-2
Temperature, Formation CT, ft/min1/2 at 150

degF [degC] Permeability, mD degF [66 degC]
150 [66] 0.24 0.00267
0.25 0.00250
0.75 0.00360
5.03 0.00720
10.05 0.01100
240 [116] 0.21 0.00267

0.28 0.0043
0.59 0.0070
3.82 0.0317
10.6 0.0640
270 [132] 0.27 0.0052

0.96 0.0067
8.3 0.0850
Table 3-18: CT Calculated from Laboratory data for ClearFRAC HT at low Loadings (Different
Fluid Formulations)

Formulation
4.0% (40 galUS/1,000
galUS (40 L/m3)) J566
0.3 0.0045
1% (10 galUS/1,000
galUS (10 L/m3)) U066
4.0% (40 galUS/1,000
galUS (40 L/m3)) J566
0.6 0.0075
1% (10 galUS/1,000
galUS (10 L/m3)) U066
3-2. The data were obtained from static fluid-loss tests performed on sandstone cores at
a differential pressure of 1,000 psi (6,900 kPa). The dimensions of the cores were 1-inch
in length and 1 inch in diameter
Private

Formulation
4.5% (45 galUS/1,000
galUS (45 L/m3)) J566
0.85% (8.5 0.6 0.0072
galUS/1,000 galUS
(8.5 L/m3)) U066
The data were obtained from static fluid loss tests performed on sandstone cores
at a differential pressure of 1,000 psi (6,900 kPa). The dimensions of the cores
were 1 inch in length and 1 inch in diameter. The test fluid for Table 3-18 was 60
galUS/1,000 galUS (60 L/m3) J566.
Figure 3-13: Leakoff of 60 galUS/1,000 galUS (60 L/m3) J566 as a function of permeability.
Private
3.17 Appendix D: Proppant-Pack Breaker J567

Figure 3-14: Rheological comparison of 60 galUS/1,000 galUS (60 L/m3) J566 fluids
with and without breaker J567 and breaker booster M003.
Private
3.18 Appendix E: Preparation and Addition Rates

of Liquid M003 Breaker Booster Solutions
Table 3-19: Preparation of Aqueous M003 Breaker Booster Solutions
Composition
M003, wt % Water, galUS M003, lbm
10 100 93
15 100 147
20 100 209
Table 3-20: Add Rates of M003 Solutions
Rate, Rate, Rate,
5 5 1.15 5 0.73 5 0.53
10 2.30 10 1.47 10 1.05
15 3.45 15 2.20 15 1.58
20 4.60 20 2.93 20 2.10
25 5.75 25 3.68 25 2.63
30 6.90 30 4.42 30 3.15
35 8.05 35 5.15 35 3.68
10 5 2.30 5 1.46 5 1.06

10 4.60 10 2.94 10 2.10
15 6.90 15 4.40 15 3.16
20 9.20 20 5.86 20 4.20
25 11.50 25 7.36 25 5.26
30 13.80 30 8.84 30 6.30
35 16.10 35 10.30 35 7.36
Private
Rate, Rate, Rate,
15 5 3.45 5 2.19 5 1.59
10 6.90 10 4.41 10 3.15
15 10.35 15 6.60 15 4.74
20 13.80 20 8.79 20 6.30
25 17.25 25 11.04 25 7.89
30 20.70 30 13.26 30 9.45
35 24.15 35 15.45 35 11.04
20 5 4.60 5 2.92 5 2.12

10 9.20 10 5.88 10 4.20
15 13.80 15 8.80 15 6.32
20 18.40 20 11.72 20 8.40
25 23.00 25 14.72 25 10.52
30 27.60 30 17.68 30 12.60
35 32.20 35 20.60 35 14.72
25 5 5.75 5 3.65 5 2.65

10 11.50 10 7.35 10 5.25
15 17.25 15 11.00 15 7.90
20 23.00 20 14.65 20 10.50
25 28.75 25 18.40 25 13.15
30 34.50 30 22.10 30 15.75
35 40.25 35 25.75 35 18.40
Private
3.19 Appendix F: Viscosity of J566 Fluids with

F105
Figure 3-15: Viscosity versus temperature with 60 galUS/1,000 galUS

(60 L/m3) J566 fluids and F105.
Figure 3-16: Viscosity versus temperature with 45 galUS/1,000 galUS (45 L/m3)
J566 fluids and preflushes F105 and U066.
Private
Note
This graph shows that F105 is much more efficient as a preflush at 1%
concentration. Since U066 is also used as a rheology modifier to enhance
viscosity, low concentrations will actually boost the viscosity, therefore, do not
use U066 as a preflush.
Private
3.20 Appendix G: J566/J567 Quality Assurance

and Quality Control (QA/QC)
3.20.1 J566 quality assurance and quality control

Scope
This procedure is to ensure J566 that develops proper fluid viscosity, and
viscosity recovers in a timely manner after experiencing high shear. The following
sessions cover the preparation, viscosity measurement and viscosity recovery of
J566 fluids. The Fann 50 procedure is appropriate for verifying that a batch of
J566 meets the product specification and the Fann 35 procedure is appropriate
only for on-the-job quality checks to ensure that the fluid is consistent with Fann
50 measurements. It is recommended to run a Fann 50 QC test prior to any J566
treatment. The viscosity recovery test is based on visual interpretation.
Safety
J566 is a flammable liquid and should be handled accordingly. Work in a

well-ventilated area and avoid ignition sources. Each analyst should be
acquainted with potential hazards, reagents, products and solvents before
there is any accidental contact of any of these chemicals, wash thoroughly with
soap and water. Check the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details.
3.20.1.1 Fluid preparation

Apparatus

• disposable syringes (10 mL)
• Fann 50 viscometer with R1/B5 rotor/bob/ combination and a 410 spring
• Fann 35 viscometer with R1/B1/F1 rotor/bob/spring combination
Private
Reagents
• J566 (liquid)
• U066 (liquid)
• M003 (solid)
Procedure for preparing 60 galUS/1,000 galUS (60 L/m3) J566 fluid:
1. Add 200 mL of location water into the blender cup.


3. Add M003, mix until all solid is dissolved. (See Section 3.4.3.2 for
concentration.)
4. Add J566 (12 mL for 200 mL mix water). Increase the mixer speed to
approximately 8,000 rpm.
5. Continue mixing until the surfactant is well dispersed (approximately two
minutes). The fluid will become foamy after mixing (approximately 40%
quality).
For Fann 35 measurement, use the foamy fluid directly; for Fann 50
measurement, heat the fluid in a water bath at 170 degF [77 degC] (overnight)
or centrifuge (recommended) to remove entrained air. Fluids will become clear
after degassing.
3.20.1.2 Fann 50 QA/QC procedures: Fluid viscosity determination

1. Perform viscosity measurements at 100 s-1 for 60 galUS/1,000 galUS (60
L/m3) J566 fluid at 110, 170, 240, and 260 degF [43, 77, 116, and 127 degC]
to determine if the batch of J566 meets the product specification.
2. Degas the fluid in 170 degF [77 degC] water bath (overnight) or centrifuge
(recommended) and cool to 80 degF [27 degC] prior to measurement.
3. Follow Fann 50 operation manual for viscosity measurement.
Table 3-21: Product Specification (Fann 50)
Fluid Composition: 60 galUS/1,000 galUS (60 L/m3) J566

110 150 170 230 250
Fluid Temperature, degF [degC]
[43] [65] [77] [110] [121]
Minimum viscosity at 100 s-1, cP or
170 70 70 115 75
mPa·s
Private
3.20.1.3 Fluid viscosity determination with a Fann 35 rheometer

This procedure is appropriate only for on-the-job quality checks to ensure that
the fluid meets the design criteria. Only measurements at 80, 150, and 180
degF [27, 66 and 82 degC] will be taken. Off-spec or contaminated material
typically exhibits lower fluid viscosity at 150 and 180 degF [66 and 82 degC].
Note
There is no need to degas the fluid prior to measurement.
1. Fill the viscometer cup to the scribe line with fluid. Use a heated cup if the
test temperature is higher than ambient. Alternatively, preheat the fluid prior
to viscosity measurement.
2. Raise the cup until the fluid level reaches the rotor scribe line on the Fann 35
viscometer.
4. Record the dial reading at 100 rpm (170 s-1 shear rate). Multiply the dial
5. Compare reading with data in Figure 3-4.
6. Repeat the measurement at 150 and 180 degF [66 and 82 degC].
Table 3-22: Minimum Fluid Viscosity Based on Fann 35
Fluid Temperature, degF [degC] 80 [27] 150 [66] 180 [82]

Minimum Viscosity at 170 s-1, cP or
105 45 45
mPa·s
3.20.1.4 Fluid shear recovery test

This test is performed at ambient temperature (typically between 60 and 100
degF [16 and 38 degC]). Each ClearFRAC* product (e.g., J575, J566, J577, or
J948) has its own unique shear recovery time regardless of concentration.
Use the same concentration of ClearFRAC fluid that will be pumped on the job to
verify the shear recovery time. Also, use syringes to measure the volumes of
the chemicals as specified in the fluid formulation design call sheet. There is no
need to degas the fluid prior to recovery determination.
1. Add 200 mL of representative frac tank water to a 1-L Waring blender cup.
Private
2. Start the blender at low speed (~2,000 rpm) and add the additives using the
syringes.
Note
Important! When adding the chemicals to the blender cup, ensure that
they do not contact the blender walls or the center of the vortex. Chemicals
contacting these areas will not be completely mixed into the solution and
poor performance will result.
Increase the blender speed to 40% of Variac speed range (~4,000 rpm) and
blend for 2 to 3 minutes. Increase the blender speed to 70% of Variac range
(~10,000 rpm) and blend for 30 to 60 seconds.
3. Stop the blender, immediately start timer and slowly pour the fluid between
the blender cup and a sample cup. Record the time it takes to form a hang-lip.
This time is the shear recovery time.
J566 fluids should start regaining viscosity at around 10 to 15 seconds and

recover completely (hang-lip) in less than 25 seconds. If it takes more than 25
seconds to completely recover, DO NOT use. Consult the regional laboratory
or InTouch.
4. Report this time in the laboratory QA/QC report.
For more information and a video (Shear Recovery Demo) showing shear
recovery and fluid hang-lip, see VES Fracturing Fluid Shear Recovery Test
Procedure, InTouch content 4290886.
3.20.2 J567 Onsite quality assurance and quality control

Scope
the preparation, and viscosity measurement of the fluid with and without breaker.
Quality Note
The batch of J566 requires testing according to Section 3.20.1.
Safety
Private
• J566 is a flammable liquid and should be handled accordingly. Work in a

well-ventilated area and avoid ignition sources.
• M003 is a white solid. It is an irritant and should be handled accordingly. Do
not allow M003 to contact skin or eyes.
Apparatus
• variable speed bench top Palo laboratory stirrer or Waring blender

• 1-L plastic/glass mixing container

• 16-oz glass or plastic jars with lid
• balance
Chemicals
• J566
• U066
• M003
• J567
• water (use water that will be used on the job)
Private
Example
Consider a system where the carrying fluid is 6% J566, the J567 breaker
concentration is 10 lbm/1,000 galUS (1.2 kg/m3), and the bottomhole temperature
is 240 degF [116 degC].
Procedure
1. Prepare ClearFRAC HT J566 fluid using a variable speed bench-top Palo

laboratory stirrer or a Waring blender. Add 200 mL of water, and while the
blender is on (mixing at medium speed) add the appropriate concentration of
M003, J566 and U066.

Measure the viscosity of the fluid at 100 rpm (170 s-1) with a Fann 35
viscometer according to the procedure in Section 3.20.1.3.
2. Add the J567 breaker (in this example 10 lbm/1,000 galUS (1.2 kg/m3)) into
the fluid and slowly shake and swirl until breaker is evenly distributed into
the mixture.
Note
Important!
DO NOT USE THE WARING BLENDER TO ADD BREAKER.
3. Wait for about 30 minutes and then measure the viscosity again. This reading
in Step 3 should be no less than 80% of the reading in Step 1.
Private
3.21 Appendix H: Crude Oil Compatibility Test

When J566 fluids are mixed with some crude oils, an emulsion may occur that
can inhibit cleanup of the formation and proppant pack. Therefore, before
introducing ClearFRAC* HT to a new field, compatibility testing with a sample
of the crude oil is essential.
A preflush treatment using F105 is recommended. The following laboratory test

is designed to screen ClearFRAC HT/crude oil mixtures and identify potential
emulsion problems.
Procedure to determine if the crude oil is compatible with ClearFRAC HT
1. Preheat the J566 fluid and crude oil in water bath to the desired temperature.
2. Mix 50 mL of ClearFRAC HT fluid with 50 mL of crude oil in an API test bottle.
Cap the bottle and shake vigorously for 30 seconds.
15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes.
Table 3-23: Crude oil Compatibility test Table
Time, min 5 15 30 54 60
Volume of Bottom
Layer
Volume of Emulsion
If the emulsion does not break, a preflush treatment using F105 is recommended.
90 vol% 2 wt % KCl, 10 vol% This fluid can also be used

Treatment Fluid
F105 for postflush.
2 wt % KCl is 167 lbm/1,000 galUS (20 kg/m3)
10 vol% F105 is 100 galUS/1,000 galUS (100 L/m3)
treatment fluid.
Private
To design a treatment fluid composition and optimum crude oil/treatment

fluid ratio:
1. Preheat ClearFRAC HT, crude oil and treatment fluid to the test temperature
(preferably bottomhole static temperature (BHST)).
2. Mix the additives as described in Table 3-25 and shake for 30 seconds.
3. Place the mixture in a preheated water batch and watch for the emulsion
break.
Procedure to determine the treatment fluid composition and optimum

crude oil/treatment fluid ratio
1. Mix crude and treatment fluid.

2. Add ClearFRAC HT fluid.
3. Record volume of bottom layer fluid at BHST.
Fluid Ratio
(Total Vol = 50 mL) Time, min

Treatment
Crude, Treatment ClearFRAC
5 15 30 45 60 Fluid
mL Fluid, mL HT, mL
Vol %
Volume
Shake Shake of
45 5 for 50 for bottom 10
10 s 30 s layer,
mL
40 10 50 20
35 15 50 30
“Treatment Fluid Vol %” on the right-hand side of the table. If, for example, the
best Treatment Fluid Vol % is 20%, then the volume of treatment fluid to be
pumped during the job is 20% of the ClearFRAC HT pad volume.
If the tests are unsuccessful, contact an area laboratory or Technology Center.
Private
3.22 Appendix I: Compatibility Test Procedure

A chemical that does not reduce the J566 based fluid viscosity below 90% of
its original value at 100 s-1 at all temperature ranges and does not lengthen
fluid recovery (see Section 3.20.1.4) is considered compatible. Some common
additives can affect the viscosity of J566 fluids adversely; therefore, it is
recommended to perform the compatibility test with the additives to be used
with ClearFRAC* HT. Compatibility is tested by measuring the viscosity of J566
fluid before and after addition of the additive. The viscosity is measured on a
Fann 50 viscometer equipped with an R1 rotor, B5 bob and 410 spring. The test
centrifuging prior to viscosity measurement.
Measurement of viscosity after adding the additive to be tested
Prepare a 60 galUS/1,000 galUS (60 L/m3) J566 in a blender (see Section

3.20.1.1). Add the required amount of the additive to the fluid and mix for one
minute. The test fluids should be degassed by heating in a water bath at 170
degF [77 degC], or centrifuging prior to Fann 50 viscosity measurement (see
Section 3.20.1.2). In some cases, if the viscosity reduction is not excessive,
compensate the viscosity reduction.
Private
3.23 Appendix J: Friction Pressure

Table 3-26: Friction Pressure of J566 Fluids
Tubing ID, Treating Rate, bbl/min Friction Pressure, psi/1,000 ft

Fluid
in Low Pivot High Low Pivot High
60 1.995 1 4 15 50 – 435
galUS/1,000
2.441 1.5 4.5 16 44 655 360
galUS (60
L/m3) J566 2.991 1.5 6 30 20 954 250
3.95 2 6 44 15 46 145
Private
3.24 Appendix K: U066 Loading

Figure 3-17: Guideline for J566 and U066 concentration combinations.
Private
4-i VES Fluids / ClearFRAC J508W Fracturing Fluids have been obsoleted. 4-i
4 ClearFRAC J508W Fracturing Fluids have

been obsoleted.
Private
4-1 VES Fluids / ClearFRAC J508W Fracturing Fluids have been obsoleted. 4-1
4 ClearFRAC J508W Fracturing Fluids

have been obsoleted. PPC,
Stimulation
Fracturing
Fmmwbf,
Volume
Sys
fluids,
ClearFRAC
tems,
WS,
ClearFrac,
1,FMMV1WBF,
Viscoelastic
Fmm
Materials
SFE,
Fluids
HT, J566,
Press
Vol
Clearfrac
Engineering,
1,
Manual–Water
J550A,
surfactant,
ure
FmmV1,
Fracturing
Pumping
J508W,
J475,
Well
Viscoelastic
VES,
Materials
Bas
and
J479
J508W,
Services,
Water-base
eChemistry,
Fluids,
Manual
Fluid
Private
5-i VES Fluids / ClearFRAC LT J551A Fracturing Fluids 5-i
5 ClearFRAC LT J551A Fracturing Fluids

5.1.1 Application range ____________________________________________ 5-1
5.1.2 Physical properties and hazards ______________________________ 5-1
5.2 Health Safety and Environmental (HSE) ________________________ 5-2
5.2.1 HSE considerations __________________________________________ 5-2
5.2.2 Storage and handling ________________________________________ 5-3
5.3 Fluid Design ___________________________________________________ 5-3
5.3.1 Other salts __________________________________________________ 5-4
5.3.2 Fluid preparation _____________________________________________ 5-5
5.3.3 Mix water ____________________________________________________ 5-5

5.3.4 Breakers ____________________________________________________ 5-5
5.3.5 Preflush containing Mutual Solvent U66 _______________________ 5-6
5.4 Contaminants __________________________________________________ 5-6
5.5 Appendix A: Rheology data ____________________________________ 5-7
5.6 Appendix B: ClearFRAC LT Compatibility ______________________ 5-8
5.6.1 Measurement of viscosity before adding the additive to be tested 5-8
5.6.2 Measurement of viscosity after adding the additive to be tested _ 5-8
5.7 Appendix C: Quality Assurance and Quality Control ____________ 5-9
5.7.2 Fluid viscosity determination _________________________________ 5-10
5.7.3 Product specification ________________________________________ 5-11
5.8 Appendix D: Using Encapsulated Breaker J479 ________________ 5-11
5.8.1 Encapsulated breaker J479 __________________________________ 5-11
5.8.1.1 Job design ______________________________________________ 5-12
5.8.2 Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QA/QC) when Using
Encapsulated Breakers J479 ________________________________ 5-14
Private
5-1 VES Fluids / ClearFRAC LT J551A Fracturing Fluids 5-1
5 ClearFRAC LT J551A Fracturing

Fluids PPC,
Stimulation
Fracturing
Fmmwbf,
Volume
Sys
fluids,
M117,
J550,tems,
WS,
J556,
ClearFrac,
U42,
1,FMMV1WBF,
Viscoelastic
Fmm
Materials
SFE,
Fluids
Matrix
U042,Press
Vol
ClearFRAC
Engineering,
U44,
Breaker
1,
Manual–Water
surfactant,
ure
FmmV1,
Fracturing
U044,
Pumping
J550,
J551A,
U66,
Well
Viscoelastic
KCl
VES,
Materials
Bas
and
U066,
Services,
U28,
Brine
Water-base
eChemistry,
Fluids,
U028,
L237,
Manual
Fluid

ClearFRAC* LT J551A fracturing fluids are water-based systems composed

of a viscoelastic surfactant (J551A) in J534 brine (KCl and NH4Cl are also
compatible). The fluids are designed for continuous-mix operations.
Note
J551A is used for energized and foam jobs only.
5.1.1 Application range

ClearFRAC LT fluids prepared with J551A can be used in wells with reservoir
temperatures up to 100 degF [38 degC].
5.1.2 Physical properties and hazards

Table 5-1 provides a summary of the physical properties and hazards of the
components of ClearFRAC LT fracturing fluids. Only the principal, immediate
hazards are indicated here. Information is current as of the Last Edit Date as
documented in InTouch. Complete information on health hazards, protective
the current Schlumberger Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for this product.
Product Product Specific Health Physical Flash Point,

Form pH
Code Name Gravity Hazard Hazard degF [degC]
Clear,
ClearFRAC Skin, eye
J551A yellow 1.02 Flammable 81 [27] 8.5
LT J551A irritant
liquid
Private
Product Product Specific Health Physical Flash Point,

Form pH
Code Name Gravity Hazard Hazard degF [degC]
Urea
Skin, eye,
Ammonium
Colorless irritant, Not
J534 Nitrate 1.29 Mild oxidizer 7 at 10%
liquid ingestion determined
Solution
harmful
J534
Potassium
White Skin, eye
M117 Chloride 1.98 Dust >200 [93] 6.68 at 2%
crystals irritant
M117
EB-Clean*
White
J479 LT 6.5 to 8 at
J479 to tan 1.9 Eyes, skin Oxidizer >200 [93]
Encapsulated 1%
granules
Breaker
Note
used at the wellsite, should be done before a particular job.
Note
5.2 Health Safety and Environmental (HSE)
5.2.1 HSE considerations

As health, safety, and environmental regulations may change over time, consult
the Quality Assurance database to determine if this product may be used in your
area. There you will find the latest restrictions for product usage.
Potential Severity: Serious

Potential Loss: Assets, Reputation
Hazard Category: Biological hazard-illness, Toxic corrosive hazardous
substances
At present, J551A is registered and approved for use in the USA and Canada
only. Before importing J551A into other countries, it is imperative to first
determine the registration status. Violations of a country‘s environmental
regulations can result in serious legal consequences. Consult the quality, health,
safety and environmental (QHSE) department for guidance.
Private
5.2.2 Storage and handling

J551A should be stored out of direct sunlight and sources of ignition in a
well-ventilated area, preferably at temperatures between 40 and 90 degF [4
and 90 degC].
Note
Do not store J551A in SS304 totes, the fluid is corrosive to the metal especially
in warm climates (that is, above 77 degF [25 degC]).
Keep containers tightly closed and avoid unnecessary agitation. The pour point
of J551A is 19 degF [−7 degC]. Low storage temperatures (<32 degF [0 degC])
will cause separation. It is essential to thoroughly agitate the totes for 30 minutes
before any job.
5.3 Fluid Design

This manual presents information concerning ClearFRAC LT fracturing fluids
prepared with Gelling Agent J551A. Such fluids are used for applications in
wells with reservoir temperatures less than 100 degF [38 degC]. The fluids are
prepared by mixing J551A with J534.
The recommended J551A concentrations versus fluid temperature are given

in Table 5-2.
Table 5-2: Recommended J551A Concentrations Versus Fluid Temperature
Bottomhole Temperature,
J551A, vol % J5341
degF [degC]
80 and below [27] 1 1.5
80 to 100 [27 to 38] 1.5 to 2 1.4
1
J551A contains 8% J534. This means that as the concentration of J551A increases above 1%, the
concentration of J534 additive added should consequently go down.
Since the performance of ClearFRAC LT fluids is sensitive to the presence of

contaminants, it is important that:
• The location water be clean. J551A fluid is somewhat tolerant to water

hardness. The viscosity of the fluid is not altered with water containing 200
ppm (200 mg/L) Ca2+, 100 ppm (100 mg/L) Mg2+ and 200 ppm (200 mg/L)
sulfate, or water containing only up to 800 ppm (800 mg/L) sulfate, or only
Ca2+ up to 400 ppm (400 mg/L).
Private
• The mixing equipment be clean. Hydrocarbon residues in tanks can

severely decrease fluid performance and can break ClearFRAC LT fluids
instantaneously.
• Care be taken when choosing additives such as clay stabilizers, corrosion
inhibitors, etc. Information concerning additive compatibilities is given in
Section 5.4.
The rheological behavior of 1 to 1.5% energized, and foamed ClearFRAC LT

J551A is presented in Section 5.5. Typical data showing n′, K′ and the apparent
viscosities at 40 and 170 s-1 are provided for different J551A concentrations.
ClearFRAC LT fluids are not degraded when exposed to extended periods of

shearing. The fluid viscosity decreases at high-shear rates, but the original
fluid viscosity is recovered when the shear rate returns to the original value.
Therefore, the customary viscosity versus time and temperature data presented
for polymer fluids are not relevant in the context of ClearFRAC LT.
Regarding surface tension with ClearFRAC LT fluid, review the recently

measured data given in ClearFRAC-LT versus F104 Cleanup (surface tension),
InTouch content 3831119.
5.3.1 Other salts

J551A can be used with other salts such as KCl and NH4Cl. Recommended
concentrations for the salts are shown in Table 5-3 and Table 5-4. Note that
1% J551A fluid made with KCl shows a slightly longer delay time (that is, 20
seconds) in shear recovery than the fluid made with J534.
Note
Do not use KCl and NH4Cl together.
Table 5-3: Recommended salt Concentrations for 1 to 2% J551A, and Typical foam Viscosity
Values at 70 degF [21 degC]
Viscosity 170 Viscosity 170

J551A, vol % KCl, wt % NH4Cl, wt %
s-1, cP or mPa·s s-1, cP or mPa·s
1 0.5, 1 45 0.35 to 0.5 50
1.5 0.5, 1 65 0.35 to 0.75 70
2 0.75 to 1 87 0.75 93
Private
Table 5-4: Recommended salt Concentrations for 1 to 2% J551A, and Typical foam Viscosity
Values at 100 degF [38 degC]
Viscosity 170 Viscosity 170

J551A, vol % KCl, wt % NH4Cl, wt %
s-1, cP or mPa·s s-1, cP or mPa·s
1 1 39 0.5 to 0.75 33
1.5 0.5 51 0.75 51
2 0.5 66 0.75 75

ClearFRAC LT fluids are prepared by a simple addition of J551A to brine.

Unlike crosslinked polymer-base fluids, full fluid viscosity is achieved once the
surfactant is completely dispersed in the brine. Viscosity develops rapidly without
shear degradation. Operational simplicity is a principal benefit of ClearFRAC
LT technology.
5.3.3 Mix water

ClearFRAC LT fluids are prepared with J534 brine containing ammonium nitrate
as active ingredient.
Note
Do not use seawater, rig brines or any other brine without consulting the
Pressure, Pumping and Chemistry laboratory.
5.3.4 Breakers
ClearFRAC LT fluids lose their viscosity upon contact with formation water, gas
condensate or hydrocarbons. As such, a breaker is not normally required. In
the special case of low-pressure and low-temperature dry gas wells, use J479
encapsulated breaker. Typical concentration of breaker is 4 to 5 lbm/1,000 galUS
(0.5 to 0.6 kg/m3) for 1 to 2% J551A formulation. See 3.4 - ClearFRAC J508W
Fracturing Fluids in FMM Volume I: Water-Base Fluids Section 3 - Viscoelastic
(VES) Fluid Systems, InTouch content 5769274, for information regarding
shelf-life, leakage properties, and handling of J479.
Note
Do not use any breaker other than J479 without the approval of the Pressure,
Pumping and Chemistry laboratory.
Private
5.3.5 Preflush containing Mutual Solvent U66

Mutual Solvent U66 is a glycol ether that is soluble in both oil and water. The
viscosity of ClearFRAC LT fluids is immediately destroyed when sufficient U066
is added. When a preflush containing U066 is pumped at frac rates ahead of the
ClearFRAC LT fluid, it will reduce the viscosity of the ClearFRAC LT fluid when
cleanup and production commence. The recommended preflush composition
is a water solution of 10 vol % U066.
5.4 Contaminants
Any chemical that does not reduce the ClearFRAC LT fluid viscosity below 80%
of its original value is considered to be compatible. In this section, the effect
of certain classes of chemicals on the performance of ClearFRAC LT fluids is
discussed.
Note
Materials not mentioned here must be screened for compatibility prior to use. A
compatibility test procedure is available in Section 5.6.
Table 5-5: Effect of Common Potential Contaminants on the Viscosity of 1% ClearFRAC LT

Fluids Prepared with 1.5% J534
Reduction in
Additive at 10 galUS/1,000 galUS or 10 L/m3
Viscosity, %1
F103 Surfactant 99
M290 Bactericide 99
A205 Corrosion inhibitor 64
A261 Corrosion inhibitor 64
U066 Mutual solvent 21
L055 Clay stabilizer 7
L064 Clay stabilizer 0
W054 Nonemulsifying agent 0
1
Percent reduction from foamed fluid.
Private
5.5 Appendix A: Rheology data

Table 5-6: Typical Rheological Behavior of ClearFRAC* LT J551A Fluid Between 0 and
70% Nitrogen Quality
Viscosity,
Fluid cP or mPa·s
Fluid Nitrogen K′,
Temperature, n′ at Shear Rates
Composition Quality, % lbf-sn′/ft2
degF [degC]
40 s-1 170 s-1 511 s-1
1% J551A 80 [27] 0 0.4880 0.0063 46 22 12.4
1.5% J534
25 0.4165 0.0107 60 26 13
50 0.2525 0.0357 109 37 16
60 0.2465 0.0548 163 55 24
70 0.4291 0.0279 163 71 38
1.5% J551A 80 [27] 0 0.3455 0.0198 84.7 32.8 16

1.5% J534
25 0.3127 0.0315 120 44 21
50 0.0857 0.1501 247 66 24
60 0.1975 0.0950 236 74 31
70 0.2576 0.0820 254 87 38
1.5% J551A 100 [38] 0 0.3502 0.0195 85 33.2 16.2

1.5% J534
25 0.4915 0.0083 61 29 17
50 0.4590 0.0138 90 41 23
60 0.4596 0.0163 106 49 27
70 0.4125 0.0240 132 56 30
Private
5.6 Appendix B: ClearFRAC LT Compatibility

Some common additives can dramatically affect the viscosity of J551A fluids.
They are incompatible with J551A fluids. To avoid serious problems it is
recommended that a compatibility test be performed with the additive to be used.
Compatibility is tested by measuring the viscosity of J551A foam fluid before and
after addition of the additive. The preferred instrument is a Fann 35 viscometer
equipped with an R1 rotor, B1 bob and F1 spring.
5.6.1 Measurement of viscosity before adding the

additive to be tested
1. Place the foam fluid without the additive in the viscometer cup.
2. Raise the cup until the fluid level reaches the rotor scribe line on the Fann 35
viscometer.
3. Begin rotation at 3 rpm for 1 minute and confirm that the fluid level remains
at the scribe line.
4. Increase the rotor speed to 100 rpm for 20 seconds.
5. Record the dial reading at 100 rpm (170 s-1 shear rate).
6. Multiply the dial reading by 3 to obtain the corresponding viscosity in
centipoise (cP or mPa·s).
5.6.2 Measurement of viscosity after adding the additive

to be tested
Transfer the ClearFRAC* LT fluid into a Waring blender. Add the additive to the
fluid and mix for at least 1 minute. Make sure to use the same amount of shear
to create the foam fluid. Transfer the foam fluid back to the Fann 35 viscometer
cup. Measure the viscosity of the foam fluid containing the additive using the
above method. If the viscosity is the same then the additive is compatible with
J551A. The larger the viscosity reduction, the less compatible the additive is.
In some cases, if the viscosity reduction is not excessive, the additive may be
used provided the J551A concentration is increased to counterbalance the
viscosity reduction. Repeat the compatibility tests, comparing the viscosities with
and without the additive. Increase the J551A concentration until the required
viscosity is achieved.
Private
5.7 Appendix C: Quality Assurance and Quality

Control
Scope
This procedure covers the preparation and viscosity measurement of J551A

fluids. This procedure is appropriate for two scenarios:
• verifying that a batch of J551A meets the product specification

• on-the-job quality checks to verify that the fluid being pumped meets the
design criteria.
Safety
J551A is a flammable liquid and should be handled accordingly. Work in a

well-ventilated area and avoid ignition sources. Use goggles and suitable gloves.
J551A is corrosive to Stainless Steel 304. DO NOT STORE J551A IN SS304
CONTAINERS.
J534 is a mild oxidizer and should be handled accordingly. Read the MSDS to
learn about the proper personal protection equipment (PPE) needed.

Apparatus
The equipment required for this procedure includes:

• 1-L plastic or metal mixing container
• disposable syringes (1 mL, 3 mL, 5 mL)
Reagents
• J551A (liquid)
• J534 (liquid)
Private
Procedure for preparing 1% J551A fluid
1. Measure 250 mL of water with the graduated cylinder.

2. Pour the water from the graduated cylinder into the 1-L mixing container or
Waring blender bowl.
4. Add 2.5 mL J551A. Mix until the surfactant is well dispersed (or the fluid
looks clear).
5. Add 3.75 mL J534 and continue mixing.
6. Increase the power of the blender to a minimum of 6,000 rpm, and a maximum
of 10,000 rpm (sufficient agitation to generate a foam) for 15 seconds.
7. Pour the foam fluid into a suitable cup and measure its viscosity using the
Fann 35 viscometer.
Procedure for preparing 1.5% J551A fluid
1. Measure 250 mL of water with the graduated cylinder.

2. Pour the water from the graduated cylinder into the 1-L mixing container or
Waring blender bowl.
4. Add 3.75 mL J551A. Mix until the surfactant is well dispersed (or the fluid
looks clear).
5. Add 3.5 mL J534 and continue mixing.
6. Increase the power of the blender to between 6,000 and 10,000 rpm
(sufficient agitation to generate a foam) for 15 seconds.
7. Pour the foam fluid into a suitable cup and measure its viscosity using the
Fann 35 viscometer.
5.7.2 Fluid viscosity determination
Note
Important! Use only stainless steel bobs and rotors for the Fann 35 Viscometer.
Brass bobs and rotors may release copper into the ClearFRAC*LT fluid (the fluid
often has a blue tint when this occurs) resulting in the loss of viscosity.
To determine fluid viscosity:
Private
1. Fill the viscometer cup to scribe line with fluid.

2. Raise cup until the fluid level reaches the rotor scribe line on the Fann 35
viscometer.
3. Begin rotation at 3 rpm for 1 minute and confirm that the fluid level remains
at the scribe line.
4. Increase the rotor speed to 100 rpm for 20 seconds.
5. Record the dial reading at 100 rpm (170 s-1 shear rate).
6. Multiply the dial reading by 3 to obtain the corresponding viscosity.
5.7.3 Product specification

1% J551A foam fluid specification: The viscosity should be 39 cP (39 mPa·s)
or higher at 170 s-1 between 70 and 80 degF [21 and 27 degC].
1.5% J551A foam fluid specification: The viscosity should be 54 cP (54

mPa·s) or higher at 170 s-1 between 70 and 80 degF [21 and 27 degC].
5.8 Appendix D: Using Encapsulated Breaker

J479
5.8.1 Encapsulated breaker J479

EB-Clean* J479 LT Encapsulated Breaker (encapsulated ammonium persulfate)
is the only breaker approved for use with ClearFRAC* LT J551A treatments.
Upon fracture closure the capsules crush, the breaker is released, and the fluid
viscosity in the low- to medium-shear rates (0.1 to 170 s–1) falls dramatically.
As a result, flowback and hydrocarbon recovery are enhanced. The maximum
application temperature is 180 degF [27 degC] and the closure stress must be
less than 1,000 psi (6,900 kPa).
The mechanism of action of ammonium persulfate in ClearFRAC fluids is

different from that in polymer-base fluids. In polymer-base fluids ammonium
persulfate breaks the fluid by chemically attacking the polymer. The viscosity of
ClearFRAC fluids is dependent upon the ionic strength (i.e., salt concentration)
of the mix water. When ammonium persulfate is released to the system the ionic
strength climbs beyond the range where useful fluid viscosity occurs.
Private
This section provides guidelines for using J479 with ClearFRAC LT J551A fluids.
Information on safety, handling, storage, equipment, chemical compatibility and
disposal can be found in 4.5 - J475 EB-Clean Breaker and 4.6 - J479 EB-Clean
LT Breaker in FMM Volume III: Additives Section 4 - Breakers and Breaker Aids,
InTouch content 4879459, and the corresponding MSDS.
5.8.1.1 Job design

Leakage of ammonium persulfate from J479 beads may adversely influence fluid
viscosity during pumping. The actual amount of leaked ammonium persulfate in
any stage may be calculated using the leakage data in Table 5-7, in combination
with a FracCADE* temperature simulation. If the amount of leaked ammonium
persulfate is greater than the tolerance limits in Table 5-7, the concentration
of J479 must be reduced accordingly.
Temperature, degF Breaker Material

Time, h
[degC] Release, wt %
75 [24] 0.5 12
1.0 22
2.0 35
100 [38] 0.5 15
1.0 25
2.0 37
125 [52] 0.5 18
1.0 30
2.0 40
3.0 45
The following procedure should be used for fracturing treatment design using
J479. Failure to properly design the treatments may result in little or no
improvement in flowback results, or cause a premature fluid break and screenout.
1. Determine the anticipated closure stress and ensure that it is within the
operational envelope for J479 (closure stress <1,000 psi (6,900 kPa)).
2. Choose the breaker concentration to be used.
3. Perform QA/QC tests using the chemicals that will be brought to location as
per the instructions in Section 5.8.2.
4. Use J479 only in the proppant stages that encounter temperatures below
180 degF [82 degC]. Use FracCADE software to predict the exposure time
versus temperature for each stage. This is obtained by using the temperature
Private
versus fracture half-length and front position versus treatment time plots).
Use Table 5-7 to approximate the leakage of ammonium persulfate during
the job for J479.
Ammonium Persulfate (lbm/1,000 galUS) = Breaker Material Release (wt
%) x C/100,
where C = concentration of breaker (lbm/1,000 galUS).
5. If the concentration of ammonium persulfate calculated in Step 4 is less than
or equal to the concentration noted in Table 5-7, it is safe to pump the job
with the breaker at the chosen concentration.
6. If the experimental concentration is greater than the maximum allowable level

of ammonium persulfate in the carrying fluid, lower the J479 concentration
and repeat the exercise.
Potential Severity: Major

Potential Loss: Assets
Hazard Category: Land transport
Observe all safety rules applicable to storing and handling oxidizers. Refer to
Well Services Safety Standard 17: Handling and Storage of Oxidizers, InTouch
content 3313693, and the corresponding MSDS for compatibility and additional
information.
1. DO NOT USE “LIVE” AMMONIUM PERSULFATE (J218).

2. Calibrate the dry-feeder additive and verify that it meters the correct

Upon release of ammonium persulfate into the fluid at the bottomhole static
temperature the viscosity of the ClearFRAC fluid is reduced both at low- and
intermediate-shear rates. This change in viscosity at the bottomhole temperature
will facilitate flowback.
For fractures with intermediate bottomhole temperatures (i.e., above 120 degF
[49 degC]), the “breaking” process is reversible. At the formation temperature,
the fluid viscosity is reduced and fracture cleanup is enhanced. However, when
the fluid flows back to surface and cools down, some viscosity will return.
Private
5.8.2 Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QA/QC)

when Using Encapsulated Breakers J479
Potential Severity: Light

Caution! Observe all safety rules applicable to storage and handling of

OXIDIZERS. Refer to WS QHSE Std 17 TBT: Storage and Handling of Oxidizers,
InTouch content 3334298, and the corresponding MSDS for compatibility and
additional information.
Scope
The purpose of this test is to determine the effect of J479 breaker on the viscosity
of ClearFRAC J551A fluid. The procedure covers the preparation, and viscosity
measurement of the fluid with and without breaker.
Safety
1. J551A is a flammable liquid and should be handled accordingly. Work in a

well-ventilated area and avoid ignition sources. Use goggles and suitable
gloves. J551A is corrosive to Stainless Steel 304. DO NOT STORE J551A
IN SS304 CONTAINERS.
2. M117 is a white solid salt. It is an irritant and should be handled accordingly.
Do not allow M117 to contact skin or eyes.
3. The active ingredient in J479 is ammonium persulfate. Ammonium persulfate
is a strong oxidizer. Avoid direct contact with J479. Read the MSDS before
handling this product. Read the chemical compatibility section for J479 at
4.6 - J479 EB-Clean LT Breaker in FMM Volume III: Additives Section 4 -
Breakers and Breaker Aids, InTouch content 4879459. Ammonium persulfate
is also a corrosive material. Do not prepare or store ammonium persulfate
solutions in metals that have low corrosion resistance. Do not use a metal
spatula to weigh J479.
Apparatus

• 1-liter plastic/glass mixing container
Private
• Fann 35 viscometer with R1/B1/F1 rotor//bob/spring combination
• balance
Chemicals
• J551A
• M117 (or J285)
• J479
• water (use water that will be used on the job)
Procedure
Example: The carrying fluid is 20 galUS/1,000 galUS (20 L/m3) J551A + 4 wt

% (335 lbm/1,000 galUS (40 kg/m3)) M117 with a breaker concentration of 10
lbm/1,000 galUS (1.2 kg/m3). The bottomhole temperature is 160 degF [71
degC].
1. Prepare the ClearFRAC fluid using a variable speed benchtop Palo laboratory
stirrer or a Waring blender. Add 250 mL of water, and while the blender is on
(mixing at medium speed) add the appropriate concentration of surfactant.
After the surfactant goes into solution, add the appropriate concentration of
salt (M117 or J285). Degas the fluid in the water bath at 150 degF [66 degC].
2. Cool down the fluid to room temperature and measure the viscosity using a
Fann 35 viscometer at 100 rpm (170 s-1). Record the reading.
3. Add the chosen concentration of breaker (in this example: 10 lbm/1,000
galUS (1.2 kg/m3)) into the fluid and slowly shake and swirl till the breaker is
evenly distributed into the mixture.
Potential Severity: Light

Important! DO NOT ADD BREAKER INTO THE BLENDER!
4. Wait for about 15 minutes and then measure the viscosity of the fluid with a
Fann 35 at 100 rpm (170 s-1).
5. The reading in Step 4 should be no less than 80% of the reading in Step 2.
Private
6-i VES Fluids / ClearFRAC XT J948 Fracturing Fluids 6-i
6 ClearFRAC XT J948 Fracturing Fluids

6.1 Introduction ____________________________________________________ 6-1
6.1.3 Mix water ____________________________________________________ 6-3
6.1.4.1 Gelling agent J590 _______________________________________ 6-4
6.1.4.2 J589, J589C, and J589D __________________________________ 6-4
6.1.5 Breakers ____________________________________________________ 6-5

6.2.2 Selection of fluid formulation and treatment design _____________ 6-7
6.2.3 Mix-Water temperature and J589 concentrations _______________ 6-9
6.2.4 Shear history _______________________________________________ 6-10
6.2.5 Surface tension reduction ___________________________________ 6-10
6.2.6 Procedure and example of ClearFRAC XT J948 fluid design ___ 6-10
6.2.6.1 Procedure ______________________________________________ 6-10
6.2.6.2 Example well ____________________________________________ 6-11
6.3 Leakoff and Fluid-Loss Control ________________________________ 6-12
6.3.1 Leakoff coefficients for formations with ≤5 mD permeability ____ 6-13
6.3.2 Formations with high leakoff _________________________________ 6-13
6.4.2 Formation permeability and clay interactions __________________ 6-14
6.5 Cleanup Aids __________________________________________________ 6-14
6.5.1 Preflush containing mutual solvent ___________________________ 6-15
6.5.2 Encapsulated proppant-pack breaker J567 ___________________ 6-16
6.5.2.1 J567 Concentrations for fracturing treatments _____________ 6-16
6.5.2.2 Job design ______________________________________________ 6-17
6.5.2.3 J567 Auger output _______________________________________ 6-19
6.7 Formation Fluid Considerations _______________________________ 6-20
6.7.1 Emulsions __________________________________________________ 6-20
6.9 Resin-Coated Proppants (RCP) ________________________________ 6-22
6.10 Field Mixing ___________________________________________________ 6-22
6.10.1 Prejob preparation __________________________________________ 6-23
6.10.1.1 Dilution of J589 or J589C to J589D _______________________ 6-23
6.10.1.2 Preblending of J590 and J589C __________________________ 6-25
6.10.2 Continuous mixing J948 fluids _______________________________ 6-27
6.10.3 Batch-mixing J948 fluids in small well-mixed tanks ____________ 6-28
Private
6-ii VES Fluids / ClearFRAC XT J948 Fracturing Fluids 6-ii
6.11 Execution _____________________________________________________ 6-29

6.12 Storage _______________________________________________________ 6-29
6.13 Appendix A: Rheology Data at 100 s−1 _________________________ 6-31
6.13.1 Appendix A-1: Viscosity versus temperature of J948 straight fluids in 2 wt
% KCl ______________________________________________________ 6-31
6.13.2 Appendix A-2: Typical rheological properties of J948 straight fluids in 2 wt
% KCl ______________________________________________________ 6-32
6.13.3 Appendix A-3: Viscosity versus temperature of J948 straight fluids with 2
galUS/1,000 galUS L064 ____________________________________ 6-38
6.13.4 Appendix A-4: Typical rheological properties of J948 straight fluids with 2
galUS/1,000 galUS L064 ____________________________________ 6-39
6.13.5 Appendix A-5: Viscosity versus temperature of 45 galUS/1,000 galUS
J590 and 7.5 galUS/1,000 galUS J589 straight fluids in different mix
waters _____________________________________________________ 6-45
6.13.6 Appendix A-6: Typical rheological properties of 45 galUS/1,000 galUS
J590 and 7.5 galUS/1,000 galUS J589 straight fluids in different mix
waters _____________________________________________________ 6-46
6.13.7 Appendix A-7: Viscosity versus temperature of 8.5 galUS/1,000 galUS
J590 and 8.5 galUS/1,000 galUS J589 foamed fluids in tap water at
different N2 qualities ________________________________________ 6-50
6.13.8 Viscosity versus temperature of 8.5 galUS/1,000 galUS J590 and 8.5
galUS/1,000 galUS J589 foamed fluids in 2% KCl made with tap water at
different N2 qualities _________________________________________ 6-50
6.13.9 Appendix A-9: Viscosity versus temperature of 8.5 galUS/1,000 galUS
J590 and 8.5 galUS/1,000 galUS J589 foamed fluids in 2 galUS/1,000
galUS L064 made with tap water at different N2 qualities ______ 6-52
6.13.10 Appendix A-10: Typical foam rheological properties of 8.5 galUS/1,000
galUS J590 and 8.5 galUS/1,000 galUS J589 fluids with different mix
waters _____________________________________________________ 6-53
J590 and 7.5 galUS/1,000 galUS J589 foamed fluids in 2% KCl made
with tap water at different N2 qualities ________________________ 6-59
Private
6-iii VES Fluids / ClearFRAC XT J948 Fracturing Fluids 6-iii
6.13.16 Appendix A-16: Typical foam rheological properties of 10 galUS/1,000

waters _____________________________________________________ 6-63

waters _____________________________________________________ 6-78
waters _____________________________________________________ 6-93
with tap water at different N2 qualities _______________________ 6-104
Private
6-iv VES Fluids / ClearFRAC XT J948 Fracturing Fluids 6-iv

galUS L064 made with tap water at different N2 qualities _____ 6-107
waters ____________________________________________________ 6-108
J590 and 5 galUS/1,000 galUS J589 foamed fluids in 2% KCl made with
tap water at different N2 qualities ____________________________ 6-117

J590 and 5 galUS/1,000 galUS J589 foamed fluids in 2 galUS/1,000
galUS J590 and 5 galUS/1,000 galUS J589 fluids with different mix
waters ____________________________________________________ 6-121
waters ____________________________________________________ 6-134
6.14 Appendix B: Fluid Characteristics ____________________________ 6-142
6.14.1 Appendix B-1: Viscosity as a function of shear rate and time for a straight
fluid showing no shear degradation _________________________ 6-142
6.14.2 Appendix B-2: Viscosity as a function of shear rate and time for an
N2-foamed fluid showing no shear degradation ______________ 6-143
6.14.3 Appendix B-3: ClearFRAC* XT J948 fluid leakoff ____________ 6-144
Private
6-v VES Fluids / ClearFRAC XT J948 Fracturing Fluids 6-v
6.14.4 Appendix B-4: Viscosity temperature profile of 15 galUS/1,000 galUS

J590 and 2.5 galUS/1,000 galUS J589 in 2% KCl straight fluids with F105
and with W054 _____________________________________________ 6-145
6.14.5 Appendix B-5: Rheological properties of 15 galUS/1,000 galUS J590, 2.5
galUS/1,000 galUS J589 in 2% KCl straight fluids with different levels of
F105 and 5 galUS/1,000 galUS W054 _______________________ 6-146
6.14.6 Appendix B-6: Proppant Pack Breaker, J567 effect on straight
fluid _______________________________________________________ 6-148
6.14.7 Appendix B-7: Rheological data of J567 effect on straight fluid 6-149
6.14.8 Appendix B-8: Proppant-Pack Breaker, J567 effect on N2-foamed
fluid _______________________________________________________ 6-151
6.14.9 Appendix B-9: Friction pressure of N2-foamed J948 fluids ____ 6-152
6.14.10 Appendix B-10: Viscosity versus temperature of pure J590 gelling

agent _____________________________________________________ 6-153
6.15 Appendix C: J567 Quality Assurance and Quality Control
(QA/QC) ______________________________________________________ 6-153
6.15.1 Methodology _______________________________________________ 6-153
6.15.1.1 Scope _________________________________________________ 6-153
6.15.1.2 Safety _________________________________________________ 6-153
6.15.1.3 Apparatus ______________________________________________ 6-154
6.15.1.4 Chemicals _____________________________________________ 6-154
6.15.1.5 Procedures ____________________________________________ 6-154
6.16 Appendix D: Crude Oil Compatibility Test ____________________ 6-155
6.17 Appendix E: Compatibility Prescreening Test Procedure _____ 6-157
6.17.1 Measurement of straight fluid viscosity after adding the additive to be
tested _____________________________________________________ 6-158
(QA/QC) ______________________________________________________ 6-159
6.18.1 Scope _____________________________________________________ 6-159
6.18.2 Safety _____________________________________________________ 6-159
6.18.3 Appendix F-1: Fluid preparation _____________________________ 6-159
6.18.3.1 Apparatus ______________________________________________ 6-159
6.18.3.2 Chemicals _____________________________________________ 6-160
6.18.3.3 Procedures for preparing a ClearFRAC XT J948 (15 galUS/1,000
galUS J590) fluid _______________________________________ 6-160
6.18.3.4 Appendix F-2: Fann 50 quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC)
procedures _____________________________________________ 6-161
Fluid viscosity determination with a Fann 50
Rheometer _________________________________________ 6-161
6.18.3.5 Appendix F-3: Fann 35 procedures ______________________ 6-162
Fluid viscosity determination (Fann 35) _______________ 6-162
6.18.3.6 Appendix F-4: Fluid shear recovery determination ________ 6-164
6.19 Appendix G: Rheology Modifier J589, J589D and J589C Quality
Assurance/Quality Control ___________________________________ 6-164
6.19.1 Scope _____________________________________________________ 6-164
6.19.2 QA/QC of J589 and J589D _________________________________ 6-165
Private
6-vi VES Fluids / ClearFRAC XT J948 Fracturing Fluids 6-vi
6.19.2.1 Fluid mixing and QA/QC testing procedures ______________ 6-165

6.19.2.2 QA/QC for J589D preparation ___________________________ 6-165
6.19.2.3 QA/QC of J589C _______________________________________ 6-166
6.20 Appendix H: Minimum Service Standard Guidelines for ClearFRAC
XT ____________________________________________________________ 6-166
6.20.1 Required testing ___________________________________________ 6-166
6.20.1.1 Mix-Water tests ________________________________________ 6-166
6.20.1.2 Base fluid viscosity tests ________________________________ 6-167
6.20.1.3 Fluid-Specific tests _____________________________________ 6-167
6.20.1.4 Breaker tests ___________________________________________ 6-167
6.20.1.5 Compatibility tests (formation crude/treatment fluid) _______ 6-167
6.20.1.6 Foam half-life tests _____________________________________ 6-168
6.20.1.7 Additive mixture tests ___________________________________ 6-168

6.20.2 Representative samples ____________________________________ 6-168
Private
6-1 VES Fluids / ClearFRAC XT J948 Fracturing Fluids 6-1
6 ClearFRAC XT J948 Fracturing Fluids PPC,

Stimulation
Fracturing
Fmmwbf,
Volume
Sys
fluids,
J948,
U066,tems,
WS,
J948,
U66,
ClearFrac,
1,FMMV1WBF,
Viscoelastic
Fmm
Materials
SFE,
Fluids
JJ557,
589,
Press
Vol
ClearFRAC
Matrix
J589C,
Engineering,
1,
Manual–Water
surfactant,
ure
FmmV1,
Fracturing
Breaker,
J589D,
Pumping
XT,
Well
Viscoelastic
VES,
J590,
KCl
ClearFRAC
Materials
Bas
and
Services,
Brine
Water-base
eM117,
Chemistry,
Fluids,
Manual
Fluid
XT
L064,
6.1 Introduction
ClearFRAC* XT J948 fluids use surfactant-based gelling agent J590 and
rheology modifier J589 to form a new generation of VES fluids with similar
rheological and cleanup performance to current VES fluids. They can be used as
straight fluids, or nitrogen (N2) energized or foamed fluids in hydraulic fracturing
treatments. Components of ClearFRAC XT J948 fracturing fluids are gelling
agent J590, rheology modifier J589, clay stabilizer and N2 (if required). The
fluids are designed primarily for continuous-mixing operations. This manual
addition presents information concerning the use of J590 to formulate the straight
fluid or N2-based fluid. ClearFRAC XT J948 fluids are not applicable for carbon
dioxide (CO2)-based treatments.

Viscoelastic surfactant-based fracturing fluids, prepared with 8.5 to 60
galUS/1,000 galUS (8.5 to 60 L/m3) J590, and 0.5 to 8.5 galUS/1,000 galUS
(0.5 to 8.5 L/m3) J589, are designed for use in wells with bottomhole static
temperatures (BHST) up to 265 degF [129 degC].

of ClearFRAC XT J948 fluids. Information is current as of the Last Edit Date as
documented in InTouch. Complete information on health hazards, protective
the current Schlumberger Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for these products.
Private
Flash
Form pH
[degC]
Surfactant
Brown Highly
J590 Gelling 1.03 Eyes 57 [14] 9.5
liquid flammable
Agent J590
Rheology
Clear Eyes, Highly
J589 Modifier 0.97 75 [24] 5.5 to 6.5
liquid skin flammable
J589
Rheology
Clear Eyes, Highly
J589C Modifier 0.89 54 [12] 6.2 to 7.3
liquid skin flammable
J589C
Rheology
Clear Eyes,
J589D Modifier 0.99 Flammable 115 [46] 5.5 to 6.9
liquid skin
J589D
ClearFRAC Not
Tan 9.0 to 11.0
granules (at 10 g/L)
Breaker J567 (NA)
Potassium
White Eyes,
M117 Chloride 1.98 Dust NA NA
granules skin
M117
Temporary
Clay Clear Eyes, None
L064 1.01 >199 [93] 7.0
Stabilizer liquid skin Identified
L64
Multi-
functional Colorless Eyes,
F105 0.95 Combustible 142 [61] 8.7
Surfactant liquid skin
F105
Note
Private
Note
employed at the wellsite should be performed before any job. At present, J590 is
registered and approved for use worldwide with the exception of the North Sea
and offshore Canada. Before importing J590 into other countries, it is imperative
to first determine the registration status. Violations of a country’s environmental
regulations can result in serious legal consequences. Consult the Health Safety
and Environment (HSE) Department for guidance.
J589, J589C and J589D can be used worldwide with the exception of North Sea
and offshore Canada. In addition, there is an import limit of 2,205 lbm (1,000
kg) per year in Canada. Consult the Quality Assurance (QA) database for any
market restrictions changes.
6.1.3 Mix water

ClearFRAC XT J948 fluids can be formulated with freshwater, or oilfield brines.
They tolerate different clay stabilizers like KCl and L064. When KCl is the clay
stabilizer, its concentration can be from 0 to 7 wt % (0 to 585 lbm/1,000 galUS (0
to 70 kg/m3)). While the straight fluid viscosities are not significantly affected by
different clay stabilizers and their concentrations, the foam fluid viscosities can
be affected. Water hardness is generally not an issue for J948 fluids, but should
be evaluated on a case-by-case basis.
Note
Although the straight J590 fluid viscosities are not affected with different clay
stabilizers and their concentrations, for the foamed fluids to have sufficient
viscosity. To perform the job, the correct formulation should be used.
VES-based fracturing fluids are, in general, sensitive to the presence of

hydrocarbons, grease and organic residues. It is therefore recommended that
clean water is used for fluid preparation. Some biocides degrade the fluid and
are not needed for fluid performance, and therefore should not be added.
Biocide can be added in the preflush if needed for particular situations. Mix-water
hardness should be below 10,000 ppm adjusted Ca2+ concentration.
Private

ClearFRAC XT J948 fluids are prepared by blending the mix water with gelling
agent J590, rheology modifier J589, and a clay stabilizer (2 galUS/1,000 galUS
(2 L/m3) L064 or from 0 to 7% (0 to 585 lbm/1,000 galUS (0 to 70 kg/m3)) M117).
Unlike polymer-based fluid systems, crosslinkers are not needed since viscosity
is developed upon mixing. No additional foaming agent for the N2 foams is
needed since J590 gelling agent already functions as a foamer/stabilizer. J590
and J589 should be added to the suction side of the POD* blender, and full fluid
viscosity will be achieved at the discharge side of the POD, once the surfactant
is completely dispersed in water.
presented in Section 6.18.
6.1.4.1 Gelling agent J590

J590 is the gelling agent for ClearFRAC XT. It is a surfactant solution which can
be stored for one year at 20 to 120 degF [−7 to 49 degC] if stored away from
direct sunlight. The equipment used to pump J590 should be free from water to
avoid gumming up and plugging the flow path. The cap on the tote should be
kept tightly closed when not in use to prevent solvent from evaporating.
6.1.4.2 J589, J589C, and J589D

The rheology modifier exists in three forms (shown in Table 6-2): J589, J589C
(concentrated) and J589D (diluted). Only J589 and J589C are designed for
long-term storage (up to one year) under a wide temperature range (20 to 120
degF [−7 to 49 degC]). J589D has limited shelf life, dependent upon temperature
(see Figure 6-1).
J589 is designed to be pumped directly by the low rate Liquid Additive System
(LAS*) on the POD blender. J589C is a concentrated version of J589. J589C
active component content is 25 times by weight that of J589. J589C cannot be
pumped directly with current field equipment. J589D is the diluted version
of J589, which contains 25% by weight of J589. J589D can be pumped directly
when a low rate LAS is not available, or the treatment fluid rate is very low (for
example, in high foam quality fracturing treatments). Details are discussed in
Section 6.10.
Private
Table 6-2: Comparison of J589, J589C and J589D Rheology Modifiers
Properties J589 J589C J589D

Concentrate rheology Diluted rheology
Name Rheology modifier
modifier modifier
Relative active
1 25 0.25
content by weight
Specific gravity, g/cm3 0.97 0.89 1
Storage temperature,
20 to 120 [−7 to 49] 20 to 120 [−7 to 49] <70 [20]
degF [degC]
Varies (see Figure
Shelf life, year 1 1
6-1.)
Lowest pumpable
temperature, degF 15 [−9] Not applicable (NA) 32 [0]
[degC]
Pump on the fly Yes No Yes
POD, LAS or LABS
Pumping equipment POD low rate LAS NA
unit
6.1.5 Breakers
All ClearFRAC fluids lose viscosity upon mixing with hydrocarbons or through
dilution with formation water. N2 foamed fluids benefit from gas expansion
upon elevation of surrounding temperature and/or depressurization after the
job, so cleanup is expected even in wells where bottomhole pressure is low. A
proppant-pack breaker is available that should be incorporated in the proppant
stages. ClearFRAC Encapsulated Breaker J567 is the only breaker available for
J948 fluids and is described in Section 6.2.

This manual presents information concerning ClearFRAC XT J948 fracturing
fluids prepared with gelling agent J590. Such fluids are used for applications up
to 265 degF [139 degC]. The fluids are prepared by mixing J590, J589 and
clay stabilizer in freshwater. The fluid can be energized or foamed with N2 but
not CO2.

J590 is added at concentrations ranging from 8.5 to 60 galUS/1,000 galUS (8.5
to 60 L/m3) and N2 energized or foamed with qualities up to 75% depending on
the temperature range. The fluid does not require KCl to gel. Most Schlumberger
Private
coded clay stabilizers (except L042) can be used. M117 from 0 to 7 wt % (0

to 585 lbm/1,000 galUS (0 to 70 kg/m3)) can be used. Although the straight
fluid viscosity may not be affected much with different types and amounts of
clay stabilizer, the foamed fluid performance can be affected at different foam
qualities. It is important to use the actual rheology data of the specific formulation
to design the job. Some best practices related to the low foam quality issues
of the fluid are documented in ClearFRAC Reference Page, InTouch content
3250786. Table 6-3 and Table 6-4 give some guidelines for fluid formulation
selection with 2% (167 lbm/1,000 galUS (20 kg/m3)) KCl with respect to BHST.
Table 6-3: Recommended Straight Fluid Formulations (with 2% (167 lbm/1,000 galUS (20
kg/m3)) KCl) Versus BHST
J590, galUS/1,000 J589, galUS/1,000 J567, lbm/1,000

BHST, degF [degC]
galUS or L/m3 galUS or L/m3 galUS (kg/m3)
<70 [21] 8.5 8.5 5 (0.6)
70 to 90 [21 to 32] 10 7.5 5 (0.6)
90 to 110 [32 to 43] 15 2.5 5 (0.6)
110 to 140 [43 to 60] 20 3.3 6 (0.7)
140 to 160 [60 to 71] 25 4.2 7 (0.8)
160 to 175 [71 to 79] 30 5.0 7 (0.8)
175 to 190 [79 to 88] 35 5.8 7 (0.8)
190 to 220 [88 to 104] 40 6.7 8 (1.0)
220 to 240 [104 to 116] 45 7.5 8 (1.0)
240 to 250 [116 to 121] 50 3.0 9 (1.1)
250 to 260 [121
55 1.3 9 (1.1)
to 127]
260 to 265 [127
60 0.5 10 (1.2)
to 129]
Table 6-4: Recommended foam Fluid (with foam Quality of 55 to 75%) Formulations (with
2% (167 lbm/1,000 galUS (20 kg/m3)) KCl) Versus BHST

BHST, degF [degC]
<90 [32] 8.5 8.5 5 (0.6)
90 to 120 [32 to 49] 10 7.5 5 (0.6)
120 to 140 [49 to 60] 12 5.0 5 (0.6)
140 to 170 [60 to 77] 15 2.5 5 (0.6)
170 to 190 [77 to 88] 20 3.3 6 (0.7)
190 to 200 [88 to 93] 25 4.2 7 (0.8)
200 to 210 [93 to 99] 30 5.0 7 (0.8)
210 to 220 [99 to 104] 35 5.8 7 (0.8)
220 to 230 [104 to 110] 40 6.7 8 (1.0)
Private

BHST, degF [degC]
230 to 240 [110 to 116] 45 7.5 8 (1.0)
The performance of J948 fluids is sensitive to the presence of contaminants

like hydrocarbons, de-emulsifiers, foamers, and other additives; therefore, it is
important to note the following points:
• Mixing equipment must be clean. Hydrocarbon residues in tanks can

severely decrease fluid performance.

Note
Although ClearFRAC XT J948 straight fluid viscosities are not sensitive to
clay stabilizer concentrations, foamed fluid viscosity may be affected by clay
stabilizer. Correct formulation rheology data must be used when designing
jobs. It is recommended that foam fluid viscosity measurements be run (the
Pressure Pumping and Chemistry (PPC) laboratory and NSA client support
laboratory (CSL) are the only places capable of running these tests) should
the desired formulation deviate from the formulations given in this manual.
6.2.2 Selection of fluid formulation and treatment design

The allowed formulations are
• 8.5 to 60 galUS/1,000 galUS (8.5 to 60 L/m3) J590

• 0.5 to 8.5 galUS/1,000 galUS (0.5 to 8.5 L/m3) J589
• Clay stabilizer 2 galUS/1,000 galUS (2 L/m3) L064 or 0 to 7 wt % (0 to 585
lbm/1,000 galUS (0 to 70 kg/m3)) KCl
• Energized with N2, or with N2 foam qualities from 55 to 75%.
The recommended fluid formulations are listed in Table 6-5. Note that the
rheology modifier J589 concentrations are not at a constant ratio to gelling agent
J590. These formulations are optimized to give fast shear recovery time and
good rheology performance.
• At low J590 concentrations (8.5 to 15 galUS/1,000 galUS (8.5 to 15 L/m3)),

J589 is used to improve the shear recovery time and the low-temperature
fluid rheology; its concentration should be kept at high levels.
Private
• At mid J590 concentrations (15 to 45 galUS/1,000 galUS (15 to 45 L/m3)),

J589 is used to improve shear recovery time and optimize mid-temperature
rheology performance; the ratio of J590 to J589 is kept constant at 6 to 1.
• At high J590 concentrations (45 to 60 galUS/1,000 galUS (45 to 60 L/m3)),
which generally corresponds to high-temperature applications, lower J589
concentrations are required to optimize the rheology and shear recovery.
Using concentrations of J589 higher than recommended can impair the fluid’s
high-temperature performance. Using concentrations of J589 lower than
recommended will result in low, mid-temperature viscosity and long shear
recovery times. In general applications, the formulation design should not
deviate from those given in Table 6-5.
J590, galUS/1,000 J589, galUS/1,000

Foam Quality, % Clay Stabilizer
galUS or L/m3 galUS or L/m3
8.5 8.5
10 7.5
15 2.5
20 3.3
0, 40 to 75
25 4.2 2 galUS/1,000 galUS
30 5.0 (2 L/m3) L064, or
0 to 585 lbm/1,000
35 5.8 galUS (0 to 70
40 6.7 kg/m3) KCl
45 7.5
50 3.0
0
55 1.3
60 0.5
For most of the formulations shown in Table 6-5, a set of n′ and K′ has been
determined, using a Fann 50 viscometer for straight fluids and a foam rheometer
for foamed N2 fluids (see Section 6.13). Typical viscosity profiles at 100 s−1
versus temperature for straight fluids are shown in Sections 13.1 to 13.4;
N2-foamed fluid results are shown in Sections 13.7 to 13.43.
1. Confirm that the batches of J590 and J589 conform to no less than the
straight fluid rheology specification with the designed formulation as per
Table 6-32 using Fann 50 predicted viscosity at 100 s−1.
2. Follow the procedure described in Section 6.2.6.
Private
Note
The viscosity data at 100 s−1 in Table 6-32 is to be used for quality control
(QC) purposes only. The viscosity measurement for QC purposes should
be performed with the standard Fann 50 procedure following API (RP 39)
standard.
6.2.3 Mix-Water temperature and J589 concentrations

In fracturing operations, mix-water temperature is generally preferred to be
above 60 degF [15 degC]. If the mix-water temperature is slightly lower than
this value, small adjustments of J589 concentration can be made to ensure
the fluid has good shear recovery provided the BHST is not close to the upper
limit of the recommended temperature in Table 6-3 and Table 6-4. If the BHST
is close to the upper limit of the recommended formulation, and mix-water
temperature is low and J589 concentration needs to be increased to meet shear
recovery requirement, it is recommended to move to the formulation of the next
temperature range. For example, in a straight fluid treatment for a well with
BHST of 138 degF [59 degC], the fluid formulation recommended by Table 6-3 is
20 galUS/1,000 galUS (20 L/m3) J590 and 3.3 galUS/1,000 galUS (3.3 L/m3)
J589. The mix-water temperature is 50 degF [10 degC] and the recommended
J589 concentration would be 5 galUS/1,000 galUS (5 L/m3) based on Table 6-6.
However, since the increase in J589 concentration may adversely impact the
fluid performance at high temperature, it is recommended to use a formulation
of 25 galUS/1,000 galUS (25 L/m3) J590 and 5 galUS/1,000 galUS (5 L/m3) of
J589 based on Table 6-6. A table of J589 concentrations with respect to the
mix-water temperature at different J590 loading levels is given in Table 6-6 as a
guideline. Before using the formulations given in Table 6-6, you should run shear
recovery tests at location water temperatures (as shown in Section 6.18.3.6) to
confirm that J589 adjustment is necessary.
Table 6-6: Recommended J589 Concentrations in galUS/1,000 galUS Versus Mix-Water

Temperature for Given J590 Loading Levels
Mix-Water J590 Loading Levels, galUS/1,000 galUS or L/m3

Temperature,
degF [degC] 15 20 25 30
40 [5] 8.0 7.5 7.0

50 [10] 7.5 5.0 5.0 5.0
60 [15] 4.5 3.3 4.2 5.0
68 [20] 2.5 3.3 4.2 5.0
77 [25] 2.5 3.3 4.2 5.0
Private
6.2.4 Shear history

As with all surfactant-based fluids, J948 systems are not degraded when exposed
to extended periods of shear, therefore, the viscosity is independent of time. The
fluid viscosity increases with decreasing shear rate, but the original fluid viscosity,
for both straight and N2-foamed fluids, is regained when the shear is removed
(see Section 6.14.1 and Section 6.14.2). Therefore, the customary viscosity
versus time at temperatures graphs typically presented for polymer fluids, as
shown in the figures in Section 6.14.1 and Section 6.14.2, are not relevant for
ClearFRAC XT J948 fluids. Instead the evolution of the viscosity as a function of

fluid temperature is the critical information for design (see Section 6.13).
6.2.5 Surface tension reduction

Surfactant added to an aqueous fluid lowers the fluid surface tension enabling
better cleanup of the fracturing fluid during flowback. Table 6-7 lists the surface
tensions of ClearFRAC XT J948 (with low concentration of J590) fluids.
Table 6-7: Surface Tension data for low Concentration of J590 in 2% (167 lbm/1,000 galUS
(20 kg/m3)) KCl
Surface Tension,
Fluid
dyne/cm
Water 72.0
0.001% J590 57.5

0.005% J590 38.1
0.01% J590 35.4
0.05% J590 33.4
0.1% J590 32.3
6.2.6 Procedure and example of ClearFRAC XT J948 fluid

design
6.2.6.1 Procedure
1. Choose the clay stabilization and nitrogen content as per standard fracturing
engineering practices.
Private
2. Based on BHST, choose the J590, J589, and J567 concentrations from the
appropriate table. For straight fluid, use Table 6-3 and for foamed fluids use
Table 6-4.
3. Load the selected fluid (data are also available in Section 6.13) into the
FracCADE* simulation and run the job with the selected fluid. If the results
are not acceptable, that is, there is insufficient width to admit proppant
or there is a premature screenout, a fluid with a higher viscosity may be
needed. This can be achieved by increasing the surfactant concentration or
by changing the foam quality. Based on engineering judgment, select a new
fluid formulation and repeat the simulation. Repeat this procedure until the
desired results are achieved.
4. Adjust the formulation again as needed for mix-water temperature (see Table
6-6). If the fluid is close to the high end of the temperature range for which
it is recommended, and the mix-water temperature is low, moving to the
formulation for the next higher temperature level may be required. If this is the
case, simulate this fluid and check to make sure the results are still as desired.
6.2.6.2 Example well

Sandstone formation with a small percentage of swelling clay.
True Vertical Depth (TVD): 9,000 ft (2,743 m)
Pressure: 2,000 psi (13,800 kPa)
BHST: 187 degF [86 degC]
1. With only a small amount of swelling clays, this formation has traditionally
been treated with 2% (167 lbm/1,000 galUS (20 kg/m3)) KCl water, and there
have been no problems. Therefore, a 2% KCl water formulation will be used.
Since the reservoir is somewhat under pressured, an energized or foamed
fluid might typically be used. In this case, a 60% nitrogen foamed fluid will
be the starting point.
2. Based on the BHST of 187 degF [86 degC], and the fact that the fluid is
foamed, from Table 6-4 the correct formulation is
KCl – 167 lbm/1,000 galUS (20 kg/m3)
J590 – 20 galUS/1,000 galUS (20 L/m3)
J589 – 3.3 galUS/1,000 galUS (3.3 L/m3)
J567 – 6 lbm/1,000 galUS (0.7 kg/m3)
Private
3. The 60% nitrogen fluid is loaded from FracCADE and the job is simulated,
but the simulation shows insufficient width near the wellbore, and a higher
viscosity fluid is needed. Checking Table 6-21, the 100 s−1 viscosity of this
fluid should be between 65 and 56 cP (65 and 56 mPa·s). Interpolation shows
that at 187 degF [86 degC], the viscosity is 55 cP (55 mPa·s). If the foam
quality were increased to 70%, the viscosity interpolated from the same table
would be 116 cP (116 mPa·s). When this fluid is selected in FracCADE and
the simulation is rerun, sufficient width is achieved and the job is successful.
At this point, the fluid has the same additives as above in Step 2, but at 70%
nitrogen instead of 60%.
4. The final step is to adjust for mix-water temperature (see Table 6-6). If, as in
this case, the temperature is above 60 degF [16 degC], no further adjustment
of the fluid is needed. But if the temperature was 50 degF [10 degC], there
could be a problem with shear recovery of the foam. There are two options:
a. If the temperature is near the bottom of the recommended range, the J589
concentration can be increased slightly to give better shear recovery.
b. If the temperature is near the top of the temperature range (which at
187 degF [86 degC], this case is) it is advisable to go up to the next
temperature range for the fluid formulation. In this case, from Table 6-4,
the correct formulation should be:
KCl – 167 lbm/1,000 galUS (20 kg/m3)
J590 – 25 galUS/1,000 galUS (25 L/m3)
J589 – 4.2 galUS/1,000 galUS (4.2 L/m3)
J567 – 7 lbm/1,000 galUS (0.8 kg/m3)
At this point the fluid formulation is essentially complete. The simulation
can be rerun changing other variables, but it should be kept in mind, that
if the J590 and J589 concentrations are reduced, shear recovery may
become a problem. If, however, a higher concentration is needed, or the
foam quality is changed while keeping the base fluid the same, the fluid
can be adjusted based on the results of the simulation.

ClearFRAC XT J948 fluids do not form a filtercake and the leakoff rate for
VES-based fluid systems is a function of fluid rheology, formation permeability,
differential pressure and temperature.
Private
6.3.1 Leakoff coefficients for formations with ≤5 mD

permeability
Since J590 fluids do not form filtercakes during leakoff, they do not follow the
traditional spurt and Cw behavior associated with polymer-based systems.
Instead, the leakoff is primarily controlled by the viscous properties (in particular
the low-shear viscosity) of the fluid leaking off into the formation matrix. The
leakoff for VES fluids can still be approximated by a function of volume leaked
off versus the square root of time, t1/2. Consequently, a combined leakoff
coefficient CT should be directly input into FracCADE for treatment design. Since
no current equipment can generate reliable foamed fluid-loss data, all leakoff
data presented in this manual addition are for straight fluids—regardless of
J590 concentration—and are provided for use as an approximation. For an
application of ClearFRAC XT J948 fluid in a new area, field calibration data
should be gathered before formalizing a job design. The leakoff coefficients were
compiled from laboratory core flow tests and field test pressure analysis. Leakoff
coefficients and the curve of ClearFRAC XT J948 fluid in different permeability
formations are shown in Section 6.14.3.
6.3.2 Formations with high leakoff

For some formations, fluid viscosity alone may not provide sufficient fluid-loss
control. While this may not pose a problem in cases where the reservoir fluid
compressibility is the dominant fluid-loss control mechanism (for example,
heavy oil), it is a significant concern for most dry gas reservoirs. A previous
recommendation was that for formation permeabilities greater than 5 mD, a
fluid-loss control agent might be necessary. In these cases, the use of the
ClearFRAC HiPerm fluid system is recommended.

As with the other Schlumberger ClearFRAC fluid systems, ClearFRAC XT J948
fluids are solids-free. Consequently, the retained permeabilities of proppant
packs placed with ClearFRAC fluids are typically greater than 90% (see Table
6-8). While it is not feasible to generate the proppant pack permeability data for
N2-foamed ClearFRAC XT, straight fluid data are shown in Table 6-8 as the
worst-case scenario.
Private
Table 6-8: Proppant-Pack Conductivity data for Straight ClearFRAC XT J948 Fluids6-1
J590, J589, J567,

Closure Retained
Temperature, galUS/1,000 galUS/1,000 lbm/1,000
Stress, psi Conductivity,
degF [degC] galUS or galUS or galUS
(kPa) %1
L/m3 L/m3 (kg/m3)
1,200
100 [38] 10 7.5 4.3 (0.5) >90
(8,280)
3,000
150 [66] 15 2.5 4.3 (0.5) >90
(20,700)
3,000
150 [66] 25 4.2 7.0 (0.8) >90
(20,700)
3,000
150 [66] 30 5.0 7.0 (0.8) >90
(20,700)
4,000
175 [79] 60 0.5 10.0 (1.2) >90
(27,600)
1
Conductivity measurements usually have a ±10% error.
6.4.2 Formation permeability and clay interactions

Nearly all sandstone formations contain clay particles. Swelling and/or migration
of clays can cause formation damage by plugging formation pores when the
aqueous fluids enter the formation.
KCl or L064 brines are very effective for clay stabilization. J948 fluids are
compatible with 0 to 7 wt % (0 to 585 lbm/1,000 galUS (0 to 70 kg/m3)) KCl
or 2 galUS/1,000 galUS (2 L/m3) L064. Compared to traditional ClearFRAC
fluids, ClearFRAC XT J948 fluids are more tolerant to high KCl concentrations.
In some situations when increased clay stabilization is required, higher KCl
concentrations can be used. Most Schlumberger coded KCl substitutes for clay
stabilization (except L042) can also be used but require a case-by-case prejob
evaluation by the area CSL.
6.5 Cleanup Aids

Hydrocarbons or formation water can help break ClearFRAC XT J948 fluid
and therefore achieve better cleanup. For formations with low pressure and
insufficient hydrocarbons or formation water, under normal conditions, the time
required to remove ClearFRAC fluids from the formation and fracture may be
extended. N2-energized or -foamed ClearFRAC XT J948 fluids should be used
in these reservoirs.
6-1. Proppant is 20/40 mesh Ottawa sand at 2 lbm/ft2 (9.8 kg/m2) in all tests.
Private
Discussions in Section 6.5.1 and Section 6.5.2 introduces other flowback

aids that can further facilitate the cleanup of J948 fluid. Before using these
approaches, it is critical that the fluid formulation designs discussed in Section
6.2.1 and Section 6.2.2 are followed to avoid excessive J590 concentration.
6.5.1 Preflush containing mutual solvent

The viscosity of ClearFRAC XT J948 fluids is significantly reduced when
some mutual solvents is added (F105 or W054 is recommended). Preflushes
containing F105 should be pumped at frac rates ahead of the ClearFRAC XT
J948 fluid. This will help to reduce fluid viscosity when flowback and cleanup of
the fracture begins. The recommended preflush composition is 2 to 10 wt % (167
to 835 lbm/1,000 galUS (20 to 100 kg/m3)) KCl brine containing 5 to 10 vol%
(50 to 100 galUS/1,000 galUS (50 to 100 L/m3)) of F105. The recommended
preflush volume is 25% of the bottomhole volume of the J590 straight pad fluid.
An example of how to calculate the preflush volume and F105 concentration in
the preflush is given below.
Example
A well to be treated with N2-foamed ClearFRAC XT J948 fluid uses 5,000 galUS
75% foam quality fluid in the pad. Therefore, the fluid volume is 100% − 75% =
25%. The amount of F105 preflush fluid that should be pumped is
5,000 galUS x 25% x 25% = 312.5 galUS
The concentration of F105 should be 5 to 10 vol% in the preflush fluid. So the

range of F105 to be used in the preflush should be in the range of 15.6 to 31.3
galUS as calculated below.
Minimum volume: 312.5 galUS x 5% = 15.6 galUS
Maximum volume: 312.5 galUS x 10% = 31.3 galUS
Fann 50 rheograms of 15 galUS/1,000 galUS (15 L/m3) J590, 2.5 galUS/1,000

galUS (2.5 L/m3) J589 with 2% (167 lbm/1,000 galUS (20 kg/m3)) KCl straight
fluids with 5 galUS/1,000 galUS (5 L/m3), and 10 galUS/1,000 galUS (10 L/m3)
F105, and 5 galUS/1,000 galUS (5 L/m3) W054 are presented in Section 6.14.4
and Section 6.14.5. Although W054 appears to be more effective in lowering the
fluid viscosity at 100 s−1 shear rate, (the low-shear viscosity drop is not as much
as with the same amount of F105 (data not shown)), F105 is still the preferred
preflush additive. However, W054 should be used as the preflush additive in
cases when an oil well is treated. U066 is not an effective preflush additive for
ClearFRAC XT J948 fluid and should not be used.
Private
6.5.2 Encapsulated proppant-pack breaker J567

J567 is an encapsulated breaker in the 10 to 40-mesh size range. It is used as a
proppant-pack breaker for ClearFRAC XT J948-based fluids.
J567 is not an oxidizer but an inorganic salt. It is designed for use in the proppant
stages of ClearFRAC XT J948 treatments. Upon fracture closure (with closure
stress higher than 1,000 psi (6,900 kPa)), the breaker particles are crushed and
the water-soluble core material is released into the fluid. The released material
permanently reduces the viscosity of the ClearFRAC XT J948-based fluid at all
applicable shear rate ranges. The viscosity reduction for straight fluids ranges
from 45 to 99% at low-shear rates (0.1 s−1) and 25 to 75% at medium-shear
rates (100 s−1) depending upon the J590 concentration (see Section 6.14.6 and
Section 6.14.7). When used with N2-foamed ClearFRAC XT J948 fluids, J567
reduces both foamed fluid viscosities and foam half-lives at all temperatures,
including ambient (see Section 6.14.8).
In ClearFRAC XT J948 applications, J567 reduces viscosity by disrupting and

rearranging the worm-like micelles in the fracturing fluid at the molecular level.
There is no chemical reaction in the process of breaking VES fluids. This is in
contrast to breaker mechanisms for polymer fluids, where polymers are oxidized
and thus decomposed chemically. Since the mechanism employed to break VES
fluid leaves intact surfactant molecules remaining in the fluid, there will always
be some residual viscosity at all shear rates. The key point is that J567 reduces
low-shear viscosity and degrades the VES micelle structure. A fluid with reduced
microstructure and reduced low-shear viscosity is easier to cleanup and will
accelerate hydrocarbon production.
The following section provides guidelines for using J567 with ClearFRAC XT
J948 fluids. Information on safety, handling, storage, equipment, chemical
compatibility, and disposal can be found in the corresponding MSDSs.
6.5.2.1 J567 Concentrations for fracturing treatments

Table 6-9 shows the recommended breaker loading at different J590
concentrations. Representative rheological data are presented in Sections 14.6
to 14.8.
Private
Table 6-9: Recommended Concentration of J567 to Facilitate Flowback as a Function of

J590 Concentration
J590, J567,
galUS/1,000 galUS lbm/1,000 galUS
or L/m3 (kg//m3)
8.5 5 (0.6)
10 5 (0.6)
15 5 (0.6)
20 6 (0.7)
25 7 (0.7)
30 7 (0.7)
35 7 (0.7)
40 8 (1.0)
45 8 (1.0)
50 9 (1.1)
55 9 (1.1)
60 10 (1.2)
Quality Note
viscosity reduction to facilitate optimum flowback.
6.5.2.2 Job design

Leakage of core material from the J567 particle may adversely influence fluid
viscosity during pumping. Table 6-10 shows the maximum concentration of
leaked live breaker material that can be tolerated in ClearFRAC XT J948 fluids
before fluid viscosity is significantly reduced at medium shear rate (that is,
between 100 and 170 s−1).
Table 6-10: Maximum Concentration (lbm/1,000 galUS) of live Breaker that can be Leaked
into ClearFRAC XT J948 Fluids
J590,
J567 Core Material,
galUS/1,000 galUS
lbm/1,000 galUS (kg/m3)
or L//m3
8.5 0.5 (0.1)
30.0 1.5 (0.2)
60.0 3.0 (0.4)
Private
using leakage data in Table 6-11, in combination with a FracCADE temperature
simulation. At lower temperatures the leakoff is slower than that at higher
temperatures. Note that when encapsulated breaker is under hydrostatic
pressure, the coating is tighter than without pressure, and the core material
leakage is lower. Therefore, the release level with no closure stress is the
worst-case scenario. It is unlikely that the leaked breaker material is greater than
the tolerance limits in Table 6-10. However, if it does occur, the concentration of
J567 must be reduced and higher than commonly used preflush concentration
should be used accordingly.
Breaker Material Released,

Temperature, degF [degC] Time, h
wt %
170 [77] 0.5 0.9
170 [77] 1.0 2.1
170 [77] 2.0 4.4
250 [121] 0.5 0.2
250 [121] 1.0 4.4
250 [121] 2.0 7.5
Quality Note
or may cause premature break and subsequent screenout.
1. Based on the bottomhole temperature and N2 quality, choose the appropriate

J590 concentration for each stage (see Table 6-3 and Table 6-4).
2. Based on the concentration of J590 surfactant in the proppant stage, choose
the appropriate concentration of J567 using Table 6-9.
3. Prior to each job, quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) test the J567 by
adding the desired concentration of breaker to the ClearFRAC XT J948 fluid,
and measuring the viscosity of the fluid at bottomhole static temperature
(BHST) of the proposed treatment with a Fann 50 viscometer. The viscosity
of the fluid (at 100 s−1) with the encapsulated breaker should be within 80%
of the viscosity of the fluid without breaker (see Section 6.15).DO NOT ADD
J567 INTO THE WARING BLENDER; add the breaker to the Fann cup
and mix gently.
Private
will predict the fluid exposure time at temperature for each stage (this is
approximate concentration of breaker leakage during the job.
6.5.2.3 J567 Auger output

The auger calculations are as follows:
Half pitch: lbm/h = 5.770 * rpm, or lbm/min = 0.0962 * rpm (0.0962 lbm/REV)
Full pitch: lbm/h = 11.453 * rpm, or lbm/min = 0.1909 * rpm (0.1909 lbm/REV)

Following are the job execution checklist.
1. Review all safety issues (that is, chemical compatibility) concerning J567.
2. Calibrate the dry feeder additive and make sure that it adds the correct
3. No minimum shut-in time is required as long as closure is achieved.
However, as with all foamed treatments, immediate flowback is preferred to
take advantage of the entrapped gas energy.

The viscosity of the ClearFRAC XT J948 fluids is reduced at all applicable shear
at bottomhole static temperature will facilitate flowback. The fluid that flows back
to the surface may regain some viscosity upon cooling. Excess foaming for the
flowback fluids normally does not occur for ClearFRAC XT J948 fluids. However,
if it does occur, F105, Diesel, D144 or M045 can be added to the pit or flowback
tank to reduce foam volume (mixing is required), or slowly added in the flowback
line. In general, F105 is also effective in reducing foaming.
Quality Note
Do not add F105, Diesel, D144 or M045 to the ClearFRAC XT J948 fluid during
the job, as they will adversely affect the fluid viscosity.
Private

ClearFRAC XT J948 fluids provide good drag reduction in pipe during pumping.
The friction pressure is lower than that of polymer fluids under similar conditions
and comparable to other ClearFRAC fluids. This low friction pressure property
makes them attractive fluids when the job needs to be performed through small
ID tubing. An estimate of friction pressures through common tubing diameters
are given in Section 6.14.9 based on actual field data.
6.7 Formation Fluid Considerations
6.7.1 Emulsions
Like other fracturing fluids, ClearFRAC XT J948 fluids can form an emulsion with
certain crude oils. Emulsions can severely inhibit well cleanup. Before pumping
ClearFRAC XT technology in any oil well, gas-condensate well, etc., it is essential
that laboratory testing be performed to ensure compatibility (see Section 6.16).
If the crude oil and ClearFRAC XT J948 fluids form an emulsion, it is

recommended that a preflush containing F105 or W054 be pumped to break the
emulsion. A laboratory procedure using F105 is given in Section 6.16 that allows
the determination of the most effective preflush composition, and the optimum
volume of preflush to be pumped during the job.
If a preflush fluid is required to eliminate an emulsion problem, then it must be the

first fluid to contact the formation during a treatment. The preflush fluid should
be pumped at, or as close as possible to, the designed fracturing treatment
rates. Ideally the volume should be sufficient to cover the majority of the propped
fracture length. Before starting the pad, pump a small spacer (500 galUS (1.9
m3) of mix water with clay stabilizer) to minimize intermixing of the leading edge
of the ClearFRAC XT J948 fluid with the preflush fluid.

6.16, contact the local CSL, Pressure, Pumping and Chemistry laboratory ,
or InTouch.

A chemical is considered compatible with ClearFRAC XT J948 straight fluid if it:
Private
• does not reduce the viscosity (measured at 100 s−1) below 90% of its original
value
• allows the J948 fluid to have comparable static proppant suspension ability
over all temperature ranges compared to the original value
• does not lengthen fluid recovery time (see Section 6.18.3.6).
In this section, the effect of certain classes of chemicals on the performance of

ClearFRAC XT J948 fluids is discussed. Materials not mentioned here must be
screened for compatibility prior to use. A compatibility test procedure is given in
Section 6.17.

In general, most surfactant products or products with a large amount of organic
solvents are not compatible with ClearFRAC XT J948 fluids. The effect of
several common additives on the viscosity of ClearFRAC XT J948 fluids is
shown in Table 6-12 for ambient (80 degF [27 degC]) and higher temperature
(180 degF [82 degC]). It is believed that good low-shear viscosity is an indication
for good proppant transportation, therefore, the effect on low-shear viscosity
(0.1 s−1) and mid-shear (100 s−1) viscosity are both given in the table. Most
additives listed in Table 6-12 reduce straight fluid viscosity, and therefore should
not be mixed with ClearFRAC XT J948 fluids. Thoroughly cleaning and drying
the pumping equipment and hoses prior to any ClearFRAC XT J948 treatment is
highly recommended.
Table 6-12: Effect of Common Potential Contaminants on the Viscosity of ClearFRAC XT

J948 Fluids
Concentration,
Additive galUS/1,000
At 80 degF [27 degC] At 180 degF [82 degC]
galUS or L/m3
0.1 s−1 100 s−1 0.1 s−1 100 s−1
W054 5 −85 −85 −90 −90
F105 5 −95 −60 −90 −90
F104 5 −35 −50 −90 0
F103 5 −15 −30 −95 −80
U066 10 45 −15 −90 −5
U066 15 −55 −40 −90 −50
K046 100 200 −30 −90 −20
M290 0.25 0 5 −70 0
Private
Clay stabilizers L055 and L237 are generally compatible with ClearFRAC XT
J948 fluids, but their foamed viscosity temperature profiles with respect to foam
qualities may be different from those of L064 fluids, and therefore should be
tested separately by regional the CSL before use.
6.9 Resin-Coated Proppants (RCP)

It is crucial to perform the prejob compatibility tests (expose 10 ppa (lbm
proppant added) (4.5 kg proppant added) RCP to ClearFRAC XT J948 straight
fluid at 150 degF [66 degC] for 1 hour) prior to pumping RCPs with ClearFRAC
XT J948 fluids. Three key fluid properties that need to be examined after the
fluid is exposed to RCPs are
• straight fluid viscosity (see Section 6.18.3.4)

• N2 foam fluid viscosity (regional CSL)
• fluid viscosity recovery time (see Section 6.18.3.6).
If the measured data is within 15% of the listed specifications, then the tested
RCP is compatible with J948 fluids.
Several commonly available RCPs from Santrol and Momentive (formerly

Hexion) have been tested and their compatibilities are listed in Table 6-13. The
compatible claim made is based on using 100% of the RCP stated below; any
mixture of these RCPs may become incompatible and thus require further testing.

DynaProp®, VES Dynaprop
G2®, Tempered HS®,
Tempered LC®, Super LC®,
Santrol VES-TLC®1
Optiprop®, VES Optiprop®
G2, VES-THS®, VES-SLC®,
VES-TDC®, VES-TDS-PLUS®
Ceramax P™, XRT Gold
Momentive PR6000™, AcFRAC Black™
20/40™, SB Excel 20/40™
1
Some compatibility when used as tail-in stage.
6.10 Field Mixing

Flush and drain all additive systems, hoses and lines. Ensure they are empty
and clean. Any impurities (especially water, oil, foaming agents or biocides) can
have an adverse effect on ClearFRAC XT J948 fluids or J590 itself.
Private
ClearFRAC XT J948 fluids are prepared by mixing J590 gelling agent, J589
rheology modifier, and 0 to 7 wt % (0 to 585 lbm/1,000 galUS (0 to 70 kg/m3)) KCl
or 2 galUS/1,000 galUS (2 L/m3) L064 with freshwater. The J590 gelling agent
and J589 rheology modifier are usually added on the fly and must be added to
the suction side of the POD blender, since agitation in the mixer is required to
produce fluid viscosity. Perform a bucket check to ensure that the designed
pump rates of J590 and J589 are achievable. J590 and J589 are electrically
conductive, so their rates can be measured with either an electromagnetic or
Micro Motion flowmeter.
J589 concentration is normally between 0.5 and 8.5 galUS/1,000 galUS (0.5 and
8.5 L/m3). In situations where the J589 concentration required is low and the
straight fluid pump rate is also low, dilution of the J589 package prior to the
job is necessary. Follow the procedure described in Section 6.10.1 for dilution
and prejob preparations.
It has been reported that the POD blender will cause excess foaming and spitting
at low treating rates (<8 bbl/min (<1.3 m3/min) for straight fluid). This can happen
frequently in high foam quality ClearFRAC XT J948 jobs, especially at the high
proppant concentration stages. However, it can be circumvented by pinching
back the 8-in hose (frac tank to POD), or replacing it with three 4-in hoses.
Alternatively, rig up a recirculation line from the POD blender discharge side
back to the suction side.
Batch mixing J590 in a frac tank by ONLY rolling the mix water can result in high
viscosity separation and is strongly discouraged. J590 can only be batch mixed
in a small, well-mixed tank such as a recirculated gravel-pack blender.
Note
The hoses and equipment used to pump gelling agent J590 must be free of
water, otherwise J590 will gum up and plug the flow path. It is recommended
that the J590 flow path be cleaned with mutual solvent U066 then blow dried
with air before pumping.
6.10.1 Prejob preparation
6.10.1.1 Dilution of J589 or J589C to J589D

Calculate the J589 add rate at the lowest straight fluid rate during the job. This is
usually when circulating the PAD between annular and tubing to minimize the
total fluid loading, or at high proppant concentration in the later stage of the job,
Private
partially on foam fracturing treatments. If the addition rate of J589 is less than
0.26 galUS/min (1 L/min) using a LABS unit, dilution is required. In this case,
J589 is diluted to J589D and added as J589D in the job.
J589D can be made from J589 or J589C. Both procedures are given below as a
guideline using a 265 galUS (1,000 L) clean tote as an example.
To make one tote of J589D from J589:
1. Clean a tote completely - the tote should preferably be new or previously

used for L064.
2. Fill the tote with 198 galUS (750 L) of clean water. City tap water is preferred,
but frac water with KCl can be used in an emergency, but use should be
limited.
3. Add 66 galUS (250 L) of J589 to the water.
4. Circulate the tote with the liquid pump at ~5 galUS/min (~20 L/min) for 30
minutes to make a homogeneous solution. Perform the QA/QC test as given
in Section 6.19.
5. Print out the J589D label and place it on the tote.
To make one tote of J589D from J589C:
1. Fill a clean tote with 265 galUS (1,000 L) of clean water (close to a full
tote). City tap water is preferred, but frac water with KCl can be used in an
emergency.
2. Add 3 galUS (11.25 L) of J589C to the water.
3. Circulate the tote with the liquid pump at ~5 galUS/min (~20 L/min) for 30
minutes to make a homogeneous solution. Perform the QA/QC test as given
in Section 6.19.
4. Print out the J589D label and place it on the tote.
Note
Do NOT use an air lance to mix J589D, especially when preparing J589D from
J589. It will drive out the volatile component in the system.
J589 and J589C packages are formulated to be stable over a wide temperature
range (15 to 150 degF [9 to 66 degC]) and for a long shelf life (1 year). Once
the package composition is altered, that is, diluted with water to make J589D,
or a large quantity of solvent is evaporated, it will not have the same stability
as the original package, especially at temperatures higher than 80 degF [27
degC]. Phase separation will occur. Caution is needed to ensure the package
Private
is homogeneous and will still function as it should. Perform the QA/QC test
given in Section 6.19 before the job. Figure 6-1 gives a shelf life guideline for
J589D. Phase separated J589D can be recirculated for 30 minutes to make it
homogeneous J589D again.
Figure 6-1: J589D Shelf life as a function of storage temperature.
Note
The J589 active ingredient concentration is low, but critical for the fluid to
perform. It is essential for the success of the job to have the correct amount of
J589 added throughout the whole job. The J589 active ingredient concentration
must be correct and uniform throughout the whole container. When making
J589D from J589C, note that J589C is a viscous solution and it is difficult to drain
completely. Allow extra time for the J589C to completely drain into the mixing
tote. It is also critical that there are no contaminants in the J589 package. Prior
to the job on location, a sample should be taken to conduct the QA/QC test
described in Section 6.19.
6.10.1.2 Preblending of J590 and J589C

Although it is recommended to pump J590 and J589 as separate streams on the
fly, preblending J590 and J589C (only) and then pumping it as a single additive is
also achievable under some circumstances. However, once blended, the mixture
has to be used within a certain time since phase separation will occur over time.
It should also be noted that premixing may not be desirable since remaining
Private
tank bottoms may need to be discarded. Figure 6-2 gives the shelf life of the
preblend with respect to storage temperature. To be on the cautious side, the
preblending approach is not recommended if there is no proper equipment
to continuously recirculate the mixture. Only J589C can be preblended with
J590. The water content in J589 or J589D formulations is too high and can
cause the J590 to gel, and therefore should NOT be used.
Figure 6-2: J590/J589C preblend shelf life as a function of storage temperature.
Preblending J590 and J589C should be done in a well-ventilated area with

a centrifugal or diaphragm pump. The amount of J589C to be added to J590
should be determined based on the formulation used. Table 6-14 gives the
preblend composition for each fluid formulation. An example is given below of
how to preblend one tote (265 galUS (1,000 L)) of the mixture for a designed
formulation of 15 galUS/1,000 galUS (15 L/m3) of J590 and 2.5 galUS/1,000
galUS (2.5 L/m3) of J589.
1. Select a full, new tote of J590 product. Make a recirculation line that can
intake fluid from the bottom of the tote and discharge it to the top of the tote.
Make sure the line and pump are clean off contaminants and water.
2. Flush the line with the J590 in the tote and discard the first 2 to 3 galUS
(7.5 to 11 L) of the fluid. Put the discharge line back into the top of the tote,
immerse it into the fluid to a depth of about 2 inches and start circulation.
Private
3. Add 2 galUS (7.5 L) of J589C to the top of the tote. Be sure to completely
drain all of the J589C from the measuring container into the tote.
4. Circulate the tote at ~5 galUS/min (~20 L/min) for 40 minutes to make a
homogeneous solution. Perform the QA/QC test given in Section 6.18. (No
J589 will be added in this case.)
5. Label the tote as J590/J589C blend, percent of J590 by volume and the
date and time it was mixed.
Table 6-14: Fluid Formulations and J590/J589 Ratios
J589C Percentage Relative

Formulations
J590/J589 to J590
ratio By volume,
J590, % J589, % J589C, %1 By weight, %
%
0.85 0.85 0.038 1.00 4.00 4.49
1.00 0.75 0.034 1.33 3.00 3.37
1.25 0.50 0.022 2.50 1.60 1.80
1.50 0.25 0.011 6.00 0.67 0.75
2.00 0.33 0.015 6.00 0.67 0.75
2.50 0.42 0.019 6.00 0.67 0.75
3.00 0.50 0.022 6.00 0.67 0.75
3.50 0.58 0.026 6.00 0.67 0.75
4.00 0.67 0.030 6.00 0.67 0.75
4.50 0.75 0.034 6.00 0.67 0.75
5.00 0.30 0.013 16.67 0.24 0.27
5.50 0.13 0.006 44.00 0.09 0.10
6.00 0.05 0.002 120.00 0.03 0.04
1
J589C should never be pumped as received.
6.10.2 Continuous mixing J948 fluids

The preferred way to prepare the fluid is to batch mix 2 to 7 wt % (167 to 585
lbm/1,000 galUS (20 to 70 kg/m3)) KCl into the mix water in advance, and pump
J590 and J589 as the liquid additives on the fly. This approach reduces the
complexity of job operations and minimizes errors.
J590 and J589 (and L064 if an organic clay stabilizer is used) are metered into
the suction side of the POD blender using two separate liquid additive pumps.
J590 and J589 are electrically conductive and can be metered accordingly.
Private
Following a job, the POD liquid additive system (including all hoses used), and
any equipment exposed to J590 should be flushed with isopropyl alcohol (IPA) or
mutual solvents such as U066.
6.10.3 Batch-mixing J948 fluids in small well-mixed tanks

ClearFRAC XT J948 can be prepared by batch mixing with mix water containing
2 to 7 wt % (167 to 585 lbm/1,000 galUS (20 to 70 kg/m3)) KCl or 0.2% (2
galUS/1,000 galUS (2 L/m3)) L064, if the tank is adequately mixed, for example
with a gravel-pack blender. J590 should be pumped slowly into the suction of a
recirculating centrifugal pump first, followed by J589 after one hour of mixing. A
POD blender could be used to recirculate the tank. For such applications the
following procedure should be used.
empty and clean. Any impurities (especially oil) can have an adverse effect
on ClearFRAC XT J948 fluids.
2. Rig up the blender to circulate mix water in tank.
3. Add 2 wt % (167 lbm/1,000 galUS (20 kg/m3)) KCl clay stabilizer and agitate
for at least 30 minutes.
4. Slowly add J590 upstream of the recirculating pump of the blender. Mix for
1 hour, then add in J589 and continue the mixing. Longer mixing periods
may be necessary when the mix-water temperature is less than 70 degF [21
degC]. J590 contains surfactants and foaming may occur. Rigging up the
discharge of the recirculation line below the fluid surface will help to minimize
the foaming. Do not use an antifoam agent in any ClearFRAC XT J948 fluids.
described in Section 6.18.3.5. It is important to allow sufficient time and
shear for the fluid viscosity to develop. Do not add additional surfactant until
the measured fluid viscosity has stabilized.
Note
Premixed J948 fluids can be very viscous, and can cause suction problems
at the blender. This can limit the job rate or cause loss of prime during the
treatment. Refer to the PumperPOD* Operators Manual for a complete
description of prejob suction tests.
As a quick summary:
• Measure or calculate the head of the fluid in the mix tank.

• Circulate the tank at 1.25 times the maximum job rate.
Private
• Slowly close suction valves on the mix tank to reduce the suction pressure by
the amount of head in the tank. This simulates pumping from an empty tank
under ideal conditions. Loss of prime indicates that the system is not going
to deliver the desired rate.

Following a job, the POD liquid additive system (including all hoses used) should
be flushed with IPA or mutual solvents for equipment exposed to J590.
6.11 Execution
Fracturing jobs using ClearFRAC XT J948 fluids are executed in the same
manner as those using polymer fluids. For further details, consult the document
"Guidelines for the Design and Evaluation of ClearFRAC Treatments" (available
through InTouchSupport.com* on the ClearFRAC Reference Page, InTouch
content 3250786).
6.12 Storage
J590, J589 and J589C should be stored out of direct sunlight and sources of
ignition in a well-ventilated area. Even though J590 and J589 are chemically
stable between 20 and 150 degF [−7 and 66 degC], it is recommended that these
materials be stored between 20 and 120 degF [−7 and 49 degC] to minimize
phase separation, solvent evaporation and possibly thermal degradation. J589D
is not designed for long-term storage over a wide temperature range. It will
freeze below 32 degF [0 degC] and phase separate rapidly at higher temperature
(>85 degF [29 degC]). J589D storage temperature should be 35 to 80 degF [2
to 27 degC].
It is crucial to keep J590, J589 and J589C containers tightly closed and to avoid
unnecessary agitation. J590, J589 and J589C are flammable liquids and will
evaporate gradually if containers are left uncapped. Partially evaporated J590
becomes thicker to pump, and might also phase separate below 30 degF [−1
degC] depending on the amount of evaporation. Although J589 and J589C will
not get thicker visibly, phase separation can occur and the solutions' long-term
temperature stability can be impaired. J589D is less sensitive to evaporation but
still a flammable liquid.
The pour point of J590 is 15 degF [−9 degC] (see Section 6.14.10) and 10 degF
[−12 degC] for J589. The pour point for J589D is 32 degF [0 degC]. In order to
ensure a homogeneous mixture, it is recommended to circulate the tote of J589
Private
or J589D prior to use regardless of the storage temperature. J590, J589 and
J589C are flammable liquids; J589D is a combustible liquid, and they should
be handled accordingly.
J590, J589 and J589C have shelf lives of approximately one year if stored
correctly at temperatures between 20 degF [−7 degC] and 120 degF [49 degC].
The shelf life will be shortened if not stored properly. Refer to Section 6.18 and
Section 6.19 for QA/QC procedures. J589D should be prepared before use.
Refer to Section 6.10.1.1 for shelf life and Section 6.19 for QA/QC procedures.
Do not add any aqueous material to the J590 container, the surfactant will
gum up immediately.
Note
Perform QA/QC tests before every job. The shelf life information is only provided
as a guideline.
Private
6.13 Appendix A: Rheology Data at 100 s−1
6.13.1 Appendix A-1: Viscosity versus temperature of

J948 straight fluids in 2 wt % KCl
Note
KCl and M117 are used interchangeably.
Figure 6-3: Fann 50 viscosity versus temperature of J948 straight fluids in 2% KCl.
(Legend shows J590 and J589 concentrations. 1% = 10 galUS/1,000 galUS)
Private
6.13.2 Appendix A-2: Typical rheological properties of

J948 straight fluids in 2 wt % KCl
Table 6-15: Fann 50 Rheology of J948 Fluids in 2 wt % KCl made with tap Water
Fluid Viscosities, cP or mPa·s

Temperature K′, at Shear Rates
Fluid Composition n′
lbf-sn′/ft2
degF degC 40 s−1 100 s−1 170 s−1
73 23 0.3190 0.0090 35 19 13
109 43 0.3740 0.0066 31 18 13

126 52 0.2450 0.0297 88 44 29
145 63 0.3240 0.0209 83 44 31
J590: 8.5 galUS/1,000
175 79 0.4000 0.0063 33 19 14
galUS,
J589: 8.5 galUS/1,000 202 94 0.4110 0.0033 18 10 8
galUS,
216 102 0.3090 0.0032 12 6 4
KCl: 167 lbm/1,000 galUS
242 117 0.2760 0.0021 7 4 2
257 125 0.1920 0.0021 5 2 2
277 136 0.1410 0.0023 5 2 1
296 147 0.2320 0.0014 4 2 1
74 23 0.3020 0.0139 51 27 18
109 43 0.4420 0.0073 45 27 20
127 53 0.3740 0.0151 72 40 29
147 64 0.5630 0.0035 33 22 18
J590: 10 galUS/1,000
172 78 0.1660 0.0134 30 14 9
galUS,
J589: 7.5 galUS/1,000 197 92 0.2230 0.0095 26 13 8
galUS,
217 103 0.2680 0.0063 20 10 7
238 114 0.1700 0.0070 16 7 5
256 124 0.1040 0.0077 14 6 4
271 133 0.0780 0.0082 13 6 3
294 146 0.0260 0.0107 14 6 3
Private

lbf-sn′/ft2
degF degC 40 s−1 100 s−1 170 s−1
77 25 0.2880 0.0320 111 58 40
110 43 0.2700 0.0309 100 51 35
126 52 0.2700 0.0307 99 51 35
147 64 0.4000 0.0129 68 39 28
J590: 15 galUS/1,000
173 78 0.1020 0.0241 42 18 11
galUS,
J589: 2.5 galUS/1,000 197 92 0.1130 0.0235 43 19 12
galUS,
218 103 0.2020 0.0153 39 19 12

237 114 0.2660 0.0100 32 16 11
256 124 0.2920 0.0077 27 14 10
276 136 0.2220 0.0082 22 11 7
296 147 0.1080 0.0103 18 8 5
76 24 0.3580 0.0359 161 89 64

109 43 0.2720 0.0460 150 77 52
127 53 0.2920 0.0405 142 74 51
145 63 0.6980 0.0047 74 56 48
J590: 20 galUS/1,000
171 77 0.1050 0.0336 59 26 16
galUS,
J589: 3.3 galUS/1,000 197 92 0.1150 0.0345 63 28 18
galUS,
217 103 0.2960 0.0147 52 28 19
236 113 0.4100 0.0069 37 22 16
258 126 0.3620 0.0062 28 16 11
281 138 0.2590 0.0069 21 11 7
302 150 0.1040 0.0100 18 8 5
Private

lbf-sn′/ft2
degF degC 40 s−1 100 s−1 170 s−1
73 23 0.4130 0.0327 180 105 77
111 44 0.3420 0.0372 157 86 61
128 53 0.3120 0.0472 179 95 66
146 63 0.5590 0.0112 105 70 56
J590: 25 galUS/1,000
177 81 0.1460 0.0321 66 30 19
galUS,
J589: 4.2 galUS/1,000 198 92 0.1820 0.0291 68 32 21
galUS,
217 103 0.3710 0.0123 58 33 23

240 116 0.5520 0.0032 29 19 15
259 126 0.4790 0.0034 24 15 11
279 137 0.4830 0.0022 16 10 7
300 149 0.2960 0.0023 8 4 3
76 24 0.3430 0.0580 246 135 95

112 44 0.3040 0.0655 241 127 88
129 54 0.3770 0.0469 226 127 92
152 67 0.6570 0.0078 105 77 64
J590: 30 galUS/1,000 178 81 0.0960 0.0549 94 41 25
galUS,
198 92 0.1560 0.0455 97 45 29
J589: 5 galUS/1,000 galUS,
KCl: 167 lbm/1,000 galUS 221 105 0.4560 0.0107 69 42 31
242 117 0.5960 0.0036 39 27 22
263 128 0.5300 0.0034 29 19 15
283 139 0.3860 0.0042 21 12 9
303 151 0.1830 0.0065 15 7 5
Private

lbf-sn′/ft2
degF degC 40 s−1 100 s−1 170 s−1
76 24 0.3390 0.0654 273 149 105
109 43 0.2850 0.0746 256 133 91
126 52 0.2890 0.0813 283 147 101
145 63 0.3350 0.0625 257 140 98
J590: 35 galUS/1,000
175 79 0.2450 0.0418 124 62 41
galUS,
J589: 5.8 galUS/1,000 198 92 0.1500 0.0581 121 56 35
galUS,
220 104 0.3410 0.0218 92 50 35

238 114 0.4720 0.0080 55 34 25
260 127 0.4200 0.0057 32 19 14
280 138 0.3140 0.0060 23 12 8
300 149 0.1560 0.0080 17 8 5
77 25 0.2820 0.0905 307 159 108

112 44 0.2460 0.1035 307 154 103
126 52 0.2290 0.1166 325 160 106
148 64 0.4210 0.0489 277 163 120
J590: 40 galUS/1,000
174 79 0.1860 0.0615 146 69 45
galUS,
J589: 6.7 galUS/1,000 199 93 0.1870 0.0599 143 68 44
galUS,
219 104 0.4770 0.0139 97 60 45
240 116 0.6620 0.0034 47 34 29
260 127 0.5990 0.0025 27 19 15
280 138 0.4580 0.0028 18 11 8
300 149 0.2550 0.0041 13 6 4
Private

lbf-sn′/ft2
degF degC 40 s−1 100 s−1 170 s−1
73 23 0.3120 0.0923 349 186 129
112 44 0.2720 0.1080 353 181 123
131 55 0.2420 0.1417 414 207 138
147 64 0.3600 0.0834 377 210 149
J590: 45 galUS/1,000
172 78 0.2150 0.0750 198 97 64
galUS,
J589: 7.5 galUS/1,000 197 92 0.1060 0.1093 193 85 53
galUS,
218 103 0.3400 0.0352 148 81 57

237 114 0.5680 0.0088 86 58 46
257 125 0.5100 0.0064 50 32 25
276 136 0.3680 0.0067 31 17 12
296 147 0.2150 0.0077 20 10 7
76 24 0.3570 0.0696 311 172 123

110 43 0.3180 0.0798 309 165 115
126 52 0.2860 0.0984 338 176 120
145 63 0.5880 0.0276 289 198 159
J590: 50 galUS/1,000 175 79 0.1270 0.0801 153 69 43
galUS,
202 94 0.1170 0.0934 172 77 48
KCl: 167 lbm/1,000 galUS 222 106 0.2710 0.0480 156 80 54
247 119 0.7390 0.0041 75 59 51
260 127 0.7950 0.0021 47 39 35
280 138 0.5900 0.0025 26 18 15
300 149 0.4790 0.0018 13 8 6
Private

lbf-sn′/ft2
degF degC 40 s−1 100 s−1 170 s−1
75 24 0.3240 0.0862 341 184 128
114 46 0.2670 0.1334 428 218 148
130 54 0.2880 0.1209 419 218 149
150 66 0.6860 0.0135 203 152 129
J590: 55 galUS/1,000
171 77 0.1880 0.0749 179 85 55
galUS,
J589: 1.3 galUS/1,000 197 92 0.0570 0.1476 218 92 56
galUS,
217 103 0.1610 0.1021 221 103 66

237 114 0.6150 0.0120 139 98 80
257 125 0.8130 0.0026 62 53 48
278 137 0.5600 0.0030 28 19 15
298 148 0.3570 0.0035 16 9 6
72 22 0.3680 0.0884 411 230 165

110 43 0.1780 0.1920 443 209 135
126 52 0.2450 0.1428 422 211 142
147 64 0.5910 0.0196 208 143 115
J590: 60 galUS/1,000
173 78 0.0690 0.1158 179 76 46
galUS,
J589: 0.5 galUS/1,000 198 92 0.0390 0.1739 240 100 60
galUS,
217 103 0.0620 0.1833 276 117 71
237 114 0.2750 0.0748 247 127 86
258 126 0.6320 0.0121 149 106 88
277 136 0.7860 0.0031 67 55 49
297 147 0.6170 0.0028 33 23 19
Private

J948 straight fluids with 2 galUS/1,000 galUS L064
Figure 6-4: Fann 50 viscosity versus temperature of J948 straight fluids with 2 galUS/1,000
galUS L064. (Legend shows J590 and J589 concentrations. 1% = 10 galUS/1,000 galUS)
Private
6.13.4 Appendix A-4: Typical rheological properties of

J948 straight fluids with 2 galUS/1,000 galUS L064
Table 6-16: Fann 50 Rheology of J948 Fluids made with L064 in tap Water

lbf-sn′/ft2
degF degC 40 s−1 100 s−1 170 s−1
77 25 0.5590 0.0013 12 8 6
110 43 0.5980 0.0014 15 11 9

126 52 0.3550 0.0156 69 38 27
J590: 8.5 galUS/1,000
150 66 0.4680 0.0084 57 35 26
galUS,
J589: 8.5 galUS/1,000 173 78 0.4570 0.0039 25 15 11
galUS,
197 92 0.5410 0.0015 13 9 7
L064: 2 galUS/1,000 galUS
224 107 0.4850 0.0008 6 4 3
233 112 0.4520 0.0006 4 2 2
258 126 0.2880 0.0007 2 1 1
77 25 0.4370 0.0050 30 18 13
109 43 0.4950 0.0036 27 17 13
127 53 0.2580 0.0245 76 38 26
149 65 0.4940 0.0082 61 38 29
J590: 10 galUS/1,000
175 79 0.4570 0.0036 23 14 11
galUS,
J589: 7.5 galUS/1,000 196 91 0.4700 0.0023 16 10 7
galUS,
218 103 0.4930 0.0013 10 6 5
243 117 0.3580 0.0011 5 3 2
258 126 0.3520 0.0011 5 3 2
275 135 0.5290 0.0004 3 2 2
297 147 0.5270 0.0002 2 1 1
Private

lbf-sn′/ft2
degF degC 40 s−1 100 s−1 170 s−1
76 24 0.3360 0.0232 96 52 37
109 43 0.2990 0.0229 83 43 30
127 53 0.3340 0.0238 98 53 37
148 64 0.3620 0.0176 80 45 32
J590: 15 galUS/1,000
174 79 0.1100 0.0247 44 20 12
galUS,
J589: 2.5 galUS/1,000 196 91 0.1670 0.0150 33 15 10
galUS,
217 103 0.3220 0.0070 27 15 10

236 113 0.4270 0.0035 20 12 9
257 125 0.3510 0.0031 14 7 5
277 136 0.2310 0.0042 12 6 4
295 146 0.1900 0.0038 9 4 3
77 25 0.3470 0.0368 158 87 62

110 43 0.3100 0.0375 141 75 52
125 52 0.2840 0.0459 157 81 56
148 64 0.4900 0.0134 98 61 47
J590: 20 galUS/1,000
175 79 0.1080 0.0347 62 27 17
galUS,
J589: 3.3 galUS/1,000 196 91 0.1190 0.0344 64 28 18
galUS,
222 106 0.2420 0.0183 53 27 18
238 114 0.4090 0.0054 29 17 12
259 126 0.3580 0.0039 17 10 7
279 137 0.2860 0.0034 12 6 4
298 148 0.2130 0.0030 8 4 3
Private

lbf-sn′/ft2
degF degC 40 s−1 100 s−1 170 s−1
80 27 0.3630 0.0417 190 106 76
110 43 0.2970 0.0468 168 88 61
125 52 0.2810 0.0548 185 96 65
149 65 0.5430 0.0131 116 76 60
J590: 25 galUS/1,000
173 78 0.1520 0.0330 69 32 20
galUS,
J589: 4.2 galUS/1,000 202 94 0.1660 0.0315 70 32 21
galUS,
216 102 0.2570 0.0199 61 31 21

252 122 0.4040 0.0051 27 16 11
261 127 0.4080 0.0040 22 13 9
290 143 0.2330 0.0051 14 7 5
299 148 0.2280 0.0047 13 6 4
83 28 0.3640 0.0493 226 126 90

109 43 0.3140 0.0519 198 106 73
129 54 0.2810 0.0647 218 113 77
146 63 0.5400 0.0179 157 103 81
J590: 30 galUS/1,000 177 81 0.2050 0.0285 73 35 23
galUS,
197 92 0.1710 0.0337 76 35 23
L064: 2 galUS/1,000 galUS 217 103 0.4570 0.0087 56 34 26
239 115 1.0380 0.0004 22 23 23
257 125 0.4630 0.0039 26 16 12
276 136 0.3830 0.0042 21 12 8
296 147 0.2540 0.0049 15 8 5
Private

lbf-sn′/ft2
degF degC 40 s−1 100 s−1 170 s−1
76 24 0.3460 0.0639 274 151 106
109 43 0.3080 0.0674 251 133 92
126 52 0.2590 0.0922 287 146 98
146 63 0.3700 0.0554 260 146 104
J590: 35 galUS/1,000
172 78 0.2980 0.0330 119 62 43
galUS,
J589: 5.8 galUS/1,000 197 92 0.1640 0.0529 116 54 35
galUS,
217 103 0.3660 0.0201 93 52 37

236 113 0.6490 0.0038 50 36 30
257 125 0.6930 0.0018 28 21 18
276 136 0.6280 0.0014 17 12 10
296 147 0.4710 0.0017 12 7 5
74 23 0.3170 0.0775 299 160 111

112 44 0.2720 0.0930 304 156 106
127 53 0.2610 0.1037 325 165 112
147 64 0.4250 0.0468 269 159 117
J590: 40 galUS/1,000
173 78 0.2650 0.0409 130 66 45
galUS,
J589: 6.7 galUS/1,000 199 93 0.1800 0.0580 135 64 41
galUS,
219 104 0.5100 0.0114 90 57 44
239 115 0.6960 0.0029 45 34 29
259 126 0.6470 0.0019 25 18 15
280 138 0.5090 0.0022 17 11 8
299 148 0.3810 0.0024 12 7 5
Private

lbf-sn′/ft2
degF degC 40 s−1 100 s−1 170 s−1
79 26 0.2650 0.1165 371 189 128
109 43 0.2570 0.1075 332 168 113
126 52 0.2610 0.1160 364 185 125
147 64 0.2500 0.1265 381 192 129
J590: 45 galUS/1,000
173 78 0.2490 0.0567 170 85 57
galUS,
J589: 7.5 galUS/1,000 197 92 0.1290 0.0858 165 74 47
galUS,
216 102 0.3090 0.0342 128 68 47

237 114 0.6040 0.0057 63 44 36
256 124 0.6010 0.0033 36 25 20
277 136 0.5800 0.0018 18 12 10
297 147 0.9060 0.0002 7 6 6
74 23 0.2870 0.1091 376 196 134

107 42 0.2750 0.1124 371 191 130
126 52 0.2560 0.1387 427 216 145
146 63 0.4880 0.0484 351 219 167
J590: 50 galUS/1,000 173 78 0.2640 0.0547 173 88 60
galUS,
199 93 0.0890 0.1189 198 86 53
L064: 2 galUS/1,000 galUS 220 104 0.2990 0.0484 175 92 63
240 116 0.6310 0.0086 106 75 62
259 126 0.8430 0.0018 48 42 38
278 137 0.8520 0.0008 22 19 18
297 147 0.6100 0.0010 11 8 6
Private

lbf-sn′/ft2
degF degC 40 s−1 100 s−1 170 s−1
73 23 0.2830 0.1244 423 219 150
106 41 0.2300 0.1476 413 204 135
126 52 0.2450 0.1573 465 233 156
146 63 0.5320 0.0418 356 232 181
J590: 55 galUS/1,000
173 78 0.1800 0.0947 220 104 67
galUS,
J589: 1.3 galUS/1,000 199 93 0.0750 0.1502 237 102 62
galUS,
221 105 0.1880 0.0984 236 112 73

240 116 0.4710 0.0253 172 106 80
260 127 0.6520 0.0066 88 64 53
279 137 0.5730 0.0042 42 28 22
298 148 0.4190 0.0040 22 13 10
81 27 0.3610 0.0817 370 206 147

107 42 0.2040 0.1665 423 204 134
127 53 0.2240 0.1722 471 231 153
149 65 0.6300 0.0262 320 228 188
J590: 60 galUS/1,000
175 79 0.2320 0.0672 189 94 62
galUS,
J589: 0.5 galUS/1,000 202 94 0.0660 0.1536 235 100 61
galUS,
223 106 0.1570 0.1155 247 114 73
242 117 0.4980 0.0240 180 114 87
263 128 0.8310 0.0030 77 66 60
280 138 0.5110 0.0070 55 35 27
300 149 0.1620 0.0205 45 21 13
Private
6.13.5 Appendix A-5: Viscosity versus temperature of 45

galUS/1,000 galUS J590 and 7.5 galUS/1,000 galUS
J589 straight fluids in different mix waters
Figure 6-5: Fann 50 viscosity versus temperature of 45 galUS/1,000 galUS J590 and
7.5 galUS/1,000 galUS J589 straight fluids in different mix waters.
Private
6.13.6 Appendix A-6: Typical rheological properties of 45

J589 straight fluids in different mix waters
Table 6-17: Fann 50 Rheology of J948 Fluids in Different mix Waters

lbf-sn′/ft2
degF degC 40 s−1 100 s−1 170 s−1
84 29 0.2650 0.1285 409 208 141

106 41 0.2530 0.1239 377 190 128
128 53 0.2260 0.1575 434 214 142
146 63 0.6190 0.0271 318 224 183
J590: 45 galUS/1,000
173 78 0.2060 0.0686 176 85 56
galUS,
J589: 7.5 galUS/1,000 197 92 0.0790 0.1162 186 80 49
galUS,
217 103 0.0680 0.1182 182 77 47
Tap water
237 114 0.2700 0.0491 159 82 55
257 125 0.4830 0.0143 102 63 48
276 136 0.4970 0.0073 55 34 26
296 147 0.2740 0.0096 32 16 11
73 23 0.2780 0.1131 378 195 133

110 43 0.2420 0.1366 399 199 133
128 53 0.4070 0.0672 361 210 153
146 63 0.6800 0.0116 171 127 107
J590: 45 galUS/1,000
171 77 0.0670 0.1149 176 75 46
galUS,
J589: 7.5 galUS/1,000 196 91 0.1090 0.1104 198 87 54
galUS,
216 102 0.3840 0.0321 158 90 65
Seawater
236 113 0.5580 0.011 103 69 54
257 125 0.4500 0.0111 70 42 32
276 136 0.3030 0.0138 51 27 18
296 147 0.1640 0.0198 43 20 13
Private

lbf-sn′/ft2
degF degC 40 s−1 100 s−1 170 s−1
70 21 0.3080 0.0899 335 178 123
112 44 0.2520 0.1159 351 177 119
126 52 0.2700 0.1202 390 200 135
147 64 0.5600 0.0283 267 179 141
J590: 45 galUS/1,000
172 78 0.1750 0.0772 176 83 53
galUS,
J589: 7.5 galUS/1,000 197 92 0.0810 0.1224 198 85 52
galUS,
216 102 0.2200 0.0675 182 89 59

238 114 0.4430 0.0198 121 73 54
256 124 0.5130 0.0107 85 54 42
276 136 0.4270 0.0117 68 40 30
295 146 0.2950 0.0118 42 22 15
76 24 0.3350 0.0805 332 180 127

111 44 0.2510 0.1199 362 182 123
128 53 0.2280 0.1502 417 206 136
144 62 0.6270 0.0247 299 212 174
J590: 45 galUS/1,000
174 79 0.1260 0.0848 162 73 46
galUS,
J589: 7.5 galUS/1,000 196 91 0.0720 0.1185 185 79 48
galUS,
221 105 0.3200 0.0362 141 76 53
239 115 0.4160 0.0173 96 56 41
259 126 0.3450 0.014 60 33 23
279 137 0.2810 0.0141 48 25 17
298 148 0.1360 0.0191 38 17 11
Private

lbf-sn′/ft2
degF degC 40 s−1 100 s−1 170 s−1
79 26 0.3060 0.0900 333 176 122
106 41 0.2620 0.0993 312 159 107
129 54 0.2270 0.1423 394 194 129
146 63 1.0500 0.0029 167 175 180
J590: 45 galUS/1,000
173 78 0.0300 0.1039 139 57 34
galUS,
J589: 7.5 galUS/1,000 197 92 0.1120 0.0864 156 69 43
galUS,
217 103 0.3460 0.0304 130 72 51

239 115 0.5610 0.0087 82 55 44
260 127 0.5660 0.0048 46 31 25
280 138 0.5160 0.0040 32 21 16
300 149 0.3580 0.0050 22 12 9
81 27 0.3420 0.0785 332 182 128

109 43 0.2680 0.1044 336 172 116
127 53 0.3380 0.0890 371 202 142
147 64 0.7330 0.0076 136 106 92
J590: 45 galUS/1,000
174 79 0.0710 0.0965 150 64 39
galUS,
J589: 7.5 galUS/1,000 199 93 0.0690 0.1143 176 75 46
galUS,
220 104 0.3710 0.0315 148 83 60
240 116 0.7240 0.0057 99 77 66
260 127 0.8060 0.0025 59 49 44
281 138 0.5880 0.0033 35 24 19
302 150 0.4610 0.0035 23 14 11
Private

lbf-sn′/ft2
degF degC 40 s−1 100 s−1 170 s−1
72 22 0.3170 0.0818 315 169 117
113 45 0.2550 0.1218 373 189 127
130 54 0.2700 0.1235 400 205 139
147 64 0.7750 0.0107 223 182 161
J590: 45 galUS/1,000
173 78 0.1260 0.0887 169 76 48
galUS,
J589: 7.5 galUS/1,000 198 92 0.0930 0.1126 190 83 51
galUS,
216 102 0.2930 0.0458 162 85 58

239 115 0.5260 0.0109 91 59 46
257 125 0.4360 0.0102 61 36 27
278 137 0.3920 0.0093 47 27 20
297 147 0.3100 0.0086 32 17 12
78 26 0.3690 0.0786 367 206 147

111 44 0.3360 0.0874 361 197 138
127 53 0.3540 0.0874 386 214 152
146 63 0.7790 0.0077 163 133 118
J590: 45 galUS/1,000
171 77 0.0790 0.0929 149 64 39
galUS,
J589: 7.5 galUS/1,000 196 91 0.1010 0.0971 169 74 46
galUS,
216 102 0.3300 0.0354 143 77 54
Ca2+: 20,000 ppm
236 113 0.4350 0.0183 109 65 48
256 124 0.4430 0.0119 73 44 33
277 136 0.2940 0.0128 45 24 16
297 147 0.1460 0.0139 29 13 8
Private

8.5 galUS/1,000 galUS J590 and 8.5 galUS/1,000
galUS J589 foamed fluids in tap water at different
N2 qualities
Figure 6-6: Viscosity versus temperature of 8.5 galUS/1,000 galUS J590 and 8.5 galUS/1,000
galUS J589 in tap water for varying N2 qualities. (Legend shows N2 qualities in %.)
6.13.8 Viscosity versus temperature of 8.5 galUS/1,000

galUS J590 and 8.5 galUS/1,000 galUS J589 foamed
fluids in 2% KCl made with tap water at different
N2 qualities
Private
PPC WS SFE\PPC WS SFE\FMM Vol 1, 5769274\1.3\Release Date:15-May-2013\EDMS UID: 1656044885\Produced: 15-May-2013 18:39:36 6-51 VES Fluids / ClearFRAC XT J948 Fracturing Fluids 6-51
Figure 6-7: Viscosity versus temperature of 8.5 galUS/1,000 galUS J590 and
8.5 galUS/1,000 galUS J589 in 2% KCl made with tap water for varying N2
qualities. (Legend shows N2 qualities in %.)
Private
6.13.9 Appendix A-9: Viscosity versus temperature of 8.5

J589 foamed fluids in 2 galUS/1,000 galUS L064
made with tap water at different N2 qualities
Figure 6-8: Viscosity versus temperature of 8.5 galUS/1,000 galUS J590 and 8.5
galUS/1,000 galUS J589 in 2 galUS/1,000 galUS L064 made with tap water for
varying N2 qualities. (Legend shows N2 qualities in %.)
Private
6.13.10 Appendix A-10: Typical foam rheological properties

of 8.5 galUS/1,000 galUS J590 and 8.5 galUS/1,000
galUS J589 fluids with different mix waters
Table 6-18: Foam Rheology of 8.5 galUS/1,000 galUS J590 and 8.5 galUS/1,000 galUS J589
Fluids with Different mix Waters

Foam Temperature at Shear Rates
K′,
Fluid Composition Quality, n′
lbf-sn′/ft2 40 100 170
%
degF degC
s−1 s−1 s−1
J590: 8.5 75 24 0.5940 0.0009 10 7 5
galUS/1,000 galUS,
110 43 0.4750 0.0028 19 12 9
J589: 8.5
galUS/1,000 galUS 130 54 0.2630 0.0234 74 38 25
0
150 66 0.3730 0.0119 56 32 23
175 79 0.4760 0.0033 23 14 11
200 93 0.5250 0.0016 13 9 7
80 27 0.4241 0.0061 35 21 15
100 38 0.4334 0.0077 45 27 20
120 49 0.3632 0.0234 107 60 43
40
150 66 0.6122 0.0080 91 64 52
175 79 0.5416 0.0057 50 33 26
200 93 0.2908 0.0140 49 26 18
80 27 0.2394 0.0193 56 28 19
100 38 0.4070 0.0093 50 29 21
120 49 0.3973 0.0208 108 62 45
50
150 66 0.6800 0.0070 103 77 65
175 79 0.6258 0.0052 62 44 36
200 93 0.3292 0.0124 50 27 19
80 27 0.2210 0.0244 66 32 21
100 38 0.2802 0.0183 62 32 22
120 49 0.3796 0.0269 130 74 53
55
150 66 0.6049 0.0105 117 82 66
175 79 0.7794 0.0034 73 59 53
200 93 0.3300 0.0123 50 27 19
Private

K′,
lbf-sn′/ft2 40 100 170
% degF degC
s−1 s−1 s−1
80 27 0.3017 0.0194 71 37 26
100 38 0.3834 0.0138 68 39 28
120 49 0.4673 0.0219 147 90 68
60
150 66 0.5217 0.0165 135 87 68
175 79 0.6802 0.0073 108 80 68
200 93 0.3542 0.0117 52 29 20
80 27 0.4338 0.0164 97 58 43
100 38 0.3981 0.0178 92 53 39
120 49 0.5262 0.0212 176 114 89
65
150 66 0.4544 0.0230 147 89 67
175 79 0.3349 0.0439 181 98 69
200 93 0.3014 0.0184 67 35 24
80 27 0.5957 0.0135 146 100 81
100 38 0.4238 0.0257 147 87 64
120 49 0.5773 0.0189 190 129 103
70
150 66 0.3253 0.0462 184 99 69
175 79 0.2328 0.0864 244 121 80
200 93 0.1000 0.1100 190 83 52
80 27 0.6453 0.0140 182 131 109
100 38 0.5366 0.0207 180 117 92
120 49 0.5575 0.0222 208 139 110
75
150 66 0.2272 0.0875 242 119 79
175 79 0.1474 0.1652 341 156 99
200 93 0.1873 0.1225 293 139 90
J590: 8.5 75 24 0.3190 0.0090 35 19 13

galUS/1,000 galUS,
110 43 0.3740 0.0066 31 18 13
J589: 8.5
galUS/1,000 galUS, 0 130 54 0.2450 0.0297 88 44 29
KCl: 167 lbm/1,000
150 65 0.3240 0.0209 83 44 31
galUS
175 79 0.4000 0.0063 33 19 14
Private

K′,
lbf-sn′/ft2 40 100 170
% degF degC
s−1 s−1 s−1
80 27 0.2701 0.0150 49 25 17
100 38 0.4023 0.0084 44 26 19
40 120 49 0.3162 0.0209 80 43 30
150 65 0.7135 0.0043 72 55 47
175 79 0.4984 0.0070 53 33 26
80 27 0.2225 0.0224 61 30 20
100 38 0.2972 0.0142 51 27 18

50 120 49 0.4155 0.0161 89 52 38
150 65 0.5550 0.0102 94 63 50
175 79 0.4459 0.0099 62 37 28
80 27 0.2498 0.0205 62 31 21
100 38 0.2736 0.0180 59 30 21
55 120 49 0.4485 0.0159 100 60 45
150 65 0.5773 0.0101 101 69 55
175 79 0.3059 0.0182 67 36 25
80 27 0.2798 0.0196 66 34 23
100 38 0.3392 0.0168 70 38 27
60 120 49 0.4156 0.0219 121 71 52
150 65 0.5025 0.0151 115 73 56
175 79 0.3562 0.0186 83 46 33
80 27 0.3988 0.0192 100 58 42
100 38 0.3857 0.0226 112 64 46
65 120 49 0.5186 0.0189 153 99 76
150 65 0.4345 0.0233 138 82 61
175 79 0.6684 0.0070 98 72 61
80 27 0.4529 0.0194 124 75 56
100 38 0.4303 0.0261 153 91 67
70 120 49 0.5411 0.0195 172 113 88
150 65 0.4048 0.0298 159 92 67
175 79 0.4309 0.0344 202 120 89
Private

K′,
lbf-sn′/ft2 40 100 170
% degF degC
s−1 s−1 s−1
80 27 0.6209 0.0139 165 116 95
100 38 0.6409 0.0144 184 132 109
75 120 49 0.6011 0.0171 188 131 106
150 65 0.1110 0.1384 249 110 69
175 79 0.4174 0.0398 222 130 96
J590: 8.5 80 27 0.5590 0.0013 12 8 6

galUS/1,000 galUS,
110 43 0.5980 0.0014 15 11 9
J589: 8.5
galUS/1,000 galUS, 0 125 52 0.3550 0.0156 69 38 27
L064: 2
150 66 0.4680 0.0084 57 35 26
galUS/1,000 galUS
175 79 0.4570 0.0039 25 15 11
80 27 0.2675 0.0133 43 22 15
100 38 0.5100 0.0082 65 41 32
40 120 49 0.4290 0.0176 103 61 45
150 66 0.7836 0.0040 86 70 63
175 79 0.5080 0.0066 52 33 25
80 27 0.1890 0.0235 57 27 18
100 38 0.5073 0.0090 70 44 34
50 120 49 0.4462 0.0182 113 68 51
150 66 0.7152 0.0064 107 82 71
175 79 0.6297 0.0050 61 43 36
80 27 0.2226 0.0223 61 30 20
100 38 0.4804 0.0110 77 48 36
55 120 49 0.4603 0.0191 125 76 57
150 66 0.6471 0.0093 121 87 72
175 79 0.8325 0.0028 72 62 57
80 27 0.3255 0.0190 76 41 29
100 38 0.4118 0.0168 92 53 39
60 120 49 0.4530 0.0229 146 88 66
150 66 0.6283 0.0111 134 96 78
175 79 0.7003 0.0069 110 83 71
Private

K′,
lbf-sn′/ft2 40 100 170
% degF degC
s−1 s−1 s−1
80 27 0.3956 0.0212 109 63 46
100 38 0.3349 0.0338 139 76 53
65 120 49 0.4656 0.0283 188 115 87
150 66 0.6241 0.0126 151 107 88
175 79 0.3552 0.0385 171 95 67
80 27 0.4332 0.0360 213 127 94
100 38 0.3461 0.0509 219 120 85

70 120 49 0.5127 0.0292 232 148 115
150 66 0.5465 0.0210 188 124 98
175 79 0.1947 0.0974 239 114 75
80 27 0.5198 0.0358 291 188 145
100 38 0.5097 0.0346 272 173 134
75 120 49 0.5992 0.0236 258 179 144
150 66 0.3290 0.0680 274 148 104
175 79 0.1235 0.1735 327 147 92
Private

10 galUS/1,000 galUS J590 and 7.5 galUS/1,000
N2 qualities
Figure 6-9: Viscosity versus temperature of 10 galUS/1,000 galUS J590 and 7.5 galUS/1,000
galUS J589 in tap water for varying N2 qualities. (Legend shows N2 quality in %.)
Private

J589 foamed fluids in 2% KCl made with tap water
at different N2 qualities
Figure 6-10: Viscosity versus temperature of 10 galUS/1,000 galUS J590

and 7.5 galUS/1,000 galUS J589 in 2% KCl made with tap water for varying
N2 qualities. (Legend shows N2 quality in %.)
Private


Private


Private

Figure 6-13: Viscosity versus temperature of 10 galUS/1,000 galUS J590 and

7.5 galUS/1,000 galUS J589 in 2 galUS/1,000 galUS L064 made with tap water
for varying N2 qualities. (Legend shows N2 quality in %.)
Private

of 10 galUS/1,000 galUS J590 and 7.5 galUS/1,000
Table 6-19: Foam Rheology of 10 galUS/1,000 galUS J590 and 7.5 galUS/1,000 galUS J589

K′,
lbf-sn′/ft2 40 100 170
%
degF degC
s−1 s−1 s−1
J590: 10 75 24 0.3630 0.0051 23 13 9
galUS/1,000 galUS,
110 43 0.3320 0.0116 47 26 18
J589: 7.5
galUS/1,000 galUS 130 54 0.2510 0.0299 90 45 31
0 150 66 0.3390 0.0174 73 40 28
175 79 0.3430 0.0072 31 17 12
200 93 0.3810 0.0050 24 14 10
220 104 0.3290 0.0043 17 9 7
80 27 0.2831 0.0128 44 23 15
100 38 0.5042 0.0107 82 52 40
120 49 0.3932 0.0254 130 74 54
40 150 66 0.8797 0.0029 90 81 76
175 79 0.4220 0.0097 55 33 24
200 93 0.2633 0.0163 52 26 18
230 110 0.2610 0.0142 45 23 15
80 27 0.2639 0.0164 52 27 18
100 38 0.4895 0.0124 90 57 43
120 49 0.4596 0.0236 154 94 70
50 150 66 0.7759 0.0062 130 106 94
175 79 0.5850 0.0060 62 42 34
200 93 0.2781 0.0151 50 26 18
230 110 0.2490 0.0162 49 24 16
Private

K′,
lbf-sn′/ft2 40 100 170
% degF degC
s−1 s−1 s−1
80 27 0.3247 0.0147 58 31 22
100 38 0.4676 0.0157 105 65 49
120 49 0.4877 0.0237 171 107 82
55 150 66 0.7085 0.0092 151 116 99
175 79 0.6197 0.0062 73 52 42
200 93 0.2729 0.0159 52 27 18
230 110 0.1888 0.0209 50 24 16

80 27 0.4671 0.0133 89 55 41
100 38 0.4598 0.0192 126 77 57
120 49 0.4938 0.0268 199 125 95
60 150 66 0.6747 0.0118 170 126 106
175 79 1.0341 0.0019 103 106 108
200 93 0.2910 0.0161 57 30 20
230 110 0.2244 0.0174 48 23 16
80 27 0.5309 0.0139 118 77 60
100 38 0.4366 0.0274 164 98 73
120 49 0.5346 0.0270 233 152 119
65 150 66 0.6094 0.0174 197 138 112
175 79 0.4028 0.0451 239 138 101
200 93 0.2471 0.0232 69 35 23
230 110 0.2330 0.0185 52 26 17
80 27 0.5501 0.0195 177 118 93
100 38 0.4244 0.0372 213 126 93
120 49 0.5803 0.0267 271 185 148
70 150 66 0.5236 0.0282 233 150 117
175 79 0.2737 0.0924 304 156 106
200 93 0.1320 0.0523 102 46 29
230 110 0.1656 0.0327 72 34 22
80 27 0.6875 0.0142 214 161 136
100 38 0.5396 0.0246 216 142 111
120 49 0.6315 0.0242 297 212 174
75
150 66 0.3001 0.0875 317 167 115
175 79 0.2926 0.1066 375 196 135
200 93 0.1000 0.1020 177 77 48
Private

K′,
lbf-sn′/ft2 40 100 170
% degF degC
s−1 s−1 s−1
J590: 10 75 24 0.3020 0.0139 51 27 18

galUS/1,000 galUS,
110 43 0.4420 0.0073 45 27 20
J589: 7.5
galUS/1,000 galUS, 130 54 0.3740 0.0151 72 40 29
KCl: 167 lbm/1,000
0 150 66 0.5630 0.0035 33 22 18
galUS
175 79 0.1660 0.0134 30 14 9

200 93 0.2230 0.0095 26 13 8
220 104 0.2680 0.0063 20 10 7
80 27 0.3946 0.0099 51 29 21
100 38 0.5910 0.0051 54 37 30
120 49 0.4262 0.0203 117 69 51
40 150 66 0.9060 0.0024 81 74 71
175 79 0.3754 0.0114 54 31 22
200 93 0.2781 0.0154 52 27 18
230 110 0.2950 0.0128 45 24 16
80 27 0.3407 0.0185 78 43 30
100 38 0.5955 0.0057 62 43 34
120 49 0.5294 0.0160 135 88 68
50 150 66 0.8355 0.0042 110 95 87
175 79 0.3935 0.0116 60 34 25
200 93 0.2660 0.0166 53 27 18
230 110 0.2580 0.0158 49 25 17
80 27 0.5948 0.0237 254 176 142
100 38 0.6389 0.0052 66 47 39
120 49 0.5370 0.0143 124 81 64
150 66 0.7792 0.0051 108 88 78
55 175 79 0.5660 0.0055 53 36 28
200 93 0.1974 0.0211 52 25 16
230 110 0.1117 0.0327 59 26 16
260 127 0.1793 0.0217 50 24 15
300 149 0.2376 0.0149 43 21 14
Private

K′,
lbf-sn′/ft2 40 100 170
% degF degC
s−1 s−1 s−1
80 27 0.7139 0.0152 253 195 168
100 38 0.5508 0.0094 86 57 45
120 49 0.5684 0.0139 135 91 73
150 66 0.7518 0.0063 121 96 84
60 175 79 0.7717 0.0028 57 47 41
200 93 0.2552 0.0195 60 30 20
230 110 0.0561 0.0450 66 28 17

260 127 0.1580 0.0266 57 26 17
300 149 0.1552 0.0233 49 23 15
80 27 0.7051 0.0185 298 227 194
100 38 0.4993 0.0167 126 80 61
120 49 0.6313 0.0130 160 114 94
150 66 0.6662 0.0106 148 109 91
65 175 79 1.0705 0.0026 161 172 178
200 93 0.1858 0.0323 77 36 24
230 110 0.1570 0.0297 63 29 19
260 127 0.2241 0.0244 67 33 22
300 149 0.1254 0.0322 61 27 17
80 27 0.7330 0.0201 359 281 244
100 38 0.5930 0.0151 161 111 89
120 49 0.6975 0.0117 183 139 118
150 66 0.4294 0.0359 210 124 92
70 175 79 1.1218 0.0039 290 324 345
200 93 0.0718 0.0754 118 50 31
230 110 0.1512 0.0514 108 49 31
260 127 0.2889 0.0269 93 49 33
300 149 0.3016 0.0198 72 38 26
Private

K′,
lbf-sn′/ft2 40 100 170
% degF degC
s−1 s−1 s−1
80 27 0.7503 0.0198 377 300 263
100 38 0.5935 0.0214 229 158 127
120 49 0.6812 0.0135 200 149 126
150 66 0.1180 0.1823 337 150 94
75 175 79 0.9736 0.0088 384 375 370
200 93 0.0502 0.1381 199 83 50
230 110 0.2958 0.0558 199 104 72

260 127 0.2945 0.0425 151 79 54
300 149 0.3408 0.0241 102 56 39
J590: 10 75 24 0.4460 0.0029 18 11 8

galUS/1,000
110 43 0.5480 0.0013 12 8 6
galUS,J589: 7.5
galUS/1,000 galUS, 130 54 0.3110 0.0209 79 42 29
KCl: 333 lbm/1,000
0 150 66 0.5610 0.0068 64 43 34
galUS
175 79 0.5900 0.0022 23 16 13
200 93 0.5010 0.0021 16 10 8
220 104 0.7990 0.0004 9 8 7
80 27 0.2524 0.0154 47 24 16
100 38 0.5158 0.0052 42 27 21
120 49 0.2455 0.0321 95 48 32
40 150 66 0.8596 0.0029 83 73 67
175 79 0.2538 0.0188 57 29 19
200 93 0.3246 0.0119 47 25 18
230 110 0.3204 0.0106 41 22 16
80 27 0.3275 0.0138 55 30 21
100 38 0.5428 0.0055 49 32 25
120 49 0.3809 0.0216 105 60 43
50 150 66 0.7192 0.0059 100 77 67
175 79 0.2832 0.0160 54 28 19
200 93 0.2686 0.0154 50 25 17
230 110 0.2620 0.0142 45 23 15
Private

K′,
lbf-sn′/ft2 40 100 170
% degF degC
s−1 s−1 s−1
80 27 0.3965 0.0127 66 38 27
100 38 0.3819 0.0120 59 33 24
120 49 0.5099 0.0135 106 68 52
55 150 66 0.7223 0.0058 99 77 66
175 79 0.2721 0.0198 65 33 23
200 93 0.2739 0.0123 40 21 14
230 110 0.1485 0.0254 53 24 15

80 27 0.4788 0.0110 77 48 36
100 38 0.3797 0.0145 71 40 29
120 49 0.5582 0.0124 116 77 61
60 150 66 0.7033 0.0071 113 86 74
175 79 0.3284 0.0181 73 39 28
200 93 0.2970 0.0118 42 22 15
230 110 0.2054 0.0208 53 26 17
80 27 0.5246 0.0130 107 69 54
100 38 0.4960 0.0103 76 48 37
120 49 0.6227 0.0111 133 94 77
65 150 66 0.5446 0.0158 141 93 73
175 79 0.3200 0.0243 95 51 35
200 93 0.1176 0.0371 69 31 19
230 110 0.2517 0.0220 67 34 23
80 27 0.4975 0.0244 183 115 88
100 38 0.7204 0.0059 101 78 67
120 49 0.7346 0.0084 152 119 103
70 150 66 0.4453 0.0290 180 108 80
175 79 0.7656 0.0073 148 119 105
200 93 0.1000 0.0855 148 65 40
230 110 0.2244 0.0381 104 51 34
Private

K′,
lbf-sn′/ft2 40 100 170
% degF degC
s−1 s−1 s−1
80 27 0.5783 0.0302 305 207 166
100 38 0.7918 0.0067 148 122 109
120 49 0.7157 0.0100 168 129 111
75 150 66 0.2746 0.0882 291 150 102
175 79 0.6656 0.0150 209 154 129
200 93 0.1444 0.1248 254 116 74
230 110 0.1996 0.0757 189 91 59
J590: 10 75 24 0.6020 0.0011 12 8 7

galUS/1,000 galUS,
110 43 0.2100 0.0074 19 9 6
J589: 7.5
galUS/1,000 galUS, 130 54 0.4020 0.0157 83 48 35
KCl: 583 lbm/1,000 0
150 66 0.8760 0.0016 48 43 41
galUS
175 79 0.3110 0.0059 22 12 8
200 93 0.3810 0.0039 19 11 8
80 27 0.3232 0.0096 38 20 14
100 38 0.6033 0.0033 36 25 20
120 49 0.4130 0.0209 115 67 49
40
150 66 0.8478 0.0029 78 68 63
175 79 0.4284 0.0084 49 29 21
200 93 0.3185 0.0120 47 25 17
80 27 0.2456 0.0177 52 26 18
100 38 0.5078 0.0058 45 29 22
120 49 0.4454 0.0214 132 80 59
50
150 66 0.6757 0.0074 107 80 67
175 79 0.5293 0.0067 56 37 29
200 93 0.2981 0.0137 49 26 18
80 27 0.2424 0.0202 59 30 20
100 38 0.4850 0.0081 58 36 27
120 49 0.4572 0.0217 140 85 64
55
150 66 0.6258 0.0100 120 85 70
175 79 0.5755 0.0066 66 45 36
200 93 0.3524 0.0110 48 27 19
Private

K′,
lbf-sn′/ft2 40 100 170
% degF degC
s−1 s−1 s−1
80 27 0.3873 0.0135 68 39 28
100 38 0.4736 0.0105 72 44 34
120 49 0.4871 0.0214 154 96 73
60
150 66 0.5791 0.0130 131 89 71
175 79 0.9614 0.0021 87 84 82
200 93 0.3405 0.0130 55 30 21
80 27 0.5575 0.0107 100 66 53

100 38 0.4254 0.0168 97 57 42
120 49 0.5178 0.0239 193 124 96
65
150 66 0.5832 0.0150 154 105 85
175 79 0.8126 0.0067 161 136 123
200 93 0.1428 0.0458 93 42 27
80 27 0.6308 0.0122 150 107 88
100 38 0.4918 0.0173 127 80 61
120 49 0.5711 0.0258 254 171 136
70
150 66 0.5777 0.0201 203 138 110
175 79 0.3785 0.0638 309 175 126
200 93 0.1044 0.1368 241 106 66
80 27 0.6220 0.0216 256 181 148
100 38 0.5455 0.0237 213 140 110
120 49 0.6379 0.0230 289 208 171
75
150 66 0.1147 0.2072 379 168 105
175 79 0.4731 0.0582 399 246 186
200 93 0.1000 0.1606 278 122 76
J590: 10 80 27 0.4370 0.0050 30 18 13

galUS/1,000
110 43 0.4950 0.0036 27 17 13
galUS,J589: 7.5
galUS/1,000 galUS, 130 54 0.2580 0.0245 76 38 26
L064: 2 0
150 66 0.4940 0.0082 61 38 29
galUS/1,000 galUS
175 79 0.4570 0.0036 23 14 11
200 93 0.4700 0.0023 16 10 7
Private

K′,
lbf-sn′/ft2 40 100 170
% degF degC
s−1 s−1 s−1
80 27 0.4001 0.0072 38 22 16
100 38 0.4885 0.0103 75 47 36
120 49 0.2854 0.0318 109 57 39
40
150 66 0.8479 0.0028 77 67 62
175 79 0.3941 0.0104 53 31 22
200 93 0.3494 0.0107 46 26 18
80 27 0.3940 0.0098 50 29 21
100 38 0.4998 0.0121 92 58 44
120 49 0.3964 0.0227 117 68 49
50
150 66 0.8525 0.0037 102 89 82
175 79 0.3731 0.0133 63 35 25
200 93 0.3321 0.0125 51 28 19
80 27 0.3791 0.0132 64 36 26
100 38 0.4468 0.0173 108 65 48
120 49 0.4311 0.0224 132 78 58
55
150 66 0.7501 0.0068 129 103 90
175 79 0.4306 0.0119 70 42 31
200 93 0.3349 0.0129 53 29 20
80 27 0.4623 0.0128 84 51 39
100 38 0.3660 0.0297 137 77 55
120 49 0.4524 0.0243 155 94 70
60
150 66 0.7280 0.0084 147 114 99
175 79 0.5137 0.0123 98 63 49
200 93 0.3579 0.0130 58 32 23
80 27 0.4830 0.0194 138 86 65
100 38 0.3826 0.0369 181 103 74
120 49 0.4637 0.0282 187 114 86
65
150 66 0.6372 0.0149 187 134 110
175 79 1.1000 0.0015 105 115 122
200 93 0.2816 0.0226 76 40 27
Private

K′,
lbf-sn′/ft2 40 100 170
% degF degC
s−1 s−1 s−1
80 27 0.4654 0.0346 230 141 106
100 38 0.4206 0.0465 263 155 114
120 49 0.5626 0.0246 235 157 125
70
150 66 0.5346 0.0265 228 149 116
175 79 0.7129 0.0134 222 171 146
200 93 0.1000 0.1122 194 85 53
80 27 0.5526 0.0326 300 199 157

100 38 0.4828 0.0418 297 185 140
120 49 0.4864 0.0462 333 208 158
75
150 66 0.2215 0.1222 331 162 107
175 79 0.6366 0.0227 284 204 168
200 93 0.1435 0.1603 326 149 94
Private

N2 qualities
Private


Private


Private


Private


Private


K′,
lbf-sn′/ft2 40 100 170
%
degF degC
s−1 s−1 s−1
J590: 15 80 27 0.3720 0.0188 89 50 36
galUS/1,000
110 43 0.3590 0.0179 81 45 32
galUS,J589: 2.5
galUS/1,000 galUS 130 54 0.4330 0.0130 77 46 34
0
150 66 0.6220 0.0028 33 24 19
175 79 0.1150 0.0168 31 14 9
200 93 0.2120 0.0114 30 14 10
80 27 0.4207 0.0294 166 98 72
100 38 0.5500 0.0138 126 83 66
120 49 0.1931 0.0726 177 85 55
40
150 66 0.7323 0.0067 120 94 81
175 79 0.3279 0.0166 67 36 25
200 93 0.1962 0.0243 60 29 19
80 27 0.6825 0.0101 150 112 95
100 38 0.7433 0.0065 120 95 83
120 49 0.3954 0.0314 162 93 67
50
150 66 0.8235 0.0069 173 147 134
175 79 0.3697 0.0156 73 41 29
200 93 0.3094 0.0165 62 33 23
80 27 0.6175 0.0188 219 155 126
100 38 0.3735 0.0428 203 114 82
120 49 0.2799 0.0646 217 112 77
55
150 66 0.8136 0.0084 202 171 154
175 79 0.3614 0.0184 84 47 33
200 93 0.2668 0.0200 64 33 22
Private

K′,
lbf-sn′/ft2 40 100 170
% degF degC
s−1 s−1 s−1
80 27 0.6035 0.0205 227 158 128
100 38 0.5228 0.0252 207 134 104
120 49 0.3248 0.0613 243 131 92
60
150 66 0.7090 0.0148 241 185 158
175 79 0.2617 0.0332 104 53 36
200 93 0.1875 0.0300 72 34 22
80 27 0.6053 0.0221 247 172 140

100 38 0.3544 0.0608 269 149 106
120 49 0.3338 0.0638 262 142 100
65
150 66 0.5813 0.0276 282 192 154
175 79 0.3821 0.0268 131 75 54
200 93 0.1890 0.0364 88 42 27
80 27 0.5789 0.0278 282 192 153
100 38 0.6995 0.0149 235 178 152
120 49 0.3474 0.0635 274 151 107
70
150 66 0.3111 0.1013 382 203 141
175 79 0.9356 0.0052 197 186 180
200 93 0.1703 0.0497 112 52 34
80 27 0.5996 0.0285 312 216 175
100 38 0.7854 0.0117 254 208 186
120 49 0.2730 0.0959 314 162 110
75
150 66 0.1751 0.2015 460 216 139
175 79 0.7788 0.0135 286 234 208
200 93 0.0666 0.1157 177 75 46
J590: 15 80 27 0.2880 0.0320 111 58 40

galUS/1,000 galUS,
110 43 0.2700 0.0309 100 51 35
J589: 2.5
galUS/1,000 galUS, 130 54 0.2700 0.0307 99 51 35
KCl: 167 lbm/1,000
150 66 0.4000 0.0129 68 39 28
galUS
0 175 79 0.1020 0.0241 42 18 11
200 93 0.1130 0.0235 43 19 12
230 110 0.2660 0.0100 32 16 11
260 127 0.2920 0.0077 27 14 10
300 149 0.1080 0.0103 18 8 5
Private

K′,
lbf-sn′/ft2 40 100 170
% degF degC
s−1 s−1 s−1
80 27 0.3813 0.0332 162 92 66
100 38 0.4766 0.0209 145 90 68
120 49 0.2500 0.0652 196 99 66
150 66 1.1361 0.0010 81 92 99
40 175 79 0.3139 0.0151 57 31 21
200 93 0.2218 0.0205 56 27 18
230 110 0.2214 0.0199 54 26 17

260 127 0.2869 0.0150 52 27 18
300 149 0.2706 0.0132 43 22 15
80 27 0.5626 0.0199 189 127 101
100 38 0.6402 0.0117 148 106 88
120 49 0.3668 0.0411 190 106 76
150 66 1.0127 0.0023 116 118 119
50 175 79 0.4023 0.0120 63 37 27
200 93 0.2725 0.0162 53 27 18
230 110 0.1862 0.0240 57 27 18
260 127 0.2092 0.0223 58 28 18
300 149 0.2590 0.0151 47 24 16
80 27 0.5572 0.0229 214 143 113
100 38 0.6995 0.0119 188 143 122
120 49 0.6395 0.0138 175 126 104
150 66 0.9734 0.0034 148 144 142
55 175 79 0.5248 0.0078 65 42 33
200 93 0.3304 0.0142 58 31 22
230 110 0.1642 0.0270 59 28 18
260 127 0.2371 0.0197 57 28 19
300 149 0.1438 0.0218 44 20 13
Private

K′,
lbf-sn′/ft2 40 100 170
% degF degC
s−1 s−1 s−1
80 27 0.6373 0.0172 216 155 128
100 38 0.7987 0.0088 199 166 149
120 49 0.7054 0.0117 189 144 124
150 66 0.7907 0.0082 181 150 134
60 175 79 0.3944 0.0164 84 48 35
200 93 0.2951 0.0185 66 34 24
230 110 0.1643 0.0293 64 30 19

260 127 0.1850 0.0261 62 29 19
300 149 0.2496 0.0155 47 23 16
80 27 0.7234 0.0133 230 179 154
100 38 0.8378 0.0079 207 178 164
120 49 0.7488 0.0105 198 158 138
150 66 0.5644 0.0260 249 167 133
65 175 79 0.6132 0.0097 112 78 64
200 93 0.2446 0.0285 84 42 28
230 110 0.1000 0.0490 85 37 23
260 127 0.1780 0.0364 84 40 26
300 149 0.4022 0.0109 58 33 24
80 27 0.7954 0.0105 237 197 176
100 38 0.9050 0.0063 213 195 186
120 49 0.7834 0.0094 202 166 148
150 66 0.2490 0.1222 366 184 124
70 175 79 1.0896 0.0026 173 187 196
200 93 0.1493 0.0585 121 56 35
230 110 0.1000 0.0691 120 52 33
260 127 0.2167 0.0470 125 61 40
300 149 0.4434 0.0155 95 57 43
Private

K′,
lbf-sn′/ft2 40 100 170
% degF degC
s−1 s−1 s−1
80 27 0.8091 0.0104 246 206 186
100 38 0.9229 0.0061 221 206 198
119 48 0.7530 0.0116 223 177 156
150 66 0.2252 0.1584 435 214 142
75 175 79 1.0518 0.0052 302 316 325
200 93 0.1302 0.1416 274 124 78
230 110 0.1715 0.1129 254 119 77

260 127 0.3753 0.0446 213 120 86
300 149 0.4893 0.0203 148 92 71
J590: 15 75 24 0.2770 0.0257 85 44 30

galUS/1,000 galUS,
110 43 0.2950 0.0202 72 38 26
J589: 2.5
galUS/1,000 galUS, 130 54 0.2910 0.0265 93 48 33
KCl: 333 lbm/1,000
0 150 66 0.5840 0.0052 54 37 29
galUS
175 79 0.1400 0.0122 24 11 7
200 93 0.1570 0.0120 26 12 8
230 110 0.4020 0.0033 17 10 7
80 27 0.1423 0.0809 164 75 47
100 38 0.3736 0.0445 212 119 85
120 49 0.4129 0.0247 136 79 58
40 150 66 0.9102 0.0026 88 81 77
175 79 0.2626 0.0160 50 26 17
200 93 0.1806 0.0195 45 21 14
230 110 0.2023 0.0200 50 24 16
80 27 0.1000 0.1344 233 102 63
100 38 0.5420 0.0244 216 142 111
120 49 0.3879 0.0305 153 87 63
50 150 66 0.8695 0.0040 117 104 97
175 79 0.3653 0.0116 53 30 21
200 93 0.2563 0.0171 53 27 18
230 110 0.1665 0.0243 54 25 16
Private

K′,
lbf-sn′/ft2 40 100 170
% degF degC
s−1 s−1 s−1
80 27 0.3152 0.0742 284 152 106
100 38 0.6163 0.0193 224 158 129
120 49 0.6077 0.0143 161 112 91
55 150 66 1.0557 0.0019 112 118 122
175 79 0.5482 0.0056 50 33 26
200 93 0.3140 0.0122 47 25 17
230 110 0.1400 0.0322 65 29 19

80 27 0.4648 0.0451 300 184 138
100 38 0.6319 0.0202 249 178 146
120 49 0.6777 0.0117 170 127 107
60 150 66 0.9028 0.0043 144 132 125
175 79 0.5092 0.0077 60 39 30
200 93 0.3120 0.0139 53 28 19
230 110 0.1503 0.0309 64 30 19
80 27 0.5322 0.0358 305 199 155
100 38 0.6153 0.0244 283 199 162
120 49 0.7505 0.0092 176 140 123
65 150 66 0.6530 0.0153 204 148 124
175 79 0.3603 0.0196 89 49 35
200 93 0.1963 0.0292 72 35 23
230 110 0.1730 0.0311 71 33 21
80 27 0.6361 0.0244 305 218 180
100 38 0.5892 0.0296 312 214 172
120 49 0.6916 0.0125 193 145 123
70 150 66 0.4148 0.0561 310 182 133
175 79 0.8325 0.0046 119 102 94
200 93 0.1000 0.0717 124 54 34
230 110 0.1000 0.0568 98 43 27
Private

K′,
lbf-sn′/ft2 40 100 170
% degF degC
s−1 s−1 s−1
80 27 0.6874 0.0212 320 240 204
100 38 0.5087 0.0430 336 214 165
120 49 0.6635 0.0151 208 153 128
75 150 66 0.2213 0.1692 458 224 149
175 79 0.5338 0.0207 178 116 90
200 93 0.1000 0.1622 281 123 76
230 110 0.1000 0.0895 155 68 42
J590: 15 75 24 0.2540 0.0370 113 57 38

galUS/1,000 galUS,
110 43 0.3000 0.0248 90 47 33
J589: 2.5
galUS/1,000 galUS, 130 54 0.3310 0.0259 105 57 40
KCl: 583 lbm/1,000 0
150 66 0.7870 0.0019 41 34 30
galUS
175 79 0.1610 0.0143 31 14 9
200 93 0.1470 0.0153 31 14 9
80 27 0.1031 0.1020 179 79 49
100 38 0.2875 0.0535 185 96 66
120 49 0.2828 0.0493 168 87 59
40
150 66 0.6255 0.0078 93 66 54
175 79 0.2280 0.0187 52 26 17
200 93 0.2536 0.0159 48 24 16
80 27 0.3548 0.0562 249 138 98
100 38 0.5562 0.0184 171 114 90
120 49 0.3041 0.0487 179 95 65
50
150 66 0.5933 0.0114 121 84 67
175 79 0.3553 0.0111 49 27 19
200 93 0.2277 0.0176 49 24 16
80 27 0.5337 0.0281 241 157 123
100 38 0.6356 0.0140 175 125 103
120 49 0.4571 0.0324 209 127 95
55
150 66 0.8920 0.0031 98 89 84
175 79 0.3828 0.0102 50 28 20
200 93 0.2359 0.0177 50 25 17
Private

K′,
lbf-sn′/ft2 40 100 170
% degF degC
s−1 s−1 s−1
80 27 0.5302 0.0316 267 174 135
100 38 0.6658 0.0130 181 134 112
120 49 0.6346 0.0158 197 141 116
60
150 66 0.9995 0.0021 102 102 101
175 79 0.3372 0.0139 58 31 22
200 93 0.2698 0.0166 54 28 19
80 27 0.6099 0.0264 300 210 170

100 38 0.6866 0.0125 189 142 120
120 49 0.7087 0.0119 194 149 127
65
150 66 0.9433 0.0037 145 138 134
175 79 0.2691 0.0225 73 37 25
200 93 0.2558 0.0219 67 34 23
80 27 0.7124 0.0186 309 237 204
100 38 0.6994 0.0123 194 147 125
120 49 0.6831 0.0136 203 152 128
70
150 66 0.9814 0.0053 238 234 232
175 79 0.2160 0.0317 84 41 27
200 93 0.1000 0.0562 97 43 26
80 27 0.7399 0.0178 326 257 224
100 38 0.5791 0.0220 223 151 121
120 49 0.6089 0.0199 225 158 128
75
150 66 0.6572 0.0279 378 276 230
175 79 0.1000 0.0944 163 72 44
200 93 0.1000 0.0996 172 76 47
J590: 15 76 24 0.3360 0.0232 96 52 37

galUS/1,000 galUS,
110 43 0.2990 0.0229 83 43 30
J589: 2.5
galUS/1,000 130 54 0.3340 0.0238 98 53 37
galUS,L064: 2
0 150 66 0.3620 0.0176 80 45 32
galUS/1,000 galUS
175 79 0.1100 0.0247 44 20 12
200 93 0.1670 0.0150 33 15 10
220 104 0.3220 0.0070 27 15 10
Private

K′,
lbf-sn′/ft2 40 100 170
% degF degC
s−1 s−1 s−1
80 27 0.1796 0.0728 169 80 52
100 38 0.4293 0.0260 152 90 66
120 49 0.1844 0.0842 199 94 61
40 150 66 0.7252 0.0068 118 92 79
175 79 0.2939 0.0172 61 32 22
200 93 0.3030 0.0150 55 29 20
230 110 0.2881 0.0140 49 25 17

80 27 0.2852 0.0745 255 133 91
100 38 0.6001 0.0137 150 104 84
120 49 0.2152 0.0768 203 99 65
50 150 66 0.7390 0.0088 161 127 110
175 79 0.3407 0.0174 73 40 28
200 93 0.2906 0.0166 58 30 21
230 110 0.2734 0.0161 53 27 18
80 27 0.4234 0.0446 255 150 111
100 38 0.6801 0.0102 149 111 94
120 49 0.2901 0.0611 213 111 76
55 150 66 0.8899 0.0050 159 143 135
175 79 0.3799 0.0176 86 49 35
200 93 0.3262 0.0149 59 32 22
230 110 0.2667 0.0171 55 28 19
80 27 0.4051 0.0505 269 156 114
100 38 0.7504 0.0086 164 131 115
120 49 0.3954 0.0425 219 126 91
60 150 66 0.8000 0.0077 176 147 132
175 79 0.4010 0.0198 104 60 44
200 93 0.3162 0.0177 68 36 25
230 110 0.2656 0.0189 60 31 21
Private

K′,
lbf-sn′/ft2 40 100 170
% degF degC
s−1 s−1 s−1
80 27 0.3887 0.0560 281 161 116
100 38 0.7427 0.0096 177 140 122
120 49 0.4580 0.0362 235 143 107
65 150 66 0.4633 0.0384 254 155 117
175 79 0.9439 0.0036 139 132 128
200 93 0.2630 0.0275 87 44 30
230 110 0.1770 0.0363 84 39 25

80 27 0.3852 0.0592 294 167 121
100 38 0.7449 0.0108 202 160 140
120 49 0.4417 0.0425 259 155 116
70 150 66 0.2745 0.0992 327 168 114
175 79 0.9892 0.0060 278 276 274
200 93 0.2037 0.0427 108 52 34
230 110 0.1000 0.0738 128 56 35
80 27 0.4839 0.0383 273 170 130
100 38 0.7409 0.0126 232 183 160
120 49 0.3733 0.0619 294 165 119
75 150 66 0.1107 0.2494 449 199 124
175 79 0.7811 0.0194 415 340 302
200 93 0.1000 0.1026 178 78 48
230 110 0.1000 0.1342 232 102 63
Private

N2 qualities
Private


Private


Private


Private


3.3 galUS/1,000 galUS J589 in 2 galUS/1,000 galUS L064 made with tap water or
varying N2 qualities. (Legend shows N2 quality in %.)
Private


K′,
lbf-sn′/ft2 40 100 170
%
degF degC
s−1 s−1 s−1
J590: 20 75 24 0.3650 0.0315 145 81 58
galUS/1,000 galUS,
110 43 0.3090 0.0349 131 69 48
J589: 3.3
galUS/1,000 galUS 125 52 0.3330 0.0321 131 71 50
145 63 0.7540 0.0036 70 56 49
0
170 77 0.1130 0.0273 50 22 14
200 93 0.1420 0.0256 52 24 15
230 110 0.5520 0.0030 28 18 14
260 127 0.6410 0.0010 13 9 8
80 27 0.4469 0.0317 197 119 89
100 38 0.2135 0.0912 240 117 77
120 49 0.3608 0.0439 199 111 79
150 66 0.7519 0.0103 197 157 138
40
175 79 0.4605 0.0144 94 57 43
200 93 0.2874 0.0231 80 42 29
230 110 0.3236 0.0160 63 34 24
260 127 0.3300 0.0123 50 27 19
80 27 0.3723 0.0533 252 142 102
100 38 0.3859 0.0473 235 134 97
120 49 0.2553 0.0779 239 121 81
150 66 0.6950 0.0166 258 195 166
50
175 79 0.5295 0.0101 85 55 43
200 93 0.3366 0.0178 74 40 28
230 110 0.2718 0.0218 71 36 25
260 127 0.3279 0.0159 64 34 24
Private

K′,
lbf-sn′/ft2 40 100 170
% degF degC
s−1 s−1 s−1
80 27 0.7329 0.0133 237 186 161
100 38 0.3332 0.0717 293 159 112
120 49 0.3317 0.0588 239 130 91
150 66 0.8734 0.0077 232 206 193
55
175 79 0.2946 0.0352 125 66 45
200 93 0.2384 0.0298 86 43 29
230 110 0.1961 0.0319 79 38 25

260 127 0.4423 0.0093 57 34 25
80 27 0.6468 0.0219 285 206 171
100 38 0.4108 0.0562 306 178 130
120 49 0.3417 0.0606 256 140 99
150 66 0.6150 0.0264 305 214 175
60
175 79 0.1684 0.0761 170 79 51
200 93 0.2406 0.0341 99 50 33
230 110 0.1722 0.0407 92 43 28
260 127 0.1977 0.0348 86 41 27
80 27 0.5742 0.0340 338 229 183
100 38 0.4932 0.0417 308 193 148
120 49 0.4636 0.0431 285 174 131
150 66 0.5464 0.0376 338 223 175
65
175 79 0.2564 0.0553 170 86 58
200 93 0.2066 0.0489 125 61 40
230 110 0.1573 0.0481 103 48 30
260 127 0.1243 0.0565 107 48 30
80 27 0.6946 0.0313 486 367 312
100 38 0.5599 0.0345 326 218 172
120 49 0.4633 0.0500 331 202 152
150 66 0.3662 0.0901 416 233 166
70
175 79 0.7999 0.0103 235 196 176
200 93 0.2141 0.0639 169 82 54
230 110 0.1208 0.0733 137 61 38
260 127 0.1044 0.0895 157 69 43
Private

K′,
lbf-sn′/ft2 40 100 170
% degF degC
s−1 s−1 s−1
80 27 0.8204 0.0159 392 332 302
100 38 0.6309 0.0287 353 251 207
120 49 0.4179 0.0709 397 233 171
150 66 0.3053 0.1591 587 311 215
75
175 79 0.8275 0.0147 372 317 290
200 93 0.1238 0.1193 226 101 63
230 110 0.1234 0.1026 194 87 54

260 127 0.1320 0.1267 247 111 70
J590: 20 75 24 0.3580 0.0359 161 89 64

galUS/1,000 galUS,
110 43 0.2720 0.0460 150 77 52
J589: 3.3
galUS/1,000 galUS 125 52 0.2920 0.0405 142 74 51
KCl: 167 lbm/1,000
145 63 0.6980 0.0047 74 56 48
galUS 0
170 77 0.1050 0.0336 59 26 16
200 93 0.1150 0.0345 63 28 18
230 110 0.4100 0.0069 37 22 16
260 127 0.3620 0.0062 28 16 11
80 27 0.2680 0.0769 247 127 86
100 38 0.3248 0.0541 215 116 81
120 49 0.1143 0.1576 288 128 80
150 66 0.5977 0.0119 129 89 72
40
175 79 0.2539 0.0251 77 39 26
200 93 0.1963 0.0282 70 33 22
230 110 0.2228 0.0261 71 35 23
260 127 0.2373 0.0218 63 31 21
80 27 0.3204 0.0768 300 161 112
100 38 0.4006 0.0426 223 129 94
120 49 0.1194 0.1679 312 139 87
150 66 0.7679 0.0085 172 139 123
50
175 79 0.3890 0.0173 87 50 36
200 93 0.2561 0.0207 64 32 22
230 110 0.1893 0.0285 69 33 21
260 127 0.2327 0.0239 67 33 22
Private

K′,
lbf-sn′/ft2 40 100 170
% degF degC
s−1 s−1 s−1
80 27 0.6397 0.0208 264 190 157
100 38 0.5305 0.0304 257 167 131
120 49 0.1973 0.1495 371 178 116
150 66 1.0314 0.0032 171 176 179
55 175 79 0.3671 0.0216 100 56 40
200 93 0.1942 0.0311 76 36 24
230 110 0.1902 0.0289 70 33 22

260 127 0.2425 0.0294 86 43 29
300 149 0.1000 0.0461 80 35 22
80 27 0.6666 0.0218 304 224 188
100 38 0.6283 0.0218 265 188 155
120 49 0.3604 0.0813 368 205 146
150 66 0.9384 0.0063 241 227 220
60 175 79 0.1871 0.0574 137 65 42
200 93 0.2206 0.0340 92 45 30
230 110 0.1987 0.0294 73 35 23
260 127 0.1966 0.0404 100 48 31
300 149 0.1446 0.0436 89 41 26
80 27 0.7602 0.0178 352 283 249
100 38 0.5815 0.0310 317 216 173
120 49 0.4357 0.0637 381 227 168
150 66 0.8340 0.0118 307 264 242
65 175 79 0.2330 0.0492 139 69 46
200 93 0.1604 0.0501 108 50 32
230 110 0.1563 0.0411 88 40 26
260 127 0.2025 0.0477 121 58 38
300 149 0.2550 0.0322 99 50 34
Private

K′,
lbf-sn′/ft2 40 100 170
% degF degC
s−1 s−1 s−1
80 27 0.7983 0.0179 408 339 305
100 38 0.5844 0.0367 380 259 208
120 49 0.4939 0.0519 384 241 185
150 66 0.4921 0.0642 472 297 226
70 175 79 0.7363 0.0119 216 170 147
200 93 0.1369 0.0643 128 58 37
230 110 0.1000 0.0631 109 48 30

260 127 0.1471 0.0812 167 77 49
300 149 0.3077 0.0379 141 75 52
80 27 0.6160 0.0467 543 382 311
100 38 0.3255 0.1270 505 272 190
120 49 0.3318 0.1128 459 249 175
150 66 0.2461 0.2161 641 321 215
75 175 79 0.6432 0.0221 284 205 169
200 93 0.0526 0.1554 226 95 57
230 110 0.1172 0.0933 172 77 48
260 127 0.1572 0.1011 216 100 64
300 149 0.3480 0.0429 186 102 72
J590: 20 80 27 0.3500 0.0293 128 70 50

galUS/1,000 galUS,
110 43 0.3080 0.0310 116 61 42
J589: 3.3
galUS/1,000 galUS, 130 54 0.2740 0.0414 136 70 48
KCl: 333 lbm/1,000
150 66 0.8480 0.0021 57 50 46
galUS 0
175 79 0.1130 0.0207 38 17 10
200 93 0.1450 0.0196 40 18 12
230 110 0.5460 0.0028 25 17 13
260 127 0.6860 0.0009 14 10 9
Private

K′,
lbf-sn′/ft2 40 100 170
% degF degC
s−1 s−1 s−1
80 27 0.1328 0.1052 206 93 59
100 38 0.4614 0.0285 187 114 86
120 49 0.1539 0.1343 284 131 83
150 66 0.4007 0.0191 100 58 42
40
175 79 0.2205 0.0307 83 41 27
200 93 0.2085 0.0281 73 35 23
230 110 0.1722 0.0337 76 36 23

260 127 0.2827 0.0182 62 32 22
80 27 0.4803 0.0446 314 195 148
100 38 0.5296 0.0241 203 132 103
120 49 0.1371 0.1570 312 141 89
150 66 0.4946 0.0209 155 98 75
50
175 79 0.2617 0.0267 84 43 29
200 93 0.2248 0.0253 70 34 23
230 110 0.1442 0.0405 83 38 24
260 127 0.2347 0.0246 70 35 23
80 27 0.5846 0.0288 297 203 163
100 38 0.4824 0.0329 233 145 110
120 49 0.2020 0.1249 315 152 99
150 66 0.6713 0.0134 191 141 118
55
175 79 0.3163 0.0220 85 45 31
200 93 0.2514 0.0233 70 35 24
230 110 0.1531 0.0389 82 38 24
260 127 0.2014 0.0297 75 36 24
80 27 0.5794 0.0320 325 221 177
100 38 0.5088 0.0333 260 166 128
120 49 0.3192 0.0812 316 169 118
150 66 0.9678 0.0052 222 216 212
60
175 79 0.2249 0.0442 121 60 39
200 93 0.2353 0.0284 81 40 27
230 110 0.1300 0.0464 90 40 25
260 127 0.1676 0.0383 85 40 26
Private

K′,
lbf-sn′/ft2 40 100 170
% degF degC
s−1 s−1 s−1
80 27 0.6242 0.0279 334 237 194
100 38 0.4627 0.0474 313 191 144
120 49 0.4196 0.0589 332 195 143
150 66 1.0831 0.0039 252 271 284
65
175 79 0.1284 0.0768 148 66 42
200 93 0.2557 0.0308 95 48 32
230 110 0.1000 0.0628 109 48 30

260 127 0.1109 0.0556 100 44 28
80 27 0.6582 0.0251 341 249 208
100 38 0.3714 0.0867 408 230 164
120 49 0.5058 0.0437 338 215 165
150 66 0.8534 0.0136 378 331 306
70
175 79 0.1648 0.0726 160 74 48
200 93 0.1000 0.0822 142 62 39
230 110 0.1000 0.0904 157 69 43
260 127 0.1000 0.0816 141 62 38
80 27 0.7145 0.0208 347 268 230
100 38 0.3209 0.1203 471 253 176
120 49 0.3134 0.1097 417 222 155
150 66 0.4195 0.1027 578 339 249
75
175 79 0.3284 0.0452 182 98 69
200 93 0.1000 0.1348 233 102 63
230 110 0.1000 0.1610 279 122 76
260 127 0.1499 0.0916 191 87 56
J590: 20 75 24 0.2840 0.0478 163 85 58

galUS/1,000 galUS,
110 43 0.3000 0.0376 136 72 49
J589: 3.3
galUS/1,000 galUS 125 52 0.2760 0.0462 153 79 54
KCl: 583 lbm/1,000
150 66 0.6920 0.0044 68 51 43
galUS 0
175 79 0.1230 0.0290 55 24 15
200 93 0.1070 0.0329 58 26 16
220 104 0.1780 0.0247 57 27 17
260 127 0.4140 0.0062 34 20 15
Private

K′,
lbf-sn′/ft2 40 100 170
% degF degC
s−1 s−1 s−1
80 27 0.1000 0.1343 232 102 63
100 38 0.2968 0.0746 267 140 96
120 49 0.2305 0.1023 286 142 94
150 66 1.1399 0.0013 108 123 132
40
175 79 0.2654 0.0236 75 38 26
200 93 0.1739 0.0339 77 36 23
230 110 0.1890 0.0298 72 34 22

260 127 0.3313 0.0144 58 32 22
80 27 0.1491 0.1599 332 152 97
100 38 0.4774 0.0382 266 165 125
120 49 0.4283 0.0445 258 153 113
150 66 1.1036 0.0024 166 183 193
50
175 79 0.3514 0.0202 88 49 35
200 93 0.2010 0.0314 79 38 25
230 110 0.1867 0.0316 75 36 23
260 127 0.3160 0.0171 66 35 24
80 27 0.4554 0.0537 345 210 157
100 38 0.6141 0.0236 273 191 156
120 49 0.4742 0.0398 274 169 128
150 66 1.0440 0.0037 208 217 222
55
175 79 0.3478 0.0231 100 55 39
200 93 0.2424 0.0267 78 39 26
230 110 0.1732 0.0337 76 36 23
260 127 0.2700 0.0232 75 38 26
80 27 0.5142 0.0484 386 248 191
100 38 0.6831 0.0199 296 221 187
120 49 0.4977 0.0394 296 187 143
150 66 0.9652 0.0063 265 257 252
60
175 79 0.2464 0.0421 125 63 42
200 93 0.2954 0.0237 84 44 30
230 110 0.1525 0.0403 85 39 25
260 127 0.2234 0.0324 88 43 29
Private

K′,
lbf-sn′/ft2 40 100 170
% degF degC
s−1 s−1 s−1
80 27 0.6171 0.0335 391 275 225
100 38 0.7388 0.0173 317 250 217
120 49 0.5287 0.0384 323 210 163
150 66 0.8775 0.0105 319 285 268
65
175 79 0.2738 0.0427 140 72 49
200 93 0.2343 0.0393 112 55 37
230 110 0.1000 0.0569 98 43 27

260 127 0.2025 0.0488 123 59 39
80 27 0.7399 0.0210 385 304 264
100 38 0.8366 0.0120 314 270 248
120 49 0.5803 0.0323 329 224 179
150 66 0.6142 0.0367 424 298 242
70
175 79 0.6584 0.0125 170 124 104
200 93 0.2424 0.0424 124 62 41
230 110 0.1000 0.0883 153 67 42
260 127 0.1902 0.0702 169 81 52
80 27 0.8291 0.0155 394 337 308
100 38 0.8502 0.0116 321 279 258
120 49 0.5783 0.0341 345 234 187
150 66 0.3373 0.1383 575 313 220
75
175 79 0.9213 0.0070 252 234 224
200 93 0.1000 0.1005 174 76 47
230 110 0.1000 0.1270 220 96 60
260 127 0.2310 0.0833 234 116 77
J590: 20 80 27 0.3470 0.0368 158 87 62

galUS/1,000 galUS,
110 43 0.3100 0.0375 141 75 52
J589: 3.3
galUS/1,000 galUS 125 52 0.2840 0.0459 157 81 56
L064: 2
150 66 0.4900 0.0134 98 61 47
galUS/1,000 galUS 0
175 79 0.1080 0.0347 62 27 17
200 93 0.1190 0.0344 64 28 18
220 104 0.2420 0.0183 53 27 18
260 127 0.3580 0.0039 17 10 7
Private

K′,
lbf-sn′/ft2 40 100 170
% degF degC
s−1 s−1 s−1
80 27 0.3413 0.0605 255 139 98
100 38 0.3415 0.0567 239 131 92
120 49 0.1915 0.1141 277 132 86
150 66 0.7172 0.0090 152 117 101
40
175 79 0.2446 0.0265 78 39 26
200 93 0.2312 0.0274 77 38 25
230 110 0.2586 0.0227 71 36 24

260 127 0.3958 0.0102 53 30 22
80 27 0.5179 0.0340 275 177 137
100 38 0.3100 0.0729 274 146 101
120 49 0.1551 0.1510 320 148 94
150 66 0.8565 0.0067 189 166 153
50
175 79 0.3981 0.0171 89 51 37
200 93 0.2483 0.0271 81 41 27
230 110 0.2409 0.0263 77 38 26
260 127 0.3328 0.0171 70 38 27
80 27 0.6173 0.0240 281 198 161
100 38 0.2911 0.0832 291 152 104
120 49 0.1597 0.1596 344 159 102
150 66 0.8459 0.0084 228 198 182
55
175 79 0.3249 0.0282 112 60 42
200 93 0.3123 0.0218 83 44 31
230 110 0.2350 0.0281 80 40 26
260 127 0.3383 0.0183 76 42 29
80 27 0.6467 0.0237 308 223 185
100 38 0.2803 0.0978 329 170 116
120 49 0.2319 0.1278 360 178 118
150 66 0.7744 0.0150 312 254 225
60
175 79 0.2937 0.0333 118 62 42
200 93 0.2587 0.0325 101 51 35
230 110 0.2114 0.0330 86 42 28
260 127 0.2456 0.0307 91 46 31
Private

K′,
lbf-sn′/ft2 40 100 170
% degF degC
s−1 s−1 s−1
80 27 0.6670 0.0249 349 257 215
100 38 0.2687 0.1239 400 204 139
120 49 0.3092 0.1045 391 208 144
150 66 0.7379 0.0188 342 269 234
65
175 79 0.2188 0.0618 166 81 54
200 93 0.2829 0.0357 121 63 43
230 110 0.2329 0.0354 100 50 33

260 127 0.1201 0.0663 124 55 35
80 27 0.6596 0.0320 436 319 266
100 38 0.5135 0.0568 452 289 224
120 49 0.4852 0.0574 412 257 195
150 66 0.3735 0.1077 511 288 207
70
175 79 0.6401 0.0361 458 329 272
200 93 0.2737 0.0485 159 82 56
230 110 0.1000 0.0853 148 65 40
260 127 0.0978 0.0948 163 71 44
80 27 0.8583 0.0144 410 360 334
100 38 0.7393 0.0214 392 309 269
120 49 0.6762 0.0249 361 269 226
150 66 0.2951 0.1656 589 309 212
75
175 79 0.3473 0.1712 738 406 287
200 93 0.1116 0.1420 257 114 71
230 110 0.1336 0.1144 224 101 64
260 127 0.1140 0.1239 226 100 63
Private


Private


Private


Private


Private


K′,
lbf-sn′/ft2 40 100 170
%
degF degC
s−1 s−1 s−1
J590: 25 75 24 0.4130 0.0327 180 105 77
galUS/1,000 galUS,
110 43 0.3420 0.0372 157 86 61
J589: 4.2
galUS/1,000 galUS, 130 54 0.3120 0.0472 179 95 66
KCl: 167 lbm/1,000
150 66 0.5590 0.0112 105 70 56
galUS 0
175 79 0.1460 0.0321 66 30 19
200 93 0.1820 0.0291 68 32 21
220 104 0.3710 0.0123 58 33 23
260 127 0.4790 0.0034 24 15 11
80 27 0.2063 0.1157 296 143 94
100 38 0.3240 0.0710 281 151 106
120 49 0.1825 0.1347 316 149 97
150 66 0.8019 0.0077 179 149 134
40
175 79 0.1283 0.0657 126 57 36
200 93 0.1000 0.0706 122 54 33
230 110 0.2501 0.0309 93 47 31
260 127 0.3912 0.0133 67 39 28
80 27 0.4972 0.0417 312 197 151
100 38 0.3085 0.0871 325 173 120
120 49 0.1893 0.1498 361 172 112
150 66 0.7728 0.0106 221 179 159
50
175 79 0.2001 0.0483 121 58 38
200 93 0.1000 0.0762 132 58 36
230 110 0.2346 0.0349 99 49 33
260 127 0.2359 0.0321 92 46 30
Private

K′,
lbf-sn′/ft2 40 100 170
% degF degC
s−1 s−1 s−1
80 27 0.4715 0.0578 394 243 183
100 38 0.5085 0.0503 393 251 193
120 49 0.1677 0.2401 534 249 160
150 66 0.8919 0.0105 339 307 290
55 175 79 0.2880 0.0390 135 70 48
200 93 0.2530 0.0328 100 50 34
230 110 0.1661 0.0525 116 54 35

260 127 0.2298 0.0330 92 46 30
300 149 0.1597 0.0222 48 22 14
80 27 0.5801 0.0417 424 289 231
100 38 0.6093 0.0367 416 291 236
120 49 0.2719 0.1657 541 277 189
150 66 0.9291 0.0106 390 365 352
60 175 79 0.2151 0.0626 166 81 53
200 93 0.2111 0.0421 110 53 35
230 110 0.1644 0.0579 127 59 38
260 127 0.2469 0.0380 113 57 38
300 149 0.1934 0.0232 57 27 18
80 27 0.6752 0.0308 445 331 278
100 38 0.5555 0.0533 495 330 260
120 49 0.3589 0.1261 568 315 224
150 66 0.7775 0.0232 490 399 355
65 175 79 0.1423 0.0951 192 88 56
200 93 0.1481 0.0678 140 64 41
230 110 0.1007 0.0789 137 60 37
260 127 0.2298 0.0513 143 71 47
300 149 0.3104 0.0195 73 39 27
Private

K′,
lbf-sn′/ft2 40 100 170
% degF degC
s−1 s−1 s−1
80 27 0.7652 0.0236 475 383 338
100 38 0.5802 0.0554 564 384 307
120 49 0.4522 0.0857 544 329 246
150 66 0.5219 0.0784 643 415 322
70 175 79 0.1728 0.0962 218 102 66
200 93 0.1940 0.0599 147 70 46
230 110 0.1000 0.0943 163 72 44

260 127 0.2033 0.0684 173 84 55
300 149 0.2556 0.0406 125 63 43
80 27 0.8256 0.0223 560 477 435
100 38 0.6384 0.0479 604 434 358
120 49 0.3900 0.1202 606 347 251
150 66 0.5928 0.0672 717 494 398
75 175 79 0.2625 0.0850 268 136 92
200 93 0.1106 0.1000 180 80 50
230 110 0.1000 0.1266 219 96 60
260 127 0.1274 0.1435 275 124 78
300 149 0.2232 0.0741 202 99 66
J590: 25 80 27 0.3710 0.0358 168 95 68

galUS/1,000 galUS,
110 43 0.3130 0.0402 153 81 57
J589: 4.2
galUS/1,000 galUS, 125 52 0.2900 0.0475 166 86 59
KCl: 333 lbm/1,000
150 66 0.8020 0.0035 81 67 61
galUS 0
175 79 0.1100 0.0336 60 27 17
200 93 0.0870 0.0418 69 30 18
220 104 0.2400 0.0216 63 31 21
260 127 0.4100 0.0051 28 16 12
Private

K′,
lbf-sn′/ft2 40 100 170
% degF degC
s−1 s−1 s−1
80 27 0.0903 0.1580 264 115 71
100 38 0.1829 0.1548 364 172 112
120 49 0.1622 0.1559 339 158 101
150 66 1.0125 0.0025 126 128 129
40
175 79 0.1901 0.0399 96 46 30
200 93 0.1741 0.0406 92 43 28
230 110 0.1942 0.0386 95 45 29

260 127 0.3809 0.0162 79 45 32
80 27 0.1382 0.1727 344 156 99
100 38 0.2807 0.1044 352 182 124
120 49 0.1166 0.2477 456 203 127
150 66 1.1900 0.0020 191 227 251
50
175 79 0.3019 0.0320 117 61 42
200 93 0.2004 0.0398 100 48 31
230 110 0.2431 0.0332 97 49 33
260 127 0.3244 0.0237 94 51 35
80 27 0.4308 0.0720 422 251 185
100 38 0.2722 0.1159 379 194 132
120 49 0.2603 0.1431 447 227 153
150 66 1.1900 0.0024 231 276 305
55
175 79 0.2997 0.0363 131 69 48
200 93 0.2443 0.0361 106 53 36
230 110 0.2108 0.0414 108 52 34
260 127 0.2325 0.0400 113 56 37
80 27 0.6405 0.0317 403 290 240
100 38 0.4634 0.0527 348 213 160
120 49 0.5662 0.0356 344 252 183
150 66 1.1869 0.0031 292 346 382
60
175 79 0.1620 0.0764 166 77 49
200 93 0.1874 0.0560 134 64 41
230 110 0.2310 0.0414 116 57 38
260 127 0.1917 0.0547 133 63 41
Private

K′,
lbf-sn′/ft2 40 100 170
% degF degC
s−1 s−1 s−1
80 27 0.7560 0.0199 387 309 272
100 38 0.3467 0.0928 399 219 155
120 49 0.5892 0.0362 381 262 210
150 66 0.9089 0.0121 413 380 362
65
175 79 0.2242 0.0654 179 88 58
200 93 0.2203 0.0540 146 71 47
230 110 0.1088 0.0810 145 64 40

260 127 0.1568 0.0820 175 81 52
80 27 0.8081 0.0165 390 327 295
100 38 0.4398 0.0633 384 230 171
120 49 0.5254 0.0516 429 277 216
150 66 0.5017 0.0843 642 407 312
70
175 79 0.5798 0.0214 217 148 118
200 93 0.2023 0.0684 173 83 54
230 110 0.1000 0.1175 203 89 55
260 127 0.1785 0.1086 251 118 76
80 27 0.8401 0.0146 389 336 309
100 38 0.4511 0.0637 402 243 182
120 49 0.4742 0.0680 468 289 219
150 66 0.3103 0.2152 809 430 298
75
175 79 0.8220 0.0132 329 279 254
200 93 0.1012 0.1340 233 102 63
230 110 0.1374 0.1490 296 134 85
260 127 0.2401 0.1234 358 179 119
J590: 25 80 27 0.3100 0.0489 184 98 68

galUS/1,000 galUS,
110 43 0.2680 0.0509 164 84 57
J589: 4.2
galUS/1,000 galUS, 125 52 0.2760 0.0528 175 90 61
KCl: 583 lbm/1,000
150 66 0.5150 0.0118 94 61 47
galUS 0
175 79 0.0140 0.0712 90 36 22
200 93 0.0550 0.0643 94 40 24
230 110 0.2080 0.0316 81 39 26
260 127 0.2460 0.0227 67 34 23
Private

K′,
lbf-sn′/ft2 40 100 170
% degF degC
s−1 s−1 s−1
80 27 0.1703 0.1271 285 133 86
100 38 0.3130 0.0742 282 150 104
120 49 0.2235 0.1301 355 174 115
150 66 1.0838 0.0021 139 150 157
40
175 79 0.1000 0.0737 128 56 35
200 93 0.1746 0.0402 92 43 28
230 110 0.1799 0.0395 92 43 28

260 127 0.4267 0.0119 69 41 30
80 27 0.5264 0.0352 294 190 148
100 38 0.5114 0.0344 271 173 134
120 49 0.3351 0.0825 340 185 130
150 66 1.1201 0.0027 200 223 238
50
175 79 0.2851 0.0336 115 60 41
200 93 0.2069 0.0370 95 46 30
230 110 0.1678 0.0430 95 45 29
260 127 0.2182 0.0348 93 46 30
80 27 0.5386 0.0361 315 207 162
100 38 0.3359 0.0820 339 184 130
120 49 0.3747 0.0741 353 199 143
150 66 1.0588 0.0042 253 267 275
55
175 79 0.2799 0.0374 126 65 44
200 93 0.2468 0.0342 102 51 34
230 110 0.1650 0.0393 86 40 26
260 127 0.2338 0.0364 103 51 34
80 27 0.6022 0.0298 329 229 185
100 38 0.4112 0.0676 369 215 157
120 49 0.3843 0.0758 374 213 154
150 66 0.9963 0.0068 319 318 317
60
175 79 0.1687 0.0702 157 73 47
200 93 0.2817 0.0339 115 59 41
230 110 0.1689 0.0432 96 45 29
260 127 0.1787 0.0522 121 57 37
Private

K′,
lbf-sn′/ft2 40 100 170
% degF degC
s−1 s−1 s−1
80 27 0.6007 0.0345 379 263 213
100 38 0.4322 0.0683 403 239 177
120 49 0.3962 0.0828 427 246 178
150 66 0.8698 0.0138 409 363 339
65
175 79 0.1294 0.0932 180 81 51
200 93 0.2236 0.0527 144 71 47
230 110 0.1729 0.0482 109 51 33

260 127 0.1189 0.0799 148 66 41
80 27 0.6087 0.0404 457 319 259
100 38 0.4860 0.0597 429 268 204
120 49 0.4807 0.0596 420 261 198
150 66 0.5225 0.0674 554 358 278
70
175 79 0.2268 0.0745 206 101 67
200 93 0.2335 0.0569 161 80 53
230 110 0.1000 0.0842 146 64 40
260 127 0.1247 0.1150 218 98 61
80 27 0.6400 0.0449 570 410 338
100 38 0.8277 0.0170 430 367 335
120 49 0.5047 0.0545 420 267 205
150 66 0.3252 0.1773 704 380 265
75
175 79 0.5246 0.0297 246 159 124
200 93 0.1602 0.0942 204 94 60
230 110 0.1000 0.1201 208 91 57
260 127 0.1696 0.1438 322 150 97
J590: 25 80 27 0.3630 0.0417 190 106 76

galUS/1,000 galUS,
110 43 0.2970 0.0468 168 88 61
J589: 4.2
galUS/1,000 galUS, 125 52 0.2810 0.0548 185 96 65
L064: 2
150 66 0.5430 0.0131 116 76 60
galUS/1,000 galUS 0
175 79 0.1520 0.0330 69 32 20
200 93 0.1660 0.0315 70 32 21
220 104 0.2570 0.0199 61 31 21
260 127 0.4080 0.0040 22 13 9
Private

K′,
lbf-sn′/ft2 40 100 170
% degF degC
s−1 s−1 s−1
80 27 0.1558 0.1394 296 137 87
100 38 0.2008 0.1498 376 181 118
120 49 0.2514 0.1236 374 188 127
150 66 1.0949 0.0023 154 168 177
40
175 79 0.1759 0.0500 115 54 35
200 93 0.1800 0.0435 101 48 31
230 110 0.2241 0.0348 95 47 31

260 127 0.4645 0.0090 60 36 27
80 27 0.3070 0.1072 398 211 146
100 38 0.2452 0.1381 408 205 137
120 49 0.2561 0.1333 410 208 140
150 66 1.1051 0.0032 222 245 259
50
175 79 0.2762 0.0403 134 69 47
200 93 0.2268 0.0379 105 52 34
230 110 0.3466 0.0231 99 55 39
260 127 0.3834 0.0167 82 47 34
80 27 0.5595 0.0423 399 267 211
100 38 0.3886 0.0751 377 215 156
120 49 0.2733 0.1361 446 229 156
150 66 1.0423 0.0051 287 298 305
55
175 79 0.1445 0.0816 166 76 48
200 93 0.2784 0.0339 113 58 40
230 110 0.2322 0.0445 125 62 41
260 127 0.2807 0.0313 106 55 37
80 27 0.6110 0.0381 434 304 247
100 38 0.3425 0.1017 431 236 166
120 49 0.2800 0.1470 494 256 174
150 66 0.9317 0.0104 385 362 349
60
175 79 0.2119 0.0713 186 91 60
200 93 0.2110 0.0536 140 68 45
230 110 0.2885 0.0370 128 67 46
260 127 0.2201 0.0455 123 60 40
Private

K′,
lbf-sn′/ft2 40 100 170
% degF degC
s−1 s−1 s−1
80 27 0.6083 0.0424 479 335 272
100 38 0.3044 0.1290 475 251 174
120 49 0.3000 0.1528 553 291 201
150 66 0.7645 0.0229 460 371 328
65
175 79 0.6627 0.0155 214 157 131
200 93 0.2915 0.0446 156 82 56
230 110 0.2223 0.0539 147 72 48

260 127 0.1176 0.0883 163 73 45
80 27 0.7241 0.0267 461 358 309
100 38 0.4105 0.0941 512 298 218
120 49 0.4005 0.1083 568 328 238
150 66 0.4358 0.1110 663 395 293
70
175 79 0.9044 0.0100 337 308 293
200 93 0.2793 0.0590 198 102 70
230 110 0.1194 0.1027 191 85 53
260 127 0.1000 0.1269 220 96 60
80 27 0.8082 0.0221 520 437 394
100 38 0.5183 0.0797 646 415 322
120 49 0.4606 0.0932 610 372 280
150 66 0.2614 0.2571 807 410 277
75
175 79 0.9435 0.0123 479 455 441
200 93 0.1381 0.1572 313 142 90
230 110 0.1646 0.1247 274 127 82
260 127 0.2034 0.1128 286 138 90
Private

galUS/1,000 galUS J590 and 5 galUS/1,000 galUS

and 5 galUS/1,000 galUS J589 in 2% KCl made with tap water for varying
Private


Private


Private

Figure 6-31: Viscosity versus temperature of 30 galUS/1,000 galUS J590 and 5

galUS/1,000 galUS J589 in 2 galUS/1,000 galUS L064 made with tap water for
varying N2 qualities. (Legend shows N2 quality in %.)
Private

of 30 galUS/1,000 galUS J590 and 5 galUS/1,000
Table 6-23: Foam Rheology of 30 galUS/1,000 galUS J590 and 5 galUS/1,000 galUS J589

K′,
lbf-sn′/ft2 40 100 170
%
degF degC
s−1 s−1 s−1
J590: 30 75 24 0.3430 0.0580 246 135 95
galUS/1,000
110 43 0.3040 0.0655 241 127 88
galUS,J589: 5
galUS/1,000 galUS 130 54 0.3770 0.0469 226 127 92
KCl: 167 lbm/1,000
150 66 0.6570 0.0078 105 77 64
galUS 0
180 82 0.0960 0.0549 94 41 25
200 93 0.1560 0.0455 97 45 29
220 104 0.4560 0.0107 69 42 31
260 127 0.5300 0.0034 29 19 15
80 27 0.3758 0.0773 370 209 150
100 38 0.1405 0.2162 435 198 125
120 49 0.0821 0.2648 429 185 114
150 66 0.9157 0.0042 148 137 131
40
175 79 0.1686 0.0519 116 54 35
200 93 0.1625 0.0498 108 50 32
230 110 0.1913 0.0493 119 57 37
260 127 0.2783 0.0270 90 47 32
80 27 0.5173 0.0523 422 271 210
100 38 0.2610 0.1408 442 224 152
120 49 0.2481 0.1887 564 283 190
150 66 0.9929 0.0038 176 175 175
50
175 79 0.2501 0.0456 137 69 46
200 93 0.1948 0.0466 114 55 36
230 110 0.1512 0.0657 137 63 40
260 127 0.1795 0.0508 118 56 36
Private

K′,
lbf-sn′/ft2 40 100 170
% degF degC
s−1 s−1 s−1
80 27 0.5931 0.0406 434 299 241
100 38 0.3239 0.1165 461 248 173
120 49 0.2380 0.2182 629 313 209
150 66 1.0263 0.0041 217 222 225
55
175 79 0.2027 0.0640 162 78 51
200 93 0.1073 0.0847 151 66 41
230 110 0.1000 0.0922 160 70 43

260 127 0.1895 0.0547 132 63 41
80 27 0.6951 0.0287 446 338 287
100 38 0.3713 0.1018 479 270 193
120 49 0.2372 0.2300 660 328 219
150 66 1.1649 0.0029 258 300 327
60
175 79 0.1595 0.0881 190 88 56
200 93 0.1721 0.0664 150 70 45
230 110 0.1000 0.1021 177 77 48
260 127 0.1094 0.0806 144 64 40
80 27 0.9131 0.0117 407 375 359
100 38 0.4058 0.0940 503 292 213
120 49 0.3892 0.1152 579 331 239
150 66 1.1216 0.0055 409 457 488
65
175 79 0.3400 0.0475 199 109 77
200 93 0.1048 0.1092 192 85 53
230 110 0.1000 0.1109 192 84 52
260 127 0.1162 0.1008 185 82 52
80 27 0.9070 0.0130 440 404 385
100 38 0.4693 0.0729 493 303 229
120 49 0.2521 0.2232 677 341 229
150 66 0.8100 0.0268 637 535 484
70
175 79 0.9034 0.0073 246 225 214
200 93 0.2117 0.0682 178 87 57
230 110 0.1000 0.1217 211 92 57
260 127 0.1000 0.1107 192 84 52
Private

K′,
lbf-sn′/ft2 40 100 170
% degF degC
s−1 s−1 s−1
80 27 0.8259 0.0208 524 447 407
100 38 0.4930 0.0759 560 352 269
120 49 0.3367 0.1627 674 367 258
150 66 0.4754 0.1306 903 558 423
75
175 79 0.9888 0.0068 313 309 308
200 93 0.1498 0.1052 219 100 64
230 110 0.1000 0.1419 246 108 67

260 127 0.1000 0.1235 214 94 58
J590: 30 75 24 0.3150 0.0591 226 121 84

galUS/1,000
110 43 0.2770 0.0614 204 105 72
galUS,J589: 5
galUS/1,000 galUS 125 52 0.2760 0.0736 244 126 86
KCl: 333 lbm/1,000
150 66 0.4550 0.0276 177 107 80
galUS 0
175 79 0.1330 0.0476 93 42 27
200 93 0.0910 0.0634 106 46 28
220 104 0.2290 0.0360 100 49 33
260 127 0.4370 0.0083 50 30 22
80 27 0.1569 0.1471 314 145 93
100 38 0.1832 0.1824 429 203 132
120 49 0.2174 0.1664 444 217 143
150 66 0.9877 0.0032 149 147 146
40
175 79 0.1431 0.0610 124 56 36
200 93 0.1000 0.0790 137 60 37
230 110 0.1539 0.0628 133 61 39
260 127 0.4416 0.0146 89 54 40
80 27 0.2022 0.1738 439 211 138
100 38 0.2548 0.1641 503 254 171
120 49 0.2723 0.1395 456 234 159
150 66 1.1900 0.0023 224 266 295
50
175 79 0.2728 0.0419 137 70 48
200 93 0.1488 0.0673 139 64 41
230 110 0.2104 0.0518 135 65 43
260 127 0.3656 0.0264 122 68 49
Private

K′,
lbf-sn′/ft2 40 100 170
% degF degC
s−1 s−1 s−1
80 27 0.6159 0.0363 422 297 242
100 38 0.3353 0.1237 510 277 195
120 49 0.2668 0.1507 483 247 167
150 66 1.1839 0.0029 276 327 360
55
175 79 0.1122 0.0966 175 78 48
200 93 0.1308 0.0832 161 73 46
230 110 0.1593 0.0708 153 71 45

260 127 0.2681 0.0436 140 72 49
80 27 0.7534 0.0217 419 334 293
100 38 0.3422 0.1376 582 318 225
120 49 0.2797 0.1551 521 269 184
150 66 1.1415 0.0044 354 403 434
60
175 79 0.1477 0.0940 194 89 57
200 93 0.2001 0.0681 170 82 54
230 110 0.1827 0.0674 158 75 49
260 127 0.2103 0.0637 166 80 53
80 27 0.8258 0.0167 421 359 327
100 38 0.4588 0.0892 580 353 265
120 49 0.2571 0.1935 598 303 204
150 66 0.9633 0.0110 460 445 436
65
175 79 0.2739 0.0683 225 116 79
200 93 0.2519 0.0611 185 93 63
230 110 0.1330 0.0887 174 78 49
260 127 0.1374 0.1053 209 95 60
80 27 0.6110 0.0612 697 488 397
100 38 0.5626 0.0624 595 398 316
120 49 0.3195 0.1558 606 325 226
150 66 0.5031 0.0964 738 468 360
70
175 79 0.6143 0.0249 287 202 165
200 93 0.2186 0.0827 222 108 72
230 110 0.1000 0.1217 211 92 57
260 127 0.1181 0.1380 255 114 71
Private

K′,
lbf-sn′/ft2 40 100 170
% degF degC
s−1 s−1 s−1
80 27 0.6547 0.0543 727 530 441
100 38 0.6328 0.0491 607 433 357
120 49 0.3543 0.1442 638 353 251
150 66 0.2822 0.2770 939 487 332
75
175 79 1.0700 0.0067 413 440 457
200 93 0.1331 0.1442 282 127 80
230 110 0.1000 0.1677 290 127 79

260 127 0.1269 0.1817 347 156 98
J590: 30 80 27 0.3370 0.0571 237 129 91

galUS/1,000
110 43 0.2630 0.0680 215 109 74
galUS,J589: 5
galUS/1,000 galUS 125 52 0.3140 0.0599 228 122 85
KCl: 583 lbm/1,000
150 66 0.7390 0.0055 101 79 69
galUS 0
175 79 0.0950 0.0507 86 38 23
200 93 0.0810 0.0600 97 42 26
220 104 0.2080 0.0350 90 44 29
260 127 0.4850 0.0055 39 25 19
80 27 0.1302 0.1837 355 160 101
100 38 0.2171 0.1602 427 208 138
120 49 0.2340 0.1509 428 212 141
150 66 1.0968 0.0027 183 199 210
40
175 79 0.1474 0.0642 132 61 39
200 93 0.1476 0.0561 116 53 34
230 110 0.1511 0.0570 119 55 35
260 127 0.1170 0.0684 126 56 35
80 27 0.3550 0.1059 469 260 185
100 38 0.4912 0.0543 398 250 190
120 49 0.3052 0.1117 412 218 151
150 66 1.0399 0.0050 276 286 292
50
175 79 0.1334 0.0839 164 74 47
200 93 0.2003 0.0483 121 58 38
230 110 0.1000 0.0754 131 57 36
260 127 0.1000 0.0790 137 60 37
Private

K′,
lbf-sn′/ft2 40 100 170
% degF degC
s−1 s−1 s−1
80 27 0.5248 0.0588 488 315 245
100 38 0.5320 0.0491 419 273 213
120 49 0.3525 0.0988 434 240 170
150 66 0.9860 0.0072 328 324 321
55
175 79 0.1325 0.0913 178 80 51
200 93 0.1934 0.0587 143 68 45
230 110 0.1000 0.0771 133 59 36

260 127 0.1294 0.0700 135 61 38
80 27 0.5578 0.0572 536 357 282
100 38 0.5789 0.0443 448 305 244
120 49 0.4017 0.0866 456 264 192
150 66 0.8645 0.0144 417 368 343
60
175 79 0.1928 0.0796 194 93 60
200 93 0.1874 0.0674 161 77 50
230 110 0.1000 0.0843 146 64 40
260 127 0.3388 0.0360 150 82 58
80 27 0.6693 0.0416 587 434 364
100 38 0.6915 0.0309 474 358 304
120 49 0.4016 0.0959 505 292 212
150 66 0.7956 0.0211 475 394 353
65
175 79 0.3283 0.0557 224 121 85
200 93 0.2571 0.0566 175 89 60
230 110 0.1000 0.0906 157 69 43
260 127 0.1508 0.0973 203 93 59
80 27 0.8034 0.0251 582 486 438
100 38 0.7956 0.0209 470 390 350
120 49 0.4569 0.0818 528 321 241
150 66 0.4468 0.1109 690 416 310
70
175 79 0.9509 0.0079 316 302 295
200 93 0.2185 0.0863 231 113 75
230 110 0.1000 0.0938 162 71 44
260 127 0.1579 0.1281 274 127 81
Private

K′,
lbf-sn′/ft2 40 100 170
% degF degC
s−1 s−1 s−1
80 27 0.9682 0.0130 554 538 529
100 38 0.6106 0.0508 578 405 329
120 49 0.4281 0.0972 564 334 247
150 66 0.3059 0.2201 814 431 298
75
175 79 0.8596 0.0142 405 356 330
200 93 0.1340 0.1354 266 120 76
230 110 0.1000 0.1084 188 82 51

260 127 0.2314 0.1373 386 191 127
J590: 30 80 27 0.3640 0.0493 226 126 90

galUS/1,000
110 43 0.3140 0.0519 198 106 73
galUS,J589: 5
galUS/1,000 130 54 0.2810 0.0647 218 113 77
galUS L064: 2
150 66 0.5400 0.0179 157 103 81
galUS/1,000 galUS 0
175 79 0.2050 0.0285 73 35 23
200 93 0.1710 0.0337 76 35 23
220 104 0.4570 0.0087 56 34 26
260 127 0.4630 0.0039 26 16 12
80 27 0.2546 0.1269 388 196 132
100 38 0.1678 0.2052 456 213 137
120 49 0.2373 0.1572 452 224 150
150 66 1.1259 0.0025 188 211 225
40
175 79 0.1800 0.0560 130 61 40
200 93 0.1300 0.0659 127 57 36
230 110 0.2407 0.0392 114 57 38
260 127 0.4469 0.0118 73 44 33
80 27 0.5267 0.0513 428 278 216
100 38 0.3061 0.1147 425 225 156
120 49 0.1776 0.2405 554 261 169
150 66 1.1336 0.0034 266 301 323
50
175 79 0.1219 0.0870 163 73 46
200 93 0.1692 0.0653 146 68 44
230 110 0.2170 0.0506 135 66 43
260 127 0.2450 0.0454 134 67 45
Private

K′,
lbf-sn′/ft2 40 100 170
% degF degC
s−1 s−1 s−1
80 27 0.6236 0.0383 458 324 266
100 38 0.2985 0.1290 464 244 168
120 49 0.1455 0.3060 627 286 182
150 66 1.1344 0.0042 332 376 403
55
175 79 0.1527 0.0866 182 84 53
200 93 0.1213 0.0911 171 76 48
230 110 0.2361 0.0507 145 72 48

260 127 0.2059 0.0571 146 71 46
80 27 0.6952 0.0313 487 369 314
100 38 0.4786 0.0617 431 268 203
120 49 0.1824 0.2881 676 320 207
150 66 1.0808 0.0067 435 468 489
60
175 79 0.3121 0.0565 214 114 79
200 93 0.1027 0.1124 197 86 54
230 110 0.2625 0.0495 156 79 54
260 127 0.2106 0.0606 158 77 50
80 27 0.7444 0.0275 513 406 354
100 38 0.5293 0.0561 473 307 239
120 49 0.3258 0.1745 695 375 262
150 66 0.7179 0.0385 652 503 433
65
175 79 0.8300 0.0101 259 222 203
200 93 0.2753 0.0594 196 101 69
230 110 0.1888 0.0761 183 87 57
260 127 0.1412 0.1023 206 94 60
80 27 0.7797 0.0276 587 480 427
100 38 0.5558 0.0564 524 349 276
120 49 0.4401 0.1139 692 414 308
150 66 0.5362 0.0920 796 520 407
70
175 79 0.8970 0.0129 422 384 363
200 93 0.2973 0.0639 229 120 83
230 110 0.1000 0.1290 223 98 61
260 127 0.1119 0.1392 252 112 70
Private

K′,
lbf-sn′/ft2 40 100 170
% degF degC
s−1 s−1 s−1
80 27 0.2924 0.2729 960 502 345
100 38 0.6966 0.0326 509 385 328
120 49 0.4770 0.1044 726 450 341
150 66 0.3411 0.2307 972 531 375
75
175 79 0.5047 0.1139 877 557 429
200 93 0.1505 0.1626 339 156 99
230 110 0.1296 0.1589 307 138 87

260 127 0.1121 0.1867 338 150 93
Private


Private


Private


Private


Private


K′,
lbf-sn′/ft2 40 100 170
%
degF degC
s−1 s−1 s−1
J590: 40 80 27 0.2820 0.0905 307 159 108
galUS/1,000 galUS,
110 43 0.2460 0.1035 307 154 103
J589: 6.7
galUS/1,000 galUS, 125 52 0.2290 0.1166 325 160 106
KCl: 167 lbm/1,000
150 66 0.4210 0.0489 277 163 120
galUS 0
175 79 0.1860 0.0615 146 69 45
200 93 0.1870 0.0599 143 68 44
220 104 0.4770 0.0139 97 60 45
260 127 0.5990 0.0025 27 19 15
80 27 0.2186 0.1847 495 242 160
100 38 0.2879 0.1487 515 268 184
120 49 0.1897 0.2644 637 303 197
150 66 0.8853 0.0117 366 329 310
40
175 79 0.1000 0.1129 195 86 53
200 93 0.1000 0.1157 200 88 54
230 110 0.2269 0.0665 184 91 60
260 127 0.1310 0.0913 177 80 50
80 27 0.5350 0.0600 517 338 264
100 38 0.5143 0.0688 549 352 272
120 49 0.2351 0.2290 652 324 216
150 66 0.9140 0.0135 470 434 415
50
175 79 0.1000 0.1256 217 95 59
200 93 0.1000 0.1331 230 101 63
230 110 0.1762 0.0976 224 105 68
260 127 0.1639 0.0990 217 101 65
Private

K′,
lbf-sn′/ft2 40 100 170
% degF degC
s−1 s−1 s−1
80 27 0.5756 0.0540 540 366 292
100 38 0.4105 0.1202 654 381 279
120 49 0.2458 0.2296 680 341 228
150 66 0.6703 0.0451 640 473 397
55
175 79 0.1000 0.1482 257 112 70
200 93 0.1063 0.1380 244 108 67
230 110 0.1710 0.1057 238 111 72

260 127 0.1741 0.0989 225 106 68
80 27 0.7447 0.0299 557 441 385
100 38 0.4834 0.0930 662 412 314
120 49 0.3052 0.1989 734 388 269
150 66 0.8191 0.0234 575 487 443
60
175 79 0.1705 0.1329 298 140 90
200 93 0.1489 0.1281 266 122 78
230 110 0.1566 0.1197 255 118 75
260 127 0.1573 0.1201 257 119 76
80 27 0.7861 0.0288 627 516 460
100 38 0.6058 0.0672 751 523 425
120 49 0.3571 0.1784 797 442 315
150 66 0.3469 0.2117 911 501 354
65
175 79 0.2166 0.1213 323 158 104
200 93 0.2163 0.1062 282 138 91
230 110 0.1426 0.1323 268 122 77
260 127 0.1077 0.1759 313 138 86
80 27 0.7585 0.0360 708 567 499
100 38 0.6732 0.0569 816 605 509
120 49 0.4207 0.1423 804 473 348
150 66 0.4274 0.1566 907 537 396
70
175 79 0.5498 0.0400 364 241 190
200 93 0.2026 0.1214 307 148 97
230 110 0.1000 0.1671 289 127 79
260 127 0.1151 0.2075 380 169 106
Private

K′,
lbf-sn′/ft2 40 100 170
% degF degC
s−1 s−1 s−1
80 27 0.6995 0.0538 850 645 550
100 38 0.6120 0.0816 934 655 533
120 49 0.4274 0.1611 933 552 408
150 66 0.4448 0.1505 929 559 416
75
175 79 0.5812 0.0410 419 285 228
200 93 0.1300 0.1842 356 160 101
230 110 0.1000 0.2211 383 168 104

260 127 0.1451 0.2394 489 224 142
J590: 40 75 24 0.3610 0.0611 277 154 110

galUS/1,000 galUS,
110 43 0.2800 0.0765 257 133 91
J589: 6.7
galUS/1,000 galUS, 125 52 0.2630 0.0961 304 154 104
KCl: 333 lbm/1,000
150 66 0.4520 0.0427 271 164 123
galUS 0
175 79 0.2220 0.0465 126 62 41
200 93 0.1150 0.0748 137 61 38
220 104 0.2800 0.0350 118 61 42
260 127 0.6120 0.0035 40 28 23
80 27 0.1398 0.2338 469 213 135
100 38 0.1507 0.2779 580 266 170
120 49 0.2160 0.2323 617 301 198
150 66 1.0440 0.0037 209 218 223
40
175 79 0.1000 0.1153 200 87 54
200 93 0.1000 0.1135 196 86 53
230 110 0.2174 0.0663 177 86 57
260 127 0.2932 0.0363 128 67 46
80 27 0.4201 0.1018 574 337 248
100 38 0.3344 0.1510 620 337 237
120 49 0.2311 0.2751 772 382 254
150 66 1.1303 0.0033 252 284 304
50
175 79 0.1000 0.1259 218 96 59
200 93 0.1644 0.0926 203 95 61
230 110 0.1040 0.1290 227 100 62
260 127 0.2297 0.0687 192 95 63
Private

K′,
lbf-sn′/ft2 40 100 170
% degF degC
s−1 s−1 s−1
80 27 0.4828 0.0881 626 390 296
100 38 0.4220 0.1124 638 376 277
120 49 0.1385 0.4616 921 418 265
150 66 1.1961 0.0033 327 391 434
55
175 79 0.1144 0.1350 246 109 68
200 93 0.1103 0.1371 247 109 68
230 110 0.1591 0.1059 228 105 68

260 127 0.2403 0.0703 204 102 68
80 27 0.4791 0.0967 678 421 319
100 38 0.4773 0.0968 674 417 316
120 49 0.2352 0.3465 987 490 326
150 66 1.2771 0.0030 403 520 602
60
175 79 0.1809 0.1180 275 130 84
200 93 0.1536 0.1211 255 118 75
230 110 0.1934 0.0960 235 112 73
260 127 0.2064 0.0889 228 110 72
80 27 0.5027 0.0940 719 456 350
100 38 0.5328 0.0838 716 467 364
120 49 0.3430 0.2379 1009 553 390
150 66 1.3016 0.0034 498 657 771
65
175 79 0.3288 0.0762 307 166 116
200 93 0.2331 0.0952 269 133 89
230 110 0.1881 0.1084 260 123 80
260 127 0.1150 0.1507 276 123 77
80 27 0.5627 0.0780 744 498 395
100 38 0.6243 0.0622 745 528 433
120 49 0.4315 0.1653 972 578 427
150 66 0.8180 0.0327 801 678 615
70
175 79 0.8478 0.0138 377 328 303
200 93 0.2548 0.0963 295 149 100
230 110 0.1000 0.1941 336 147 91
260 127 0.1000 0.1888 327 143 89
Private

K′,
lbf-sn′/ft2 40 100 170
% degF degC
s−1 s−1 s−1
80 27 0.7448 0.0393 734 581 507
100 38 0.6757 0.0527 763 567 477
120 49 0.4541 0.1530 978 593 444
150 66 0.4838 0.1551 1106 689 524
75
175 79 1.0672 0.0077 474 504 523
200 93 0.2382 0.1149 331 165 110
230 110 0.1000 0.2030 351 154 96

260 127 0.1000 0.2428 420 184 114
J590: 40 80 27 0.3280 0.0763 306 165 116

galUS/1,000 galUS,
110 43 0.2610 0.0861 270 137 93
J589: 6.7
galUS/1,000 galUS, 130 54 0.2940 0.0905 320 168 115
KCl: 583 lbm/1,000
150 66 0.5660 0.0213 206 138 110
galUS 0
175 79 0.1300 0.0647 125 56 36
200 93 0.0810 0.0855 138 59 37
230 110 0.3600 0.0251 113 63 45
260 127 0.6410 0.0029 37 27 22
80 27 0.1660 0.2129 470 219 141
100 38 0.1882 0.2469 592 281 183
120 49 0.1856 0.2583 613 291 189
150 66 0.2671 0.1892 607 310 210
40
175 79 0.1000 0.1181 204 90 56
200 93 0.1000 0.1202 208 91 57
230 110 0.1000 0.1094 189 83 52
260 127 0.1000 0.0942 163 72 44
80 27 0.5762 0.0529 530 360 287
100 38 0.3286 0.1575 634 343 240
120 49 0.2408 0.2209 643 321 214
150 66 0.3326 0.1586 648 351 247
50
175 79 0.1000 0.1381 239 105 65
200 93 0.1000 0.1193 207 91 56
230 110 0.1000 0.1265 219 96 60
260 127 0.1000 0.1199 208 91 56
Private

K′,
lbf-sn′/ft2 40 100 170
% degF degC
s−1 s−1 s−1
80 27 0.6848 0.0358 536 401 339
100 38 0.3882 0.1329 666 380 275
120 49 0.2712 0.2096 682 350 238
150 66 0.3519 0.1579 692 382 271
55
175 79 0.1000 0.1478 256 112 70
200 93 0.1000 0.1227 212 93 58
230 110 0.1000 0.1289 223 98 61

260 127 0.1000 0.1267 219 96 60
80 27 0.7638 0.0278 556 448 395
100 38 0.4235 0.1250 714 421 310
120 49 0.2878 0.2105 728 379 260
150 66 0.3606 0.1643 743 414 295
60
175 79 0.1000 0.1572 272 119 74
200 93 0.1000 0.1297 224 98 61
230 110 0.1000 0.1316 228 100 62
260 127 0.1000 0.1280 222 97 60
80 27 0.7744 0.0278 579 471 418
100 38 0.5051 0.0991 764 486 374
120 49 0.3385 0.1719 717 391 275
150 66 0.3871 0.1546 772 440 318
65
175 79 0.1000 0.1702 295 129 80
200 93 0.1000 0.1351 234 102 64
230 110 0.1000 0.1339 232 102 63
260 127 0.1000 0.1355 234 103 64
80 27 0.9086 0.0166 568 522 497
100 38 0.5738 0.0816 811 549 438
120 49 0.3252 0.1930 766 413 289
150 66 0.4281 0.1346 782 463 342
70
175 79 0.3136 0.0814 310 165 115
200 93 0.1000 0.1389 240 105 65
230 110 0.1000 0.1331 230 101 63
260 127 0.1000 0.1499 260 114 71
Private

K′,
lbf-sn′/ft2 40 100 170
% degF degC
s−1 s−1 s−1
80 27 0.9345 0.0159 597 562 543
100 38 0.6058 0.0768 859 599 486
120 49 0.4594 0.1297 846 515 387
150 66 0.4707 0.1539 1046 644 486
75
175 79 0.5241 0.0447 370 239 186
200 93 0.1000 0.1468 254 111 69
230 110 0.1000 0.1442 250 109 68

260 127 0.1000 0.1672 289 127 79
J590: 40 75 24 0.3170 0.0775 299 160 111

galUS/1,000 galUS,
110 43 0.2720 0.0930 304 156 106
J589: 6.7
galUS/1,000 galUS, 125 52 0.2610 0.1037 325 165 112
L064: 2
150 66 0.4250 0.0468 269 159 117
galUS/1,000 galUS 0
175 79 0.2650 0.0409 130 66 45
200 93 0.1800 0.0580 135 64 41
220 104 0.5100 0.0114 90 57 44
260 127 0.6470 0.0019 25 18 15
80 27 0.1635 0.2590 567 263 169
100 38 0.1835 0.2696 635 301 195
120 49 0.1880 0.2680 642 305 198
150 66 0.8722 0.0144 429 382 357
40
175 79 0.1566 0.1092 233 108 69
200 93 0.1163 0.1077 198 88 55
230 110 0.2822 0.0405 137 71 49
260 127 0.4528 0.0137 87 53 39
80 27 0.4077 0.1269 683 397 290
100 38 0.3264 0.1706 681 367 257
120 49 0.2328 0.2493 704 349 232
150 66 0.8404 0.0206 546 472 434
50
175 79 0.1480 0.1237 256 117 75
200 93 0.1875 0.0846 202 96 62
230 110 0.1976 0.0745 185 89 58
260 127 0.4278 0.0237 138 81 60
Private

K′,
lbf-sn′/ft2 40 100 170
% degF degC
s−1 s−1 s−1
80 27 0.5231 0.0908 749 484 376
100 38 0.4463 0.1148 713 429 320
120 49 0.2075 0.2951 759 367 241
150 66 0.7885 0.0290 637 525 469
55
175 79 0.3462 0.0682 293 161 114
200 93 0.1000 0.1473 255 112 69
230 110 0.2324 0.0697 197 97 65

260 127 0.3657 0.0361 167 93 67
80 27 0.5726 0.0793 785 531 423
100 38 0.5098 0.0964 756 483 372
120 49 0.2113 0.3179 830 403 265
150 66 0.6432 0.0627 805 581 480
60
175 79 0.9586 0.0081 334 322 315
200 93 0.1157 0.1487 273 121 76
230 110 0.2469 0.0703 209 105 70
260 127 0.3132 0.0513 195 104 72
80 27 0.7022 0.0530 847 645 550
100 38 0.6133 0.0699 803 564 459
120 49 0.2300 0.3454 966 477 317
150 66 0.5587 0.1031 969 647 512
65
175 79 0.8991 0.0154 507 462 438
200 93 0.1820 0.1299 304 144 93
230 110 0.2307 0.0884 248 123 81
260 127 0.1211 0.1619 303 135 85
80 27 0.7553 0.0488 947 756 664
100 38 0.6415 0.0690 881 634 524
120 49 0.2993 0.2717 981 516 356
150 66 0.5072 0.1387 1078 686 528
70
175 79 0.6210 0.0594 703 497 406
200 93 0.1909 0.1342 325 155 101
230 110 0.1557 0.1367 290 134 86
260 127 0.1000 0.1982 343 150 93
Private

K′,
lbf-sn′/ft2 40 100 170
% degF degC
s−1 s−1 s−1
80 27 0.7120 0.0656 1085 833 715
100 38 0.5831 0.0952 980 669 536
120 49 0.3801 0.2101 1022 579 417
150 66 0.4648 0.1732 1152 705 531
75
175 79 0.3655 0.2325 1072 599 428
200 93 0.2175 0.1388 371 181 119
230 110 0.1000 0.1943 336 147 91

260 127 0.1109 0.2244 404 179 112
6.14 Appendix B: Fluid Characteristics
6.14.1 Appendix B-1: Viscosity as a function of shear

rate and time for a straight fluid showing no shear
degradation
Figure 6-36: Viscosity as a function of shear rate and time for a straight fluid
with 30 galUS/1,000 galUS J590 and 5 galUS/1,000 galUS J589 at 150 degF [66
degC] after 2 hours showing no shear degradation.
Private
6.14.2 Appendix B-2: Viscosity as a function of shear rate

and time for an N2-foamed fluid showing no shear
degradation
Figure 6-37: Viscosity as a function of shear rate and time for an N2-foamed fluid
(FQ 70%) with 20 galUS/1,000 galUS J590 and 3.3 galUS/1,000 galUS J589 in 4% KCl
at 150 degF [66 degC] showing no shear degradation in 2 hours.
Private
6.14.3 Appendix B-3: ClearFRAC* XT J948 fluid leakoff

Figure 6-38: ClearFRAC XT leakoff coefficients versus formation permeability.
Table 6-25: ClearFRAC XT Leakoff Coefficients
Permeability, mD Cw, ft/min−1/2

0.02 1.20E-03
0.1 2.60E-03
1 8.00E-03
10 2.59E-02
Private
6.14.4 Appendix B-4: Viscosity temperature profile of 15

J589 in 2% KCl straight fluids with F105 and with
W054
Figure 6-39: Effect of F105 and W054 on viscosity of straight fluid with 15 galUS/1,000
galUS J590 and 2.5 galUS/1,000 galUS J589 in 2% KCl made in tap water.
Private
6.14.5 Appendix B-5: Rheological properties of 15

galUS/1,000 galUS J590, 2.5 galUS/1,000 galUS
J589 in 2% KCl straight fluids with different levels
of F105 and 5 galUS/1,000 galUS W054
Table 6-26: Rheology of 15 galUS/1,000 galUS J590 and 2.5 galUS/1,000 galUS J589 Fluids
with Different F105 Concentrations and 5 galUS/1,000 galUS W054. (Viscosities measured
with Fann 50; fluids made with tap water and 2% KCl.)
Viscosities, cP or mPa·s
Temperature
Formulation n′ K′ at Shear Rates
degF degC 40 s-1 100 s-1 170 s-1
77 25 0.2880 0.0320 111 58 40
110 43 0.2700 0.0309 100 51 35
126 52 0.2700 0.0307 99 51 35
147 64 0.4000 0.0129 68 39 28
J590: 15 galUS/1,000 173 78 0.1020 0.0241 42 18 11
galUS,J589: 2.5
197 92 0.1130 0.0235 43 19 12
galUS/1,000 galUS,
KCl: 167 lbm/1,000 galUS 218 103 0.2020 0.0153 39 19 12
237 114 0.2660 0.0100 32 16 11
256 124 0.2920 0.0077 27 14 10
276 136 0.2220 0.0082 22 11 7
296 147 0.1080 0.0103 18 8 5
J590: 15 galUS/1,000 78 26 0.4310 0.0048 28 17 12

galUS,J589: 2.5 109 43 0.4100 0.0051 28 16 12
galUS/1,000 galUS, KCl:
167 lbm/1,000 galUS, 126 52 0.6020 0.0020 22 15 12
F105: 5 galUS/1,000 galUS 147 64 1.0420 0.0001 6 6 6
J590: 15 galUS/1,000 81 27 0.5670 0.0004 4 3 2

galUS,
110 43 0.6080 0.0004 5 3 3
J589: 2.5 galUS/1,000
galUS, KCl: 167 lbm/1,000 126 52 0.5350 0.0007 6 4 3
galUS,
146 63 0.8920 0.00004 1 1 1
F105: 10 galUS/1,000
galUS 171 77 1.1100 0.00001 1 1 1
Private
Temperature
degF degC 40 s-1 100 s-1 170 s-1
75 24 0.2780 0.0041 14 7 5
J590: 15 galUS/1,000
galUS, 112 44 0.3460 0.0027 12 6 4
J589: 2.5 galUS/1,000 128 53 0.2910 0.0016 6 3 2
galUS,
KCl: 167 lbm/1,000 147 64 0.1590 0.00200 4 2 1
galUS,W054: 5 172 78 0.1820 0.00140 3 2 1
galUS/1,000 galUS
196 91 0.1650 0.001400 3 1 1
Private
6.14.6 Appendix B-6: Proppant Pack Breaker, J567 effect

on straight fluid
Figure 6-40: Fann 50 rheological comparison of J948 straight fluids (45

galUS/1,000 galUS J590 and 7.5 galUS/1,000 galUS J589 in 2% KCl made with
tap water with and without crushed Breaker J567.
Private
6.14.7 Appendix B-7: Rheological data of J567 effect on

straight fluid
Table 6-27: Rheology of 45 galUS/1,000 galUS J590 and 7.5 galUS/1,000 galUS J589 Fluids
with Different J567 Concentrations. (Viscosities measured with Fann 50; fluids made with tap
water and 2% KCl.)
Temperature
degF degC 40 s-1 100 s-1 170 s-1
78 26 0.2760 0.1086 360 185 126

110 43 0.2680 0.1042 335 171 116
128 53 0.3160 0.0908 349 186 130
148 64 0.6990 0.0118 186 141 120
J590: 45 galUS/1,000
172 78 0.1220 0.0798 150 67 42
galUS,
J589: 7.5 galUS/1,000 200 93 0.0780 0.1057 169 72 44
galUS, KCl: 167 lbm/1,000
217 103 0.2420 0.0513 150 75 50
galUS
236 113 0.4590 0.0158 103 63 47
257 125 0.4760 0.0090 62 39 29
278 137 0.3720 0.0094 44 25 18
298 148 0.2260 0.0121 33 16 11
72 22 0.2610 0.0171 54 27 18
112 44 0.1750 0.0648 148 69 45
126 52 0.2490 0.0439 132 66 44
146 63 0.6690 0.0054 76 56 47
J590: 45 galUS/1,000
171 77 0.3350 0.0118 49 26 19
galUS,J589: 7.5
galUS/1,000 galUS, KCl: 196 91 0.2930 0.0124 44 23 16
167 lbm/1,000 galUS,
217 103 0.2870 0.0154 53 28 19
J567: 4 lbm/1,000 galUS
235 113 0.2810 0.0175 59 31 21
258 126 0.1760 0.0227 52 24 16
277 136 0.1260 0.0245 47 21 13
293 145 0.0820 0.0243 39 17 10
Private
Temperature
degF degC 40 s-1 100 s-1 170 s-1
75 24 1.2520 0.00001 1 2 2
109 43 1.4040 0.00001 2 3 4
127 53 1.3080 0.00001 1 2 2
147 64 1.0770 0.00001 1 1 1
J590: 45 galUS/1,000
galUS, 172 78 1.1990 0.00002 2 2 3
J589: 7.5 galUS/1,000
198 92 0.9460 0.0001 4 4 4
galUS,
KCl: 167 lbm/1,000 galUS, 216 102 0.8330 0.0004 10 9 8
J567: 8 lbm/1,000 galUS

239 115 0.7370 0.0008 15 12 10
258 126 0.7350 0.0010 17 13 12
278 137 0.6820 0.0009 13 10 9
298 148 0.4830 0.0016 11 7 5
Private
6.14.8 Appendix B-8: Proppant-Pack Breaker, J567 effect

on N2-foamed fluid
Figure 6-41: Foam viscosity reduction of 70% N2-foamed 15 galUS/1,000

galUS J590 and 2.5 galUS/1,000 galUS J589 in 2% KCl made with tap water
fluids with 5 lbm/1,000 galUS Breaker J567.
Private
6.14.9 Appendix B-9: Friction pressure of N2-foamed J948

fluids
Table 6-28: Friction Pressure of J948 N2-foamed Fluids (Irrespective of foam Quality)
Rate, bbl/min Pressure, psi/1,000 ft

ID, in
Low Pivot High Low Pivot High
1.995 1.0 2.2 20.0 50.0 72.2 1545
2.441 1.0 2.9 30.0 30.0 47.7 1201
2.762 1.5 3.5 40.0 25.0 36.6 1112

2.990 1.5 3.9 60.0 20.0 31.3 1447
4.000 1.5 6.0 80.0 10.0 16.4 639
4.950 1.5 8.2 100.0 5.0 11.0 359
6.000 1.5 12.0 100.0 3.0 7.9 157
Figure 6-42: Friction pressure curves of N2-foamed J948 fluids in different

ID tubulars (irrespective of foam quality).
Private
6.14.10 Appendix B-10: Viscosity versus temperature of

pure J590 gelling agent
Figure 6-43: Viscosity versus temperature for pure J590 gelling agent as supplied.
6.15 Appendix C: J567 Quality Assurance and

6.15.1 Methodology
6.15.1.1 Scope
the preparation and viscosity measurement of the fluid with and without breaker.
6.15.1.2 Safety
• J590 and J589 are flammable liquids and should be handled accordingly.
Work in a well-ventilated area and avoid ignition sources.
Private
6.15.1.3 Apparatus
• variable speed bench-top Palo lab stirrer or Waring blender
• Fann 50 viscometer with R1/B5/410 rotor/bob/spring combination

• Fann 35 viscometer (if Fann 50 is not available).
• thermometer
• balance
6.15.1.4 Chemicals
• J590
• J589
• J567
• KCl
• water (use representative water sample that will be used on the job)
6.15.1.5 Procedures
Example
The carrying fluid is 15 galUS/1,000 galUS (15 L/m3) J590, 2.5 galUS/1,000
galUS (2.5 L/m3) J589 and the J567 breaker concentration is 5 lbm/1,000 galUS
(0.6 kg/m3). The bottomhole static temperature (BHST) is 175 degF [79 degC].
The following can be used for both Fann 35 and Fann 50. The fluid preparation
step is the same for both. The viscosity should be no less than 80% of the
reading in Section 6.13.2.
Private
Prepare the ClearFRAC* XT J948 fluid using a variable speed bench-top Palo
lab stirrer or a Waring blender. Add 200 mL of water. While the blender is on
(with mixing at medium speed (5,000 to 8,000 rpm)), add the appropriate weight
of KCl and volumes of J590 and J589 and mix for 5 minutes.
For Fann 35:
1. Place the fluid in a capped bottle.

2. Add the J567 breaker (in this example: 5 lbm/1,000 galUS) into the fluid and
slowly shake and swirl until the breaker is evenly distributed in the mixture.
Quality Note
DO NOT USE THE WARING BLENDER TO ADD BREAKER.
3. Place the capped bottle in a water bath at the BHST of the well to be treated.
If the BHST is higher than 180 degF [82 degC], then 180 degF [82 degC] is
the temperature used.
4. Wait for about 30 minutes and then measure the viscosity of the fluid with
the Fann 35 at 100 rpm (170 s−1).
For Fann 50:
1. Add 26 mL of J948 fluid to the Fann 50 cup.

2. Add 0.062 g (equivalent to 10 lbm/1,000 galUS (1.2 kg/m3) for 52 mL fluid) of
J567 to the cup.
3. Add a further 26 mL of J948 fluid to the Fann 50 cup.
4. Measure the viscosity at (100 s−1) at the BHST of the well to be treated.
6.16 Appendix D: Crude Oil Compatibility Test

When ClearFRAC* XT J948 fluids are mixed with some crude oils, an emulsion
may form that can inhibit cleanup of the formation and proppant pack. Therefore,
before introducing ClearFRAC XT J948 to a new field, compatibility testing with a
sample of the crude oil is essential.
A preflush treatment using F105 is recommended. The following laboratory

test is designed to screen ClearFRAC XT J948/crude oil mixtures and identify
potential emulsion problems.
Private
Table 6-29: Crude oil Compatibility test Table

If the emulsion does not break (>90%) in 60 minutes, a pre-flush treatment using
F105 or W054 is recommended.
Preflush Fluid Composition Comments

90 vol % 2 wt % KCl brine
This fluid can also be used for postflush.
10 vol % F105
preflush fluid.
Private
Fluid Ratio
"Treatment Fluid Vol%" on the right-hand side of the table. If, for example, the
best Treatment Fluid Vol% is 20%, then the volume of treatment fluid to be
pumped during the job is 20% of the ClearFRAC XT J948 pad volume.
If the tests are unsuccessful, contact an area client support laboratory or InTouch.
6.17 Appendix E: Compatibility Prescreening Test

Procedure
A chemical is considered compatible with ClearFRAC* XT J948 straight fluid, or
an N2 foam fluid if it:
• does not reduce the viscosity (measured at 100 s-1) below 90% of its original
value
• allows the J948 fluid to have comparable static proppant suspension ability
over all temperature ranges compared to the original value
Private
Some common additives can adversely affect the viscosity of ClearFRAC XT

J948 fluids, therefore, it is recommended that compatibility tests be done with the
additives to be used with ClearFRAC XT J948 fluids. Compatibility is tested by
measuring the shear recovery time and viscosity of J948 straight or N2-foamed
fluids before and after addition of the additive. However, since the foam tests
require a special foam rheometer available only at a few regional client support
laboratories (CSL), the viscosity measurements on ClearFRAC XT J948 straight
fluids on a Fann 50 viscometer equipped with an R1 rotor, B5 bob and 410 spring
are used to prescreen the additives. The test fluids should be degassed by
heating in a water bath (170 degF [77 degC]) or centrifuging prior to viscosity
measurement. If Fann 50 results show that the additive is not compatible with
ClearFRAC XT J948 straight fluid, the additive is characterized as incompatible.
However, if foam fluid will be used and the Fann 50 test does not indicate more
than 10% viscosity drop, perform a foam half-life test. If the additive does not
decrease the foam half-life by more than 10%, contact the regional CSL to have
the additive tested on a foam rheometer.
Note
The additive can be characterized as fully compatible only when the additive
foam rheology also indicates compatibility.
6.17.1 Measurement of straight fluid viscosity after adding

the additive to be tested
In a blender, prepare a ClearFRAC XT J948 fluid as described in Section
6.18.3. Add the required amount of additive to the fluid and mix for one minute
at 5,000 rpm. Perform the shear recovery test (see Section 6.18.3.6). The test
centrifuging prior to Fann 50 viscosity measurement (see Section 6.18.3.4). In
some cases, if the viscosity reduction is not excessive, the additive may be used
provided the J590 concentration is increased to compensate for the viscosity
reduction. Fann 50 viscometers equipped with an R1 rotor, B5 bob and 410
spring are used to measure the straight fluid viscosity at 100 s-1.
Note
The additive can be characterized as fully compatible only when the fluid straight
and foam rheology indicate compatibility.
Private
6.18 Appendix F: J948 Quality Assurance and

6.18.1 Scope
This section is aimed at ensuring the ClearFRAC* XT J948 fluid develops
proper fluid viscosity, and that the viscosity recovers in a timely manner after
experiencing high shear. The following sections cover the preparation, viscosity
measurement and viscosity recovery of ClearFRAC XT J948 fluids. The Fann

50 procedure is appropriate for verifying that a batch of J590 meets the product
specification, and the Fann 35 procedure is appropriate only for on-the-job
quality checks to ensure that the fluid is consistent with Fann 50 measurements.
It is recommended that a Fann 50 QC test be done prior to any ClearFRAC XT
J948 treatment. The viscosity recovery test is based on visual interpretation. For
the convenience of the procedure description, a ClearFRAC XT J948 formulation
using 15 galUS/1,000 galUS (15 L/m3) J590 is used as an example.
6.18.2 Safety
J590 and J589 are flammable liquids and should be handled accordingly. Work
in a well ventilated area and avoid ignition sources. Each analyst should be
acquainted with potential hazards of the reagents, products and solvents before
there is any accidental contact of any of these chemicals, wash with soap water
thoroughly. Check the MSDS for details.
6.18.3 Appendix F-1: Fluid preparation
6.18.3.1 Apparatus
• disposable syringes (5 mL and 1 mL)
Private
• Fann 50 viscometer with R1/B5 combination and 410 spring

• thermometer
6.18.3.2 Chemicals
• J590 (liquid)
• J589 (liquid)
• KCl solid or L064 (liquid)
6.18.3.3 Procedures for preparing a ClearFRAC XT J948 (15

galUS/1,000 galUS J590) fluid
1. Add 200 mL of water and 4 g of KCl (2 wt %) to a 1-L Waring blender cup,
and mix to fully dissolve the KCl. Adjust the brine temperature to be 70
degF [20 degC].
2. Using syringes, measure out 3 mL (15 galUS/1,000 galUS (15 L/m3)) J590,
and 0.5 mL (2.5 galUS/1,000 galUS (2.5 L/m3)) J589 (or 2 mL (10 galUS/1,000
galUS (10 L/m3)) J589D).
3. Start the blender spinning at low speed, and add the J590 and J589. Increase
the blender speed to 40% of full scale and blend (so that the liquid in the cup
forms a deep vortex) for 2 to 3 minutes. The fluid will become foamy after
mixing (this is approximately a 40% foam quality (FQ)).
4. For Fann 35 foam fluid viscosity measurement, adjust the mixing speed of
the blender to create a foam fluid with approximately 50% foam quality. For
Fann 50 measurement, heat the fluid in a closed container in a water bath at
150 degF [66 degC] or centrifuge (recommended) to remove the entrained air.
Fluids will become clear after degassing.
Note
When adding the chemicals to the blender cup, ensure that the chemicals do
not contact the blender walls or the center of the vortex. Chemicals contacting
the blender cup wall and blade nut will not be completely mixed into the
solution and poor performance will result.
Private
6.18.3.4 Appendix F-2: Fann 50 quality assurance/quality control

(QA/QC) procedures
Fluid viscosity determination with a Fann 50 Rheometer

1. To determine whether the batch of J590 meets the product specification,
viscosity measurements at 100 s−1 for 15 galUS/1,000 galUS (15 L/m3) J590
and 2.5 galUS/1,000 galUS (2.5 L/m3) J589 in 2% KCl fluid are performed at
110, 150, 170 and 190 degF [43, 66, 77 and 88 degC].
2. Degas the fluid by centrifuging (recommended) or by placing in a closed

container at 150 degF [66 degC] in a water bath for approximately 2 hours.
Cool the fluid down to 80 degF [27 degC] prior to measurements.
3. Follow the Fann 50 operation manual for viscosity measurement.
4. Straight fluid viscosities at 100 s−1 should be no less than values shown in
Table 6-32.
Table 6-32: Minimum Straight Fluid Viscosity (cP or mPa·s) at 100 s−1. (Fann 50, tap water,
167 lbm/1,000 galUS (20 kg/m3) KCl)
Formulation Minimum Viscosities (cP or mPa·s) at Temperatures

J590/J589,
110 degF [43 150 degF [66 170 degF [77 200 degF [93
galUS/1,000
degC] degC] degC] degC]
galUS or L/m3
8.5/8.5 13 33 14 8
10/7.5 20 17 10 10
15/2.5 38 29 14 14
20/3.3 58 42 20 21
25/4.2 65 53 23 24
30/5.0 95 58 31 34
35/5.8 100 105 46 42
40/6.7 115 122 52 51
45/7.5 136 157 72 64
50/3.0 124 149 52 57
55/1.3 164 114 64 69
60/0.5 157 107 57 75
Private
6.18.3.5 Appendix F-3: Fann 35 procedures
Fluid viscosity determination (Fann 35)
This procedure is appropriate only for on-the-job quality checks to ensure that
the fluid meets the design criteria. Only measurements with surface temperature
will be taken. Off-specification or contaminated material typically exhibits lower
fluid viscosity. There is no need to degas the fluid prior to measurement but fluid
air foam quality should be adjusted to close to 50%.
1. Fill the viscometer cup to the scribe line with fluid. Use a heated cup if the test
temperature is higher than ambient. Alternatively, preheat the fluid prior to
viscosity measurement.
viscometer.
4. Record the dial reading at 100 rpm (170 s−1 shear rate). Multiply the dial
5. Repeat the measurement at 300 rpm (511 s−1). The dial reading is the
viscosity.
6. The viscosity of the fluid with 50% air foam quality should be no less than that
shown in Table 6-33.
Private
Table 6-33: Minimum Viscosities with Fann 35 at 50% air foam Qualities at 50, 70 and 100
degF [10, 21 and 38 degC]
Formulations Temperature Viscosity, cP

or mPa·s
J590, J589, KCl,
galUS/1,000 galUS/1,000 lbm/1,000
degF degC 170 s−1 511 s−1
galUS or galUS or galUS
L/m3 L/m3 (kg/m3)
50 10 43 22
10 7.5 167 (20) 70 21 61 25
100 38 54 26
70 21 53 23
10 7.5 333 (40)
100 38 54 26
50 10 56 25
15 2.5 167 (20) 70 21 63 30
100 38 56 28
70 21 59 30
15 2.5 333 (40)
100 38 57 26
50 10 68 28
20 3.3 167 (20) 70 21 81 35
100 38 68 29
70 21 70 33
20 3.3 333 (40)
100 38 77 34
Private
6.18.3.6 Appendix F-4: Fluid shear recovery determination

This test is only performed at ambient temperature (typically between 60 and 100
degF [16 and 38 degC]). There is no need to degas the fluid prior to recovery
determination.
1. Add 1.5 vol% J590, 0.25 vol% J589 and 2 wt % KCl with 200 mL of mix water
in a Waring blender. Mix vigorously (>8,000 rpm) for 3 minutes.
2. Increase the Waring blender blending rate to about 70% of the full scale
(>10,000 rpm) for 30 to 60 seconds.

3. Stop mixing, start timing and then pour the sheared fluid back and forth
between the blender cup and a beaker. The fluid should recover (hang-lip or
clear snap of the lip) in less than 15 seconds. For specification tests run at
70 degF [20 degC], the shear recovery time should be less than 10 seconds.
Refer to the shear recovery demo in VES Fracturing Fluid Shear Recovery
Test Procedure, InTouch content 4290886.
4. If fluids take more than 15 seconds to recover completely (hang-lip or clear
snap of the lip), DO NOT use. Consult the regional client support laboratory
or InTouch.
6.19 Appendix G: Rheology Modifier J589, J589D

and J589C Quality Assurance/Quality Control
6.19.1 Scope
This section is aimed at ensuring the J589 rheology modifier functions properly
on shear recovery performance after the ClearFRAC* XT J948 fluid experienced
high shear. The safety precautions and fluid preparations sections are exactly
the same as described in Section 6.18.2 and Section 6.18.3. For the most
sensitive measurement of the performance of J589, 15 galUS/1,000 galUS (15
L/m3) J590 and 2.5 galUS/1,000 galUS (2.5 L/m3) J589 fluid formulation is
used as an example.
Private
6.19.2 QA/QC of J589 and J589D
6.19.2.1 Fluid mixing and QA/QC testing procedures

1. Add 200 mL water and 4 g of KCl (2 wt %: (167 lbm/1,000 galUS (20 kg/m3)))
to a 1-L Waring blender cup and mix to fully dissolve the KCl. Adjust the brine
temperature to 70 degF [20 degC].
2. Using syringes, measure out 3 mL (15 galUS/1,000 galUS (15 L/m3)) J590,
and 0.5 mL (2.5 galUS/1,000 galUS (2.5 L/m3)) J589 (or 2 mL (10 galUS/1,000
galUS (10 L/m3)) J589D).
3. Start the blender spinning at low speed and add the J590 and J589. Increase
the blender speed to 40% of full scale and blend for 2 minutes. Increase the
blender speed further to 70% of full scale and blend for 30 to 60 seconds.
4. Stop the blender, immediately start timer and slowly pour fluid between
blender cup and sample cup. Record the time it takes to form a lip. This time
is the shear recovery time.
The shear recovery time should be less than 10 seconds (15 seconds for fluid
with less than 10 galUS/1,000 galUS (10 L/m3) J590, such as in shallow gas
applications).
Note
When adding the chemicals to the blender cup, ensure that chemicals do not
contact the blender walls or the center of the vortex. Chemicals contacting the
blender cup wall and blade nut will not be completely mixed into the solution and
poor performance will result.
6.19.2.2 QA/QC for J589D preparation

1. Take two samples, one from the top of the tote, and one from the bottom valve.
2. Prepare a fluid with the formulation of 15 galUS/1,000 galUS (15 L/m3) J590
and 10 galUS/1,000 galUS (10 L/m3) J589D in 2% (167 lbm/1,000 galUS
(20 kg/m3)) KCl.
3. Run the shear recovery test as described in Section 6.19.2.1. If the shear
recovery times for top and bottom samples are within 2 seconds, and both
less than 10 seconds (at a water temperature of 68 degF [20 degC]), the
J589D meets specification.
Private
If the above mentioned time difference is more than 2 seconds, or the shear
recovery time is more than 10 seconds (68 degF [20 degC] water), mix the J589D
for another 20 minutes and test again as described in Steps 1 to 3. If after one
hour mixing the shear recovery time of the J589D still can not meet specification,
do not use the product. Contact InTouch or the regional client support laboratory.
6.19.2.3 QA/QC of J589C

J589C will not be used directly, so its QA/QC is done by diluting it to make J589
or J589D and proceed accordingly thereafter.
6.20 Appendix H: Minimum Service Standard

Guidelines for ClearFRAC XT
Prior to any fracturing treatment with ClearFRAC* XT, follow the Minimum
Service Standards Testing: Stimulation Fluid Testing, InTouch content 3051128,
that included ClearFRAC fluids. The guidelines specify the tests and procedures
required for each type of fracturing fluid. Below is a summary of the testing
requirements.
6.20.1 Required testing
6.20.1.1 Mix-Water tests

Prior to any treatment, mix-water tests must be done at a district laboratory and/or
on location, using representative water samples. The mix-water parameters
to be tested are given in Table 6-34.
Table 6-34: ClearFRAC XT Mix-Water Testing Requirement
Analysis Specification
Chloride <7 wt % KCl1
Sulfate Not applicable (NA)
Carbonate NA
Bicarbonate NA
Iron <500 ppm or mg/L
Ca2+ and Mg2+ <10,000 ppm
Adjusted [Ca2+] (ppm) = ppm Ca2+ + 1.65
<10,000 ppm
x ppm Mg2+ + 0.72 x ppm Fe3+
1
Though KCl concentration above 7% can be used, rheology of straight and foamed fluid must be run to
confirm the fluid is still performing correctly before designing a job.
Private
Visually observe the mix water for hydrocarbon contamination. If the oily layer
on a settled representative water sample is more than 0.1%, that is, 1/8 in thick
on a 500 bbl (79.5 m3) square horizontal frac tank, special cautions need to be
taken. The hydrocarbon in the mix water needs to be separated completely on
the surface. This layer should be skimmed off or the water intake should be from
the bottom of the tank. In this case the tank should not be completely drained so
that the hydrocarbon-contaminated water is not used.
6.20.1.2 Base fluid viscosity tests

Prior to the treatment, base fluid viscosity tests are to be completed with base
fluid (freshwater containing 2 wt % (167 lbm/1,000 galUS (20 kg/m3)) KCl with
J590 and J589) prior to breaker testing, at a district laboratory or on location,
using representative water and additive samples. Tests are to be performed with
location base fluids prepared while batch mixing. The viscosity of the straight
fluid must be within published specifications for ClearFRAC XT J948 fluids
for the given concentrations of J590 and J589 and fluid temperature (refer
to Section 6.18).
6.20.1.3 Fluid-Specific tests

Base fluid shear recovery test should be performed with representative water
and additive samples prior to the treatment at a district laboratory and on
location. Base fluid shear recovery time should be within 15 seconds as per the
test procedure in Section 6.18). For specification tests run at 70 degF [20 degC],
the shear recovery time should be less than 10 seconds.
6.20.1.4 Breaker tests

Breaker tests with J567 are to be completed with base fluid (freshwater
containing 2 wt % (167 lbm/1,000 galUS (20 kg/m3) KCl with J590 and J589)
prior to the treatment, at a district laboratory or on location, using representative
water and additive samples (see Section 6.15). Tests are to be performed with
representative location base fluids prepared while batch mixing.
6.20.1.5 Compatibility tests (formation crude/treatment fluid)

If the job is for an oil well, base fluid compatibility with formation crude test should
be performed with representative crude samples prior to the treatment at a district
laboratory. If an emulsion forms between the ClearFRAC XT J948 fluid and
formation crude, design the emulsion treatment fluid according to Section 6.16.
Private
6.20.1.6 Foam half-life tests

Although N2-foamed fluid foam half-life tests under pumping condition are not
feasible for district laboratories or on location, air-foamed fluid foam half-life tests
should be performed instead to prevent any catastrophic failure. Foam half-life
tests are to be completed with base fluid (designed J590 and J589 concentration
in 2% (167 lbm/1,000 galUS (20 kg/m3)) KCl prior to the treatment, at a district
laboratory or on location using representative water and additive samples. The
foam half-life must exceed 30 minutes.
6.20.1.7 Additive mixture tests

No additive mixture tests are required for ClearFRAC XT J948 fluid.
6.20.2 Representative samples

Representative water samples include samples from each frac tank
(recommended for district tests and required for location tests). Samples
should be taken at three different depths if it is suspected that the water is not
completely mixed.
Representative additive samples include samples from field loaded chemicals

(preferably from transports, totes, etc.), or alternatively from representative lots
designated for the treatment.
Representative location base fluid samples include samples from each batch
mixed tank at three different depths.
Representative crude samples include no less than 1 quart (1 liter) of crude oil
from the subject well (or adjacent offset) and subject zone. The sample should
be received no later than 24 hours before the treatment is to be pumped.
Private
7-i VES Fluids / SAPPHIRE VF100 Fracturing Fluids 7-i
7 SAPPHIRE VF100 Fracturing Fluids

7.1.1 Application range ____________________________________________ 7-1
7.1.2 Nomenclature _______________________________________________ 7-1
7.2 Health Safety and Environmental (HSE) Considerations ________ 7-3
7.2.1 HSE ________________________________________________________ 7-3
7.2.2 Storage and handling ________________________________________ 7-3
7.3 Fluid Design ___________________________________________________ 7-4
7.3.1 Base fluid formulations _______________________________________ 7-4
7.3.2 Mix-Water requirements ______________________________________ 7-7

7.3.3 Breaker and cleanup aids ____________________________________ 7-7
7.3.4 Additive compatibility _________________________________________ 7-8
7.3.4.1 Chemicals _______________________________________________ 7-8
7.3.4.2 Resin-Coated proppants (RCP) ___________________________ 7-9
7.3.5 Formation fluid considerations ________________________________ 7-9
7.4 Field Mixing ____________________________________________________ 7-9
7.4.1 Continuous mixing ___________________________________________ 7-9
7.5 Job Design ____________________________________________________ 7-11
7.5.1 Rheology ___________________________________________________ 7-11
7.5.2 Shear history _______________________________________________ 7-11
7.5.3 Proppant-Pack and formation permeability ____________________ 7-11
7.5.3.1 Proppant-Pack permeability ______________________________ 7-11
7.5.3.2 Formation permeability and clay interactions ______________ 7-12
7.5.4 Friction pressure ____________________________________________ 7-12
7.5.5 Postjob flowback ____________________________________________ 7-13
7.6 Appendix A: Fluid Performance _______________________________ 7-14
7.6.1 Viscosity of SAPPHIRE VF Fluids ____________________________ 7-15
7.6.1.1 Viscosity of SAPPHIRE VF fluids at 170 s-1 prepared in tap
water ___________________________________________________ 7-15
water ___________________________________________________ 7-16
7.6.1.3 Viscosity of SAPPHIRE VF107 fluid at 100 s-1 and 125 degF [52 degC]
prepared in tap water and KCl solutions (2 and 7% KCl) ___ 7-17
7.6.1.4 Viscosity of SAPPHIRE VF105 fluid at 100 s-1 with and without a J567
breaker and at different temperatures _____________________ 7-18
7.6.1.5 Viscosity of SAPPHIRE VF107 fluid at 100 s-1 with and without a J567
breaker and at different temperatures _____________________ 7-19
7.6.1.6 Viscosity of SAPPHIRE VF105 fluid at 100 s-1 with and without F105
and W054 and at different temperatures __________________ 7-20
Private
7-ii VES Fluids / SAPPHIRE VF100 Fracturing Fluids 7-ii
7.7 Appendix B: J567 Quality Assurance and Quality Control

(QA/QC) _______________________________________________________ 7-23
7.8 Appendix C: Crude oil Compatibility test ______________________ 7-24
7.9 Appendix D: Compatibility Prescreening test Procedure _______ 7-25
7.9.1 Measurement of fluid viscosity after adding an additive ________ 7-26
7.10 Appendix E: Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QA/QC) for
SAPPHIRE VF100 Fluids ______________________________________ 7-26
7.10.1 Fluid QA/QC for district laboratory ____________________________ 7-27
7.10.2 Onsite fluid QA/QC __________________________________________ 7-27
7.10.3 QA/QC Procedures _________________________________________ 7-28
7.10.3.1 Procedures for preparing a SAPPHIRE VF100 fluid (example 7
galUS/1,000 galUS J624) ________________________________ 7-28
7.10.3.2 Fluid viscosity determination with a Fann 50 rheometer ____ 7-29

7.10.3.3 Foam fluid viscosity determination with a Fann 35 rheometer 7-29
7.10.3.4 Fluid shear recovery determination _______________________ 7-30
Private
7-1 VES Fluids / SAPPHIRE VF100 Fracturing Fluids 7-1
7 SAPPHIRE VF100 Fracturing Fluids PPC,

Stimulation
Fracturing
Fmmwbf,
Volume
Sys
fluids,
slickwater,
J609,
W054,tems,
WS,
B315,
Water
W54,
1,FMMV1WBF,
Viscoelastic
Fmm
Materials
SFE,
slick
Fluids
M117,
J567,
base
water,
Press
VolEngineering,
fluids,
KCl
L064,
1,
Manual–Water
surfactant,
ure
hybrid
FmmV1,
Brine
Fracturing
SAPPHIRE,
L64,
Pumping
job,
U066,
Well
Viscoelastic
JVES,
Materials
962,
Bas
and
Services,
U66,
VF100,
Water-base
JeChemistry,
623,
Fluids,
F105,
Manual
Fluid
J624,

SAPPHIRE* VF100 fracturing fluids are water-based fluids consisting of
Surfactant Gelling Agent J624, Rheology Modifier J623 and a friction reducer
(J609 or B315). The conversion code for SAPPHIRE VF100 fluids is J962. They
were developed for fracturing stimulation of gas and oil shale reservoirs. These
fluids have enhanced proppant transport properties compared to slickwater and
linear guar fluids and optimized friction reduction characteristics that make it
possible to deliver proppant deeper into the complex fracture network, as well as
place higher proppant concentration in the near-wellbore zone at lower pumping
pressures. SAPPHIRE VF100 fluids are designed for continuous-mix operations
and is not validated with N2 and the HiWAY* technology.
7.1.1 Application range

SAPPHIRE VF100 fluids can be used in shale formations with bottomhole static
temperature (BHST) 100 to 200 degF [38 to 93 degC]. See Section 7.3.1 for
recommendations on gelling agent concentration as a function of reservoir
temperature.
7.1.2 Nomenclature
Fluids are named as follows:
SAPPHIRE VF100 indicates that the fluid is a viscoelatic fluid (VF) with J624 as
the gelling agent.
Numbering system
• 1st digit - denotes the gelling agent is J624

• 2nd and 3rd digits - denote the gelling agent concentration in galUS/1,000
galUS
Private
Example
SAPPHIRE VF105
• SAPPHIRE VF - Viscoelatic fluid

• 1 - J624 Gelling agent
• 05 - 5 galUS/1,000 galUS of J624 gelling agent

of SAPPHIRE VF100 fluids. Only the principal, immediate hazards are
indicated here. Information is current as of the Last Edit Date as documented
in InTouch. Complete information on health hazards, protective equipment,
handling precautions, environmental hazards and disposal is listed in the current
Schlumberger Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for these products. Additional
safety information is available from the WS Quality Management System - QHSE
Standards, Reference Page, InTouch content 4055049.
Flash
Form pH
[degC]
Surfactant
Brown Highly 57
J624 Gelling Agent 1.03 Eyes 9.5
liquid flammable [14]
J624
Rheology Eyes, Highly 75
J623 Clear liquid 0.97 5.5 to 6.5
Modifier J623 skin flammable [24]
Friction Opaque, None Not
1.198 to Eyes, >200
J609 Reducer milky-white identified applicable
1.228 skin [93]
J609 liquid (NI) (NA)
Friction
Milky-white 1.03 to Eyes, >200
B315 Reducer NI NA
liquid 1.08 skin [93]
B315
Temporary
Eyes, >200
L064 Clay Clear liquid 1.01 NI 7.0
skin [93]
Stabilizer L64
Potassium
White Eyes,
M117 Chloride 1.98 Dust None None
granules skin
M117
Multi-
functional Colorless Eyes, 142
F105 0.95 Combustible 8.7
Surfactant liquid skin [61]
F105
Private
Flash
Form pH
[degC]
0.880
Non- Eyes,
at 60
W054 Emulsifying Liquid skin, Fire 51 [11] 6 to 7
degF [16
Agent W54 inhalation
degC]
ClearFRAC*
Tan
J567 Encapsulated 0.90 Eyes Dust NA 9.0 to 11.0
granules
Breaker J567
Note
M117 and KCl (potassium chloride) may be used interchangeably.
7.2 Health Safety and Environmental (HSE)

Considerations
7.2.1 HSE
As health, safety, and environmental regulations may change over time, consult
the Quality Assurance database to determine if this product may be used in your
area. There you will find the latest restrictions for product usage. Violations of a
country’s environmental regulations can result in serious legal consequences.
7.2.2 Storage and handling

The shelf life of J623 and J624 is 1 year when stored as recommended. They
should be stored out of direct sunlight, away from ignition sources and in a
well-ventilated area and between 20 and 120 degF [−7 and 49 degC] to minimize
phase separation, solvent evaporation and possibly thermal degradation.
It is crucial to keep J623 and J624 containers tightly closed and to avoid
unnecessary agitation. J623 and J624 are flammable liquids and will evaporate
gradually if containers are left uncapped. Partially evaporated J624 becomes
thicker to pump, and might also phase separate below 30 degF [−1 degC]
depending on the amount of evaporation. Although J623 will not get thicker
visibly, phase separation can occur and the solution's long-term temperature
stability can be impaired. Do not add any aqueous material to the J624 container,
the surfactant will gum up immediately.
Private
Note
Quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) tests must be performed before every
job (see Section 7.10). The shelf life information is only provided as a guideline.
7.3 Fluid Design

This manual presents information about nonfoamed SAPPHIRE VF100 fracturing
fluids prepared with gelling agent J624, rheology modifier J623 and friction
reducer J609 or B315 in freshwater or brines. Fluid viscosity is developed
instantly as soon as J624 and J623 are mixed in a blender at high shear rate.
A friction reducer is added to SAPPHIRE VF100 fluid to provide sufficient drag
reduction while pumping the fluid downhole and it has little or no effect on fluid
rheology.
All SAPPHIRE VF100 fluids should be checked before use according to the
QA/QC procedures presented in the Section 7.10.
7.3.1 Base fluid formulations

Table 7-2 shows the recommended formulations of SAPPHIRE VF100 fluids.
Concentration, galUS/1,000 galUS

or L/m3
SAPPHIRE J609 or
J624 J623
VF100 Fluid B315
VF105 5 1.6 0.75
VF107 7 2.3 0.75
VF110 10 3.3 0.75
All formulations should be chosen to provide a minimum viscosity at designed

bottomhole static temperature (BHST). For guidelines refer to Table 7-3. The
green-shaded area is the recommended temperature application zone for the
particular fluid; the red-shaded area is not recommended.
Private
Table 7-3: Recommended Temperature Range for SAPPHIRE VF100 Fluids
SAPPHIRE VF100 Fluid

Temperature,
VF105 VF107 VF110
degF [degC]
Not
100 [38] Recommended recommended NR
(NR)
125 [52] Recommended Recommended NR
150 [66] Recommended Recommended NR
175 [80] NR Recommended Recommended
200 [93] NR Recommended Recommended
Typical viscosity profiles at 100 s-1 and different temperatures are shown in
Figure 7-1. Note that viscosity of SAPPHIRE VF100 fluids is relatively low and
accurate measurements with industrial rheometers (e.g., Grace M5500/M5600,
Chandler M5550, or Fann 50) is challenging. The rheological data below must
be treated with caution, as measurement errors may exceed 20%.
Private
50
45
SAPPHIRE VF105
40 SAPPHIRE VF107
SAPPHIRE VF110
35
Viscosity, cP or mPa·s
30
25
20
15
10
0
75 100 125 150 175 200 225
Temperature, degF
Figure 7-1: Viscosity of SAPPHIRE VF100 fluids in tap water at 100 s-1 as a function of
temperature. Concentration of J609 in all fluids is 0.75 galUS/1,000 galUS (0.75 L/m3).
J609 and B315 can be used interchangeably in SAPPHIRE VF100 formulations.

There is little or no effect of J609 or B315 in concentrations up to 0.75
galUS/1,000 galUS (0.75 L/m3) on fluid viscosity. If higher concentrations of
the friction reducers are required, viscosity and shear recovery measurements
should be performed to ensure the fluid is in compliance with minimum QA/QC
specifications.
Note
The performance of SAPPHIRE VF100 fluids is sensitive to the presence of
contaminants like hydrocarbons, de-emulsifiers, foamers, and other additives;
therefore, it is important to ensure that mixing equipment is clean before use.
Hydrocarbon residues in tanks can severely affect fluid performance. Care must
be taken to avoid contamination from other common additives.
Information concerning additive compatibility is given in Section 7.3.4.
Private
7.3.2 Mix-Water requirements

SAPPHIRE VF100 fluids can be mixed in freshwater, in brines up to 7 wt % (585
lbm/1,000 galUS (70 kg/m3)) KCl, and in mix waters with hardness (Ca2+) up to
10,000 ppm. Preparation of SAPPHIRE VF100 fluids in produced water is not
recommended. Blends of fresh and produced waters can be considered but
require rheology testing prior to use.
Since SAPPHIRE VF100 is a VES-based fluid it is sensitive to the presence of

hydrocarbons, grease and organic residues. It is recommended that clean water
and mixing equipment are used for fluid preparation. The preferred mix-water
temperature is above 60 degF [15 degC].
7.3.3 Breaker and cleanup aids

SAPPHIRE VF100 fluids lose viscosity upon contact with hydrocarbons or
formation waters. However, in a case of low well pressure drawdown or in
the absence of sufficient hydrocarbons or formation water volume, the time
required to remove SAPPHIRE VF fluid from the formation and fracture could be
unacceptably slow. To ensure a good fracture cleanup of shale formations it is
recommended to use these additional cleanup enhancing approaches:
• Encapsulated proppant-pack breaker J567

• Preflush, containing F105 or W054.
For dry gas shale formations and in reservoirs with low-flowback water recovery
(less than 50 volume %) it is recommended to pump encapsulated breaker J567
with SAPPHIRE VF100 fluids. J567 reduces low-shear viscosity and degrades
the VES micellular structure. The recommended concentration of J567 for all
SAPPHIRE VF100 fluids is 5 lbm/1,000 galUS (0.6 kg/m3).
It is recommended that prior to the job, the fluid viscosity with J567 be measured
to account for breaker leakage. The viscosity of the fluid at 100 s-1 with the
encapsulated breaker should be within 80% of the fluid viscosity without breaker.
To avoid breaker crushing and premature release, add J567 directly to the
rheometer cup containing SAPPHIRE VF100 fluid (see Section 7.7). Do not add
the encapsulated breaker into a Waring blender.
For shale reservoirs with high-flowback water recovery (more than 50 volume %),
a slickwater containing F105 or W054 at a concentration of 2 to 3 galUS/1,000
galUS (2 to 3 L/m3) can be pumped before the SAPPHIRE VF100 fluid as a
cleanup aid in place of J567. The concentration of F105 or W054 should be
estimated based on laboratory viscosity measurements.
Private
7.3.4 Additive compatibility
7.3.4.1 Chemicals
In this section, the effect of certain classes of chemicals on the performance of
SAPPHIRE VF100 fluids is discussed. Materials not mentioned here must be
screened for compatibility prior to use.
A chemical is considered compatible with SAPPHIRE VF100 fluid if it does not:

• reduce the viscosity (measured at 100 s−1) below 80% of its original
value allowing the SAPPHIRE VF100 fluid to have comparable proppant
suspension ability over all temperature ranges compared to the original value
• lengthen fluid recovery time.
In general, most surfactant products or products with a large amount of organic

solvents are not compatible with SAPPHIRE VF100 fluids. Most additives listed
such as W054, F103, F104, F105, U066, K046, M290 reduce SAPPHIRE VF100
fluid viscosity, and should not be included in the fluid formulation. Thorough
cleaning and drying of pumping equipment and hoses prior to any SAPPHIRE
VF100 fluid treatment is highly recommended.
The additives which are compatible with SAPPHIRE VF100 fluids in the
concentrations tested are included in Table 7-4.
Table 7-4: Some Additives and Their Concentrations Compatibility with SAPPHIRE VF100
Fluids
Concentration
Additive Product Code lbm/1,000 galUS
galUS/1,000
kg/m3
galUS or L/m3
%
Biocides B244 0.25 –

M291 0.25 –
0 to 585
M117 – 0 to 70
0 to 7
Clay Stabilizers L064 0.25 to 2 –
L068 0.25 to 2 –
L071 0.25 to 2 –
Surfactant F112 0.25 to 2 –
Private
7.3.4.2 Resin-Coated proppants (RCP)

Most RCPs are incompatible with SAPPHIRE VF100 fluids. If an RCP must be
pumped with SAPPHIRE VF fluid, it is critical to perform the prejob compatibility
tests using 10 lbm/galUS RCP (1.2 kg/m3) with SAPPHIRE VF100 fluids at
150 degF [66 degC] for 1 hour prior to pumping. Two key fluid properties that
need to be examined after the fluid is exposed to RCPs are fluid viscosity and
fluid viscosity recovery time (see Section 7.10.3.2 and Section 7.10.3.4). If the
measured data is not less than 80% of the values listed in Table 7-5, then the
tested RCP is compatible with SAPPHIRE VF100 fluids.
7.3.5 Formation fluid considerations

Like other fracturing fluids, SAPPHIRE VF100 fluids can form emulsions
with certain crude oils. Emulsions can severely inhibit well cleanup. Before
pumping SAPPHIRE VF100 in any oil or gas-condensate well it is essential
that laboratory testing be done to ensure compatibility (see Section 7.8). If the
crude oil and SAPPHIRE VF100 fluids can form an emulsion, it is recommended
that a preflush containing F105 or W054 be pumped with slickwater to prevent
emulsion formation.
If a preflush fluid is required to eliminate the emulsion problem, then it must be

the first fluid to contact the formation during a treatment. The preflush fluid should
be pumped at, or as close as possible to, the designed fracturing treatment rates.
If the emulsion cannot be broken with the procedure described in Section 7.8,
contact the local client support laboratory (CSL), Technology Center, or InTouch.
7.4 Field Mixing
7.4.1 Continuous mixing

Fracturing jobs using SAPPHIRE VF100 fluids are executed in a similar manner
to VES fluids. SAPPHIRE VF100 fluids must be prepared by continuous mixing
only.
SAPPHIRE VF100 fluids are designed for hybrid job applications as a

replacement of linear guar gels. In hybrid jobs, slickwater is pumped before
the SAPPHIRE VF100 fluid.
Private
Flush and drain all additive systems, hoses and lines. Ensure they are empty and
clean. Any impurities (especially water, oil, foaming agents or biocides) can have
an adverse effect on SAPPHIRE VF100 fluids or J624 itself. SAPPHIRE VF100
fluids are prepared by mixing J624 gelling agent, J623 Rheology Modifier, J609
Friction Reducer and other additives with freshwater. The J624 gelling agent
and J623 Rheology Modifier are usually added on the fly and must be added to
the suction side of the POD* blender, since agitation in the mixer is required to
produce fluid viscosity. (J623 is designed to be pumped directly by the low-rate
Liquid Additive System (LAS*) on the POD blender.) Perform a bucket check to
ensure that the designed pump rates of J624 and J623 are achievable. J624 and
J623 are electrically conductive, so their rates can be measured with either an
electromagnetic or Micro Motion flowmeter. J623 concentration is normally from

1.6 to 3.3 galUS/1,000 galUS (1.6 to 3.3 L/m3). Friction reducers J609 or B315
can be added at the suction or discharge of the POD blender.
When a Stewart and Stevenson (S&S) blender is used, J624 and J623 should be
added at the suction side, and the friction reducer added at the top of the mixing
tub. It is not recommended to add J624 and J623 to the top of the tub as it
can result in excessive fluid foaminess.
Note
The hoses and equipment used to pump gelling agent J624 must be free of
water, otherwise J624 may gum up and plug the flow path. It is recommended
that the J624 flow path be cleaned with U066, F105 and W054, then blow dried
with air before rig-up.
Note
The active ingredient concentration in J623 is low, but critical for the fluid to
perform. It is essential for the success of the job to have the correct amount of
J623 added throughout the whole job. Prior to the job on location, a sample
should be taken to conduct the QA/QC test described in Section 7.10.

Following a job, the POD liquid additive system (including all hoses used)
should be flushed with solutions of F105 or U066 mutual solvents for equipment
exposed to J624, and subsequently with water.
Private
7.5 Job Design
7.5.1 Rheology
Rheology data for SAPPHIRE VF100 fluids are given in Section 7.6.
7.5.2 Shear history

The SAPPHIRE VF100 is not shear degradable at temperatures of 100 to 200

degF [38 to 93 degC], and the fluid does not degrade when exposed to long
periods of shear. Therefore, graphs of viscosity versus time with shear rate
sweeps at temperature typically presented for polymer fluids are not relevant for
SAPPHIRE VF100 fluids. It is important to measure fluid shear recovery time
(the time the fluid needs to regain its initial viscosity after exposure to high shear)
as described in Section 7.10.3.4.
7.5.3 Proppant-Pack and formation permeability
7.5.3.1 Proppant-Pack permeability

Since SAPPHIRE VF100 fluids are VES-based fluids and are solids free, their
retained permeability are higher than for WF*100 guar-based fluids even with
J218 Breaker addition. Retained proppant-pack permeability data for SAPPHIRE
VF100 fluids compared to WF100 linear guar fluid are shown in Figure 7-2.
Private
100%
100%
87% 89%
90%
80%
77%
Retained Permeabili ty
67%
70% 65%
59%
60%
50%
40%
37%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Figure 7-2: Retained permeability of SAPPHIRE VF100 fluids compared to WF100

linear guar fluid. 20/40 HSP; temperature 140 degF [60 degC]; closure stress 5,000
psi (34,500 kPa); proppant loading 2 lbm/ft2 (9.8 kg/m3); proppant concentration 8
lbm/galUS (960 kg/m3); between Ohio sandstone cores.
7.5.3.2 Formation permeability and clay interactions

Nearly all shale formations contain clay particles. Swelling and/or migration
of clays can cause formation damage by plugging formation pores when the
aqueous fluids enter the formation. KCl or L064 brines are effective for clay
stabilization and completely compatible with SAPPHIRE VF100 fluids. For
details refer to Section 7.3.4.
7.5.4 Friction pressure

To maintain low friction pressure when pumping SAPPHIRE VF100 fluids,
a friction reducer appropriate for the mixing water is added. J609 or B315
friction reducers at 0.75 galUS/1,000 galUS (0.75 L/m3) concentration are
Private
recommended. The friction pressures are generally lower than that for guar
fluids under similar conditions (see comparison with WF115 in Figure 7-3). For
friction pressure see manual section 13.4 - B315 Friction Reducer in B-Codes
Navigation Page - STIMULATION, FRACTURING, WATER CONTROL, SAND
CONTROL, InTouch content 45185200, and manual section 7.5 - J609 Friction
Reducer in FMM Vol III - Section 7: Friction Reducers, InTouch content 4879442.
90
80
70
Friction Pressure Reduction, %
60
50
40
30
SAPPHIRE VF105 (0.75 galUS/1,000 galUS
J609) in 2% KCl
20
SAPPHIRE VF105 (0.75 galUS/1,000 galUS
B315) in 2% KCl
10
WF115 in 2% KCl
0
0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000
Solvent Reynolds number
Figure 7-3: Friction reduction of SAPPHIRE VF105 and WF115 fluids relative to water
(laboratory data for ¾-in pipe). SAPPHIRE VF105 formulation: 5 galUS/1,000 galUS (5
L/m3) J624; 1.6 galUS/1,000 galUS (1.6 L/m3) J623; 0.75 galUS/1,000 galUS (0.75 L/m3)
B315 (or J609) prepared in 2% (167 lbm/1,000 galUS (20 kg/m3)) KCl
7.5.5 Postjob flowback

Viscosity of the SAPPHIRE VF100 fluids is reduced upon release of a breaker
material into the fluid. This change in viscosity at bottomhole temperature
facilitates flowback and fracture cleanup. The flowback fluid may regain some
viscosity upon cooling at the surface. Excess foaming for flowback fluids
Private
normally does not occur; however, F105, U051, D144 or M045 can be added to
the pit or flowback tank to reduce foam volume (mixing is required), or slowly
added in the flowback line.
Note
Do not add F105, U051, D144 or M045 to the SAPPHIRE VF100 fluid before or
during the job, as they will adversely affect the fluid viscosity.
7.6 Appendix A: Fluid Performance

Table 7-5 presents typical rheological properties of SAPPHIRE* VF100 fluids

in tap water.
Table 7-5: Typical Rheological Properties of SAPPHIRE VF100 Fluids in tap Water
SAPPHIRE Additive Viscosities, cP or mPa·s

VF100 Concentration, Temperature, K′, at Shear Rates
Fluid n′
galUS/1,000 degF [degC] lbf*sn′/ft2
galUS or L/m3 40 s-1 100 s-1 170 s-1
100 [38] 0.428 0.0041 24 14 10

J624: 5
SAPPHIRE 125 [52] 0.350 0.0112 49 27 19
J623: 1.6
VF105 150 [66] 0.473 0.0038 26 16 12
J609: 0.75
175 [79] 0.277 0.0030 10 5 3.5
100 [38] 0.143 0.0276 56 25 16
J624: 7 125 [52] 0.292 0.0168 59 31 21

SAPPHIRE
J623: 2.3 150 [66] 0.203 0.0146 37 18 12
VF107
J609: 0.75 175 [79] 0.211 0.0060 16 8 5
200 [93] 0.159 0.0125 16 8 5
100 [38] 0.375 0.0121 58 33 23
J624: 10 125 [52] 0.520 0.0083 67 43 33

SAPPHIRE
J623: 3.3 150 [66] 0.723 0.0019 32 25 22
VF110
J609: 0.75 175 [79] 0.186 0.0105 25 12 7
200 [93] 0.259 0.0065 20 10 7
Note
J609 and B315 can be used interchangeably in the above SAPPHIRE VF100
formulations. Viscosity measurement error may be as much as ±20%.
Private
7.6.1 Viscosity of SAPPHIRE VF Fluids

water
60
55
50
45
40
35
SAPPHIRE VF105
30 SAPPHIRE VF107
SAPPHIRE VF110
25
20
15
60 65 70 75 80 85
Temperature, degF
Figure 7-4: Viscosity of SAPPHIRE VF fluids at 170 s-1 prepared in tap water. Data
are obtained using Fann 35 viscometer with R1B1 Rotor-Bob combination and spring
factor of 1. Fluid contains 0.75 galUS/1,000 galUS (0.75 L/m3) J609
Private

water
16
14
12
10
SAPPHIRE VF105
4
SAPPHIRE VF107
SAPPHIRE VF110
2
0
60 65 70 75 80 85
Temperature, degF
Figure 7-5: Viscosity of SAPPHIRE VF fluids at 511 s-1 prepared in tap water. Data
are obtained using Fann 35 viscometer with R1-B1 Rotor-Bob combination and spring
factor of 1. Fluid contains 0.75 galUS/1,000 galUS (0.75 L/m3) J609
Private
7.6.1.3 Viscosity of SAPPHIRE VF107 fluid at 100 s-1 and 125 degF
[52 degC] prepared in tap water and KCl solutions (2 and
7% KCl)
40
35
30
Viscosiy, cP or mPa·s
25
Tap water
20 2% KCl
7% KCl
15
10
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Time, min
Figure 7-6: Viscosity of SAPPHIRE VF107 fluid at 100 s-1 and 125 degF
[52 degC] prepared in tap water and KCl solutions (2 and 7% KCl). J609
concentration is 0.75 galUS/1,000 galUS (0.75 L/m3).
Private
7.6.1.4 Viscosity of SAPPHIRE VF105 fluid at 100 s-1 with and

without a J567 breaker and at different temperatures
30
SAPPHIRE VF105
SAPPHIRE VF105 with J567 (5)

25
Viscosity, cP or mP·s
20
15
10
0
75 100 125 150 175 200
Temperature, degF
Figure 7-7: Viscosity of SAPPHIRE VF105 fluid at 100 s-1 with and without a
J567 breaker and at different temperatures. J609 concentration is 0.75 galUS/1,000
galUS (0.75 L/m3); crushed J569 was added into the fluid.
Note
The value in the bracket in the legend shows the material concentration in
lbm/1,000 galUS.
Private

without a J567 breaker and at different temperatures
35
30
SAPPHIRE VF107
SAPPHIRE VF107 with J567 (5)

25
20
15
10
0
75 100 125 150 175 200
Temperature, degF
Figure 7-8: Viscosity of SAPPHIRE VF107 fluid at 100 s-1 with and without a
J567 breaker and at different temperatures. J609 concentration is 0.75 galUS/1,000
galUS (0.75 L/m3); crushed J569 was added into the fluid.
Note
The value in the bracket in the legend shows the material concentration in
lbm/1,000 galUS.
Private

without F105 and W054 and at different temperatures
30
SAPPHIRE VF105
SAPPHIRE VF105 with F105 (2)
25 SAPPHIRE VF105 with W054 (2)
20
15
10
0
75 100 125 150 175 200
Temperature, degF
Figure 7-9: Viscosity of SAPPHIRE VF105 fluid at 100 s-1 with and without F105 and W054
and at different temperatures. J609 concentration is 0.75 galUS/1,000 galUS (0.75 L/m3).
Note
Values in brackets in the legend show the material concentration in galUS/1,000
galUS.
Private

35
SAPPHIRE VF107
30 SAPPHIRE VF107 with F105 (3)
SAPPHIRE VF107 with W054 (3)

25
20
15
10
0
75 100 125 150 175 200
Temperature, degF
Note
galUS.
Private

50
SAPPHIRE VF110
45 SAPPHIRE VF110 with F105 (3)
SAPPHIRE VF110 with W054 (3)
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
0
75 100 125 150 175 200
Temperature, degF
Note
galUS.
Private
7.7 Appendix B: J567 Quality Assurance and

Scope
The purpose of this test is to determine the effect of breaker on the viscosity
of the carrying fluid with the focus on the integrity of the breaker coating. The
procedure covers the preparation and viscosity measurement of the fluid with
and without breaker.
Safety
in a well-ventilated area and avoid ignition sources. J567 is not a hazardous
material.
Apparatus

• Fann 50 viscometer with R1/B5/410 rotor/bob/spring combination
• Fann 35 viscometer with R1/B1/S1 rotor/bob/spring combination (if Fann 50
is not available).
• thermometer
• balance
Chemicals
• J624
• J623
• J609 (or B315)
• J567
• representative sample of water to be used on the job
Private
Procedure
The procedure will be illustrated using the conditions in the hypothetical example
below.
Example
The carrying fluid is
10 galUS/1,000 galUS (10 L/m3) J624;
3.3 galUS/1,000 galUS (3.3 L/m3) J623;
5 lbm/1,000 galUS (0.6 kg/m3) J567 breaker;
Prepare the SAPPHIRE* VF100 according to procedure Section 7.10.3.1.
For a Fann 35 viscometer:
1. Place the fluid in a capped bottle.
2. Add the J567 breaker (in this example, 5 lbm/1,000 galUS (0.6 kg/m3)) into
the fluid and slowly shake and swirl until the breaker is evenly distributed in
the mixture. DO NOT USE THE WARING BLENDER TO ADD BREAKER.
3. Place the capped bottle in a water bath at the BHST of the well to be treated.
If the BHST is higher than 175 degF [79 degC], then 175 degF [79 degC] is
the temperature used.
4. Wait for about 30 minutes and then measure the viscosity of the fluid with
the Fann 35 at 100 rpm (170 s−1).
For a Fann 50 viscometer:
1. Add 26 mL of SAPPHIRE VF100 fluid to the Fann 50 cup.
2. Add 0.026 g (equivalent to 5 lbm/1,000 galUS (0.6 kg/m3) for 52 mL fluid) of

J567 to the cup.
3. Add a further 26 mL of the SAPPHIRE VF100 fluid to the Fann 50 cup.
4. Measure the viscosity at 100 s−1 at the BHST of the well to be treated.
The viscosity should be no less than 80% of the reading in Table 7-5.
7.8 Appendix C: Crude oil Compatibility test

When SAPPHIRE* VF100 fluids are mixed with some crude oils, an emulsion
may form that can inhibit cleanup of the formation and proppant pack. Therefore,
before introducing SAPPHIRE VF100 to a new field, compatibility testing with
Private
a sample of the crude oil is essential. A preflush treatment using F105 is

recommended. The following laboratory test is designed to screen SAPPHIRE
VF100/crude oil mixtures and identify potential emulsion problems.
Follow this procedure to determine whether crude oil is compatible with a

SAPPHIRE VF100 fluid:
1. Preheat the SAPPHIRE VF100 fluid and crude oil in a water bath to the
desired temperature.
2. Mix 50 mL SAPPHIRE VF100 fluid with 50 mL crude oil in an API test bottle.
Cap the bottle and shake vigorously for 30 seconds.
15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes in a table as shown below.
Time, min 5 15 30 45 60
Volume of
Bottom Layer
Volume of
Emulsion
Equation 7-1: Equation to calculate % emulsion break.
Volume of bottom layer

% Emulsion break = * 100
Volume of SAPPHIRE VF100 fluid
If the emulsion does not break (>90%) in 60 minutes, a preflush treatment using
F105 or W054 with slickwater at a PAD stage is recommended (see Table 7-6).
Preflush Fluid Composition Comments

2% KCl brine – 90% vol Slickwater
F105 – 10% vol PAD
7.9 Appendix D: Compatibility Prescreening test

Procedure
A chemical is considered compatible with SAPPHIRE* VF100 fluids if it:
Private
• does not reduce the viscosity (measured at 100 s-1) below 80% of its original
value
• allows the fluid to have comparable static proppant suspension ability over all
temperature ranges compared to the original value
Some common additives can adversely affect the viscosity of SAPPHIRE VF100
fluids; therefore, it is recommended that compatibility tests be done with the
additives to be used with SAPPHIRE VF100 fluids. Compatibility is tested by
measuring the shear recovery time and viscosity before and after addition of
the additive. While mixing, SAPPHIRE VF100 fluid gets foamy, so it should
be degassed by heating in a water bath (170 degF [77 degC]) or centrifuging
(preferred) prior to viscosity measurement. If Fann 50 results show that the
additive is not compatible with the SAPPHIRE VF100 fluid, the additive is
characterized as incompatible.
7.9.1 Measurement of fluid viscosity after adding an

additive
In a blender, prepare a SAPPHIRE VF100 fluid with additive as described in
Section 7.10.3.1, Steps 1 through 4. Perform the shear recovery test (see
Section 7.10.3.4). The test fluids should be degassed by heating in a water bath
(170 degF [77 degC]) or centrifuging prior to Fann 50 viscosity measurement
(see Section 7.10.3.2). In some cases, if the viscosity reduction is not excessive,
compensate for the viscosity reduction. Fann 50 viscometers equipped with an
R1 rotor, B5 bob and 410 spring are used to measure the fluid viscosity at 100 s-1.
7.10 Appendix E: Quality Assurance and Quality

Control (QA/QC) for SAPPHIRE VF100 Fluids
The purpose of this section is to ensure the SAPPHIRE* VF100 fluids develop
the proper fluid viscosity, and that the viscosity recovers in a timely manner after
experiencing high-shear rate.
Private
Note
in a well-ventilated area and avoid ignition sources. Each analyst should be
acquainted with potential hazards of the reagents, products and solvents before
there is any accidental contact of any of these chemicals, wash thoroughly with
soap and water. Check the corresponding Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
for details.
7.10.1 Fluid QA/QC for district laboratory

Prior to the job execution, the SAPPHIRE VF100 fluid viscosity (as determined
on a Fann 50 at the bottomhole static temperature (BHST) of the well) and shear
recovery must be assessed. The tests are to be performed with location water.
Table 7-5 provides a guideline for SAPPHIRE VF100 fluids viscosities with
different concentrations of J624 and J623 after foam removal. This data serve
as a reference of the viscosity expected to be achieved for the fluid of different
composition in downhole conditions. Follow the QA/QC procedures described
in Section 7.10.3.
7.10.2 Onsite fluid QA/QC

While ideally the fluid viscosity is to be measured free of gas (nonfoamed fluid)
this is not practical in the field where a rapid evaluation of a fluid sample at the
sampling port or in the laboratory with limited equipment capabilities must be
performed. When possible the foam quality should be brought to about 50% in a
Waring blender in order to determine approximate foam fluid viscosity. Table 7-7
provides viscosity estimates of a 50% air foam fluid as a function of temperature
using a Fann 35.
Table 7-7: Minimum Viscosity Estimates of air 50% foam Fluid as a Function of Temperature
Using a Fann 35
SAPPHIRE Viscosities,
Additive
VF100 cP or mPa·s
Concentrations, Temperature,
Fluid at 170 s-1
galUS/1,000 degF [degC]
(100 rpm)
galUS or L/m3
Shear Rate
60 [15] 30
Foam J624: 5
68 [20] 27
SAPPHIRE J623: 1.6
VF105 77 [25] 25.5
J609: 0.75
85 [30] 24
Private
SAPPHIRE Viscosities,
Additive
VF100 cP or mPa·s
Concentrations, Temperature,
Fluid at 170 s-1
galUS/1,000 degF [degC]
(100 rpm)
galUS or L/m3
Shear Rate
60 [15] 36
Foam J624: 7
68 [20] 30
SAPPHIRE J623: 2.3
VF107 77 [25] 28.5
J609: 0.75
85 [30] 27
60 [15] 40.5
Foam J624: 10
68 [20] 36
SAPPHIRE J623: 3.3

VF110 77 [25] 30
J609: 0.75
85 [30] 30
Perform Fann 35 viscosity measurements for foamed SAPPHIRE VF100 fluid

and shear recovery tests as described in Section 7.10.3.3, and Section 7.10.3.4.
Note
Viscosity measured with a Fann 35 according to the procedure described in
Section 7.10.3.3 can deviate from that specified in Table 7-7 by ±30%.
7.10.3 QA/QC Procedures
7.10.3.1 Procedures for preparing a SAPPHIRE VF100 fluid

(example 7 galUS/1,000 galUS J624)
The procedure is as follows:
1. Add 250 mL of water to a 1-L Waring blender jar.
2. Using syringes, measure out 1.75 mL (7 galUS/1,000 galUS (7 L/m3)) J624,

0.58 mL (2.3 galUS/1,000 galUS (2.3 L/m3)) J623, and 0.19 mL (0.75
galUS/1,000 galUS (0.75 L/m3) J609.
Private
3. Start the blender spinning at low speed and simultaneously add the J624 and
J623, and then add 0.19 mL J609.
Note
When adding the chemicals to the blender jar, ensure that the chemicals do
not contact the blender walls or the center of the vortex. Chemicals contacting
the blender jar wall and blade nut will not be completely mixed into the
solution and poor performance will result.
4. Increase the blender speed to 80% of full scale (so that the liquid in the jar
forms a deep vortex) and blend for 10 to 15 seconds. This will result in an
approximate 40 to 60% foam with no liquid.
Note
For onsite QA/QC to achieve a 50% foam quality, mix fluid at 80% of full
blender scale until total volume is 500 mL, then follow procedure described in
Section 7.10.3.3, and Section 7.10.3.4.
5. Degas the fluid by centrifuging (recommended) or by placing in a closed

container at 150 degF [66 degC] in a water bath for approximately 2 hours.
Fluid should become clear after degassing.
7.10.3.2 Fluid viscosity determination with a Fann 50 rheometer

1. Follow the Fann 50 operation manual for viscosity measurement.
2. Compare the fluid viscosities at 100 s−1 to those shown in Table 7-5.
7.10.3.3 Foam fluid viscosity determination with a Fann 35

rheometer
This procedure is applicable only for onsite fluid quality check. There is no need
to degas the fluid prior to measurement; fluid air foam quality should be about
50%.
Private
1. Fill the viscometer cup to the scribe line with fluid prepared as described
in the Section 7.10.3.1, Steps 1 through 4. Use a heated cup if the test
temperature is higher than ambient. Alternatively, preheat the fluid prior to
viscosity measurement.
viscometer.
3. Begin rotation at 100 rpm.
4. Record the dial reading at 100 rpm (170 s−1 shear rate) after 90 seconds
and measure the fluid temperature.
5. Compare data with those shown in Table 7-7.
7.10.3.4 Fluid shear recovery determination

1. Prepare fluid as described in the Section 7.10.3.1, Steps 1 through 4.
2. Increase the Waring blender speed to about 70% of the full scale (>10,000
rpm) for 30 to 60 seconds.
3. Stop mixing, start timing and then pour the sheared fluid back and forth
between the blender jar and a beaker. The fluid should recover (hang-lip or
clear snap of the lip) in less than 15 seconds.
4. If fluids take more than 15 seconds to recover completely (hang-lip or clear

snap of the lip), consult the regional client support laboratory or InTouch.
Private

FMM Vol I Section 3 - Viscoelastic Fluid Systems V1!3!5769274 - 01

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

FMM Vol I Section 3 - Viscoelastic Fluid Systems V1!3!5769274 - 01

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

FMM Vol I Section 3 - Viscoelastic Fluid Systems V1!3!5769274 - 01

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Viscoelastic (VES) Fluid

Copyright © 2013 Schlumberger, Unpublished Work. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2013 Schlumberger, Unpublished Work. All rights reserved.

Trademarks & Service marks

Schlumberger, the Schlumberger logotype, and other words or symbols used

A complete list of Schlumberger marks may be viewed at the Schlumberger

Author: PPC WS SFE

Reviewer: Steve Davies

Approver: Steve Davies

LDAP Alias: ipc-doc

1.0 06-Aug-2012 Document first produced. Author: Trevor Williamson

Version Control ________________________________________________ xvi

1 ClearFRAC-EF J533 Fracturing Fluids have been obsoleted. ____ 1-1

2 ClearFRAC J942 HiPerm Fracturing Fluids _____________________ 2-1

2.2 Fluid Components ___________________________________________ 2-2

3 ClearFRAC HT J566 Fracturing Fluids __________________________ 3-1

3.6 Proppant-Pack and Formation Permeability ___________________ 3-15

3.17 Appendix D: Proppant-Pack Breaker J567 ____________________ 3-43

4 ClearFRAC J508W Fracturing Fluids have been obsoleted. _____ 4-1

5 ClearFRAC LT J551A Fracturing Fluids _________________________ 5-1

6 ClearFRAC XT J948 Fracturing Fluids __________________________ 6-1

6.12 Storage ____________________________________________________ 6-29

7 SAPPHIRE VF100 Fracturing Fluids ____________________________ 7-1

2-1 Recommended concentration of encapsulated breaker J567 for ClearFRAC

surfactant. _______________________________________________________ 2-32

galUS/1,000 galUS J589 straight fluids in different mix waters._______ 6-45

6-18 Viscosity versus temperature of 15 galUS/1,000 galUS J590 and 2.5

6-34 Viscosity versus temperature of 40 galUS/1,000 galUS J590 and 6.7

6-38 ClearFRAC XT leakoff coefficients versus formation permeability. ___ 6-144

2-1 Physical Properties and Hazards ___________________________________ 2-2

3-5 J567 Release Levels (no Closure Stress) __________________________ 3-12

M117 ____________________________________________________________ 3-34

6-14 Fluid Formulations and J590/J589 Ratios __________________________ 6-27

7-1 Equation to calculate % emulsion break. ___________________________ 7-25

Version Control PPC,

1 ClearFRAC-EF J533 Fracturing Fluids have

1 ClearFRAC-EF J533 Fracturing Fluids

2 ClearFRAC J942 HiPerm Fracturing Fluids

2.3.2 Fluid formulations ____________________________________________ 2-5

2.11.1.2 Continuous mixing of J566 and breaker booster M003 as an aqueous

with J566 in KCl and NH4Cl brines ___________________________ 2-28

2 ClearFRAC J942 HiPerm Fracturing

2.1 Introductory Summary

ClearFRAC J942 HiPerm is a surfactant and water-based, polymer-free system

ClearFRAC J942 HiPerm is designed primarily for continuous-mix operations.

2.2 Fluid Components

Table 2-1: Physical Properties and Hazards

2.2.1 Surfactant package

• Tanks and mixing equipment must be clean. Hydrocarbon residues in tanks

• Care must be taken to avoid contamination from other common additives.

2.2.2 Mix water

Since the performance of ClearFRAC fluids is sensitive to the presence of

2.2.3 Shear recovery additive U066

specifications after high-shear exposure.

2.2.4 Breakers and breaker booster

The breaker booster M003 is required to ensure breaker performance and is

2.2.5 Clay stabilizers

2.3 Base Fluid Design