BIOLOGY PRACTICAL ANALYSIS

BIOLOGYY PRACTICAL ANALYSIS WAEC 2024

SPECIMEN A- GILL OF FISH
SPECIMEN B- LIVER OF FOWL WITH GALL BLADDER ATTACHED (petri dish)
SPECIMEN C- LUNGS OF FOWL ON A WHITE TILE(white tile
SPECIMEN D- GIZZARD OF FOWL(petri dish)
SPECIMEN E- INTESTINE OF FOWL(spread in tray)

SPECIMEN F-GINGER RHIZOME

SPECIMEN G-ONION BULB
SPECIMEN H-LEAF OF BRYOPHYLUM( with adventitious root)
SPECIMEN J-CASSAVA STEM
SPECIMEN K-CASSAVA TUBER

SPECIMEN L-THORACIC VERTEBRA

SPECIMEN M-HUMERUS BONE
SPECIMEN N- MANGO SEED(dry)
SPECIMEN P-FEMUR BONE
SPECIMEN Q-LUMBAR VERTEBRA
SPECIMEN R-ORANGE SEEDS(dry)

DIAGRAM OF SPECIMEN A MG×2

FUNCTION OF VARIOUS PARTS OF SPECIMEN A ( GILLS)
Gill filament – provide large surface are for gaseous exchange.
Gill rakers – Trap food and solid particles to prevent them from damaging delicate
gill filament.
Gill bar – for attachment of gill filaments and gill rakers

Observable Features that Adapt specimen A-[Gills] to its function

i. It is moist; for diffusion of dissolved gases / Gaseous exchange.
ii. It is thin-walled / thin membrane; for passage/difussion of gases
iii. It is richly supplied with blood vessels / blood capillaries / highly vascularised; as diffusion medium
for gaseous exchange.
iv. It has a large surface area; to increase the rate of diffusion of gases.

Observable Similarities Between specimenA-Gill and and specimen-C[lungs]

i. Both have a network of capillaries / are highly vascularised.
ii. Both are pink / red in colour.
iii. Both have moist / wet surface.
iv. Both are thin-walled / thin membrane.
v. Both have large surface area.

-Life process associated with specimen A and specimen C => Respiration / Gaseous exchange

Functions Common to the Following:

1. Specimen A-Gill: Gaseous exchange / Respiration.
2. Specimen B-Liver: Production of bile.
3. Specimen C-Lungs: Gaseous exchange / Respiration.
4. Specimen D-Gizzard: Grinding of food substances.
5. Specimen E-Intestine: Absorption / Digestion of food substances.

Common Function to both specimen A and specimen C [A-Gills and C-Lungs]

1. Respiration / Gaseous exchange.

LET US STUDY THE ALIMENTARY SYSTEM OF FOWL TO GET FAMILIARIZE WITH THE POSITIONS OF
RELATED SPECIMENS FROM SPECIMEN B-E
Examine Specimen B which is a fresh structure of the liver. Examine the specimen carefully.
i. Describe the specimen.
ii. Mention the name of the Structure you can see apart from the liver lobe, Describe it. Pierce the
structure with a clean sharp office pin and allow the oozing content to drop on a white tile.
iii. Test the oozing content with a red litmus paper. Record your observation and state the PH of the
the oozing content
iv. state the system in the body of vertebrates associated with specimen B.
Answer
I. Description =Specimen B is reddish or dark red in colour,soft but firm to touch, fairly large in size
and oblong or oval in shape.
II. Name of structure seen apart from the liver lobe is gall bladder
Description of gall bladder:The gall bladder is green, greenish or greenish yellow in colour with an
oblong or enlongated bag-like structure or small sac. It is very soft or soft to touch

III. Testing of oozed substance with red litmus paper on a white tile shows that it turns red litmus
paper blue and the PH is above 7.
IV. The oozing substance is the bile and it is manufactured in the liver

V. Function of the substance [bile]

-It neutralized the acid chyme food leaving the stomach
-It emulsifies fats and oils to tiny droplets of fatty acids and glycerol
-It prevents putrefaction or decay of food in small intestine

Function ofSpecimen B (liver)

i-Liver stores food as glycogen
ii-it stores vitamin A ,D, B and B1
iii -It aids deamination of proteins in the body or excretion of nitrogenous waste
iv-it aids detoxification
v -It manufactures bile used in the formation of fibrinogen, heparin or prothrombin for blood
clotting purpose
vi -It produce heat for maintenance of constant body temperature
vii-It aids the formation of red blood cells in embryo/foetus.
viii-It destroys worn-out red blood cell

VI. Diseases ofSpecimen B (liver)

i -Jaundice
ii-Hepatitis
iii-Cancer of the liver
iv -Liver cirrhosis
v- Gall stone
 Diseases of specimen C
-Aspergillosis
-Histoplasmosis
Others are asthma, chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD),
pulmonary fibrosis, pneumonia, and lung cancer.
Functions of Bile
1. It emulsifies fats and oils into fat droplets.
2. The inorganic salts in it netralises the acid in the chyme/bile neutralises chyme.
3. It provides alkaline medium for pancreatic juice to act.
4. It prevents the decay of food in the small intestine.

Adaptation ofSpecimen C (Lungs)

i. Thin membrane allows easy diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide / exchange of gases.
ii. Moist surface for dissolving of gases / carbon dioxide and oxygen.
iii. Abundant blood vessels for transport of respiratory gases.
iv. Large surface area for diffusion / exchange of gases.

Effects of Diseases of the specimen B-[Liver]

i. Weakness and tiredness.
ii. Jaundice / Yellowish eye / Skin.
iii. (Slight) fever.
iv. Swollen Abdomen.
v. High blood pressure.
vi. Abdominal pain.
vii. Loss of apetite.
viii. Headache.

Observable Structural Differences Between specimenA-Gill and specimen C-Lung

Specimen A (Gillssss) Specimen C (Lungs)
i. Gill rakers present. Gill reakers absent.
Ii. Gill arch/bar present. Gill arch/bar absent.
Iii. Gill lamella present. Gill lamella absent.
Iv. Gill filaments present. Gill filaments absent.
V. Pleural membrane absent. Pleural membrane present.
Vi. Pleural cavity absent. Pleural cavity present.
Vii. Not fluffy. Fluffy/soft.

PICTURE OF GIZZARD

a chicken gizzard is basically the stomach of the chicken. It's made of muscular walls that
contract. The gizzard is aided by gritty, sand-like particles the chickens ingest as they peck
that help to grind the food so that it may pass to the small intestine, where nutrients are
absorbed

Enzymes produced inside specimen E ( intestine)

i-cellulase, ii-amylase, iii-lipase, iv-protease,
 Function of specimen E- (intestine)
i-absortionof nutrients
ii-digestion of food substances

Mention the three major parts in which Specimen E (intestine) can be divided into
Answer= i-duodenum, ii-jejunum, and iii-ileum

VII. The system is the Digestive or alimentary system

Observable features of specimen F (Rhizome of Ginger)

i. Cylindrical in shape.
ii. Leaves reduced to scale.
iii. Presence of nodes and internodes.
iv. Adventitious roots present.
v. Terminal buds present.

Classification of specimen F(GINGER RHIZOME) based on life cycle = BIENNIAL CROP

[Diagram of onion bulb]

Observable Features of specimen G (Onion Bulb)

i. Presence of swollen leaf bases (with reserve food).
ii. Stem reduced to disc like structure.
iii. Terminal and auxiliary buds present.
iv. Presence of leaf scales.
v. Adventitious roots present.

Mode of Propagation of Specimen G (Onion Bulb)

- Terminal / lateral buds sprout into new aerial shoots.

Classification of specimen G(ONION BULB) based on life cycle = biennial

Observable features of Specimen H [Bryophyllum]
i. Leaf bear buds at notches of margin.
ii. Leaf is succulent / fleshy / swollen.
iii. Leaf has waxy surface.
iv. Leaf is green/contains chlorophyll

Mode of Propagation of specimen H [Bryophylum]

- Sprouting of adventitious buds at margin of leaves.

Biological Significance of Bryophylum

i. Vegetative reproduction.
ii. Storage organ (store water, mineral salts, etc).
iii. Characteristics of parent plant are preserved.
iv. Can photosynthesise.

[Diagram of cassava stem]

v.
 -Cassava method of reproduction => Stem cutting

Classification of specimen K(CASSAVA TUBER) based on life cycle = BIENNIAL CROP

-Ginger => Type of reproduction common to all is Asexual / Vegetative Reproduction

Specimen Part modified to Part used for Stored materials Other examples
form specimen propagation
G-Onion bulb Shoot Bulb Water / Sucrose Cana lily, crinum
lily, harmattan lily
F-Ginger rhizome Stem Rhizome Water / Starch Spear grass,
bamboo,sugarcane,
asparagus
K-Cassava tuber root stem starch Sweet potatoes

-Cassava: Phylum => Tracheophyta / Angiospermophyta / Spermatophyta

Observable Structural Differences Between Specimen F(GINGER RHIZOME) and Specimen

K(CASSAVA TUBER)
F-GINGER RHIZOME K-CASSAVA TUBER
ii. Presence of scale leaves No scale leaves
Ii. Presence of node and internodes No node and internodes
Iii. Has buds Has no buds
Iv. Has adventitious roots Has no adventitious roots
V. Has no terminal and lateral roots Has terminal and lateral roots
Vi.
 LATERAL VIEIW OF THORACIC VERTEBRA

Observable characteristics of specimen L(thoracic vertebra)

(i) presence of long and prominent neural spine which project

upward and bacward
(ii) Presence of a pair of short transverse processes
(iii) Presence of large neural canal and neural arch
(iv) Large cylindrical centrum is present
(v) Presence of demifacets and articular surfaces for attachment of
ribs

Function of specimen L(thoracic vertebra)

i-to support the back/ribs

ii-articulation with the rib, allow them to also provide a protective

cage around delicate organs of the thorax e.g heart, lungs

iii-protect the spinal cord/ passage of spinal cord

DIAGRAM OF HUMERUS

Function of specimen M(humerus)

i-it form attachment surface for biceps and triceps musles

ii-it forms the ball and socket joint at the shoulder

iii-it forms hinge joint at the elbow

iv-it allows free movement of the arms

SPECIMEN N- MANGO SEED(dry)

Classification of specimen N

Kingdom- Plantae

Division- Magnoliophyta

Class- Magnoliopsida

Order-Sapindales

Family- Anacardiaceae

Genus- Mangifera

Species- indica

Classification of specimen N(mango seed) fruit based on life cycle=

perennial crop

Placentation of specimen N (MANGO SEED) in its fruit =AXILE

What is the class of fruit in which specimen N(MANGO SEED) is

obtained fom? = DRUPE
 DIAGRAM OF THE ANTERIOR VIEW OF SPECIMEN P [FEMU]R
The observable features of specimen P [femur]
-The structure is a long shaft with a round head at one end
-The head has a short neck
-There is presence of the great trochanter and lesser trochanter
-There is presence of patellar groove and condyle

Function of specimen P[Femur]

1. It supports the upper leg or thigh.
2. It is used for the formation of red blood cells.
3. It forms ball and socket joint with the pelvic girdle.
4. The patella groove articulates with the patella or knee cap.
5. It provides articulation surface for the Tibia-Fibula.

Nutrient Present in specimen P (Femur)

1. Calcium or phosphorus, or calcium phosphate.

Functions of Calcium (Nutrient)

1. It aids the formation of strong and healthy teeth or bones.
2. Calcium aids normal contraction of muscle.
3. Calcium is good for blood clotting or coagulation.
4. Calcium aids the proper functioning of the heart and nervous system.
5. Phosphorus regulates metabolism of proteins, fats and carbohydrates.
6. Phosphorus is a component of DNA|RNA|Nucleic Acid.

TWO OBSERVABLE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN M-HUMERUS AND P-FEMUR

SPECIMEN M [HUMERUS] SPECIMEN P-[FEMUR]

i)posses head without neck Posses head with short neck
ii)it is relatively shorter It is relatively longer

Name the bone that form joint with humerus at the proximal end?

Answer= scapula (the joint formed is ball and socketjoint)

Name the bone that form joint with humerus at the distal end?

Answer= ulna and radius (the joint form is hinge joint)

DIAGRAM OF THE POSTERIOR VIEW OF SPECIMEN Q (LUMBAR VERTEBRA

DIAGRAM OF TRHE LATERAL VIEW OF SPECIMEN Q(LUMBAR VERTEBRA)

Observable characteristics of specimen Q (lumbar vertebra)

i-it has a large flattened transverse process

ii-It has broad and flat neuralspine/ stout neural spine

iii-presence of pre and post zygapophyses

iv-presence of large and thick centrum

v-presence of anapophysis and metapophysis for attachment of

abdominal muscles

Function of specimen Q(lumbar vertebra)

i-the lumbar vertebrae provides attachment for abdominal muscles

ii-they bear considerale weight of the body

iii-they support pregnancy in female

iv-protect the spinal cord/ passage of spinal cord

Function of parts labelled on vertebrae/thoracic/

i)Neural spine- for attachment of muscles

ii)Transverse process- for muscle attachment

iii)Neural arch-for muscle attachment/protection of spinal cord

iv)Centrum- provide(mechanical) support

V)Neural canal-encloses/houses the spinal cord/passage for the spinal

cord

Types of Region in the Man Rabbit Rat

vertebrae body
Specimen Chest/thoracic 12 12-13 13
(thoracic) region
Specimen Upper abdomen/ 5 6-7 6
(lumbar) upper
abdominal
region

Other examples of vertebrae are= I-cervical, ii-sacral, iii-

caudal

SPECIMEN R-ORANGE SEEDS(dry)

Classification of specimen R (orange)

Kingdom - Plantae
Division- Magnoliophyta
Class- Magnoliopsida
Order- Sapindales
Family- Rutaceae
Genus- Citrus
Species- sinensis
Type of fruit

Classification of specimen R(orange seed) fruit based on life cycle=

PERENNIAL CROP

Placentation of specimen R in its fruit= AXILE

What is the class of fruit in which specimen R(orange seed)is

obtained fom? = BERRY/HESPERIDIUM