Hydraulics and Geotechnical

Engineering

Set 1
Fluid Properties and Hydrostatic
Force
 FLUID PROPERTIES AND PRESSURE
BASIC FORMULAS PRESSURE
Pressure head – height of column
● of the fluid that is needed to
produce the pressure “p”

Transmission of Pressure Formula

h = vertical distance between “a” and “b”

p = unit pressure (Pa) = gage pressure (+ or -)

P abs = absolute pressure (+)

P atm = atmospheric/barometric pressure
1 atm = 101.325 kPa

Conversion of Pressure Head

 SURFACE TENSION AND GASES
SURFACE GASES
TENSION

Angle of contact
• water-glass = 0
• Water-silver = 90
• Water-wax = 107
• Mercury glass = 140
 HYDROSTATIC FORCE CURVED FORCE
P = total hydrostatic pressure on a curved surface
PLANE SURFACE (kN)

Ph = horizontal component; total hydrostatic

pressure on plane area “A” which is the projection of
the curved one on the vertical

Pv = vertical component; weight of liquid whose

volume is traced by moving the curve vertically
“upward” until the liquid surface or its extension
Location
At the cg of volume
or centroid of At
Sample
Problems
 PROBLEM 1-3 2. Evaluate the greatest pressure of water in the tank shown.

1. A liquid in a 1.13 m 3 container has a mass of 814 kg.

a. What is its mass density

b. What is its specific weight
c. What is its gravity force?

3. The pressure gage in a given tank reads 125 mm Hg. Calculate

the equivalent height of column of oil.
 PROBLEM 4-5
5. Assuming oil in the differential-type manometer shown,
4. Determine the gage pressure at A in the given open-type
calculate the difference in pressures between A and B.
manometer.
Follow sign convention
 PROBLEM 6-7
6. Determine the height water will rise due to capillary action 7. Chlorine gas at 30 degrees Celsius under a pressure of 481
in a clean 6-mm diameter tube. What will be the height if kPa. Assume a gas constant of 117 N-m/kg-K. Calculate its
the diameter if reduced to 0.5 mm? The angle of contact
specific volume
with water is 0 degrees and the surface tension is 0.0728
N/m.
 PROBLEM 8
8. A circular gate 1.5 m in diameter is inclined at an angle of 45
degrees. Fresh water stands on one side of the gate to a height
of 10 m above the center of the gate.

a. Evaluate the total force on the gate.

b. Locate the point of action of the total force from the bottom
on the plane of the gate.
c. If the gate is hinged at the top, evaluate the force normal to
the gate at the bottom that will require to open it in kN.

Location of P from the bottom:

 PROBLEM 9 Alternative Solution:

9. A tank containing water is shown. Calculate the total resultant

force acting on the side ABCD of the container and the location of
the center of pressure.
 PROBLEM 10 a. Project imaginary oil surface for
uniformity
10. The gate AB shown in Figure is hinged at A and kept closed by a
force P at B. Determine the nearest value to the:

a. Total force exerted by oil on the gate

b. Location of this total force from A.
c. Determine the force of oil on the gate if the pressure at the oil
surface is -18 kPa.

b.

c. Project imaginary oil surface for

uniformity
 PROBLEM 11
11. The 5-m wide sluice gate “ab” shown, tangent to the vertical wall at “a”,
holds back water. The surface of the gate in contact with the water can be
taken as part of a cylinder with radius 4 m.

a. Determine the horizontal force acting on the curve.

b. Determine the total force on the curve.
c. Determine the location of the vertical force from pt “a”