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Zig-zags, or Boyeaux of communication, are trenches made for
the approaches from the parallels to the besieged place. They are
generally 3 feet deep, and have a parapet, and banquette.
A Redan consists of two faces forming a salient angle (which
should not be less than 60°) with parapet, &c.[37]
A Lunette has two faces, similar to the redan, and also two flanks.
[37]
PERMANENT FORTIFICATION.
Main ditch.
From the salient angles of the bastions, with 38 yards as a radius,
describe arcs, to which draw tangents, directed to the angles of the
shoulders of the bastions.
The Tenaille.
Draw lines parallel to the lines of defence, at the distance of 16
yards, for the faces of the work; its flanks, and curtain are
constructed parallel to the flanks of the bastions, and curtain, at the
distance of 11 yards.
The Ravelin.
From the re-entering angle of the counterscarp, make the capital
of the ravelin 80 yards in length, and from its summit draw lines to
points, on the faces of the bastions, 11 yards from the angle of the
shoulder; the junction of these lines, and the counterscarp of the
main ditch will determine the length of the faces of the ravelin. The
gorge is formed by drawing lines 24 yards from the re-entering angle
of the counterscarp to the intersection of the perpendicular, and the
exterior side. From the salient angle of the ravelin, with a radius of
24 yards, describe an arc, to which draw tangents parallel to the
faces, for the breadth of the ditch.
From the outline of the works draw the following parallels inwards:
—
Rampart.
1. At the distance of 6 yards, for the thickness of the parapet.
2. From which 12 yards, for the breadth of the terreplein.
3. From which 6 yards, for the breadth of the interior slope.
Tenaille.
Draw lines parallel to the faces, at the distance of 6 yards, for the
parapet.
Ravelin.
To the faces of the work draw the following parallels:—
1. At the distance of 6 yards, for the parapet.
2. From which 8 yards, for the terreplein.
3. From which 5 yards, for the interior slope.
Covered way.
Draw lines parallel to the counterscarp, at the distance of 11 yards,
for the breadth of the covered way.
Glacis.
For its breadth, draw parallels to the branches of the covered way,
and the re-entering places of arms, at the distance of 50 yards.
Traverses.
Those at the re-entering places of arms are erected perpendicular
to the covered way; those at the salient places of arms are formed
on the prolongation of the faces of the bastions, and ravelins, across
the covered way; all the traverses are 6 yards thick at the top. The
passages, cut out of the glacis, to enable the troops to pass round
the traverses, are 4 yards wide.
Ramps.
Flank of the empty bastion.—Set off 42 yards, from the angle of
the flank of the interior slope, diagonally along the slope, for the
length of the ramp, to which draw a parallel line 5 yards distant, for
their breadth, which mark by a perpendicular, prolonging it, and
setting off 6 yards for the interior slope; to which point, from the end
of the ramp, draw a line; and also from the same point draw another
line parallel to the side of the ramp, and joining the interior slope of
the face of the bastion.
Flanked angle of the empty bastion.—From the angle of the
interior slope set off 16 yards on each side, from which points draw
lines 42 yards in length diagonally along the interior slope for the
length of the ramps; to which draw parallels, 4 yards distant, for their
breadth; erect perpendiculars from the points (16 yards from the
angle) until they intersect each other, from which point as a centre,
with radius of the distance between the ramps, describe an arc
joining the head of the ramps of the two faces; concentric to which,
with a radius 6 yards less than the former, describe another arc, to
which draw tangents from the termination of the ramps, representing
their slopes.
Gorge of the full bastion.—From the angle of the interior slope, set
off 16 yards on each side, from which points draw lines 42 yards in
length diagonally along the interior slope; draw parallels to these at
the distance of 5 yards, for the breadth of the ramps; erect
perpendiculars at their head, from the intersection of which as a
centre, with radius of the distance between them, describe an arc,
parallel to which, with radius 6 yards less, describe another arc, to
which draw tangents, completing the interior slope of the ramps.
Ravelin.—From the angle of the interior slope, set off 12 yards on
each side; from these points draw lines 30 yards in length, diagonally
along the interior slope, for the length of the ramps; to which draw
parallels 4 yards distant for their breadth; erect perpendiculars at the
commencement of the ramps, and from their intersection, as a
centre, with radius of the distance from the ramps, describe an arc
joining the two ramps; also from the junction of the perpendiculars
draw lines to the termination of the ramps, for their slopes.
Caponniere.
Make the passage of this work 30 feet wide, including the
banquette on each side; the superior slope of each parapet
terminates at 20 yards’ distance.
Sally-ports.
These passages, cut through the glacis, are about 12 feet wide,
and 18 feet long.
Profile of Vauban’s 1st System. J. W. Lowry, sc.
Construction.
The interior slope of the rampart has a base of 18 feet, and a
perpendicular height of 17 feet 6 inches.
The terreplein has a breadth of 25½ feet, its height being 18 feet
sloping to 17 feet 6 inches, the height of the interior slope.
The banquette is 3 feet in height, the tread 4 feet wide, and the
slope 5 feet wide.
The parapet is 4 feet 6 inches higher than the banquette, its
interior slope is 18 inches, its thickness 18 feet, and its superior
slope has a declivity of 3 feet; the revetment is 3 feet thick.
The escarp has a perpendicular height of 36 feet, measuring from
the cordon to the bottom of the ditch.
The tablette, or coping-stone, at the top of the revetment, has a
projection of 6 inches square.
The cordon is semicircular, its radius being 6 inches.
The slope of the escarp is 6 feet, the thickness of its revetment at
the top 5 feet, and at the bottom 11 feet.
The counterfort joins the escarp; it is 1 foot lower than the top of it,
9 feet wide, and it extends to the bottom of the foundation, which is 3
feet below the bottom of the escarp; the retreat, or lessening, has a
width of 1 foot.
The ditch is 38 yards wide, from the salient angle of the bastion.
The counterscarp is 17 feet 6 inches in perpendicular height, its
slope being 3 feet, and its thickness at top 3 feet, the bottom,
therefore, having a thickness of 6 feet; the foundation is 3 feet; and
the retreat 1 foot.
The terreplein of the covered way is 20½ feet wide, and its slope is
6 inches. The banquette is 3 feet high, its tread 5 feet, and its slope
6 feet. The parapet is 4 feet 6 inches above the banquette, and its
interior slope is 18 inches. The glacis, which forms the superior slope
of the parapet of the covered way, is 50 yards in breadth.
The counterfort of the counterscarp is 5 feet in thickness, being 1
foot lower than the top of the counterscarp, and extending as low as
the foundation of it.
The counterforts of the escarp, and counterscarp are 15 feet
distant from centre to centre of each other, those of the escarp being
at the end adjoining it 5 feet 6 inches, and at the termination 3 feet 8
inches thick; those of the counterscarp being in thickness at the
larger part 3 feet 6 inches, and at the smaller 2 feet 4 inches.
Vide Plate.
Modern System.
FIELD FORTIFICATION.
Rules.
1. To find the quantity of earth required for the parapet, and
banquette of a field work, &c.
Divide the parapet, and banquette into trapezoids, and triangles;
compute the contents of each separately (by the rules in
Mensuration of Planes) and the sum of them will be the
superficial content of a section of the parapet, and banquette.
Multiply this by the length of the periphery of the redoubt, battery,
&c., for the solid content of the parapet, and banquette.
2. To find, rapidly, the quantity of earth required for a parapet, and
banquette.
Multiply the height of the crest of the parapet, into the sum of the
bases of the superior, and exterior slopes; which will give the
superficial content, very nearly.
3. To compute the superficial content of the ditch.
Multiply the depth into the breadth at bottom, to which product add
the areas of the escarp, and counterscarp, for the content required.
4. To find the breadth of the ditch, of the usual form.
Divide the area of the section of the parapet by the intended depth
of the ditch, and the quotient will be the mean breadth of the ditch; to
this add half the sum of the bases of the slopes of the escarp, and
counterscarp, for the breadth at top, and deduct the same for the
breadth at bottom.
5. To find the breadth of the ditch, having a triangular section.
Divide the area of the section of the parapet by half the given
depth of the ditch, and the quotient will be the required breadth at the
top.