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Korea. The murderer was rewarded and the severed parts of Kim’s
body were publicly exhibited in different parts of Seoul. Rightly or
wrongly this barbarous act, against which the foreign representatives
at the instance of the Japanese Minister unofficially protested, was
attributed to the Queen’s party. The excitement it caused had not
subsided when, in May, came the “Tong Hak” rebellion. The Tong
Haks were religious fanatics, the chief article of whose creed was
said to be the massacre of all foreigners. Seoul was rife with rumors,
and the utmost alarm and confusion prevailed. According to the
report of the American Minister, the rebellion was practically
suppressed on the 3d of June by Korean troops; and on the 8th of
June the Government officially announced that it was at an end. In
the meantime, however, the Chinese Government, without previous
notice to Japan or mutual consultation, as stipulated in the
Convention of 1885, sent a force of 2,000 troops to Korea, which on
June 10th landed at A-San, about forty miles south of Chemulpo,
ostensibly to suppress the rebellion. The American Minister, Mr. Sill,
in his report on the subject to the Department of State, says that “this
was done at Korean request, dictated and insisted on by Yuan, the
Chinese Resident.” Learning of the purpose to send troops, the
Japanese Government promptly remonstrated with the Government
at Peking, and in reply was informed (after the act) that the troops
had been sent because urgently needed to suppress disorders in
“the vassal state.” There was no explanation and no apology beyond
this palpable and contemptuous violation of the terms of the
Convention of 1885. There was but one possible response. On the
same day that the Chinese troops landed, a force of Japanese
marines was sent to the capital, to be replaced a few days later by a
larger body of soldiers. The scene of the struggle was then
transferred to Seoul. The Korean Government, having brought the
trouble on its own head, showed its usual impotence. It begged both
Japan and China to leave, and sought aid from the foreign
representatives in the effort to persuade them to do so. China was
quite willing to accede to these appeals. Possibly her agent on the
spot, it may even be the Government at Peking, was startled by the
promptitude with which Japan had accepted the challenge. In any
event, China had nothing to lose and much to gain by doing as
Korea asked. She could leave the scene with flying banners, having
shown that Korea was in fact her vassal; that the Convention was
waste paper and that Japan could be flouted with impunity. Naturally
this programme did not commend itself to Japan. According to her
view of the situation there were certain vital questions to be settled
before the troops were withdrawn. Foremost among these was the
decision of Korea’s actual status; then, subsidiary to this, but none
the less important, the adoption of certain reforms which, while
improving the public administration and promoting the common weal,
would prevent the recurrence of disturbances which were a constant
menace to the welfare of Korea and her neighbors. Accordingly, the
Japanese Minister presented a memorial on the proposed reforms
and demanded a categorical statement as to whether Korea was a
vassal of China or not.
Regarding the latter demand the American Minister reports that
“This caused great consternation,” since if they (the Korean
Government) answered in the negative they would offend China,
while an affirmative answer would bring down the wrath of Japan.
After many consultations and several reminders to be prompt from
the Japanese, an answer was given in this sense: “Korea, being an
independent state, enjoys the same sovereign rights as does Japan
(see Treaty of Kang-wha, 1876), and that ‘in both internal
administration and foreign intercourse Korea enjoys complete
independence’ (see letter of the King to the President of the United
States). They supposed that by thus quoting the treaties which China
allowed them to make she cannot take offence, while Japan should
be content with such an answer.”
The breaking out of hostilities between China and Japan was, of
course, the occasion of renewal in acute form of internal strife
between the conservative and the progressive forces in Korea. But
for the time being the progressive forces, backed by the dominance
of the Japanese, were the stronger. On the 5th of August, 1894, the
Korean treaty with China was denounced; on the 15th of the same
month it was formally abrogated by the Korean Government; and on
the 19th notice of an entirely new plan of Government was officially
issued. On September 3d Marquis Saionji, special Ambassador from
the Emperor of Japan, had an audience with the King and presented
him with gifts, in honor of his accession to the position of an
independent sovereign. Numerous reforms[20] which had been
discussed in the Korean Council on July 31st of this same year and
agreed upon as laws to be submitted to His Majesty for his approval,
instead of being sincerely, wisely, and perseveringly enacted and
enforced, became the causes of increased defection, intrigue, and
internal dissensions.
The rebellion (referred to above as the “Tong Hak” rebellion),
which had been reported as suppressed the previous June, broke
out in a still more dreadful form on the first of October (1894). The
Korean rebels became a “disorganized pillaging mob.” Taxes were
no longer paid; Korean officials were robbed and mutilated or
murdered; small parties of the Japanese were attacked and tortured
to death after the traditional manner of the nation. Meantime the
Japanese forces were quite uniformly victorious both by land and by
sea; and on October 9th the last of the Chinese forces were driven
across the Yalu River. A solemn “oath, sworn at the royal temple by
His Majesty the King of Korea, while he worshipped, on the 12th day
of the twelfth moon of the five hundred and third year of the
foundation of Ta Chosen” (January 7, 1895), bound him to “give up
all idea of subjection to China and to labor firmly to establish the
independence of Korea”; “to decide all political affairs in council with
his Cabinet”; “to prevent Her Majesty the Queen, his concubines,
and all the royal relations from interfering in affairs of state,” thus
securing a separation between their affairs and those of the royal
household; and to introduce and foster other reforms of a political
and educational character. How poorly His Majesty kept his solemn
oath, the subsequent history of his throne and of his nation
abundantly shows.
By the Chino-Japan war the dominating and baleful influence of
China was for all time removed, and to Korea was secured the
opportunity for an independent and progressive national
development under the guidance, and by the assistance, of Japan.
That the Government of Japan honestly wished for this good to
come to Korea, there is no reasonable ground of doubt. That the
good did not follow is, however, due to the fault of both nations. As
regards the character and conduct of the average political reformer
there is a marked similarity between the Japanese and the Koreans.
Such a one is apt to be over-confident, and even self-conceited; to
have only a scanty acquaintance with the fundamental principles of
politics and of statesmanship; to be lacking in a judicial estimate of
the difficulties to be overcome; to make use (often with an apparent
preference for them) of offensive rather than conciliatory means; and
to have no adequate apprehension of the value of time, and of the
necessity of securing time, in order to effect important changes in
national affairs. Neither has he learned the art of compromise in
consistency with the maintenance of important moral principles. That
Japan has not hitherto failed in reforming herself as conspicuously
as Korea is chiefly due, after making proper allowances for the
different environments of the two nations, to the great difference in
the character of the two Emperors who have been upon their thrones
during the period of trial; to the fact that Japan has had a body of
most conspicuously wise leaders—something Korea has completely
lacked; and to the difference as respects the essential spirit of loyalty
among the people which the feudal system developed in Japan, but
which has never been to any extent developed in Korea.
The complete inability of the Korean official to comprehend, or to
sympathize with, the motives which led the representatives of Japan
—first, Mr. Otori and then Count Inouye—to urge the adoption of
administrative reforms may be judged by the fact that the King’s
father, the Tai Won Kun, handed to Inouye on his arrival as Minister
at Seoul a list of sixty persons whom he wished to have forthwith
executed in order to secure himself in control of affairs. Squabbles
for power between the party of the Queen and the party of the Tai
Won Kun therefore continued and even became increasingly acute.
The Korean hot-head progressives were pushing reforms without
sufficient regard to the existing conditions. But for a time the
presence of a real statesman as the representative of Japan in
Korea kept the evil forces in check.
Count Inouye’s appointment to the post of Minister was an
eloquent proof of the profound interest which the Japanese
Government took in Korea, and of its earnest desire to aid her in the
promotion of domestic reform and progress. On the Count’s part,
personally, the acceptance of such a task, difficult and in many ways
distasteful, was an exhibition of self-sacrificing patriotism, to which
the present action of his bosom friend and associate, Marquis Ito,
affords a striking parallel. While striving to reconcile the warring
Korean factions, he devoted himself to the improvement of
administrative conditions and to the promotion of the public welfare.
He attained a measure of success in some directions, and would
undoubtedly have achieved more lasting success had it been
possible for him to remain longer in Korea. His singleness of purpose
was recognized by many Koreans, and the sincerity of his endeavors
to benefit Korea was acknowledged by foreign observers. But the
task was too heavy for the time he could devote to it.
Finally, other more imperative duties called Count Inouye home,
and he was succeeded by Viscount Miura, a man of a different
stamp. Then followed the murder of the Queen, with all its unhappy
train of consequences. Although the crime was undoubtedly
concocted by the Queen’s implacable enemy, the Tai Won Kun, the
Japanese Government never sought to evade the share of
responsibility imposed upon it. The tragedy was a far severer blow to
Japanese interests than to those of Korea, for the Queen alive, and
even still bitterly hostile to Japan, could never have worked the harm
that the manner of her taking-off had caused. And, indeed, while
apology for this murder from the moral point of view cannot be
justified, in spite of the cruel character of the victim and of the fact
that there was then visited upon her only the same treatment which
she had herself given to scores and hundreds of others, when
considered from the diplomatic point of view the act was even more
foolish and reprehensible.
The following account from Hershey[21] gives in brief, but with
sufficient detail for our purposes, the events of this period:—