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 Fig. 134
In order that hardware may be ordered intelligently, the hand and
bevel of the door should be given where the hardware is not
interchangeable, or reversible. Rules to determine the hand of doors
have, therefore, been established by the manufacturers of hardware,
so that the information may be founded on a uniform basis. Reference
to Fig. 135 will materially assist in the interpretation of these rules.
 CUPBOARD AND CELL LOCKS

Fig. 135
1. The hand of a door is always determined from the outside.
2. The outside is the street side of an entrance door, the corridor
side of a room door, and the room side of a closet door. The outside of
a communicating door, from room to room, is the side from which,
when the door is closed, the butts are not visible. The outside of a pair
of twin doors is the space between them. This rule applies to sliding-
doors as well as hinged doors.
 3. If, on standing outside of a door, the butts are on the right, it is a
right-hand door; if on the left, it is a left-hand door.
4. If, on standing outside, the door opens from you, or inwards, it
takes a lock with regular bevel bolt; if it opens outwards, it takes a lock
with reverse bevel bolt.
5. A door is beveled when its edge is not at a right angle with its
surface, and in this case the front of a mortise lock must be beveled to
correspond. This bevel is expressed by stating the thickness of door
and the distance that one edge drops back of the other. The standard
bevel is ⅛ inch in 2¼ inches, as shown in Fig. 136.

Fig. 136
 6. The bevel of a lock is a term used both with mortise and rim
locks to indicate the direction in which the bevel of the latch bolt is
inclined. If inclined outwards, as for doors opening inwards, it is a
regular bevel bolt; if inclined inwards, as for doors opening outwards, it
is a reverse bevel bolt (except as to cabinet locks, which, being
commonly used on doors opening outwards, are regularly made with
reverse bevel bolts, unless otherwise specified).
Mortise locks used with double doors having either rabbeted or
astragal joints, must have fronts of corresponding sectional form. To
avoid the extra cost of special patterns, the edges, or joints, of such
doors should conform to established lock standards. The standard
rabbet, or step, in the edge of doors is ½ inch, and the standard
astragal joint has a ¾-inch bead.
The proper bevel of a door, if any is needed, is determined by the
size of butt and the width of the door, as shown in Fig. 137. The inner
corner of the door travels on a radius with the center at the center of
the pin of the butt, and must have a clearance to swing free of the
jamb casing. This may be obtained by beveling the edge of the door,
or, if its edge is left square, by leaving sufficient clearance between
the door and its jamb. If the door is of fair width and the butt does not
need to be very wide to clear the trim, it will be found that a square
edge may be used without resorting to an unduly open joint, thus
permitting the use of locks with regular front; that is, not beveled.
 Fig. 137

SHUTTER HARDWARE
97. Shutter Fasteners, or Adjusters.—The most convenient
fastener for shutters, or blinds, is the Zimmerman, or Walling, type, as
shown in Fig. 138. These fasteners or adjusters secure the shutter in
the closed, the open, and several intermediate positions, and are
made both japanned and galvanized. They can be used with all styles
of hinges, although they are generally combined with regular butts or
with the New York blind hinge.
 Fig. 138
98. Shutter Rings.—In Fig. 139 is shown a
shutter ring. Rings should always be used on
solid shutters to close them; the shutter being
solid, furnishes in itself no edge which can be
clasped in closing, which is not the case with
slatted blinds. These shutter rings are tinned or
galvanized to prevent rusting, although they may
also be obtained japanned. A better type of shutter
ring is that having an eye riveted to a plate, which
in turn is attached to the shutter with several
screws.
99. Shutter Bolts.—Bolts are used for securing
Fig. 139 both slatted and solid shutters, but are chiefly
intended for the solid shutter, which is used for
protection. Shutter bolts are made of wrought steel
in various sizes, from 6 to 16 inches long, and are to be had either
japanned or galvanized. While the same shutter bolts are used on
slatted blinds for keeping the blinds in a closed position, they afford
little protection, as they can usually be operated through the slats.
Common types of shutter bolts are illustrated in Fig. 140. At (a) is
shown the ordinary wrought-steel shutter bolt, while the one shown at
(b) is practically the same bolt with a lock attachment at a.
100. Shutter Workers.—The shutter worker known as the
Mallory is an exceptionally good article for hanging shutters. The lower
hinge is made in box form, enclosing the gear necessary to operate
the blind; a square shaft connects this with a lever handle, or crank,
fastened to the casing inside the building, thus allowing the user to
operate the shutter from the inside without opening the sash or
screen. The cog gearing in the lower hinge will hold the shutter in the
closed, the open, or any desired intermediate position without the use
of any other device.

Fig. 140
101. Turnbuckles.—The device shown in Fig. 141 is known as a
turnbuckle; it is employed for fastening shutters in an open position
against a building. Turnbuckles are made of cast-iron or of wrought
steel, and for use on either frame or brick buildings. They may be
used in connection with all styles of hinges, and are generally
employed on buildings that are exposed to exceedingly strong winds.
 Fig. 141

CABINET TRIM
102. Hinge Butts and Hinges.—For cabinetwork, small, light
hinge butts are used. These may be obtained in either bronze or steel,
with or without ball tips, and in various sizes. The steel butts of this
type are more commonly used, as they can be procured in all finishes,
but for high-grade work, bronze metal is always employed. The usual
type of cabinet hinge butt is illustrated in Fig. 142.

Fig. 142 Fig. 143

A surface hinge is sometimes used in place of a butt, in order to

eliminate the fitting to the woodwork that is necessary where butts are
used.
103. Cupboard Latches.—A convenient fastening for cupboard
doors, consisting of a pivoted latch actuated by a projecting knob, is
shown in Fig. 143. This type of latch is furnished with two forms of
strikes, one for application on the edge and the other for application
on the surface of the jamb or door.
This figure shows a stock sample of this type of latch, but the
student should carefully note that whenever possible such garish or
gaudy ornament should always be avoided in all classes of hardware.
Good taste is always better satisfied with simple and direct treatment
as shown in Fig. 144; but where ornate styles are adopted, the
character of the ornament should be artistically expressed as
exemplified in Figs. 128, 134, 153, 155, 157, etc.
104. Cupboard Catches.—The cupboard
catch differs from the cupboard latch just
described, although it is intended for the same
purpose. The usual cupboard catch consists of a
spring bolt that is operated by a slide knob. It is
made in various designs, sizes, and shapes, in
both the rim and flush varieties. Figs. 144 and 145
show several types of cupboard catches.

Fig. 144
 Fig. 145
105. Cupboard Turn.—There is a piece of hardware intended for
the same purpose as the cupboard catch, known as the cupboard
turn. It is operated by a rotating knob instead of the slide, and is
considered the best rim article used for this purpose.
106. Cupboard Buttons.—The cupboard button is an old device,
but is little used at the present time, except for the cheapest work.
Various types of these buttons are illustrated in Fig. 146. They are
made with or without plates, as shown, and may be had in either iron
or brass.
 Fig. 146
107. Elbow Catches.—A convenient fastening that is in quite
general use for the standing leaf of double doors is illustrated in Fig.
147, from which the operation may readily be understood. This device,
which is commonly known as an elbow catch, fastens the doors
automatically; it is easily operated in opening the doors, and thus does
away with the old-style hook and eye. The strike of the catch should
be placed beneath the shelf where possible, using the catch inverted.
 Fig. 147
Fig. 148

108. Bookcase Bolt.—The bookcase bolt, shown in Fig. 148, is

an automatic fastening device that is mortised into the soffit of
cabinets or bookcases having double doors. It is arranged in such a
position as to engage with the top of one door, and is operated by the
act of closing the other door, which carries the lock, so that both doors
are fastened or released by a single action.
 Fig. 149
109. Lever Cupboard Catches.—Another piece of hardware used
for securing light doors, or leaves, such as are used in cupboards,
bookcases, and wardrobes, is illustrated in Fig. 149. This fastening is
very simple and convenient. It consists of a bar that is pivoted to a
plate and extends through the door, its inner end being hooked to
engage with a strike.

Fig. 150
Fig. 151
 110. Drawer Pulls.—The drawer pull is a familiar article of
cupboard hardware, the usual type being illustrated in Fig. 150. This
article can be obtained in iron, steel, brass, or bronze, in various styles
and shapes, and in all finishes. Drawer pulls with label plates are
extensively used. A type of this drawer pull is shown in Fig. 151.
111. Drop Drawer Pulls.—For cabinetwork, the drop drawer pull,
as illustrated in Fig. 152 (a), is used almost entirely. The drop pull is
made both plain and ornamented, examples of each style being
shown in Figs. 152 (a) and (b) and 153.

Fig. 152
 Fig. 153

Fig. 154

112. Cabinet Locks.—The type of lock illustrated in Fig. 154 is

used on cabinetwork of every description, and can be procured for all
classes of construction. These locks are made in rim, flush, and
mortise styles, with keys having either plain or ornamental bows.
 113. Cabinet Escutcheons.—In order to form a finish and protect
the woodwork near the keyhole, the cabinet escutcheon plate is
used. These plates are made in various sizes and styles of
ornamentation, some designs of which are illustrated in Fig. 155.

Fig. 155
114. Card Frames, or Label Plates.—An article known as the
card frame, or label plate, is used extensively to placard drawers or
cupboards to designate their contents. These plates are made in
various sizes, and may be procured in bronze and iron and in the
usual patterns shown in Fig. 156.

Fig. 156
115. Hinge and Corner Plates.—The hinge and corner plate is
an article used solely for decorative purposes on cabinetwork. The
variety of designs and sizes now available is such that special
patterns are rarely necessary. These plates may be obtained from the
hardware dealer in all of the usual metals and in all finishes.
 DESIGN AND SPECIFICATION
OF HARDWARE FOR BUILDINGS

HARDWARE OF SPECIAL DESIGN

116. Proprietary Hardware.—The manufacturers of hardware

have assembled an extensive collection of standard designs in the
various styles of ornament, from which fitting selections can be made
for almost every use without danger of repetition and without fear that
the design selected may become hackneyed by too general use.
Therefore, before incurring the great expense entailed by the adoption
of special designs, it is advisable that a careful examination of catalog
designs be made. Where, however, it is decided to adopt some
special design, the facilities of the manufacturer can be effectively
utilized to secure the best results at the least cost and with the
minimum amount of trouble to the architect or the owner.
Of all of the subordinate elements of interior decoration, there is
none that offers a larger opportunity for effective results and for the
exercise of personal taste than the metal work of the hardware for
doors and windows, whether elaborate and costly, or simple and
inexpensive. The knobs, plates, and hinges of a door compel attention
by the prominence of their position. If they are inappropriate and
unpleasing, they obtrude, while if artistic and in harmony with their
surroundings, they attract and provide a finish unobtainable in other
ways.
The impress of individuality marks all of the important work of the
successful architect, and may be extended properly to the subordinate
details of decoration, especially where it is essential that these
harmonize with the general scheme. Hence, in some cases, the
architect furnishes the designs for the hardware to correspond with the
architectural treatment of the building. As, in the case of emblematic
hardware, these individual designs involve the additional expense of
special drawings, models, and patterns, the plan is seldom resorted
to, except where the question of cost is subordinate to that of
perfection of result.
 117. For many years hardware has been generally regarded as an
indifferent detail that could be safely left to the carpenter contractor to
select and supply. Even when specified, it has been usually described
in a very loose and vague manner, doubtless owing to the technical
character of the information required and the difficulty entailed on a
busy architect in obtaining and formulating it for use. Where, therefore,
the conditions are such that an exact and carefully detailed hardware
specification cannot be prepared, the only satisfactory plan is to
exclude the finishing hardware from the specifications prepared for the
building and reserve it for selection by the architect and the owner.
118. Emblematic Hardware.—Occasionally, it is found desirable
to indicate the character or use of a building by introducing one or
more appropriate emblems in the design or ornament of the hardware.
This is especially true of structures for lodges, clubs, societies, and
other organizations, in which case the emblems of regalia, badges,
etc. are available for the motif of the design. In municipal, state, or
government buildings, the coat of arms or public seal may be
introduced in decorating the hardware, and in buildings for railroad
companies, banks, etc., the monogram, seal, or name of the
corporation is frequently reproduced.
 Fig. 157
In all instances, the device selected is usually introduced as the
central ornament of the door knob. This ornament is also repeated on
escutcheon and push plates, and generally on the larger pieces of
metal work; and while it may constitute the sole feature of decoration,
it usually has associated with it a border or other ornament.