‫رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﭘﯿﺶ داﻧﺸﮕﺎﻫﯽ‬

b ! ! "# $ ! x !a x a b

' %&

log ba = x ↔ a x = b
a, b > )
a ≠(

. , = - → log .- = , +* !

' 12 ! 3 # ! 4 5 2 +/ 0

(
8 ; , = ,6, :8 . − , = 98 , 76 = 6
-

+"$

8 ; , = ,6, → log ,6,

; =,

(
(
:8 . − , = → log .- = −,
-
(
6 =(
98 , 76 = 6 → 76 , = 6 → log76
,
' 12 ! & 3 # ! 4 5 2 +/ 0

,
8 log .76 = 7 :8 log . - = 98 log)()/ ))( = −,
.

+"$

121
 ‫رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﭘﯿﺶ داﻧﺸﮕﺎﻫﯽ‬

8 log .76 = 7 → . 7 = 76
,
- ,
:8 log . = → .. = -
.

98 log)()/ ))( = −, → ()− , = ) / ))(

'1 1= x < 5 +/ 0

8 log -(
, =x :8 log .x = , 98 log 76
x =.

+"$
8 log -( x x 6
, = x → , = -( → , = , → x = 6

:8 log .x = , → . , = x → x = -

98 log 76 .
x = . → x = 76 → x = 76 → x = -

'1 > 4 2 4 x < +/ 0

log 6?
; = .x − (

+"$
,
log 6?
; = .x − ( → ;
. x −(
= 6? → ; . x −( = ; . → . x − ( = . → . x = , → x =
.
'1 > 4 5 +/ 0
8 log .@7
. 98 log ;;

:8 log .@7
6 8 log(,

+"$
8 log .@7 x x -
. = x → . = .@7 → . = . → x = -

:8 log .@7 y y 6
6 = y → 6 = .@7 → 6 = 6 → y = 6
!
98 log ;; = z → ; z = ; → ; z = ;( → z = ( → =

8 log(, = t → , t = ( → , t = , → t =

122
 ‫رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﭘﯿﺶ داﻧﺸﮕﺎﻫﯽ‬

+ A1

' ! !B C 5 +(

log aa = (
a >) ,a ≠ (

' D# 5 +.

log(a = )
a >) ,a ≠ (

' 4 2 15 E +/ 0

log 67 + log ?7 = .

x+ y=. 15 & E log ?7 = y log 67 = x 15 & F +"$

log 67 = x → 7 x = 6
→ 7 x × 7 y = 6 × ? → 7 x + y = ,7
log ?7 = y → 7 y = ?
→ 7 x+ y = 7. → x + y = .

GGG

' /1I D# +( H

log a = /1I

' % &0 I &D +. H

J% () J EJ J KL 0I ' & E % ! () +, H

' % &0

a
log() = log a

123
 ‫رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﭘﯿﺶ داﻧﺸﮕﺎﻫﯽ‬

(
> !' & > &I1 M E N<O : 2$ 5 /1% + 6 H

& D * O/ ' 0 P D 11Q * O R !& O4 & : 2$ /1% 0 ! 5

' %

'1 > : 2$ /1% 0 ! 4 5 +/ 0

8 log .@ 98 log @7.@

:8 log 6.- 8 log(6

,

+ "$

log .@ = ( / ,?;?

.@ → log → =

:8

log 6.- = . / 7,(6

6.- → log → =

98

log @7.@ = 6

4 *5' 6 7 1. 2 %.1 e ( /0123 * $% &' - . , e = . / ;( + " # $% &' ( )* 1

;1 Ln 9 1: * log - 18 (%.* 8 * $% &' $% &' " *

log ea = Ln a
<=* > *?

Ln e = log ee = (
Ln ( = log(e = )
(= @ * 3 (A $% &' B*1 C D ;7 " . E2

124
 ‫رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﭘﯿﺶ داﻧﺸﮕﺎﻫﯽ‬

&0 N!

' !V & &$ ! 4 N! I ! T !

5 W0T +(

log ax + log bx = log ab

x

+* !

log ,; + log @; = log ,; ×@ = log(@

;

' F ! X1 Y Z 0A ! [! /

log ax + log bx + log cx = log abc

x

+* !
. @
log()) + log()) + log() .× @×()
()) = log()) = log())
()) = (

5 \ D +.
a
a b
log x − log x = log xb

+*

log .) @ .)÷ @
; − log ; = log ; = log 6;

+,
n
log ax = nlog ax

+*
@
log .,. = log .. = @ log .. = @ × ( = @

+6

(
log a m = log ax
x m
+*

125
 ‫رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﭘﯿﺶ داﻧﺸﮕﺎﻫﯽ‬

( (
log ,-( = log , 6 = log ,, =
, 6 6
11Q + @
a
a log x
log b =
log bx

3 #/ ' 1 " @ ! log 6, 15 C & 1 ] O+*

log @6
log 6, =
log @,

! ! ! 2 +7

log ax = log bx → a = b

+*

log a, = log -, → a = -

GGG

' S ! 4 53 "# $ + / 0

(8 log @ + log .) 68 . log @ + log 6

(
.8 log ;) ()
; − log ; @8 7 log .6 − log .76
.

,8 log 67 + log ?7 78 log -. + log @. − log()

.

+"$

(8 log @ + log .) = log @ × .) = log ()) = log (). = . log () = . × ( = .

.8 log ;) () ;)÷()
; − log ; = log ; = log ;; = (
.
,8 log 67 + log ?7 = log 67×? = log ,7 7 7
7 = log 7 = . log 7 = . × ( = .

126
 ‫رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﭘﯿﺶ داﻧﺸﮕﺎﻫﯽ‬

68

. log @ + log 6 = log @ . + log 6 = log .@ + log 6 = log .@ × 6 = log ())

= log (). = . log () = . × ( = .

( 7
@8 7 log .6 − log .76 = log .6 − log 76. = log 76
6
− log 676 = log 76
6
÷ 76
= log(6 = )
. .

( - ×@) ÷() .
78 log -. + log @. − log()
. = log . = log .6 = log .. = . log .. = . × ( = .

' 12 ! 3 # ! 4 5 +/ 0

(8 log(@ ,
; − log ; 68 log a − log b − log c + log d

log @
.8 @8 . log x − , log y − 6 log c
log .
,8 @ log a − . log b + , log c

+"$

(8 log(@ , (@ ÷ ,
; − log ; = log ; = log @;

log @
.8 = log @.
log .

@ . , a @c ,
,8 @ log a − . log b + , log c = log a − log b + log c = log
b.
ad
68 log a − log b − log c + log d = log
bc

. , 6 x.
@8 . log x − , log y − 6 log c = log x − log y − log c = log
y,c6
' S ! 4 53 "# $ + / 0

(8 log(.@
@ ,8 log , .; @8 log ())

127
 ‫رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﭘﯿﺶ داﻧﺸﮕﺎﻫﯽ‬

.8 log ,. 68 log -, 78 log ()))

6 6

+"$
,
(8 log(.@ @ @
@ = log @ = , log @ = , × ( = ,

.@ ( . @ @
.8 log ,.
6 = log = @ × log . = × ( =
.. . . .
,
,, . , , ,
,8 log , .; = log , = log ,, = log ,, = × ( =
. . .
, , , ? ?
68 log -, = log . = log . . = , × log .. = × ( =
6 , . . . .
.
.,

@8 log ()) = log (). = . log () = . × ( = .

,
, , , ,
78 log ())) = log () = log () . = log () = × ( =
. . .
' S ! b a ^2$ ! 4 5 log , = b log . = a +/ 0

(8 log -( @8 log ;. ?8 log .,

.8 log ,. 78 log @ ()8 log ,.

-(

,8 log 7 ;8 log ;@

68 log (. -8 log .,

+"$

(8 log -( = log , 6 = 6 log , = 6b

.8 log ,. = log . @ = @ log . = @a

,8 log 7 = log . × , = log . + log , = a + b

68 log (. = log . . × , = log . . + log , = . log . + log , = .a + b

128
 ‫رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﭘﯿﺶ داﻧﺸﮕﺎﻫﯽ‬

@8 log ;. = log . , × , . = log . , + log , . = , log . + . log , = , a + .b

()
78 log @ = log = log () − log . = ( − a
.

;8 log ;@ = log , × @ . = log , + log @ . = log , + . log @ = b + .(( − a ) = b + . − .a

log , b
-8 log ., = =
log . a

log . a
?8 log ., = =
log , b

.@ ( . @ a @a
()8 log ,.
-( = log = @ × log , = × =
,6 6 6 b 6b
' S ! 4 5 "# $ log ; = ) / -6@) log . = ) / ,)() +/ 0

(8 log - 78 log @7

.8 log 6? ;8 log @

,8 log (6 -8 log .@

+ "$

(8 log - = log . , = , log . = , () / ,)()) = ) / ?),)

.8 log 6? = log ; . = . log ; = .() / -6@)) = ( / 7?

,8 log (6 = log . × ; = log . + log ; = ) / ,)() + ) / -6@) = ( / (67

78 log @7 = log . , × ; = log . , + log ; = , log . + log ; = , () / ,)()) + () / -6@))

= ) / ?),) + ) / -6@) = ( / ;6-

()
;8 log @ = log = log () − log . = ( − () / ,)()) = ) / 7?? = ) / ?),) + ) / -6@) = ( / ;6-
.

-8 log .@ = log @ . = . log @ = .() / 7?? ) = ( / ,?-

129
 ‫رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﭘﯿﺶ داﻧﺸﮕﺎﻫﯽ‬

' 1 "$ 4 5. I +/ 0

(8 log @x + log @, = log(.

@ 68 log x + , + log x = (

.8 , log x = log - @8 log.6 x − log.x − , = ,

,8 . log x + log , = log .; 78 log(− x − log . = log @

+"$
(8 log @x + log @, = log(. ,x (.
@ → log @ = log @ → , x = (. → x = 6

.8 , log x = log - → log x , = log - → x , = - → x = , - = .

,8 . log x + log , = log .; → log x . + log , = log .; → log , x . = log .; → , x . = .;

→ x . = ? → x = ? = ±,

' * F "! F 1_ x = −, E

68 log x + , + log x = ( → log x ( x + , ) = log() → x . + , x = () → x . + , x − () = )

x + @ = ) → x = −@
→ ( x + @)( x − , ) = )
x − , =)→ x = ,

' * F "! F 1_ x = −@ E
6x 6x 6x
,
@8 log .6 x − log .x − , = , → log .x − , = , log .. → log .x − , = log .. → log .x − , = log .-

6x
→ = - → 6 x = - ( x − , ) → 6 x = - x − .6 → 6 x − - x = −.6
x−,
− .6
→ −6 x = −.6 → x = =7
−6
(− x
(− x (− x
78 log − log = log → log . = log @ →
. @
= @ → ( − x = () → x = −?
.
2
HI- J $% &' J: $% &' BK *F* <=* 61(L 5 L - 2% &' ' 3 E F* *1 -$% &' G 3 1

130
 ‫رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﭘﯿﺶ داﻧﺸﮕﺎﻫﯽ‬

# ! "!

' S ! 4 53 "# $ + (

(8 log .@ + log 6 68 , log @ + log -

(
.8 log 6) @
- − log - @8 log ,? − log -(
,
.

,8 log(7 ? 78 log -. − log @. + log .)

.
(. + log(.

' 12 ! 3 # ! 4 5 +.

(8 log(- ,
@ − log @ 68 log a + log b − log c − log d

log .;
.8 @8 . log x − @ log y − , log c
log @.

,8 @ log p + . log q + , log r

' S ! 4 53 "# $ + ,

.@
(8 log(.@ @8 log .@
@

.8 log ,.
-
78 log ;.?
,

(.@ ;8 log 6))

(
,8 log @
.)

68 log .;
-(

131
 ‫رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﭘﯿﺶ داﻧﺸﮕﺎﻫﯽ‬

' S ! c b a ^2$ ! 4 5 log ; = c log , = b log . = a +6

(8 log 6? @8 log 6. ?8 log .;

.8 log (.- 78 log @ ()8 log 6?

-(

,8 log .( ;8 log @;7

68 log .- -8 log .;

' S ! 4 5 "# $ log ; = ) / -6@) log , = ) / 6;;( +@

(8 log ? 78 log .()

.8 log 6? ;8 log 7,

,8 log .( -8 log ;,
.@
'1 > log 6 < % ! log . = ) / , +7

' S ! 4 2 4 x < +;

log 76
x +( = .

' 1! 1! x < log -(

x = −6 +-

' 1 "$ 4 5 I +?

(8 log . x +( = . log , 68 log , x +( = log @ + , log .

.8 log . x + @ − log , = . log @ @8 log .x + log @. = log(@) ,

. − log .

,8 log x 6 = 6 log , 78 log x + log x + . = log ,

' 1 "$ 4 5 I + ()

8 log x +( + log x −( = log , : 8 log . − x + log(− x = log @ + . log .

x
− !( x ) + M = M ' 1 "$ "! < I + ((

132