A TASK FOR ADDING THE UTS SCORE

Sociolinguistic

RAHMA NURHALIZA

(221010600617)

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF LITERATURE

UNIVERSITAS PAMULANG
2024

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

COVER........................................................................................................................i
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................ii
CHAPTER 1 THE TEORI .............................................................................................. 1
I. The Background of The Study........................................................................... 1
II. Types of Code-Switching and Code-Mixing ..................................................... 1
CHAPTER 2 DATA SOURCES .................................................................................... 5
CHAPTER 3 DATA ANALYSIS................................................................................... 6
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................ 7

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 CHAPTER 1
THE TEORI

I. The Background of The Study

In today's globalized society, multilingualism is increasingly
prevalent, leading to frequent instances of code-switching and code-mixing
in communication. Code-switching involves alternating between languages
within a conversation, while code-mixing integrates linguistic elements from
different languages into a single utterance. Understanding their types and
functions is crucial for grasping the complexities of multilingual interaction.

Code-switching occurs in various forms: tag switching, intersentential

switching, and intrasentential switching. Tag switching involves inserting
tags or short phrases from one language into another, marking discourse or
interactional functions. Intersentential switching happens between sentences,
reflecting context shifts, while intrasentential switching occurs within a
sentence, conveying nuanced meanings.

Code-mixing comprises insertion, alternation, and congruent

lexicalization. Insertion integrates elements from one language into the
grammatical structure of another, filling lexical gaps or expressing cultural
nuances. Alternation involves switching linguistic structures within a
sentence, reflecting fluid language competence. Congruent lexicalization uses
elements from both languages within a shared grammatical structure.

The functions of code-switching and code-mixing are diverse:

referential, directive, expressive, phatic, and metalinguistic. They clarify
points, include/exclude participants based on language proficiency, convey
emotions, maintain social relationships, and comment on language itself.

This paper aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of code-

switching and code-mixing's implications in multilingual settings, drawing on
expert opinions and theoretical frameworks to explore language use and
sociocultural dynamics.

II. Types of Code-Switching and Code-Mixing

Types and Functions of Code-Switching and Code-Mixing:
a) Types of Code-Switching:

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 1. Markedness Model: his theory proposes that code-switching occurs
due to markedness, where one language is considered the
"unmarked" or default language, while the other language is
"marked" and used for specific purposes or effects..
2. Matrix Language Frame Model: According to this theory, code-
switching happens within a matrix language frame, where one
language serves as the primary structural framework, and elements
from another language are inserted.
3. Government Phonology Model: This theory suggests that code-
switching follows phonological constraints, where phonological
rules from one language govern the pronunciation of elements from
another language within a single utterance.
4. Constraint-based Model: This model proposes that code-switching
is regulated by constraints, including grammatical, social, and
cognitive constraints, which determine when and how code-
switching occurs.
5. Free-Morpheme Constraint Model: This theory focuses on the role
of free morphemes in code-switching, suggesting that code-
switching is more likely to occur at points where free morphemes
are available in both languages.

These theories offer different perspectives on how and why code-

switching occurs, providing insights into the various types and patterns
observed in multilingual communication.

b) Types of Code-Mixing:
1. Insertional Code-Mixing: 1. This theory suggests that elements from
one language are inserted into the grammatical structure of another
language without altering the overall syntactic structure.
2. Alternational Code-Mixing: According to this theory, speakers
alternate between different languages or language varieties within a
single utterance, often switching at grammatical boundaries such as
clause or phrase boundaries.
3. Congruent Lexicalization: 3. This theory proposes that code-mixing
involves using elements from both languages within a shared
grammatical structure, where the elements from each language
contribute to the overall meaning of the utterance.
4. Matrix Language-Frame Model: In this model, code-mixing occurs
within a matrix language frame, where one language serves as the
primary structural framework, and elements from another language

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 are inserted while adhering to the grammatical rules of the matrix
language.
5. Integrated Bilingual Language Model: This theory suggests that
code-mixing involves the integration of linguistic elements from two
or more languages into a single, cohesive linguistic system, where
elements from each language contribute to the overall meaning and
structure of the utterance.

These theories offer different perspectives on the mechanisms and

processes involved in code-mixing, providing insights into the various
types and patterns observed in bilingual and multilingual
communication.

c) Functions of Code-Switching and Code-Mixing:

1. Communicative Accommodation Theory: This theory suggests that
code-switching and code-mixing serve communicative purposes,
such as accommodating the linguistic needs or preferences of
interlocutors, establishing social solidarity, or signaling group
identity.
2. Speech Accommodation Theory: According to this theory, speakers
adjust their speech patterns, including code-switching and code-
mixing, to match or diverge from their interlocutors' speech patterns
based on social factors such as power dynamics, social distance, and
solidarity.
3. Identity Negotiation Theory: This theory posits that code-switching
and code-mixing are used to negotiate or express aspects of personal
or group identity, including ethnic, cultural, or social identity, by
selecting specific linguistic forms associated with those identities.
4. Communication Accommodation Theory: This theory focuses on
how speakers adapt their communication styles, including language
choice and code-switching, to align with or diverge from their
interlocutors' communication styles, affecting interpersonal
dynamics and relationships.
5. Politeness Theory: According to this theory, code-switching and
code-mixing may serve politeness functions, such as showing
respect, establishing rapport, or mitigating face-threatening acts, by
selecting linguistic forms that align with social norms and
expectations.

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 These theories offer different perspectives on why individuals engage
in code-switching and code-mixing in communication, highlighting the
diverse functions and motivations behind these linguistic phenomena.

d) The theories and viewpoints from several experts on code mixing and
code-switching opinions:
1. Poplack (1980): Poplack categorizes code-switching into tag
switching, intersentential switching, and intrasentential switching.
She suggests that these different forms of code-switching serve
various communicative functions and are influenced by linguistic
and social factors.
2. Muysken (2000): Muysken identifies three types of code-mixing:
insertion, alternation, and congruent lexicalization. He emphasizes
the role of sociolinguistic and structural factors in determining the
occurrence and patterns of code-mixing in bilingual speech.
3. Gumperz and Cook-Gumperz (1982): Gumperz and Cook-Gumperz
discuss the social contexts and formal/informal settings influencing
code-switching and code-mixing. They highlight the role of social
identity and group membership in shaping language choice and
linguistic behavior.
4. Myers-Scotton (1993): Myers-Scotton's Matrix Language-Frame
Model proposes that code-switching occurs within a matrix
language frame, where one language serves as the primary structural
framework. She argues that speakers strategically choose elements
from different languages to express specific meanings or nuances.
5. Auer (1998): Auer's Conversational Code-Switching Model focuses
on the interactive and contextual nature of code-switching. He
suggests that code-switching is governed by interactional norms and
serves pragmatic functions within conversation, such as marking
quotation or signaling solidarity.

These theories offer valuable insights into the mechanisms, motivations,

and functions of code mixing and code switching in bilingual and
multilingual communication.

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 CHAPTER 2
DATA SOURCES

Embarking on an exploration of data sources within the realm of code

mixing and code switching, this paper delves into the intricate and fascinating
linguistic phenomena. Here is the recording data attached in the form of a link and
the contents of the text in the conversation.
a. The recording:
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1QUnwasD9BzPKHI2sqE7UsoRfY9dsMMQK/
view?usp=drivesdk

b. Text in the conversation:

Firda : “Misi mbak kami mau nyari totebag ada nggak?”
Seller : “Oh good morning, keliatan banget kalo lagi cari totebag.”
Lia : “Yes of course mau cari totebag yang model nya seperti apa? boleh
liat nggak?”
Seller : “Wait the minute, tunggu bentar ya.”
Lia : “Okay.?”
Seller : “Like this one?”
Lia : “Firda, are you sure? Kayaknya lebih baik backpack aja deh.”
Firda : “Lebih baik backpack ya? Really?”
Lia : “Iyaaaa of course. Because kayaknya ini lebih muat banyak deh.”
Lia : “Ada backpack nggak mbak?”
Seller : “Wait the minute, aku cari bentar ya.”
Seller : “Ini ada 2 pilihan mbak, this one the bigger and then this small.”
Lia : “I think this very good and cute.”
Firda & Lia: “Cute yaaaaa!”
Seller : “Okay, this price is 100 dollars.”
Lia : “Thank you ya mbak, nanti kita balik lagi ya.”
Seller : “You're welcome bye bye”
Firda & Lia: “bye bye”

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 CHAPTER 3
DATA ANALYSIS

In the conversation, there is a mixture of Indonesian and English languages,

indicating the presence of code mixing and code switching. Below is the
identification of the sentences according to the opinions of some experts:

1. Tag Switching:
a. "Misi mbak kami mau nyari totebag ada nggak?" (Firda)
b. "Oh, good morning, keliatan banget kalo lagi cari totebag." (Seller)

2. Intrasentential Switching:
a. "Like this one?" (Seller)
b. "Firda, are you sure?? kayaknya lebih baik backpack aja deh." (Lia)
c. "Ada backpack nggak mbak?" (Lia)
d. "Ini ada 2 pilihan mbak, this one the bigger and then this small." (Seller)
e. "I think this very good and cute." (Lia)
f. "Okay, this price is 100 dollars." (Seller)

3. Referential Function:
a. "I think this very good and cute." (Lia)
b. "Like this one?" (Seller)

4. Phatic Function:
a. "Oh, good morning, keliatan banget kalo lagi cari totebag." (Seller)
b. "You're welcome babaay" (Seller)

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 REFERENCES

Myers-Scotton, C. (1993). Code-Switching: Linguistic Aspects and

Sociolinguistic Perspectives.q
McKenzie, R. M. (2014). The Social Psychology of English as a Global
Language: Attitudes, Awareness, and Identity in the Japanese Context.
Wenger, E. (1998). Communities of Practice: Learning, Meaning, and
Identity.
Auer, P. (1998). Code-Switching in Conversation: Language, Interaction
and Identity.
Heller, M. (Ed.). (2007). Bilingualism and Multilingualism: Critical
Concepts in Linguistics.
Sebba, M., Mahootian, S., & Jonsson, C. (Eds.). (2012). Language Mixing
and Code-Switching in Writing: Approaches to Mixed-Language Written
Discourse.
Fan, F. (1987). Code-Mixing and Code-Choice: A Hong Kong Case Study.
García, O. (2014). Bilingual Education and Bilingualism.
Lanza, E. (1997). Language Mixing in Infant Bilingualism: A
Sociolinguistic Perspective.