REVIEWER TEC 6

COMPUTERIZED AND NON-COMPUTERIZED SYSTEM

Computers have been in use for Iast 20 years in various spheres of human activity. Today
computers have almost taken over the tasks on which human beings were required
to spend hours.

COMPUTER SYSTEMS
A system is an arrangement of elements that when it is put together it becomes an organized
and established procedure. A system typically consists of components connected together in
order to facilitate the flow of information, matter or energy. A computer system
consists of a set of hardware and software which processes data in a meaningful way.

EDUCATION
Today, most schools and higher educational institutions have computers in the classroom for
teacher and students. In education, teachers, students, researchers and school administrators
benefits from the usage of ICT.

BANKING
The computer is the nerve center of the banking system around the world. It functions to control
the entire banking system that also includes 'Electronic
Banking Services'. Electronic banking provides 24 hour services. The services include :
Automated Teller Machine (ATM) · Cheque Deposit · Electronic Fund Transfer · Direct
Deposit · Pay by phone system ·

INDUSTRY
Computers are used to facilitate production planning and control systems, to support chain
management and to help in product design in the industrial sector.In the industrial sector
,workers, researchers and administrator benefits from the usage of ICT.

E-COMMERCE
E-commerce helps in boosting the economy. It makesbuying and selling activities easier, more
efficient andfaster. For this application, computers, Internet andshared software are needed. In
the e-commerce sector,customers , suppliers and employees benefits from the usage of ICT.

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Evolution of Computers

Evolution

-is the gradual development of something.

Computer
- is an electronic device that manipulates information, or data. It has the ability to

store, retrieve, and process data.

CHARLES BABBAGE

Charles Babbage was an English polymath. A mathematician,philosopher, inventor and

mechanical engineer, Babbage originated the concept of a digital programmable computer.
Babbage is considered by some to be "Father of the Computer"

Generations of Computers

1st Generation (1940-1959)

The first generation of computers is generally known as electromechanical
computers or using vacuum tubes (as their processing units which were capable to execute
addition operations in 200 microseconds and approximately 2800 microseconds to execute
multiplication operations. their speed was around 33.3 microseconds.)

Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC)

Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC)
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC)

2nd Generation (1959-1965)

They are also known as transistor computers. The second generation of computers consists of
two types of devices, transistors, and magnetic core.

Transistor Computers
is a computer which uses discrete transistors instead of vacuum tubes.smaller and more
efficient compared to vacuum tube computers

3rd Generation (1965-1971) Honeywell 6000 series

used integrated circuits in place of transistors. With the use of integrated circuits, these
computers became reliable, generated less heat, were small in size, fast, very less
maintenance, and were inexpensive.

4th Generation (1971-1980) IBM 4341

microprocessor-based ones. their clock frequency is typically 1–5 GHz (a billion times faster
than 3rd Gen. computers)

5th Generation (1981-present)

VLSI technology became ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) technology, resulting in the
production of microprocessor chips having ten million electronic components. This generation
is based on parallel processing hardware and AI (Artificial Intelligence AI is the ability of a
machine to display human-like capabilities such as reasoning, learning, planning and
creativity.) software. Computers in 5th generation can process all data in a speed of 1.5
gigabytes

Computer language:
1st gen. Computer Language
also called machine languages/ 1G language. This language is machine-dependent. The
machine language statements are written in binary code (0/1 form) because the computer can
understand only binary language. To make calculations, it relied on machine language, which is
binary code that can be executed directly by computers.

2nd gen. Computer Language

ASSEMBLY: used to convert the code that programmers write (source code) into machine
language (readable by the computer) and have functions to facilitate programming.

3rd gen. Computer Language

(C, C++ , JAVA, PHP, Phyton, BASIC, COBOL, Pascal, Fortran, Perl and Ada)
these languages allows developers to create instructions to communicate with computers
effectively. They assist in the development of software and applications and are used to write
detailed data arranging algorithms for complex programs.
4th gen. Computer Language
SQL, ACCESS, Informix and FOCUS. In these languages one tells the computer what to do,
not how to do it. Programmers and end-users use 4GLs to develop software applications.

5th gen. Computer Language

Natural Language Processing Fifth generation computers can also process and understand
human language, making them more useful in fields like customer service and natural language
processing. This means that they can be used to develop chatbots and other tools that can
communicate with humans in a more natural way.
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Database Management

Database
Database is an organized collection of structured information, or data, typically stored
electronically in a computer system. A database is usually controlled by a database
management system (DBMS). Together, the data and the DBMS, along with the applications
that are associated with them, are referred to as a database system, often shortened to just
Database.

History of Database
The first human beings surely had to track and manage their limited resources to make informed
decisions. Whether they knew they were early adopters of database management remains to be
seen. Ancient civilizations like the Egyptians and Sumerians, however, did know what they
were doing when they pioneered accounting techniques to keep track of data and understand
their day-to-day lives.

1960s
One database system that proved to be a commercial success was the SABRE
system that was used by IBM to help American Airlines manage its reservations data.

1980s
Structured Query Language, or SQL, became the standard query language, selected by the
American National Standards Institute in 1986 and the International Organization for
Standardization in 1987.

1990s
Around this time, new client tools for application development were released, and these
included the Oracle Developer, PowerBuilder, VB, and others.

The Beginning of the NoSQL Database

Since the 1980s SQL had served as the standard query language. But in 1998 Carlo Strozzi
coined the term “NoSQL” when naming his database Strozzi NoSQL.

2000s
New interactive applications were developed for PDAs, point-of-sale transactions, and
consolidation of vendors. Presently, the three leading database companies in the western world
are Microsoft, IBM, and Oracle.
Common Terms of Database

File - A file is a collection of associated records.

Record - All information (all fields/columns) for
every item in a file is called a record (or each
individual line).
Field - A record is divided into separate headings/sections and each is known as a field this
could refer to each column/heading:
a.NUMBER fields, which can be sorted in
ascending or descending numeric order.
b. Currency and Date/Time fields
c. TEXT fields, which can contain numbers and text
that do not need to be sorted, such as telephone
Numbers

Data - Data is a collection of pieces of information.

Database - A database is the organized collection of your data. The Access database can be
sorted, queried, or amended at any time.
Database object - An object is a container for the work you want Access to perform. It includes
tables, macros, queries, forms, reports, and/or pages.

Table - A table is a collection of data organized by categories called fields, into unique sets of
data called records.
Datasheet - A datasheet is a different way of looking at a table, form query, or stored
procedure. It is displayed in rows and columns.
Query - A query is a request you make of your data to extract only the information you want.

Form - A form is a user-friendly interface used for entering or displaying data.

Report - A report is similar to a form, but it only shows the information you want. It is also the
end result of a query. You can print a report.
Navigation Pane - provides a way to open all of the database objects that make up your
Database.

TYPES OF DATABASE

The Flat File Database

The earliest solution for managing data used what is called the flat file database. This is a very
basic way to store small amounts of data with no actual organization. A flat file database does
not organize the data but rather stores it as a “single table.”
Relational Database Management Systems
The relational database model provided a superior, standardized solution.
The software for modern relational database management systems is currently available for
both personal laptops and large mainframe systems.

Graph Database Management Systems

The graph database was developed in 2006 and uses a design that is entirely different from
relational databases. It offers a more flexible platform for detecting and establishing
connections and relationships. Because of their design, graph databases are faster at
presenting relationships than relational databases.
NoSQL Database Management Systems
NoSQL databases came about as a solution to the limitations
of relational databases. In the mid-1990s Relational databases, because of their storage
,design, simply were not able to keep up with the volumes of data and the variety of data types.
This led to the development of non- relational databases, and more specifically, to NoSQL as a
way for a business to shift from dealing with a few businesses and
customers to doing business with millions of internet users.