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It is found on some of the loftiest peaks of the Scottish Highlands;
but in Iceland it overspreads the whole country, flourishing more
abundantly and attaining to a larger growth on the volcanic soil of the
western coast than elsewhere. It is collected triennially, for it requires
three years to reach maturity, after the spots where it thrives have
been cleared. We are told that the meal obtained from it, when
mixed with wheat-flour, produces a greater quantity, though perhaps
a less nutritious quality, of bread than can be manufactured from
wheat-flour alone. The great objection to it is its bitterness, arising
from its peculiar astringent principle, cetraria. However, the Lapps
and Icelanders remove this disagreeable pungency by a simple
process. They chop the lichen to pieces, and macerate it for several
days in water mixed with salt of tartar or quicklime, which it absorbs
very readily; next they dry it, and pulverize it; then, mixed with the
flour of the common knot-grass, it is made into a cake, or boiled, and
eaten with reindeer’s milk.
The reader will not expect to find the tundras of Northern Asia or
the shores of the Polar Sea rich in bud and bloom, yet even these
dreary wastes are not absolutely without floral decoration. Selinum
and cerathium, as well as the poppy and sorrel, andromeda, and
several species of heath, are mentioned by Dr. Kane as blooming in
the neighbourhood of Smith Strait. On the south coast of the Polar
Sea Dr. Richardson found a considerable variety of vegetation. We
noticed, he says, about one hundred and seventy phænogamous or
flowering plants; being one-fifth of the number of species which exist
fifteen degrees of latitude further to the southward. He adds:—The
grasses, bents, and rushes constitute only one-fifth of the number of
species on the coast, but the two former tribes actually cover more
ground than all the rest of the vegetation. The cruciferæ, or cross-
like tribe, afford one-seventh of the species, and the compound
flowers are nearly as numerous. The shrubby plants that reach the
sea-coast are the common juniper, two species of willow, the dwarf-
birch, the common alder, the hippophaë, a gooseberry, the red bear
berry (arbutus uva ursi), the Labrador tea-plant, the Lapland rose,
the bog-whortleberry, and the crowberry. The kidney-leaved oxyria
grows in great abundance there, and occasionally furnished us with
an agreeable addition to our meals, as it resembles the garden-
sorrel in flavour, but is more juicy and tender. It is eaten by the
natives, and must, as well as many of the cress-like plants, prove an
excellent corrective of the gross, oily, rancid, and frequently putrid
meat on which they subsist. The small balls of the Alpine bistort, and
the long, succulent, and sweet roots of many of the astragaleæ,
which grow on the sandy shores, are eatable; but it does not seem
that the Eskimos are acquainted with their use. A few clumps of
white spruce-fir, with some straggling black spruces and canoe-
birches, grow at the distance of twenty or thirty miles from the sea, in
sheltered situations on the banks of rivers.
To sum up:—
What may be called the Arctic climate extends over nearly the
whole of Danish America, the newly-acquired possessions of the
United States, the original Hudson Bay Territory, and Labrador, down
to that unimportant watershed which separates from the tributaries of
Hudson Bay the three great basins of the St. Lawrence, the five
great lakes, and the Mississippi. This line of watershed undulates
between the 52nd and 49th parallels of latitude, from Belle Isle Strait
to the sources of the Saskatchewan, in the Rocky Mountains, where
it inflects towards the Pacific Ocean, skirting on the north the basin
of the Columbia.
Thus bounded on the south, the Arctic lands of America,
including the groups of islands lying to the north and north-east,
cannot occupy less than 560,000 square leagues. They exceed,
therefore, the superficial area of the European lands, estimated at
about 490,000 square leagues.
We propose to divide these lands into two zones or regions, the
wooded and the desert zones: the former, in America, includes the
basins of the Upper Mackenzie, the Churchill, the Nelson, and the
Severn.
In the wooded zone the thermometer does not rise above zero
until the month of May. Then, under the influence of a more genial
temperature, the breath of life passes into the slumbering, inert
vegetation. Then the reddish shoots of the willows, the poplars, and
the birches hang out their long cottony catkins; a pleasant greenness
spreads over copse and thicket; the dandelion, the burdock, and the
saxifrages lift their heads in the shelter of the rocks; the sweet-brier
fills the air with fragrance, and the gooseberry and the strawberry are
put forth by a kindly nature; while the valleys bloom and the hill-sides
are glad with the beauty of the thuja, the larch, and the pine.
The boundary between the wooded zone and the barren would
be shown by a line drawn from the mouth of the Churchill in Hudson
Bay to Mount St. Elias on the Pacific coast, traversing the southern
shores of the Bear and the Slave Lakes. To the north, this barren
zone touches on eternal snow, and includes the ice-bound coasts of
the Parry Archipelago; to the east and the north-east, identity of
climate and uniform character of soil bring within it the greatest part
of Labrador and all Greenland.
In Asia the isothermal line of O° descends towards the 55th
parallel of latitude, one lower than in America,—though to the north
of it some important towns are situated, as Tobolsk, lat. 58° 11’;
Irkutsk, lat, 58° 16’; and Yakutsk, lat. 62°.
In Continental Europe, the only Arctic lands properly so called,
and distinguished by an Arctic flora, are Russian Lapland and the
deeply-indented coast of Northern Russia. Far away to the north,
and separated from the continent by a narrow arm of the sea, lie the
three almost contiguous islands known as Novaia Zemlaia (lat. 68°
50’ to 76° N.). And still further north, almost equidistant from the Old
World and the New, lies the gloomy mountainous archipelago of
Spitzbergen (lat. 77° to 81°, and long. 10° to 24°).
The identities between the Arctic dog and the Arctic wolf are so
important that Dr. Kane agrees with Mr. Broderip in assigning to
these animals a family origin. The oblique position of the wolf’s eye
is not uncommon among the Eskimo dogs. Dr. Kane had a slut, one
of the tamest and most affectionate of his team, who had the long
legs, the compact body, the drooping tail, and the wild scared
expression of the eye, which some naturalists have supposed to
distinguish the wolf alone. When domesticated early—and it is easy
to domesticate him—the wolf follows and loves you like a dog. “That
they are fond of wandering proves nothing; many of our pack will
stray for weeks,” says Kane, “into the wilderness of ice; yet they
cannot be persuaded, when they come back, to inhabit the kennel
we have built for them only a few hundred yards off. They crouch
around for the companionship of men.” Both animals howl in unison
alike; and, in most parts, their footprint is the same.
The musk-ox (Ovibos moschatus) is one of the largest of the
Polar ruminants. As its zoological name indicates, it is an
intermediary between the ox and the sheep. Smaller than the former,
larger than the latter, it reminds us of both in its shape and general
appearance. It has an obtuse nose; horns broad at the base,
covering the forehead and crown of the head, and curving
downwards between the eye and ear until about the level of the
mouth, where they turn upwards; the tail is short, and almost hidden
by the thickness of the shaggy hair, which is generally of a dark
brown, and of two kinds, as with all the animals of the Polar Regions;
a long hair, which on some parts of the body is thick and curled, and,
underneath, a fine kind of soft, ash-coloured wool; the legs are short
and thick, and furnished with narrow hoofs, like those of the moose.
The female is smaller than the male, and her horns are smaller. Her
general colour is black, except that the legs are whitish, and along
the back runs an elevated ridge or mane of dusky hair.
The musk-ox, as his name implies, throws out a strong odour of
musk,—with which, indeed, his very flesh is impregnated, so that the
scent is communicated to the knife used in cutting up the animal. Not
the less is he regarded as a valuable booty by the Indians and the
Eskimos, who hunt him eagerly. He wanders in small troops over the
rocky prairies which extend to the north of the great lakes of North
America. He is a fierce-tempered animal, and in defence of his
female will fight desperately.
His general habits resemble strongly those of the reindeer; but
his range appears to be principally limited to Melville Island, Banks
Land, and the large islands to the south-east of the latter.
One of our Arctic explorers describes the musk-oxen as all very
wild in April, and as generally seen in large herds from ten to seventy
in number. In June they were stupidly tame, and seemed to be
oppressed by their heavy coats of wool, which were hanging loosely
down their shoulders and hind-quarters in large quantities; the herds
much smaller, and generally composed of cows and calves.
The heavy coat of wool with which the musk-oxen are provided,
is a perfect protection against any temperature. It consists of a long
fine black hair, and in some cases white (for it is not ascertained that
these oxen change their colour during the winter), with a beautiful
fine wool or fur underneath, softer and richer than the finest alpaca
wool, as well as much longer in the staple. This mantle apparently
touches the ground; and the little creature looks, it is said, like a bale
of black wool, mounted on four short nervous goat-like legs, with two
very bright eyes, and a pair of sharp “wicked-shaped” horns peering
out of one end of it.
THE MUSK-OX.