Intro To Astronomy #9 - Evidence For The Big Bang, Olbers Paradox

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well<00:00:00.930><c> you're</c><00:00:01.260><c> lazy</c><00:00:01.500><c>

ta</c><00:00:01.949><c> is</c><00:00:02.220><c> sleeping</c><00:00:02.850><c>
but</c><00:00:03.389><c> it's</c>

well you're lazy ta is sleeping but it's

well you're lazy ta is sleeping but it's
time<00:00:04.230><c> for</c><00:00:04.259><c> another</c><00:00:04.740><c>
introductory</c><00:00:05.730><c> astronomy</c>

time for another introductory astronomy

time for another introductory astronomy
class<00:00:06.629><c> with</c><00:00:06.930><c> Bella</c><00:00:07.230><c>
the</c><00:00:08.130><c> cat</c><00:00:08.370><c> and</c><00:00:08.639><c>
me</c><00:00:08.940><c> Jaime</c>

class with Bella the cat and me Jaime

class with Bella the cat and me Jaime
Lombardi<00:00:09.870><c> today</c><00:00:10.830><c> we'll</c><00:00:11.099><c>
be</c><00:00:11.250><c> recording</c>

Lombardi today we'll be recording

Lombardi today we'll be recording
Wednesday<00:00:12.389><c> April</c><00:00:12.660><c>
fifteenth</c><00:00:13.410><c> lecture</c><00:00:13.950><c> and</c>

Wednesday April fifteenth lecture and

Wednesday April fifteenth lecture and
we'll<00:00:15.179><c> be</c><00:00:15.330><c> finishing</c><00:00:15.719><c>
up</c><00:00:15.960><c> chapter</c><00:00:16.350><c> 17</c><00:00:17.070><c>
which</c>

we'll be finishing up chapter 17 which
we'll be finishing up chapter 17 which
is<00:00:17.550><c> on</c><00:00:17.760><c> the</c><00:00:18.539><c>
universe's</c><00:00:19.350><c> Big</c><00:00:19.980><c> Bang</c><00:00:20.220><c>
and</c><00:00:20.550><c> the</c>

is on the universe's Big Bang and the

is on the universe's Big Bang and the
evolution<00:00:21.750><c> of</c><00:00:21.840><c> the</c><00:00:22.080><c>
universe</c><00:00:22.230><c> and</c><00:00:22.800><c> then</c><00:00:23.460><c>
we'll</c>

evolution of the universe and then we'll

evolution of the universe and then we'll
be<00:00:24.570><c> talking</c><00:00:24.600><c> at</c><00:00:25.109><c>
the</c><00:00:25.230><c> end</c><00:00:25.380><c> a</c><00:00:25.529><c>
little</c><00:00:25.650><c> bit</c><00:00:25.859><c> about</c>

be talking at the end a little bit about

be talking at the end a little bit about
a<00:00:26.340><c> neat</c><00:00:26.519><c> webpage</c><00:00:26.970><c>
that</c><00:00:27.180><c> you</c><00:00:27.300><c> can</c><00:00:27.420><c>
use</c><00:00:27.630><c> to</c><00:00:27.840><c> hunt</c>

a neat webpage that you can use to hunt

a neat webpage that you can use to hunt
for<00:00:28.199><c> satellites</c><00:00:28.710><c> if</c><00:00:28.980><c>
you'd</c><00:00:29.130><c> like</c><00:00:29.310><c> to</c><00:00:30.410><c>
okay</c><00:00:31.410><c> so</c>

for satellites if you'd like to okay so

for satellites if you'd like to okay so
to<00:00:32.880><c> start</c><00:00:32.940><c> out</c><00:00:33.239><c>
today</c><00:00:33.390><c> I</c><00:00:33.510><c> thought</c><00:00:33.780><c>
I'd</c><00:00:33.930><c> talk</c><00:00:33.960><c> a</c>

to start out today I thought I'd talk a

to start out today I thought I'd talk a
little<00:00:34.649><c> bit</c><00:00:34.800><c> about</c><00:00:35.010><c>
the</c><00:00:35.309><c> Astronomy</c><00:00:36.120><c> Picture</c>

little bit about the Astronomy Picture

little bit about the Astronomy Picture
of<00:00:36.570><c> the</c><00:00:36.719><c> Day</c><00:00:36.870><c>
from</c><00:00:37.380><c> a</c><00:00:37.469><c> couple</c><00:00:37.680><c>
weeks</c><00:00:37.950><c> ago</c><00:00:38.160><c> this</c>

of the Day from a couple weeks ago this

of the Day from a couple weeks ago this
is<00:00:39.210><c> about</c><00:00:39.480><c> the</c><00:00:39.780><c>
Atlas</c><00:00:40.379><c> Comet</c><00:00:40.950><c> it's</c><00:00:41.129><c>
called</c>

is about the Atlas Comet it's called

is about the Atlas Comet it's called
Atlas<00:00:42.180><c> C</c><00:00:42.530><c> 2019</c><00:00:43.530><c>
y</c><00:00:43.739><c> for</c><00:00:44.149><c> 2019</c><00:00:45.149><c>
because</c><00:00:45.660><c> it</c><00:00:45.809><c> was</c>

Atlas C 2019 y for 2019 because it was

Atlas C 2019 y for 2019 because it was
discovered<00:00:46.530><c> in</c><00:00:46.950><c> 2019</c><00:00:47.850><c>
in</c><00:00:48.120><c> fact</c><00:00:48.780><c> it</c><00:00:48.960><c>
was</c><00:00:49.079><c> the</c>

discovered in 2019 in fact it was the

discovered in 2019 in fact it was the
last<00:00:49.440><c> comet</c><00:00:50.129><c> that</c><00:00:50.250><c>
was</c><00:00:50.309><c> discovered</c><00:00:50.879><c> by</c><00:00:51.030><c>
Atlas</c>

last comet that was discovered by Atlas

last comet that was discovered by Atlas
atlas<00:00:52.050><c> is</c><00:00:52.489><c> asteroid</c><00:00:53.489><c>
terrestrial</c><00:00:54.210><c> impact</c>

atlas is asteroid terrestrial impact

atlas is asteroid terrestrial impact
last<00:00:55.500><c> alert</c><00:00:56.010><c> system</c><00:00:56.579><c>
and</c><00:00:56.910><c> so</c><00:00:57.449><c> this</c><00:00:57.629><c> is</c>

last alert system and so this is

last alert system and so this is
something<00:00:58.020><c> that</c><00:00:58.199><c> scours</c><00:00:58.829><c>
the</c><00:00:58.859><c> skies</c><00:00:59.250><c> looking</c>

something that scours the skies looking

something that scours the skies looking
for<00:01:00.480><c> asteroids</c><00:01:00.989><c> and</c><00:01:01.260><c>
in</c><00:01:01.350><c> this</c><00:01:01.500><c> case</c><00:01:01.739><c>
a</c><00:01:01.770><c> comet</c>

for asteroids and in this case a comet

for asteroids and in this case a comet
which<00:01:03.030><c> could</c><00:01:03.449><c> be</c><00:01:03.719><c>
moving</c><00:01:04.199><c> in</c><00:01:04.619><c> the</c><00:01:04.860><c>
ecliptic</c>

which could be moving in the ecliptic

which could be moving in the ecliptic
plane<00:01:05.880><c> potentially</c><00:01:06.659><c>
impacting</c><00:01:07.530><c> the</c><00:01:07.770><c> earth</c>

plane potentially impacting the earth
plane potentially impacting the earth
and<00:01:08.340><c> so</c><00:01:08.970><c> this</c><00:01:09.570><c>
is</c><00:01:09.750><c> one</c><00:01:09.990><c> of</c><00:01:10.170><c>
the</c><00:01:10.380><c> mechanisms</c>

and so this is one of the mechanisms

and so this is one of the mechanisms
that<00:01:11.400><c> we</c><00:01:11.520><c> have</c><00:01:11.640><c>
in</c><00:01:11.880><c> place</c><00:01:11.909><c> to</c><00:01:12.330><c>
try</c><00:01:12.510><c> to</c><00:01:12.540><c> catch</c>

that we have in place to try to catch

that we have in place to try to catch
these<00:01:13.170><c> things</c><00:01:13.460><c> so</c><00:01:14.460><c>
that</c><00:01:14.490><c> we</c><00:01:14.820><c> can</c><00:01:15.030><c>
be</c><00:01:15.210><c> prepared</c>

these things so that we can be prepared

these things so that we can be prepared
and<00:01:16.020><c> hopefully</c><00:01:16.560><c> someday</c><00:01:16.830><c>
be</c><00:01:17.159><c> able</c><00:01:17.250><c> to</c><00:01:17.400><c> do</c>

and hopefully someday be able to do

and hopefully someday be able to do
something<00:01:18.450><c> about</c><00:01:18.689><c> it</c><00:01:18.869><c>
like</c><00:01:19.200><c> we've</c><00:01:19.409><c> discussed</c>

something about it like we've discussed

something about it like we've discussed
earlier<00:01:20.310><c> in</c><00:01:20.490><c> the</c><00:01:20.610><c>
class</c><00:01:21.680><c> comets</c><00:01:22.680><c> are</c><00:01:22.890><c>
more</c>

earlier in the class comets are more

earlier in the class comets are more
dangerous<00:01:23.970><c> than</c><00:01:24.060><c> asteroids</c><00:01:24.600><c>
because</c><00:01:25.110><c> they</c>

dangerous than asteroids because they

dangerous than asteroids because they
can<00:01:25.439><c> come</c><00:01:25.590><c> out</c><00:01:25.650><c>
of</c><00:01:25.770><c> nowhere</c><00:01:25.920><c> this</c><00:01:26.670><c>
particular</c>

can come out of nowhere this particular

can come out of nowhere this particular
comment<00:01:27.780><c> Atlas</c><00:01:28.290><c> has</c><00:01:28.829><c>
a</c><00:01:29.390><c> 6,000</c><00:01:30.390><c> year</c><00:01:30.450><c>
orbital</c>

comment Atlas has a 6,000 year orbital

comment Atlas has a 6,000 year orbital
period<00:01:31.710><c> so</c><00:01:32.460><c> this</c><00:01:32.820><c>
has</c><00:01:33.000><c> not</c><00:01:33.180><c> been</c><00:01:33.210><c>
seen</c><00:01:33.540><c> in</c>

period so this has not been seen in

period so this has not been seen in
modern<00:01:34.590><c> times</c><00:01:35.420><c> and</c><00:01:36.420><c>
it</c><00:01:37.049><c> was</c><00:01:37.229><c> a</c><00:01:37.259><c>
very</c><00:01:37.590><c> exciting</c>

modern times and it was a very exciting

modern times and it was a very exciting
find<00:01:38.460><c> and</c><00:01:38.880><c> it</c><00:01:39.329><c>
still</c><00:01:39.659><c> is</c>

find and it still is

find and it still is
however<00:01:40.950><c> in</c><00:01:41.729><c> the</c><00:01:41.850><c>
last</c><00:01:42.060><c> few</c><00:01:42.299><c> days</c><00:01:42.509><c>
it's</c><00:01:42.930><c> been</c>

however in the last few days it's been

however in the last few days it's been
discovered<00:01:43.530><c> that</c><00:01:43.680><c> Atlas</c><00:01:44.460><c>
is</c><00:01:44.700><c> breaking</c><00:01:45.570><c> up</c><00:01:45.720><c>
and</c>

discovered that Atlas is breaking up and

discovered that Atlas is breaking up and
so<00:01:46.530><c> originally</c><00:01:47.100><c> it</c><00:01:47.130><c>
was</c><00:01:47.399><c> thought</c><00:01:47.430><c> to</c><00:01:47.790><c>
be</c>

so originally it was thought to be

so originally it was thought to be
something<00:01:50.340><c> that</c><00:01:50.369><c> would</c><00:01:50.610><c>
probably</c><00:01:50.820><c> rival</c><00:01:51.540><c> the</c>

something that would probably rival the

something that would probably rival the
brightness<00:01:52.380><c> of</c><00:01:52.560><c> Venus</c><00:01:52.950><c>
in</c><00:01:53.130><c> the</c><00:01:53.250><c> sky</c><00:01:53.520><c>
it</c><00:01:54.090><c> never</c>

brightness of Venus in the sky it never

brightness of Venus in the sky it never
did<00:01:54.600><c> get</c><00:01:54.810><c> that</c><00:01:54.869><c>
bright</c><00:01:55.350><c> a</c><00:01:55.380><c> few</c><00:01:55.710><c>
days</c><00:01:55.860><c> ago</c><00:01:56.219><c> it</c>

did get that bright a few days ago it

did get that bright a few days ago it
started<00:01:57.000><c> to</c><00:01:57.270><c> disintegrate</c><00:01:58.049><c>
and</c><00:01:58.619><c> break</c><00:01:58.920><c> up</c>

started to disintegrate and break up

started to disintegrate and break up
into<00:01:59.520><c> at</c><00:01:59.790><c> least</c><00:01:59.850><c>
three</c><00:02:00.180><c> different</c><00:02:00.540><c> pieces</c>

into at least three different pieces

into at least three different pieces
here<00:02:01.799><c> I</c><00:02:01.920><c> have</c><00:02:02.270><c>
a</c><00:02:03.270><c> space.com</c><00:02:04.079><c> article</c><00:02:04.680><c>
about</c><00:02:05.250><c> it</c>

here I have a space.com article about it

here I have a space.com article about it
and<00:02:05.700><c> if</c><00:02:06.360><c> you</c><00:02:06.509><c>
look</c><00:02:06.719><c> carefully</c><00:02:07.020><c> you</c><00:02:07.500><c>
can</c><00:02:07.710><c> start</c>

and if you look carefully you can start

and if you look carefully you can start
to<00:02:08.250><c> see</c><00:02:08.520><c> that</c><00:02:08.789><c>
that</c><00:02:09.030><c> nucleus</c><00:02:09.629><c> of</c><00:02:09.869><c>
the</c><00:02:10.020><c> comet</c>

to see that that nucleus of the comet

to see that that nucleus of the comet
here<00:02:10.800><c> is</c><00:02:10.950><c> breaking</c><00:02:11.879><c> up</c>

here is breaking up

here is breaking up
there's<00:02:12.870><c> the</c><00:02:13.260><c> orbital</c><00:02:13.770><c>
path</c><00:02:14.010><c> that</c><00:02:14.430><c> this</c><00:02:14.670><c>
comet</c>
there's the orbital path that this comet

there's the orbital path that this comet
would<00:02:15.390><c> have</c><00:02:15.629><c> followed</c><00:02:16.379><c>
you</c><00:02:17.160><c> can</c><00:02:17.340><c> see</c><00:02:17.519><c> it's</c>

would have followed you can see it's

would have followed you can see it's
coming<00:02:18.090><c> in</c><00:02:18.330><c> it</c><00:02:18.900><c>
would</c><00:02:19.019><c> have</c><00:02:19.170><c> actually</c><00:02:19.319><c>
gotten</c>

coming in it would have actually gotten

coming in it would have actually gotten
closer<00:02:20.069><c> to</c><00:02:20.340><c> the</c><00:02:20.459><c>
Sun</c><00:02:20.670><c> than</c><00:02:20.849><c> Venus</c><00:02:21.090><c>
it's</c><00:02:21.720><c> point</c>

closer to the Sun than Venus it's point

closer to the Sun than Venus it's point
of<00:02:22.170><c> closest</c><00:02:22.590><c> approach</c><00:02:22.620><c>
the</c><00:02:23.250><c> perihelion</c><00:02:23.700><c> would</c>

of closest approach the perihelion would

of closest approach the perihelion would
have<00:02:24.209><c> occurred</c><00:02:24.540><c> or</c><00:02:25.440><c>
maybe</c><00:02:26.069><c> still</c><00:02:26.430><c> will</c><00:02:26.580><c>
occur</c>

have occurred or maybe still will occur

have occurred or maybe still will occur
around<00:02:27.209><c> May</c><00:02:27.450><c> 31st</c><00:02:27.930><c>
but</c><00:02:28.860><c> it</c><00:02:28.980><c> may</c><00:02:29.130><c>
break</c><00:02:29.370><c> up</c>
around May 31st but it may break up

around May 31st but it may break up
completely<00:02:30.239><c> before</c><00:02:30.630><c> that</c><00:02:31.110><c>
it's</c><00:02:31.950><c> hard</c><00:02:32.160><c> to</c><00:02:32.220><c> say</c>

completely before that it's hard to say

completely before that it's hard to say
had<00:02:33.120><c> it</c><00:02:33.300><c> remained</c><00:02:33.750><c>
or</c><00:02:34.319><c> if</c><00:02:34.470><c> it</c><00:02:34.620><c>
remains</c><00:02:34.980><c> as</c><00:02:35.459><c> an</c>

had it remained or if it remains as an

had it remained or if it remains as an
object<00:02:35.730><c> on</c><00:02:36.720><c> an</c><00:02:37.050><c>
elliptical</c><00:02:37.769><c> orbit</c><00:02:38.060><c> it</c><00:02:39.060><c>
would</c>

object on an elliptical orbit it would

object on an elliptical orbit it would
have<00:02:39.420><c> gone</c><00:02:39.569><c> back</c><00:02:39.900><c>
out</c><00:02:40.080><c> again</c><00:02:40.260><c> so</c><00:02:41.099><c>
this</c><00:02:41.280><c> is</c><00:02:41.430><c> a</c>

have gone back out again so this is a

have gone back out again so this is a
highly<00:02:42.299><c> eccentric</c><00:02:42.750><c>
elliptical</c><00:02:43.650><c> orbit</c><00:02:44.040><c> that</c>

highly eccentric elliptical orbit that

highly eccentric elliptical orbit that
we're<00:02:44.310><c> looking</c><00:02:44.580><c> at</c><00:02:44.700><c>
here</c><00:02:44.940><c> if</c><00:02:45.209><c> we</c><00:02:45.630><c>
look</c><00:02:45.660><c> back</c><00:02:45.989><c> to</c>

we're looking at here if we look back to

we're looking at here if we look back to
the<00:02:46.290><c> Astronomy</c><00:02:46.920><c> Picture</c><00:02:46.950><c>
of</c><00:02:47.250><c> the</c><00:02:47.370><c> day</c><00:02:47.549><c>
you</c><00:02:48.150><c> can</c>

the Astronomy Picture of the day you can

the Astronomy Picture of the day you can
see<00:02:48.360><c> the</c><00:02:48.569><c> coma</c><00:02:49.049><c>
around</c><00:02:49.560><c> it</c><00:02:49.799><c> and</c><00:02:50.010><c>
it</c><00:02:50.190><c> was</c>

see the coma around it and it was

see the coma around it and it was
already<00:02:50.790><c> starting</c><00:02:51.329><c> to</c><00:02:51.480><c>
develop</c><00:02:51.660><c> a</c><00:02:52.200><c> little</c><00:02:52.500><c>
bit</c>

already starting to develop a little bit

already starting to develop a little bit
of<00:02:53.099><c> a</c><00:02:53.190><c> plasma</c><00:02:53.730><c>
or</c><00:02:53.760><c> ion</c><00:02:54.480><c> tail</c><00:02:54.900><c>
right</c><00:02:55.290><c> there</c>

of a plasma or ion tail right there

of a plasma or ion tail right there
remember<00:02:56.519><c> that</c><00:02:56.790><c> points</c><00:02:57.360><c>
away</c><00:02:57.720><c> from</c><00:02:57.750><c> the</c><00:02:58.110><c>
Sun</c>

remember that points away from the Sun

remember that points away from the Sun
it's<00:02:58.680><c> due</c><00:02:58.890><c> to</c><00:02:59.010><c>
the</c><00:02:59.160><c> solar</c><00:02:59.400><c> wind</c><00:02:59.760><c>
hitting</c><00:03:00.569><c> up</c>
it's due to the solar wind hitting up

it's due to the solar wind hitting up
against<00:03:01.110><c> the</c><00:03:01.819><c> atmosphere</c><00:03:02.819><c>
the</c><00:03:03.030><c> coma</c><00:03:03.360><c> of</c><00:03:03.690><c> that</c>

against the atmosphere the coma of that

against the atmosphere the coma of that
particular<00:03:05.190><c> comet</c><00:03:06.090><c> and</c><00:03:06.269><c>
then</c><00:03:06.750><c> pushing</c><00:03:07.319><c> off</c>

particular comet and then pushing off

particular comet and then pushing off
the<00:03:07.860><c> plasma</c><00:03:08.760><c> back</c><00:03:09.269><c>
behind</c><00:03:10.250><c> away</c><00:03:11.250><c> from</c><00:03:11.610><c>
the</c><00:03:11.790><c> Sun</c>

the plasma back behind away from the Sun

the plasma back behind away from the Sun
down<00:03:12.840><c> in</c><00:03:13.079><c> the</c><00:03:13.170><c>
lower</c><00:03:13.319><c> right</c><00:03:13.590><c> of</c><00:03:13.620><c>
the</c><00:03:13.799><c> Astronomy</c>

down in the lower right of the Astronomy

down in the lower right of the Astronomy
Picture<00:03:14.310><c> of</c><00:03:14.610><c> the</c><00:03:14.670><c>
Day</c><00:03:14.730><c> we</c><00:03:15.000><c> see</c><00:03:15.180><c>
the</c><00:03:15.599><c> galaxies</c>

Picture of the Day we see the galaxies

Picture of the Day we see the galaxies
m81<00:03:16.980><c> and</c><00:03:17.220><c> m82</c><00:03:17.970><c>
these</c><00:03:18.870><c> are</c><00:03:19.019><c> famous</c><00:03:19.260><c>
galaxies</c>

m81 and m82 these are famous galaxies

m81 and m82 these are famous galaxies
they're<00:03:20.220><c> easy</c><00:03:20.400><c> to</c><00:03:20.639><c>
see</c><00:03:20.880><c> with</c><00:03:21.120><c> just</c><00:03:21.150><c> a</c>

they're easy to see with just a

they're easy to see with just a
moderately<00:03:22.440><c> sized</c><00:03:22.829><c>
telescope</c><00:03:23.549><c> they're</c><00:03:24.359><c> each</c>

moderately sized telescope they're each

moderately sized telescope they're each
about<00:03:24.810><c> 12</c><00:03:25.200><c> million</c><00:03:25.620><c> light-
years</c><00:03:26.069><c> away</c><00:03:26.639><c> and</c>

about 12 million light-years away and

about 12 million light-years away and
they're<00:03:27.690><c> gravitationally</c><00:03:28.290><c>
interacting</c><00:03:29.190><c> with</c>

they're gravitationally interacting with

they're gravitationally interacting with
one<00:03:29.609><c> another</c><00:03:30.889><c> okay</c><00:03:31.889><c>
so</c><00:03:31.950><c> let's</c><00:03:32.579><c> get</c><00:03:32.760><c>
into</c><00:03:33.650><c> the</c>

one another okay so let's get into the

one another okay so let's get into the
material<00:03:35.190><c> for</c><00:03:35.370><c> today</c><00:03:35.609><c>
back</c><00:03:35.970><c> to</c><00:03:36.079><c> chapter</c><00:03:37.079><c>
17</c>

material for today back to chapter 17
material for today back to chapter 17
and<00:03:38.250><c> you'll</c><00:03:38.970><c> remember</c><00:03:39.239><c>
at</c><00:03:39.450><c> the</c><00:03:39.600><c> end</c><00:03:39.630><c>
of</c><00:03:39.930><c> the</c>

and you'll remember at the end of the

and you'll remember at the end of the
last<00:03:40.230><c> class</c><00:03:40.620><c> we</c><00:03:41.430><c>
talked</c><00:03:41.819><c> about</c><00:03:41.970><c> recombination</c>

last class we talked about recombination

last class we talked about recombination
and<00:03:43.260><c> to</c><00:03:44.040><c> quickly</c><00:03:44.310><c>
review</c><00:03:45.000><c> this</c><00:03:45.630><c> is</c><00:03:45.870><c>
the</c><00:03:46.049><c> first</c>

and to quickly review this is the first

and to quickly review this is the first
big<00:03:46.650><c> piece</c><00:03:46.950><c> of</c><00:03:46.980><c>
evidence</c><00:03:47.370><c> that</c><00:03:47.700><c> there</c><00:03:48.060><c>
was</c><00:03:48.239><c> a</c>

big piece of evidence that there was a

big piece of evidence that there was a
big<00:03:48.540><c> bang</c><00:03:48.780><c> that</c><00:03:49.500><c>
when</c><00:03:49.829><c> the</c><00:03:50.010><c> electrons</c>

big bang that when the electrons

big bang that when the electrons
recombined<00:03:51.269><c> down</c><00:03:51.600><c> onto</c><00:03:51.959><c>
atoms</c><00:03:52.380><c> the</c><00:03:52.920><c> light</c>

recombined down onto atoms the light

recombined down onto atoms the light
that<00:03:53.340><c> had</c><00:03:53.489><c> previously</c><00:03:53.880><c>
been</c><00:03:54.180><c> trapped</c><00:03:54.750><c> is</c><00:03:55.079><c>
now</c>

that had previously been trapped is now

that had previously been trapped is now
allowed<00:03:56.069><c> to</c><00:03:56.099><c> freely</c><00:03:56.579><c>
stream</c><00:03:57.180><c> and</c><00:03:57.540><c> that</c><00:03:57.799><c>
freely</c>

allowed to freely stream and that freely

allowed to freely stream and that freely
streaming<00:03:59.190><c> light</c><00:03:59.400><c> has</c><00:03:59.579><c>
been</c><00:03:59.609><c> moving</c><00:04:00.239><c> through</c>

streaming light has been moving through

streaming light has been moving through
intergalactic<00:04:01.230><c> space</c><00:04:01.590><c> for</c><00:04:02.459><c>
the</c><00:04:02.639><c> last</c><00:04:02.849><c> nearly</c>

intergalactic space for the last nearly

intergalactic space for the last nearly
13.8<00:04:04.500><c> billion</c><00:04:05.069><c> years</c><00:04:05.989><c>
and</c><00:04:06.989><c> we</c><00:04:07.650><c> detect</c><00:04:08.370><c>
that</c>

13.8 billion years and we detect that

13.8 billion years and we detect that
light<00:04:09.000><c> if</c><00:04:09.329><c> there</c><00:04:10.019><c>
had</c><00:04:10.139><c> never</c><00:04:10.349><c> been</c><00:04:10.500><c>
a</c><00:04:10.680><c> big</c><00:04:10.919><c> bang</c>

light if there had never been a big bang

light if there had never been a big bang
maybe<00:04:11.910><c> you</c><00:04:12.389><c> take</c><00:04:12.780><c>
the</c><00:04:13.019><c> view</c><00:04:13.290><c> of</c><00:04:13.440><c>
the</c><00:04:13.560><c> universe</c>

maybe you take the view of the universe

maybe you take the view of the universe
like<00:04:14.190><c> Einstein</c><00:04:14.819><c> did</c><00:04:15.090><c>
a</c><00:04:15.120><c> hundred</c><00:04:15.389><c> years</c><00:04:15.540><c>
ago</c>

like Einstein did a hundred years ago

like Einstein did a hundred years ago
that<00:04:16.799><c> it</c><00:04:17.010><c> was</c><00:04:17.130><c>
static</c><00:04:17.820><c> and</c><00:04:17.940><c>
unchanging</c><00:04:18.709><c> then</c>

that it was static and unchanging then

that it was static and unchanging then
there<00:04:19.950><c> would</c><00:04:20.099><c> be</c><00:04:20.130><c>
no</c><00:04:20.430><c> reason</c><00:04:20.700><c> to</c><00:04:21.180><c>
have</c><00:04:21.419><c> had</c>

there would be no reason to have had

there would be no reason to have had
this<00:04:22.019><c> moment</c><00:04:22.349><c> of</c><00:04:22.560><c>
recombination</c><00:04:23.190><c> and</c><00:04:23.580><c> there</c>

this moment of recombination and there

this moment of recombination and there
not<00:04:24.520><c> have</c><00:04:24.730><c> been</c><00:04:24.970><c>
this</c><00:04:25.330><c> cosmic</c><00:04:25.960><c> microwave</c>

not have been this cosmic microwave

not have been this cosmic microwave
background<00:04:26.500><c> that</c><00:04:27.490><c>
permeates</c><00:04:28.000><c> all</c><00:04:28.300><c> of</c><00:04:28.570><c>
space</c>

background that permeates all of space

background that permeates all of space
the<00:04:29.889><c> fact</c><00:04:30.250><c> that</c><00:04:30.520><c>
we</c><00:04:30.670><c> see</c><00:04:31.030><c> this</c><00:04:31.330><c>
cosmic</c>

the fact that we see this cosmic

the fact that we see this cosmic
microwave<00:04:32.050><c> background</c><00:04:32.350><c>
radiation</c><00:04:33.270><c> this</c>

microwave background radiation this

microwave background radiation this
cosmic<00:04:34.840><c> microwave</c><00:04:35.110><c>
background</c><00:04:35.560><c> radiation</c><00:04:36.419><c> is</c>

cosmic microwave background radiation is

cosmic microwave background radiation is
evidence<00:04:38.710><c> that</c><00:04:38.950><c> there</c><00:04:39.160><c>
was</c><00:04:39.460><c> this</c><00:04:39.970><c> moment</c><00:04:40.330><c>
of</c>

evidence that there was this moment of

evidence that there was this moment of
recombination<00:04:41.320><c> when</c><00:04:42.100><c> the</c><00:04:42.490><c>
universe</c><00:04:42.940><c> was</c><00:04:43.210><c> much</c>

recombination when the universe was much

recombination when the universe was much
smaller<00:04:43.870><c> and</c><00:04:44.290><c> so</c><00:04:44.860><c>
we're</c><00:04:45.070><c> seeing</c><00:04:45.550><c> when</c><00:04:46.150><c>
we</c><00:04:46.180><c> look</c>
smaller and so we're seeing when we look

smaller and so we're seeing when we look
at<00:04:46.540><c> that</c><00:04:46.720><c> light</c><00:04:47.020><c>
the</c><00:04:47.710><c> universe</c><00:04:48.220><c> when</c><00:04:49.000><c>
it</c><00:04:49.120><c> was</c>

at that light the universe when it was

at that light the universe when it was
only<00:04:50.160><c> 380,000</c><00:04:51.160><c> years</c><00:04:51.190><c>
old</c><00:04:51.700><c> when</c><00:04:52.360><c> it</c><00:04:52.510><c>
was</c><00:04:52.830><c> at</c>

only 380,000 years old when it was at

only 380,000 years old when it was at
the<00:04:54.250><c> beginnings</c><00:04:54.820><c> of</c><00:04:56.070><c>
its</c><00:04:57.070><c> evolution</c><00:04:57.940><c> we</c><00:04:58.870><c>
also</c>

the beginnings of its evolution we also

the beginnings of its evolution we also
started<00:04:59.650><c> to</c><00:04:59.800><c> mention</c><00:05:00.130><c>
last</c><00:05:00.280><c> time</c><00:05:00.640><c> Penzias</c><00:05:01.180><c>
and</c>

started to mention last time Penzias and

started to mention last time Penzias and
Wilson<00:05:01.590><c> these</c><00:05:02.590><c> are</c><00:05:02.919><c>
the</c><00:05:03.040><c> astronomers</c><00:05:03.700><c> at</c><00:05:03.880><c>
Bell</c>

Wilson these are the astronomers at Bell

Wilson these are the astronomers at Bell
Labs<00:05:04.390><c> in</c><00:05:04.720><c> New</c><00:05:04.900><c>
Jersey</c><00:05:05.160><c> they</c><00:05:06.160><c> had</c><00:05:06.430><c>
this</c><00:05:06.610><c> new</c>
Labs in New Jersey they had this new

Labs in New Jersey they had this new
radio<00:05:07.330><c> horn</c><00:05:08.100><c> telescope</c><00:05:09.100><c>
that</c><00:05:09.760><c> would</c><00:05:10.090><c> search</c>

radio horn telescope that would search

radio horn telescope that would search
the<00:05:11.020><c> sky</c><00:05:11.290><c> for</c><00:05:11.710><c>
radio</c><00:05:12.010><c> waves</c><00:05:12.340><c> and</c><00:05:12.790><c>
they</c><00:05:13.680><c> hooked</c>

the sky for radio waves and they hooked

the sky for radio waves and they hooked
it<00:05:14.919><c> up</c><00:05:15.130><c> they</c><00:05:15.400><c>
calibrated</c><00:05:16.300><c> it</c><00:05:16.450><c> and</c><00:05:16.780><c>
every</c>

it up they calibrated it and every

it up they calibrated it and every
direction<00:05:17.890><c> that</c><00:05:18.280><c> they</c><00:05:18.430><c>
pointed</c><00:05:18.910><c> they</c><00:05:19.450><c> were</c>

direction that they pointed they were

direction that they pointed they were
getting<00:05:20.080><c> radio</c><00:05:20.440><c> waves</c><00:05:20.770><c>
from</c><00:05:21.100><c> the</c><00:05:21.250><c> sky</c><00:05:21.460><c>
it</c><00:05:21.520><c> was</c>

getting radio waves from the sky it was

getting radio waves from the sky it was
a<00:05:21.940><c> background</c><00:05:22.870><c> noise</c><00:05:23.229><c>
and</c><00:05:23.710><c> they</c><00:05:24.190><c> did</c>

a background noise and they did

a background noise and they did
everything<00:05:24.639><c> that</c><00:05:25.030><c> they</c><00:05:25.240><c>
could</c><00:05:25.570><c> do</c><00:05:25.840><c> to</c><00:05:26.080><c>
try</c><00:05:26.440><c> to</c>

everything that they could do to try to

everything that they could do to try to
get<00:05:26.889><c> rid</c><00:05:26.919><c> of</c><00:05:27.070><c> it</c>

get rid of it

get rid of it
you<00:05:28.810><c> know</c><00:05:28.900><c> they</c><00:05:29.080><c>
taped</c><00:05:29.470><c> along</c><00:05:30.300><c> the</c><00:05:31.300><c>
lines</c><00:05:31.570><c> and</c>

you know they taped along the lines and

you know they taped along the lines and
here<00:05:32.200><c> they</c><00:05:32.380><c> cleaned</c><00:05:32.710><c>
out</c><00:05:32.860><c> a</c><00:05:32.919><c> white</c><00:05:33.340><c>
dielectric</c>

here they cleaned out a white dielectric

here they cleaned out a white dielectric
material<00:05:34.660><c> as</c><00:05:34.810><c> what</c><00:05:35.020><c>
they</c><00:05:35.169><c> refer</c><00:05:35.500><c> to</c><00:05:35.530><c>
it</c><00:05:35.800><c> in</c><00:05:35.919><c> one</c>

material as what they refer to it in one

material as what they refer to it in one
paper<00:05:36.370><c> that's</c><00:05:37.180><c> also</c><00:05:37.510><c>
known</c><00:05:37.660><c> as</c><00:05:37.720><c> pigeon</c><00:05:38.290><c>
poop</c>

paper that's also known as pigeon poop
paper that's also known as pigeon poop
they<00:05:39.280><c> were</c><00:05:39.340><c> good</c><00:05:39.789><c>
physicists</c><00:05:40.720><c> they</c><00:05:40.840><c> they</c>

they were good physicists they they

they were good physicists they they
redid<00:05:41.800><c> the</c><00:05:42.100><c> wiring</c><00:05:42.700><c>
on</c><00:05:42.970><c> their</c><00:05:43.270><c> experiment</c><00:05:43.990><c>
but</c>

redid the wiring on their experiment but

redid the wiring on their experiment but
nothing<00:05:44.890><c> they</c><00:05:45.039><c> could</c><00:05:45.250><c>
find</c><00:05:45.520><c> would</c><00:05:45.789><c> make</c><00:05:46.060><c>
this</c>

nothing they could find would make this

nothing they could find would make this
radiation<00:05:47.200><c> this</c><00:05:48.010><c> noise</c><00:05:48.430><c>
this</c><00:05:48.820><c> signal</c><00:05:49.390><c> go</c><00:05:49.630><c>
away</c>

radiation this noise this signal go away

radiation this noise this signal go away
and<00:05:50.400><c> there</c><00:05:51.400><c> was</c><00:05:51.520><c>
a</c><00:05:51.610><c> chance</c><00:05:52.030><c> encounter</c><00:05:52.450><c>
on</c><00:05:52.900><c> an</c>

and there was a chance encounter on an

and there was a chance encounter on an
airplane<00:05:53.710><c> which</c><00:05:54.070><c> led</c><00:05:54.370><c>
one</c><00:05:54.669><c> of</c><00:05:54.789><c> them</c><00:05:54.940><c>
to</c><00:05:55.240><c> call</c>

airplane which led one of them to call
airplane which led one of them to call
up<00:05:56.260><c> Robert</c><00:05:56.800><c> Dickey</c><00:05:57.160><c>
at</c><00:05:57.430><c> Princeton</c><00:05:58.060><c> University</c>

up Robert Dickey at Princeton University

up Robert Dickey at Princeton University
nearby<00:05:59.169><c> and</c><00:05:59.560><c> Dicke</c><00:06:00.520><c>
and</c><00:06:00.550><c> Peebles</c><00:06:00.760><c> and</c><00:06:01.360><c>
others</c>

nearby and Dicke and Peebles and others

nearby and Dicke and Peebles and others
had<00:06:02.410><c> been</c><00:06:02.440><c> working</c><00:06:03.220><c>
and</c><00:06:03.400><c> thinking</c><00:06:03.760><c> about</c>

had been working and thinking about

had been working and thinking about
building<00:06:04.690><c> a</c><00:06:04.960><c> telescope</c><00:06:05.380><c>
not</c><00:06:06.010><c> like</c><00:06:06.220><c> not</c><00:06:06.580><c>
unlike</c>

building a telescope not like not unlike

building a telescope not like not unlike
this<00:06:07.150><c> one</c><00:06:07.210><c> here</c><00:06:07.840><c>
to</c><00:06:08.500><c> look</c><00:06:08.770><c> for</c><00:06:08.830><c>
a</c><00:06:09.130><c> signal</c><00:06:09.460><c> from</c>

this one here to look for a signal from

this one here to look for a signal from
that<00:06:10.830><c> event</c><00:06:11.830><c> of</c><00:06:12.010><c>
recombination</c><00:06:12.940><c> to</c><00:06:13.180><c>
look</c><00:06:13.419><c> for</c>

that event of recombination to look for
that event of recombination to look for
that<00:06:13.840><c> cosmic</c><00:06:14.350><c> microwave</c><00:06:14.590><c>
background</c><00:06:15.150><c> they</c>

that cosmic microwave background they

that cosmic microwave background they
realized<00:06:16.810><c> that</c><00:06:17.169><c> if</c><00:06:17.440><c>
there</c><00:06:17.620><c> was</c><00:06:17.830><c> a</c><00:06:17.860><c>
big</c><00:06:18.160><c> bang</c>

realized that if there was a big bang

realized that if there was a big bang
that<00:06:19.060><c> there</c><00:06:19.270><c> should</c><00:06:19.570><c>
be</c><00:06:19.600><c> this</c><00:06:19.960><c> radiation</c><00:06:20.470><c>
and</c>

that there should be this radiation and

that there should be this radiation and
they<00:06:21.460><c> were</c><00:06:21.520><c> getting</c><00:06:21.729><c>
ready</c><00:06:21.910><c> to</c><00:06:22.330><c> look</c><00:06:22.510><c>
for</c><00:06:22.780><c> it</c>

they were getting ready to look for it

they were getting ready to look for it
Penzias<00:06:23.470><c> and</c><00:06:23.560><c> Wilson</c><00:06:23.880><c>
beat</c><00:06:24.880><c> him</c><00:06:25.030><c> to</c><00:06:25.180><c>
the</c><00:06:25.210><c> punch</c>

Penzias and Wilson beat him to the punch

Penzias and Wilson beat him to the punch
it<00:06:26.620><c> said</c><00:06:27.070><c> that</c><00:06:27.570><c>
Dickey</c><00:06:28.570><c> hang</c><00:06:28.900><c> hung</c><00:06:29.260><c>
up</c><00:06:29.440><c> the</c>

it said that Dickey hang hung up the
it said that Dickey hang hung up the
phone<00:06:29.620><c> after</c><00:06:30.039><c> talking</c><00:06:30.400><c>
to</c><00:06:30.550><c> him</c><00:06:30.820><c> and</c><00:06:30.940><c>
said</c><00:06:31.060><c> well</c>

phone after talking to him and said well

phone after talking to him and said well
we've<00:06:31.479><c> been</c><00:06:31.630><c> scoot</c><00:06:32.430><c>
but</c><00:06:33.430><c> they</c><00:06:33.700><c> worked</c>

we've been scoot but they worked

we've been scoot but they worked
together<00:06:34.419><c> they</c><00:06:34.750><c> shared</c><00:06:35.229><c>
information</c><00:06:35.940><c> they</c><00:06:36.940><c> in</c>

together they shared information they in

together they shared information they in
fact

fact

fact
two<00:06:38.039><c> groups</c><00:06:38.340><c> published</c><00:06:38.940><c>
papers</c><00:06:39.409><c> side-by-side</c>

two groups published papers side-by-side

two groups published papers side-by-side
in<00:06:41.000><c> 1965</c><00:06:42.590><c> the</c><00:06:43.590><c>
Princeton</c><00:06:44.520><c> group</c><00:06:45.500><c>
published</c><00:06:46.500><c> a</c>

in 1965 the Princeton group published a

in 1965 the Princeton group published a
paper<00:06:46.800><c> on</c><00:06:47.159><c> the</c><00:06:47.490><c>
causes</c><00:06:48.210><c> of</c><00:06:48.240><c> what</c><00:06:48.599><c>
that</c>

paper on the causes of what that

paper on the causes of what that
background<00:06:49.199><c> radiation</c><00:06:49.560><c> was</c><00:06:50.009><c>
and</c><00:06:50.810><c> Penzias</c><00:06:51.810><c> and</c>

background radiation was and Penzias and

background radiation was and Penzias and
Wilson<00:06:52.280><c> published</c><00:06:53.280><c> a</c><00:06:53.400><c>
paper</c><00:06:53.550><c> here's</c><00:06:53.970><c> the</c>

Wilson published a paper here's the

Wilson published a paper here's the
title<00:06:54.330><c> a</c><00:06:54.509><c> measurement</c><00:06:54.900><c>
of</c><00:06:55.169><c> excess</c><00:06:55.680><c> antenna</c>

title a measurement of excess antenna

title a measurement of excess antenna
temperature<00:06:57.150><c> and</c><00:06:57.620><c> so</c><00:06:58.620><c>
in</c><00:06:59.129><c> the</c><00:06:59.460><c> end</c>

temperature and so in the end

temperature and so in the end
Penzias<00:07:00.960><c> and</c><00:07:01.050><c> Wilson</c><00:07:01.259><c>
won</c><00:07:01.979><c> the</c><00:07:02.520><c> Nobel</c><00:07:03.000><c>
Prize</c>

Penzias and Wilson won the Nobel Prize

Penzias and Wilson won the Nobel Prize
for<00:07:03.360><c> their</c><00:07:04.050><c> discovery</c><00:07:04.800><c>
the</c><00:07:05.639><c> Princeton</c><00:07:06.060><c> group</c>

for their discovery the Princeton group

for their discovery the Princeton group
was<00:07:06.449><c> left</c><00:07:06.690><c> out</c><00:07:06.930><c>
of</c><00:07:06.960><c> that</c><00:07:07.319><c> particular</c><00:07:08.099><c>
award</c>

was left out of that particular award

was left out of that particular award
but<00:07:09.840><c> it</c><00:07:10.349><c> is</c><00:07:10.560><c>
nevertheless</c><00:07:10.949><c> a</c><00:07:12.169><c> very</c><00:07:13.169><c>
meaningful</c>

but it is nevertheless a very meaningful

but it is nevertheless a very meaningful
discovery<00:07:14.310><c> because</c><00:07:14.940><c> it</c><00:07:15.090><c>
gives</c><00:07:15.389><c> us</c><00:07:15.659><c> the</c><00:07:15.990><c>
first</c>

discovery because it gives us the first

discovery because it gives us the first
clear<00:07:18.180><c> evidence</c><00:07:18.750><c> for</c><00:07:19.740><c>
there</c><00:07:20.280><c> having</c><00:07:20.669><c> been</c><00:07:20.699><c>
a</c>

clear evidence for there having been a

clear evidence for there having been a
big<00:07:21.449><c> bang</c><00:07:23.090><c> now</c><00:07:24.090><c>
let's</c><00:07:24.539><c> talk</c><00:07:24.780><c> a</c><00:07:24.840><c>
little</c><00:07:25.110><c> bit</c>

big bang now let's talk a little bit

big bang now let's talk a little bit
more<00:07:25.469><c> about</c><00:07:25.680><c> this</c><00:07:25.889><c>
cosmic</c><00:07:26.520><c> microwave</c>

more about this cosmic microwave

more about this cosmic microwave
background<00:07:27.210><c> radiation</c><00:07:28.520><c>
what</c><00:07:29.520><c> we're</c><00:07:29.699><c> looking</c>

background radiation what we're looking

background radiation what we're looking
at<00:07:30.240><c> here</c><00:07:30.719><c> is</c><00:07:30.930><c>
the</c><00:07:31.860><c> sky</c><00:07:32.490><c> a</c><00:07:32.789><c>
full</c><00:07:33.210><c> view</c><00:07:33.479><c> of</c><00:07:33.509><c> the</c>

at here is the sky a full view of the

at here is the sky a full view of the
sky<00:07:34.050><c> in</c><00:07:34.379><c> the</c><00:07:34.800><c>
microwave</c><00:07:35.340><c> and</c><00:07:35.669><c> I'll</c><00:07:36.210><c>
talk</c><00:07:36.449><c> in</c><00:07:36.629><c> a</c>

sky in the microwave and I'll talk in a

sky in the microwave and I'll talk in a
moment<00:07:37.080><c> a</c><00:07:37.110><c> little</c><00:07:37.139><c>
bit</c><00:07:37.469><c> more</c><00:07:37.740><c> about</c><00:07:38.069><c>
how</c><00:07:38.370><c> this</c>

moment a little bit more about how this

moment a little bit more about how this
image<00:07:39.090><c> is</c><00:07:39.300><c> made</c><00:07:39.710><c>
but</c><00:07:40.710><c> the</c><00:07:40.860><c> idea</c><00:07:41.219><c>
is</c><00:07:41.280><c> that</c><00:07:41.490><c> no</c>

image is made but the idea is that no

image is made but the idea is that no
matter<00:07:42.360><c> what</c><00:07:42.599><c> direction</c><00:07:42.779><c>
you</c><00:07:43.259><c> look</c><00:07:43.560><c> the</c>

matter what direction you look the
matter what direction you look the
temperature<00:07:44.759><c> is</c><00:07:44.940><c>
remarkably</c><00:07:45.659><c> close</c><00:07:46.050><c> to</c><00:07:46.319><c>
a</c>

temperature is remarkably close to a

temperature is remarkably close to a
uniform<00:07:47.009><c> value</c><00:07:47.250><c> around</c><00:07:48.000><c>
2.7</c><00:07:48.750><c> Kelvin</c><00:07:49.370><c> but</c><00:07:50.370><c>
some</c>

uniform value around 2.7 Kelvin but some

uniform value around 2.7 Kelvin but some
regions<00:07:51.509><c> are</c><00:07:52.050><c> about</c><00:07:52.590><c>
one</c><00:07:53.219><c> ten</c><00:07:53.520><c> thousandth</c><00:07:54.120><c>
of</c>

regions are about one ten thousandth of

regions are about one ten thousandth of
a<00:07:54.930><c> Kelvin</c><00:07:55.500><c> hotter</c><00:07:55.800><c>
than</c><00:07:56.789><c> other</c><00:07:57.210><c> regions</c><00:07:57.569><c>
and</c>

a Kelvin hotter than other regions and

a Kelvin hotter than other regions and
so<00:07:58.409><c> the</c><00:07:58.620><c> hottest</c><00:07:59.009><c>
regions</c><00:07:59.460><c> in</c><00:07:59.669><c> this</c><00:07:59.819><c>
diagram</c>

so the hottest regions in this diagram

so the hottest regions in this diagram
this<00:08:00.719><c> picture</c><00:08:01.469><c> are</c><00:08:01.710><c>
bright</c><00:08:02.460><c> yellow</c><00:08:02.569><c> the</c>

this picture are bright yellow the
this picture are bright yellow the
coldest<00:08:04.349><c> regions</c><00:08:04.620><c> are</c><00:08:05.099><c>
black</c><00:08:05.400><c> and</c><00:08:05.729><c> you</c><00:08:06.120><c>
can</c>

coldest regions are black and you can

coldest regions are black and you can
see<00:08:06.509><c> there</c><00:08:06.719><c> are</c><00:08:06.840><c>
very</c><00:08:06.990><c> small</c><00:08:07.080><c> scale</c>

see there are very small scale

see there are very small scale
fluctuations<00:08:08.909><c> of</c><00:08:09.360><c> this</c><00:08:10.259><c>
temperature</c><00:08:11.240><c> when</c>

fluctuations of this temperature when

fluctuations of this temperature when
you<00:08:12.449><c> look</c><00:08:12.659><c> at</c><00:08:12.810><c>
a</c><00:08:12.840><c> picture</c><00:08:13.110><c> like</c><00:08:13.469><c>
this</c><00:08:13.710><c> you</c><00:08:14.340><c> are</c>

you look at a picture like this you are

you look at a picture like this you are
looking<00:08:14.969><c> at</c><00:08:15.090><c> the</c><00:08:15.240><c>
light</c><00:08:15.479><c> that</c><00:08:15.779><c> was</c><00:08:15.960><c>
emitted</c>

looking at the light that was emitted

looking at the light that was emitted
380,000<00:08:18.419><c> years</c><00:08:18.479><c> after</c><00:08:18.719><c>
the</c><00:08:19.139><c> Big</c><00:08:19.259><c> Bang</c><00:08:19.440><c>
it's</c>

380,000 years after the Big Bang it's
380,000 years after the Big Bang it's
impossible<00:08:21.210><c> to</c><00:08:21.360><c> take</c><00:08:21.539><c>
a</c><00:08:21.569><c> picture</c><00:08:21.960><c> of</c><00:08:22.110><c> the</c>

impossible to take a picture of the

impossible to take a picture of the
universe<00:08:22.349><c> that</c><00:08:23.009><c> shows</c><00:08:23.310><c>
the</c><00:08:23.610><c> universe</c><00:08:24.000><c> any</c>

universe that shows the universe any

universe that shows the universe any
younger<00:08:24.599><c> than</c><00:08:24.870><c> this</c><00:08:25.080><c>
because</c><00:08:25.949><c> before</c><00:08:26.310><c> that</c>

younger than this because before that

younger than this because before that
moment<00:08:27.949><c> photons</c><00:08:28.949><c> were</c><00:08:29.190><c>
trapped</c><00:08:29.490><c> inside</c><00:08:29.759><c> of</c>

moment photons were trapped inside of

moment photons were trapped inside of
their<00:08:30.330><c> gas</c><00:08:30.599><c> inside</c><00:08:31.440><c>
of</c><00:08:31.620><c> the</c><00:08:31.740><c> everything</c><00:08:32.459><c>
that</c>

their gas inside of the everything that

their gas inside of the everything that
made<00:08:32.820><c> up</c><00:08:33.000><c> the</c><00:08:33.180><c>
universe</c><00:08:33.599><c> and</c><00:08:33.870><c> so</c><00:08:34.469><c>
this</c><00:08:34.979><c> was</c><00:08:35.219><c> the</c>

made up the universe and so this was the

made up the universe and so this was the
earliest<00:08:35.820><c> picture</c><00:08:36.240><c> you</c><00:08:36.390><c>
can</c><00:08:36.570><c> take</c><00:08:36.779><c> it's</c><00:08:37.050><c> a</c>

earliest picture you can take it's a

earliest picture you can take it's a
baby<00:08:37.469><c> picture</c><00:08:37.829><c> so</c><00:08:38.250><c>
to</c><00:08:38.279><c> speak</c><00:08:39.229><c> here's</c><00:08:40.229><c>
a</c><00:08:40.320><c> little</c>

baby picture so to speak here's a little

baby picture so to speak here's a little
video<00:08:40.769><c> that'll</c><00:08:41.610><c> give</c><00:08:41.880><c>
us</c><00:08:41.909><c> more</c><00:08:42.510><c> information</c>

video that'll give us more information

video that'll give us more information
about<00:08:43.519><c> this</c><00:08:44.519><c> kind</c><00:08:44.970><c> of</c>

about this kind of

about this kind of
imagery<00:08:46.210><c> here</c><00:08:47.010><c> we'll</c><00:08:48.010><c>
start</c><00:08:48.370><c> by</c><00:08:48.640><c> taking</c><00:08:49.180><c>
this</c>

imagery here we'll start by taking this

imagery here we'll start by taking this
full<00:08:50.170><c> sky</c><00:08:50.500><c> and</c><00:08:50.890><c>
we</c><00:08:51.550><c> will</c><00:08:51.790><c> cut</c><00:08:52.270><c>
it</c><00:08:52.390><c> apart</c><00:08:52.510><c> and</c>

full sky and we will cut it apart and

full sky and we will cut it apart and
then<00:08:53.500><c> spread</c><00:08:54.100><c> it</c><00:08:54.250><c>
out</c><00:08:54.370><c> on</c><00:08:54.430><c> to</c><00:08:54.850><c>
that</c><00:08:55.030><c> oval</c><00:08:55.630><c> that</c>
then spread it out on to that oval that

then spread it out on to that oval that
we<00:08:56.020><c> were</c><00:08:56.170><c> just</c><00:08:56.350><c>
talking</c><00:08:56.440><c> about</c><00:08:56.940><c> now</c><00:08:57.940><c>
in</c><00:08:58.210><c> this</c>

we were just talking about now in this

we were just talking about now in this
case<00:08:58.630><c> at</c><00:08:58.960><c> this</c><00:08:59.320><c>
moment</c><00:08:59.560><c> we're</c><00:09:00.040><c> looking</c><00:09:00.370><c>
at</c><00:09:00.490><c> the</c>

case at this moment we're looking at the

case at this moment we're looking at the
sky<00:09:00.880><c> in</c><00:09:01.120><c> the</c><00:09:01.240><c>
visible</c><00:09:01.690><c> you</c><00:09:02.350><c> can</c><00:09:02.380><c>
see</c><00:09:02.920><c> here</c><00:09:03.460><c> the</c>

sky in the visible you can see here the

sky in the visible you can see here the
plane<00:09:04.120><c> of</c><00:09:04.360><c> the</c><00:09:04.420><c>
Milky</c><00:09:04.720><c> Way</c><00:09:04.750><c> galaxy</c><00:09:05.040><c>
with</c><00:09:06.040><c> the</c>

plane of the Milky Way galaxy with the

plane of the Milky Way galaxy with the
dusty<00:09:06.580><c> lanes</c><00:09:06.760><c> across</c><00:09:07.060><c>
it</c><00:09:07.540><c> that's</c><00:09:07.750><c> the</c><00:09:07.990><c>
central</c>

dusty lanes across it that's the central

dusty lanes across it that's the central
bulge<00:09:08.560><c> region</c><00:09:09.160><c> as</c><00:09:09.370><c>
you</c><00:09:09.820><c> go</c><00:09:10.060><c> up</c><00:09:10.180><c>
this</c><00:09:10.360><c> way</c>

bulge region as you go up this way

bulge region as you go up this way
you're<00:09:10.780><c> looking</c><00:09:11.080><c> higher</c><00:09:11.350><c>
as</c><00:09:12.010><c> you</c><00:09:12.100><c> go</c><00:09:12.190><c> down</c>

you're looking higher as you go down

you're looking higher as you go down
this<00:09:12.460><c> way</c><00:09:12.520><c> you're</c><00:09:12.760><c>
looking</c><00:09:13.000><c> lower</c><00:09:13.240><c> and</c><00:09:13.600><c>
that</c>

this way you're looking lower and that

this way you're looking lower and that
point<00:09:14.380><c> on</c><00:09:14.590><c> the</c><00:09:14.710><c>
far</c><00:09:14.950><c> left</c><00:09:15.340><c> is</c><00:09:15.640><c>
the</c><00:09:16.180><c> same</c><00:09:16.480><c> as</c><00:09:16.750><c> a</c>

point on the far left is the same as a

point on the far left is the same as a
point<00:09:17.140><c> on</c><00:09:17.320><c> the</c><00:09:17.440><c>
far</c><00:09:17.680><c> right</c><00:09:17.980><c> of</c><00:09:18.250><c>
that</c><00:09:18.370><c> oval</c><00:09:18.820><c> now</c>

point on the far right of that oval now

point on the far right of that oval now
we<00:09:19.780><c> can</c><00:09:20.050><c> look</c><00:09:20.200><c>
at</c><00:09:20.380><c> this</c><00:09:20.560><c> in</c><00:09:20.800><c>
the</c><00:09:21.130><c> microwave</c><00:09:21.550><c> as</c>

we can look at this in the microwave as

we can look at this in the microwave as
well<00:09:22.840><c> and</c><00:09:23.290><c> there</c><00:09:23.980><c>
we</c><00:09:24.220><c> see</c><00:09:24.490><c> the</c><00:09:24.520><c>
sky</c><00:09:24.940><c> is</c><00:09:25.000><c> very</c>

well and there we see the sky is very

well and there we see the sky is very
remarkably<00:09:26.980><c> uniform</c><00:09:27.910><c> in</c><00:09:28.240><c>
intensity</c><00:09:29.020><c> this</c>

remarkably uniform in intensity this

remarkably uniform in intensity this
radiation<00:09:29.800><c> in</c><00:09:30.220><c> the</c><00:09:30.340><c>
microwave</c><00:09:30.910><c> is</c><00:09:31.240><c> the</c><00:09:31.540><c>
same</c>

radiation in the microwave is the same

radiation in the microwave is the same
almost<00:09:32.340><c> exactly</c><00:09:33.340><c> the</c><00:09:33.580><c>
same</c><00:09:33.610><c> in</c><00:09:33.970><c> all</c>

almost exactly the same in all

almost exactly the same in all
directions<00:09:34.620><c> there</c><00:09:35.620><c> is</c><00:09:35.950><c>
if</c><00:09:36.310><c> you</c><00:09:36.430><c> turn</c><00:09:36.730><c>
it</c><00:09:37.000><c> up</c>

directions there is if you turn it up

directions there is if you turn it up
and<00:09:37.390><c> look</c><00:09:37.570><c> at</c><00:09:37.780><c>
very</c><00:09:38.110><c> sensitive</c><00:09:38.890><c>
levels</c><00:09:39.340><c> a</c>

and look at very sensitive levels a

and look at very sensitive levels a
slight<00:09:41.020><c> blue</c><00:09:41.920><c> shifting</c><00:09:42.760><c>
towards</c><00:09:43.270><c> this</c><00:09:43.510><c> side</c>
slight blue shifting towards this side

slight blue shifting towards this side
of<00:09:44.080><c> the</c><00:09:44.140><c> universe</c><00:09:44.620><c>
and</c><00:09:44.860><c> red</c><00:09:45.100><c> shifting</c><00:09:45.730><c>
towards</c>

of the universe and red shifting towards

of the universe and red shifting towards
that<00:09:46.240><c> side</c><00:09:46.570><c> of</c><00:09:46.720><c>
the</c><00:09:46.780><c> universe</c><00:09:47.170><c> in</c><00:09:47.410><c>
the</c><00:09:48.130><c> last</c>

that side of the universe in the last

that side of the universe in the last
Astronomy<00:09:49.060><c> Picture</c><00:09:49.090><c> of</c><00:09:49.420><c>
the</c><00:09:49.540><c> day</c><00:09:49.810><c> the</c><00:09:50.110><c> one</c>

Astronomy Picture of the day the one

Astronomy Picture of the day the one
from<00:09:50.680><c> our</c><00:09:50.920><c> previous</c><00:09:51.550><c>
lecture</c><00:09:52.090><c> we</c><00:09:52.780><c> saw</c><00:09:52.810><c>
this</c>

from our previous lecture we saw this

from our previous lecture we saw this
particular<00:09:54.210><c> dipole</c><00:09:55.210><c>
distribution</c><00:09:56.050><c> here</c><00:09:56.290><c> and</c>

particular dipole distribution here and

particular dipole distribution here and
it's<00:09:56.920><c> due</c><00:09:57.190><c> to</c><00:09:57.430><c>
the</c><00:09:57.550><c> fact</c><00:09:57.760><c> that</c><00:09:57.970><c>
the</c><00:09:58.180><c> solar</c>

it's due to the fact that the solar

it's due to the fact that the solar
system<00:09:58.900><c> is</c><00:09:59.080><c> moving</c><00:09:59.800><c>
through</c><00:10:00.280><c> that</c><00:10:00.580><c> Cosmic</c>

system is moving through that Cosmic

system is moving through that Cosmic
Microwave<00:10:01.120><c> Background</c>

Microwave Background

Microwave Background
and<00:10:02.470><c> in</c><00:10:02.890><c> the</c><00:10:03.010><c>
direction</c><00:10:03.160><c> and</c><00:10:03.520><c> it's</c><00:10:03.700><c>
moving</c>

and in the direction and it's moving

and in the direction and it's moving
into<00:10:04.210><c> we</c><00:10:04.660><c> see</c><00:10:04.900><c>
the</c><00:10:05.080><c> blue</c><00:10:05.200><c> shifting</c><00:10:05.800><c>
of</c><00:10:05.950><c> that</c>

into we see the blue shifting of that

into we see the blue shifting of that
light<00:10:06.400><c> and</c><00:10:06.640><c> in</c><00:10:07.120><c>
the</c><00:10:07.210><c> direction</c><00:10:07.360><c> it's</c><00:10:07.780><c>
moving</c>

light and in the direction it's moving

light and in the direction it's moving
away<00:10:08.200><c> from</c><00:10:08.350><c> there</c><00:10:09.160><c>
the</c><00:10:09.460><c> light</c><00:10:09.640><c> gets</c><00:10:09.880><c>
stretched</c>

away from there the light gets stretched
away from there the light gets stretched
out<00:10:10.750><c> and</c><00:10:11.050><c> we</c><00:10:11.830><c>
see</c><00:10:12.040><c> the</c><00:10:12.190><c> red</c><00:10:12.340><c>
shifting</c><00:10:13.410><c> now</c><00:10:14.410><c> what</c>

out and we see the red shifting now what

out and we see the red shifting now what
you<00:10:15.130><c> can</c><00:10:15.310><c> do</c><00:10:15.550><c>
is</c><00:10:15.850><c> you</c><00:10:16.300><c> can</c><00:10:16.570><c>
also</c><00:10:17.220><c> look</c><00:10:18.220><c> at</c>

you can do is you can also look at

you can do is you can also look at
galactic<00:10:19.480><c> sources</c><00:10:20.110><c> and</c><00:10:20.410><c>
so</c><00:10:21.300><c> here</c><00:10:22.300><c> right</c><00:10:22.630><c>
along</c>

galactic sources and so here right along

galactic sources and so here right along
the<00:10:23.260><c> central</c><00:10:24.130><c> axis</c><00:10:24.700><c>
of</c><00:10:24.910><c> this</c><00:10:25.060><c> oval</c><00:10:25.510><c>
we</c><00:10:26.080><c> see</c><00:10:26.350><c> a</c>

the central axis of this oval we see a

the central axis of this oval we see a
lot<00:10:26.710><c> of</c><00:10:27.310><c> sources</c><00:10:28.050><c>
these</c><00:10:29.050><c> are</c><00:10:29.320><c> stars</c><00:10:30.160><c>
and</c><00:10:30.640><c> gas</c>

lot of sources these are stars and gas

lot of sources these are stars and gas
clouds<00:10:31.330><c> and</c><00:10:31.690><c> other</c><00:10:31.870><c>
celestial</c><00:10:32.560><c> objects</c><00:10:33.460><c> that</c>

clouds and other celestial objects that
clouds and other celestial objects that
are<00:10:34.710><c> contributing</c><00:10:35.710><c> to</c><00:10:35.740><c>
the</c><00:10:36.010><c> microwave</c><00:10:36.520><c> and</c>

are contributing to the microwave and

are contributing to the microwave and
you<00:10:37.960><c> can</c><00:10:38.650><c> take</c><00:10:38.860><c>
the</c><00:10:39.070><c> full</c><00:10:39.250><c> picture</c><00:10:39.550><c>
and</c><00:10:39.910><c> break</c>

you can take the full picture and break

you can take the full picture and break
it<00:10:40.540><c> up</c><00:10:40.660><c> basically</c><00:10:41.230><c>
into</c><00:10:41.650><c> three</c><00:10:41.950><c> components</c>

it up basically into three components

it up basically into three components
you've<00:10:43.510><c> got</c><00:10:44.130><c> the</c><00:10:45.130><c>
galactic</c><00:10:46.030><c> sources</c><00:10:46.690><c> and</c><00:10:47.020><c>
not</c>

you've got the galactic sources and not

you've got the galactic sources and not
surprisingly<00:10:48.550><c> here</c><00:10:49.090><c>
they're</c><00:10:49.300><c> all</c>

surprisingly here they're all

surprisingly here they're all
concentrated<00:10:50.320><c> along</c><00:10:50.590><c> the</c><00:10:51.220><c>
galactic</c><00:10:51.700><c> plane</c>

concentrated along the galactic plane

concentrated along the galactic plane
that's<00:10:52.270><c> where</c><00:10:52.480><c> most</c><00:10:52.660><c>
stuff</c><00:10:53.020><c> is</c><00:10:53.410><c> in</c><00:10:53.680><c>
our</c><00:10:53.830><c> galaxy</c>

that's where most stuff is in our galaxy

that's where most stuff is in our galaxy
you<00:10:55.360><c> have</c><00:10:55.570><c> the</c><00:10:55.720><c>
extra</c><00:10:56.290><c> galactic</c><00:10:56.890><c>
sources</c><00:10:57.430><c> from</c>

you have the extra galactic sources from

you have the extra galactic sources from
other

other

other
Alexei's<00:10:58.730><c> so</c><00:10:59.000><c> every</c><00:10:59.240><c>
little</c><00:10:59.540><c> smudge</c><00:11:00.200><c> you</c><00:11:00.500><c>
see</c>

Alexei's so every little smudge you see

Alexei's so every little smudge you see
on<00:11:00.920><c> here</c><00:11:01.370><c> is</c><00:11:01.520><c>
a</c><00:11:01.610><c> faraway</c><00:11:02.360><c> galaxy</c><00:11:02.980><c>
that's</c>

on here is a faraway galaxy that's

on here is a faraway galaxy that's
contributing<00:11:04.850><c> to</c><00:11:04.880><c> the</c><00:11:05.150><c>
microwave</c><00:11:05.830><c> but</c><00:11:06.830><c> then</c>

contributing to the microwave but then

contributing to the microwave but then
what's<00:11:07.610><c> left</c><00:11:08.000><c> over</c><00:11:08.330><c>
after</c><00:11:08.900><c> you</c><00:11:09.470><c> subtract</c>
what's left over after you subtract

what's left over after you subtract
these<00:11:10.279><c> two</c><00:11:10.670><c> out</c><00:11:10.970><c>
is</c><00:11:11.390><c> this</c><00:11:12.140><c> and</c><00:11:12.500><c>
this</c><00:11:13.279><c> is</c><00:11:13.520><c> what</c>

these two out is this and this is what

these two out is this and this is what
we<00:11:13.910><c> care</c><00:11:14.210><c> about</c><00:11:14.390><c>
here</c><00:11:14.990><c> this</c><00:11:15.740><c> is</c><00:11:16.220><c>
the</c><00:11:16.690><c> cosmic</c>

we care about here this is the cosmic

we care about here this is the cosmic
radiation</c><00:11:19.810><c> and</c><00:11:21.190><c> so</c>

microwave background radiation and so

microwave background radiation and so
all<00:11:23.150><c> together</c><00:11:23.710><c> you</c><00:11:24.710><c>
see</c><00:11:24.920><c> the</c><00:11:25.100><c> mixture</c><00:11:25.520><c>
of</c>

all together you see the mixture of

all together you see the mixture of
these<00:11:25.790><c> things</c><00:11:26.180><c> but</c><00:11:26.480><c>
you</c><00:11:26.600><c> can</c><00:11:26.810><c> subtract</c><00:11:27.440><c>
out</c>

these things but you can subtract out

these things but you can subtract out
the<00:11:28.670><c> Galactic</c><00:11:29.510><c> and</c><00:11:29.660><c>
extra</c><00:11:30.110><c> galactic</c><00:11:30.710><c> sources</c>
the Galactic and extra galactic sources

the Galactic and extra galactic sources
to<00:11:31.400><c> get</c><00:11:31.550><c> that</c><00:11:31.820><c>
cosmic</c><00:11:32.150><c> microwave</c><00:11:32.750><c> background</c>

to get that cosmic microwave background

to get that cosmic microwave background
radiation<00:11:34.660><c> let's</c><00:11:35.660><c> go</c><00:11:35.839><c>
ahead</c><00:11:35.960><c> and</c><00:11:36.700><c> think</c><00:11:37.700><c>
about</c>

radiation let's go ahead and think about

radiation let's go ahead and think about
what<00:11:38.210><c> this</c><00:11:38.360><c> means</c><00:11:38.720><c>
the</c><00:11:39.470><c> fact</c><00:11:39.710><c> that</c><00:11:39.860><c>
some</c><00:11:40.190><c> parts</c>

what this means the fact that some parts

what this means the fact that some parts
of<00:11:40.760><c> the</c><00:11:40.910><c> universe</c><00:11:41.300><c>
way</c><00:11:41.570><c> back</c><00:11:41.839><c> then</c><00:11:42.110><c>
are</c><00:11:42.290><c> a</c>

of the universe way back then are a

of the universe way back then are a
little<00:11:42.650><c> bit</c><00:11:42.770><c> hotter</c><00:11:43.070><c>
and</c><00:11:43.339><c> some</c><00:11:43.580><c> part</c><00:11:43.820><c>
or</c><00:11:43.940><c> a</c>

little bit hotter and some part or a

little bit hotter and some part or a
little<00:11:44.240><c> bit</c><00:11:44.360><c> colder</c><00:11:44.810><c>
that's</c><00:11:45.410><c> showing</c><00:11:45.830><c> us</c><00:11:45.950><c>
that</c>
little bit colder that's showing us that

little bit colder that's showing us that
the<00:11:46.279><c> universe</c><00:11:46.310><c> was</c><00:11:47.000><c>
already</c><00:11:47.510><c> lumpy</c><00:11:48.320><c> at</c><00:11:48.529><c>
that</c>

the universe was already lumpy at that

the universe was already lumpy at that
point<00:11:49.250><c> and</c><00:11:49.580><c> that</c><00:11:49.690><c>
lumpiness</c><00:11:50.690><c> is</c><00:11:51.140><c> going</c><00:11:51.529><c>
to</c><00:11:51.710><c> be</c>

point and that lumpiness is going to be

point and that lumpiness is going to be
the<00:11:52.070><c> seeds</c><00:11:52.520><c> of</c><00:11:53.170><c>
structures</c><00:11:54.170><c> like</c><00:11:54.980><c>
clusters</c><00:11:55.760><c> of</c>

the seeds of structures like clusters of

the seeds of structures like clusters of
galaxies<00:11:56.600><c> and</c><00:11:56.630><c> galaxies</c><00:11:57.529><c>
as</c><00:11:57.800><c> the</c><00:11:58.220><c> universe</c>

galaxies and galaxies as the universe

galaxies and galaxies as the universe
expands<00:12:00.190><c> all</c><00:12:01.190><c> right</c><00:12:01.490><c>
so</c><00:12:01.790><c> first</c><00:12:02.300><c> big</c><00:12:02.570><c>
piece</c><00:12:02.750><c> of</c>

expands all right so first big piece of

expands all right so first big piece of
evidence<00:12:03.140><c> was</c><00:12:03.560><c> that</c><00:12:03.620><c>
there's</c><00:12:04.160><c> a</c><00:12:04.280><c> cosmic</c>

evidence was that there's a cosmic

evidence was that there's a cosmic
radiation</c><00:12:06.080><c> that</c><00:12:06.860><c> is</c>

microwave background radiation that is

microwave background radiation that is
explained<00:12:07.850><c> by</c><00:12:08.000><c> the</c><00:12:08.210><c>
Big</c><00:12:08.570><c> Bang</c><00:12:08.780><c> the</c><00:12:09.740><c>
second</c><00:12:10.220><c> big</c>

explained by the Big Bang the second big

explained by the Big Bang the second big
piece<00:12:10.700><c> of</c><00:12:11.060><c> information</c><00:12:11.480><c>
is</c><00:12:12.020><c> that</c><00:12:12.260><c> the</c><00:12:12.380><c> Big</c>

piece of information is that the Big

piece of information is that the Big
Bang<00:12:12.740><c> Theory</c><00:12:13.250><c> correctly</c><00:12:14.150><c>
predicts</c><00:12:14.930><c> the</c>

Bang Theory correctly predicts the

Bang Theory correctly predicts the
abundance<00:12:15.710><c> of</c><00:12:15.890><c> helium</c><00:12:16.550><c>
and</c><00:12:16.730><c> other</c><00:12:17.000><c> elements</c>

abundance of helium and other elements

abundance of helium and other elements
remember<00:12:19.040><c> we</c><00:12:19.160><c> said</c><00:12:19.490><c>
that</c><00:12:19.760><c> up</c><00:12:20.180><c> until</c><00:12:20.390><c>
five</c>

remember we said that up until five
remember we said that up until five
minutes<00:12:21.710><c> into</c><00:12:21.920><c> the</c><00:12:22.130><c>
evolution</c><00:12:22.400><c> of</c><00:12:22.760><c> the</c>

minutes into the evolution of the

minutes into the evolution of the
universe<00:12:23.030><c> there</c><00:12:23.900><c> was</c><00:12:23.930><c>
nucleosynthesis</c><00:12:25.390><c> that</c>

universe there was nucleosynthesis that

universe there was nucleosynthesis that
created<00:12:27.500><c> helium</c><00:12:28.250><c> helium</c><00:12:28.670><c>
three</c><00:12:29.120><c> helium</c><00:12:29.600><c> four</c>

created helium helium three helium four

created helium helium three helium four
and<00:12:30.110><c> trace</c><00:12:30.440><c> amounts</c><00:12:30.860><c>
of</c><00:12:30.950><c> heavier</c><00:12:31.250><c> things</c>

and trace amounts of heavier things

and trace amounts of heavier things
here's<00:12:32.240><c> how</c><00:12:32.450><c> that</c><00:12:32.920><c>
helium</c><00:12:33.920><c> is</c><00:12:34.339><c> generated</c><00:12:35.180><c>
you</c>

here's how that helium is generated you

here's how that helium is generated you
have<00:12:36.290><c> a</c><00:12:36.320><c> proton</c><00:12:36.860><c>
and</c><00:12:37.130><c> a</c><00:12:37.190><c> neutron</c><00:12:37.220><c>
make</c><00:12:37.850><c> a</c>

have a proton and a neutron make a

have a proton and a neutron make a
deuterium<00:12:38.390><c> to</c><00:12:38.780><c> deuterium</c><00:12:39.200><c>
collide</c><00:12:39.740><c> and</c><00:12:40.100><c> make</c>

deuterium to deuterium collide and make

deuterium to deuterium collide and make
a<00:12:40.760><c> heat</c><00:12:41.620><c> make</c><00:12:42.620><c>
a</c><00:12:42.650><c> hydrogen</c><00:12:43.130><c> three</c><00:12:44.380><c>
that's</c>

a heat make a hydrogen three that's

a heat make a hydrogen three that's
pretty<00:12:45.770><c> cool</c>

pretty cool

pretty cool
one<00:12:46.790><c> proton</c><00:12:47.270><c> two</c><00:12:47.600><c>
neutrons</c><00:12:48.140><c> that</c><00:12:48.500><c> hydrogen</c>

one proton two neutrons that hydrogen

one proton two neutrons that hydrogen
three<00:12:49.880><c> hits</c><00:12:50.180><c> a</c><00:12:50.300><c>
deuterium</c><00:12:50.720><c> to</c><00:12:51.470><c> make</c><00:12:51.650><c>
a</c><00:12:51.860><c> helium</c>

three hits a deuterium to make a helium

three hits a deuterium to make a helium
four<00:12:53.000><c> it</c><00:12:53.300><c> knocks</c><00:12:53.660><c>
out</c><00:12:53.990><c> another</c><00:12:54.740><c> Neutron</c><00:12:55.190><c>
that</c>

four it knocks out another Neutron that

four it knocks out another Neutron that
could<00:12:55.640><c> then</c><00:12:55.790><c> later</c><00:12:56.060><c>
hit</c><00:12:56.360><c> another</c><00:12:56.630><c> proton</c><00:12:57.700><c>
now</c>
could then later hit another proton now

could then later hit another proton now
there<00:12:58.880><c> are</c><00:12:59.000><c> other</c><00:12:59.180><c>
reaction</c><00:12:59.959><c> chains</c><00:13:00.320><c> that</c>

there are other reaction chains that

there are other reaction chains that
occur<00:13:01.130><c> right</c><00:13:01.820><c> you</c><00:13:02.150><c>
can</c><00:13:02.360><c> make</c><00:13:02.570><c> helium</c><00:13:03.050><c>
three</c>

occur right you can make helium three

occur right you can make helium three
you<00:13:03.860><c> can</c><00:13:04.070><c> even</c><00:13:04.400><c>
get</c><00:13:04.610><c> higher</c><00:13:04.880><c> fusion</c><00:13:05.690><c>
than</c><00:13:05.839><c> this</c>

you can even get higher fusion than this

you can even get higher fusion than this
to<00:13:06.320><c> make</c><00:13:06.530><c> lithium</c><00:13:07.100><c>
seven</c><00:13:07.520><c> and</c><00:13:07.670><c> beryllium</c><00:13:07.850><c>
nine</c>

to make lithium seven and beryllium nine

to make lithium seven and beryllium nine
but<00:13:09.770><c> during</c><00:13:10.250><c> that</c><00:13:10.280><c>
first</c><00:13:10.700><c> five</c><00:13:10.910><c> minutes</c>

but during that first five minutes

but during that first five minutes
you<00:13:11.780><c> are</c><00:13:11.930><c> mostly</c><00:13:12.380><c>
converting</c><00:13:13.070><c> hydrogen</c><00:13:13.970><c> into</c>

you are mostly converting hydrogen into
you are mostly converting hydrogen into
helium<00:13:15.130><c> before</c><00:13:16.130><c> one</c><00:13:16.550><c>
one</c><00:13:17.030><c> thousandth</c><00:13:17.690><c> of</c><00:13:17.780><c>
a</c>

helium before one one thousandth of a

helium before one one thousandth of a
second<00:13:18.640><c> antimatter</c><00:13:19.640><c> was</c><00:13:19.910><c>
too</c><00:13:20.150><c> plentiful</c><00:13:20.870><c> in</c>

second antimatter was too plentiful in

second antimatter was too plentiful in
the<00:13:21.080><c> universe</c><00:13:21.650><c> for</c><00:13:22.520><c>
this</c><00:13:22.700><c> nucleosynthesis</c><00:13:23.360><c> to</c>

the universe for this nucleosynthesis to

the universe for this nucleosynthesis to
take<00:13:24.140><c> hold</c><00:13:24.410><c> but</c><00:13:24.590><c>
at</c><00:13:24.740><c> one</c><00:13:25.040><c> one</c><00:13:25.220><c>
thousandth</c><00:13:25.730><c> of</c><00:13:25.820><c> a</c>

take hold but at one one thousandth of a

take hold but at one one thousandth of a
second<00:13:26.360><c> that's</c><00:13:26.780><c> when</c><00:13:27.050><c>
the</c><00:13:27.140><c> antimatter</c><00:13:27.710><c> and</c>

second that's when the antimatter and

second that's when the antimatter and
matter<00:13:28.090><c> annihilated</c><00:13:29.090><c>
making</c><00:13:29.390><c> lots</c><00:13:29.600><c> of</c>

matter annihilated making lots of

matter annihilated making lots of
photons<00:13:30.230><c> leaving</c><00:13:31.070><c> behind</c><00:13:31.490><c>
that</c><00:13:31.760><c> little</c><00:13:32.030><c> bit</c>

photons leaving behind that little bit

photons leaving behind that little bit
of<00:13:32.180><c> extra</c><00:13:32.540><c> abundance</c><00:13:33.230><c>
of</c><00:13:33.380><c> matter</c><00:13:33.650><c> which</c><00:13:33.950><c>
is</c>

of extra abundance of matter which is

of extra abundance of matter which is
the<00:13:34.190><c> matter</c><00:13:34.520><c> that</c><00:13:34.820><c>
we</c><00:13:34.940><c> have</c><00:13:35.120><c> today</c><00:13:35.470><c>
now</c><00:13:36.470><c> you</c>

the matter that we have today now you

the matter that we have today now you
may<00:13:36.770><c> wonder</c><00:13:37.100><c> how</c><00:13:37.910><c>
much</c><00:13:38.180><c> helium</c><00:13:38.960><c> is</c><00:13:39.260><c>
made</c><00:13:39.730><c> well</c>

may wonder how much helium is made well

may wonder how much helium is made well
the<00:13:40.880><c> way</c><00:13:41.000><c> that</c><00:13:41.210><c>
it</c><00:13:41.330><c> works</c><00:13:41.510><c> out</c><00:13:41.720><c>
is</c><00:13:41.990><c> that</c><00:13:42.260><c> by</c>

the way that it works out is that by

the way that it works out is that by
mass<00:13:42.830><c> if</c><00:13:43.340><c> you</c><00:13:43.880><c>
look</c><00:13:44.030><c> at</c><00:13:44.180><c> primordial</c><00:13:44.750><c>
that</c>

mass if you look at primordial that

mass if you look at primordial that
means<00:13:45.350><c> untouched</c><00:13:45.800><c> virgin</c><00:13:45.920><c>
gas</c><00:13:46.550><c> clouds</c><00:13:46.970><c> out</c>

means untouched virgin gas clouds out

means untouched virgin gas clouds out
there<00:13:47.630><c> you'll</c><00:13:48.350><c> see</c><00:13:48.620><c>
that</c><00:13:48.650><c> 75%</c><00:13:49.520><c> of</c><00:13:50.150><c>
them</c><00:13:50.300><c> by</c>

there you'll see that 75% of them by

there you'll see that 75% of them by
mass<00:13:52.390><c> 75%</c><00:13:53.390><c> of</c><00:13:53.450><c>
the</c><00:13:53.540><c> mass</c><00:13:53.750><c> is</c><00:13:53.990><c>
hydrogen</c><00:13:54.400><c> 25%</c><00:13:55.400><c> of</c>

mass 75% of the mass is hydrogen 25% of

mass 75% of the mass is hydrogen 25% of
the<00:13:55.580><c> mass</c><00:13:55.820><c> is</c><00:13:56.360><c>
helium</c><00:13:56.870><c> so</c><00:13:57.500><c> if</c><00:13:57.650><c>
you</c><00:13:57.800><c> imagine</c>

the mass is helium so if you imagine

the mass is helium so if you imagine
starting<00:13:58.790><c> with</c><00:13:59.440><c> 14</c><00:14:00.440><c>
protons</c><00:14:01.040><c> and</c><00:14:01.520><c> 2</c><00:14:01.670><c>
neutrons</c>

starting with 14 protons and 2 neutrons

starting with 14 protons and 2 neutrons
then<00:14:03.200><c> 2</c><00:14:03.530><c> of</c><00:14:03.560><c>
those</c><00:14:03.740><c> 14</c><00:14:04.220><c> protons</c><00:14:04.460><c>
will</c><00:14:05.030><c> form</c>

then 2 of those 14 protons will form

then 2 of those 14 protons will form
with<00:14:05.420><c> two</c><00:14:05.450><c> of</c><00:14:05.870><c>
the</c><00:14:05.960><c> neutrons</c><00:14:06.440><c> using</c><00:14:07.220><c>
that</c>

with two of the neutrons using that

with two of the neutrons using that
process<00:14:07.580><c> we</c><00:14:08.000><c> look</c><00:14:08.180><c>
at</c><00:14:08.540><c> at</c><00:14:08.870><c> the</c><00:14:09.020><c>
previous</c><00:14:09.350><c> slide</c>

process we look at at the previous slide

process we look at at the previous slide
to<00:14:10.400><c> make</c><00:14:10.550><c> one</c><00:14:10.820><c>
helium</c><00:14:11.120><c> and</c><00:14:11.600><c> these</c><00:14:12.170><c>
other</c><00:14:12.380><c> 12</c>

to make one helium and these other 12

to make one helium and these other 12
hydrogen's<00:14:13.310><c> they</c><00:14:13.910><c> don't</c><00:14:14.090><c>
have</c><00:14:14.300><c> time</c><00:14:14.810><c> to</c><00:14:14.870><c>
react</c>

hydrogen's they don't have time to react

hydrogen's they don't have time to react
that<00:14:15.650><c> before</c><00:14:16.130><c> the</c><00:14:16.250><c>
five</c><00:14:16.490><c> minutes</c><00:14:16.850><c> is</c><00:14:16.970><c>
up</c><00:14:17.030><c> and</c>

that before the five minutes is up and

that before the five minutes is up and
so<00:14:17.960><c> you're</c><00:14:18.140><c> left</c><00:14:18.350><c>
with</c><00:14:18.530><c> 12</c><00:14:18.920><c> hydrogen's</c><00:14:19.580><c>
and</c>

so you're left with 12 hydrogen's and
so you're left with 12 hydrogen's and
one<00:14:19.880><c> helium</c><00:14:20.440><c> 12</c><00:14:21.440><c>
hydrogen's</c><00:14:22.250><c> is</c><00:14:22.580><c> basically</c>

one helium 12 hydrogen's is basically

one helium 12 hydrogen's is basically
three<00:14:23.480><c> times</c><00:14:23.750><c> as</c><00:14:24.020><c>
massive</c><00:14:24.230><c> as</c><00:14:24.650><c> one</c><00:14:24.890><c>
helium</c>

three times as massive as one helium

three times as massive as one helium
since<00:14:25.880><c> a</c><00:14:25.970><c> neutron</c><00:14:26.360><c>
and</c><00:14:26.390><c> a</c><00:14:26.600><c> proton</c><00:14:27.020><c>
have</c><00:14:27.230><c> about</c>

since a neutron and a proton have about

since a neutron and a proton have about
the<00:14:27.620><c> same</c><00:14:27.830><c> mass</c><00:14:28.130><c>
and</c><00:14:28.520><c> that</c><00:14:28.550><c> leaves</c><00:14:29.480><c>
us</c><00:14:29.750><c> with</c>

the same mass and that leaves us with

the same mass and that leaves us with
the<00:14:30.080><c> 75%</c><00:14:30.890><c> and</c><00:14:31.310><c>
25%</c><00:14:31.510><c> make</c><00:14:32.510><c> up</c><00:14:33.550><c>
now</c><00:14:34.550><c> as</c><00:14:34.850><c> will</c><00:14:35.210><c> be</c>

the 75% and 25% make up now as will be

the 75% and 25% make up now as will be
discussing<00:14:35.840><c> the</c><00:14:36.650><c> models</c><00:14:37.520><c>
of</c><00:14:37.760><c> the</c><00:14:37.880><c> universe</c>

discussing the models of the universe

discussing the models of the universe
that<00:14:38.810><c> you</c><00:14:39.140><c> that</c><00:14:39.590><c>
best</c><00:14:39.920><c> fit</c><00:14:40.390><c> observations</c>

that you that best fit observations

that you that best fit observations
predict<00:14:42.650><c> that</c><00:14:43.370><c> you</c><00:14:43.700><c>
have</c><00:14:44.030><c> that</c><00:14:44.630><c> ratio</c><00:14:45.140><c>
of</c>

predict that you have that ratio of

predict that you have that ratio of
hydrogen<00:14:45.980><c> to</c><00:14:46.400><c> helium</c><00:14:46.660><c>
run</c><00:14:48.710><c> the</c>

hydrogen to helium that you can run the

hydrogen to helium that you can run the
physics<00:14:49.310><c> through</c><00:14:49.520><c> and</c><00:14:49.790><c>
we</c><00:14:49.850><c> understand</c><00:14:50.420><c> the</c>

physics through and we understand the

physics through and we understand the
physics<00:14:50.930><c> well</c><00:14:51.170><c> for</c><00:14:51.590><c>
those</c><00:14:51.800><c> reaction</c><00:14:52.430><c> rates</c>

physics well for those reaction rates

physics well for those reaction rates
and<00:14:52.970><c> we</c><00:14:53.510><c> see</c><00:14:53.840><c>
that</c><00:14:54.230><c> in</c><00:14:54.920><c> the</c><00:14:55.760><c> so-
called</c>

and we see that in the so-called

and we see that in the so-called
consensus<00:14:57.050><c> Big</c><00:14:57.320><c> Bang</c><00:14:57.560><c>
model</c><00:14:58.130><c> the</c><00:14:58.880><c> model</c><00:14:59.660><c>
that</c>

consensus Big Bang model the model that

consensus Big Bang model the model that
fits<00:15:00.080><c> all</c><00:15:00.350><c> these</c><00:15:00.560><c>
data</c><00:15:00.890><c> that</c><00:15:01.040><c> we'll</c><00:15:01.310><c>
discuss</c>

fits all these data that we'll discuss

fits all these data that we'll discuss
in<00:15:01.910><c> more</c><00:15:02.060><c> detail</c><00:15:02.120><c>
here</c><00:15:02.900><c> you</c><00:15:03.440><c> make</c><00:15:03.620><c>
just</c><00:15:03.890><c> the</c>

in more detail here you make just the

in more detail here you make just the
right<00:15:04.220><c> amount</c><00:15:04.610><c> of</c><00:15:05.470><c>
helium</c><00:15:06.470><c> now</c><00:15:07.100><c> it's</c>

right amount of helium now it's

right amount of helium now it's
certainly<00:15:07.670><c> possible</c><00:15:08.090><c> to</c><00:15:08.600><c>
make</c><00:15:08.750><c> models</c><00:15:09.200><c> that</c>

certainly possible to make models that

certainly possible to make models that
make<00:15:09.710><c> too</c><00:15:09.950><c> much</c><00:15:10.130><c>
or</c><00:15:10.490><c> too</c><00:15:10.520><c> little</c><00:15:10.760><c>
helium</c><00:15:11.510><c> right</c>

make too much or too little helium right

make too much or too little helium right
so<00:15:12.650><c> what</c><00:15:13.010><c> you</c><00:15:13.130><c>
can</c><00:15:13.280><c> do</c><00:15:13.490><c> is</c><00:15:13.670><c>
you</c><00:15:13.850><c> can</c><00:15:14.120><c> imagine</c>

so what you can do is you can imagine

so what you can do is you can imagine
adjusting<00:15:15.740><c> how</c><00:15:16.010><c> much</c><00:15:16.190><c>
ordinary</c><00:15:16.820><c> matter</c>

adjusting how much ordinary matter

adjusting how much ordinary matter
exists<00:15:17.990><c> in</c><00:15:18.170><c> your</c><00:15:18.620><c>
universe</c><00:15:19.010><c> if</c><00:15:19.280><c> you</c><00:15:19.580><c>
say</c><00:15:19.910><c> it's</c>

exists in your universe if you say it's

exists in your universe if you say it's
not<00:15:20.180><c> a</c><00:15:20.240><c> very</c><00:15:20.360><c>
dense</c><00:15:20.840><c> universe</c><00:15:21.440><c> not</c><00:15:22.160><c>
a</c><00:15:22.220><c> lot</c><00:15:22.490><c> of</c>

not a very dense universe not a lot of

not a very dense universe not a lot of
matter<00:15:22.880><c> in</c><00:15:23.210><c> it</c><00:15:23.390><c>
you'd</c><00:15:23.990><c> be</c><00:15:24.200><c> over</c><00:15:24.470><c>
on</c><00:15:24.620><c> this</c><00:15:24.860><c> side</c>

matter in it you'd be over on this side

matter in it you'd be over on this side
right<00:15:26.000><c> and</c><00:15:26.240><c> if</c><00:15:26.810><c>
there's</c><00:15:27.050><c> a</c><00:15:27.350><c> very</c><00:15:27.620><c>
dense</c><00:15:28.070><c> with</c>

right and if there's a very dense with

right and if there's a very dense with
ordinary<00:15:29.420><c> matter</c><00:15:29.660><c>
university</c><00:15:30.260><c> to</c><00:15:30.320><c> be</c><00:15:30.410><c>
over</c><00:15:30.620><c> on</c>

ordinary matter university to be over on

ordinary matter university to be over on
the<00:15:30.950><c> far</c><00:15:31.160><c> right</c><00:15:31.430><c>
side</c><00:15:31.460><c> of</c><00:15:32.060><c> the</c><00:15:32.120><c>
diagram</c>

the far right side of the diagram

the far right side of the diagram
well<00:15:33.710><c> if</c><00:15:34.670><c> about</c><00:15:35.150><c>
four</c><00:15:35.930><c> to</c><00:15:36.110><c> five</c><00:15:36.320><c>
percent</c><00:15:36.650><c> of</c>

well if about four to five percent of

well if about four to five percent of
the<00:15:37.910><c> energy</c><00:15:38.300><c> density</c><00:15:38.480><c>
in</c><00:15:38.870><c> the</c><00:15:38.990><c> universe</c><00:15:39.380><c>
is</c><00:15:39.620><c> in</c>

the energy density in the universe is in

the energy density in the universe is in
ordinary<00:15:40.279><c> matter</c><00:15:40.580><c> then</c><00:15:41.480><c>
we</c><00:15:41.930><c> can</c><00:15:42.200><c> look</c><00:15:42.980><c>
and</c><00:15:43.130><c> see</c>

ordinary matter then we can look and see

ordinary matter then we can look and see
how<00:15:43.880><c> much</c><00:15:44.270><c> of</c><00:15:44.330><c>
these</c><00:15:44.690><c> various</c><00:15:45.200><c>
elements</c><00:15:45.710><c> like</c>

how much of these various elements like

how much of these various elements like
deuterium<00:15:47.540><c> that's</c><00:15:47.900><c> heavy</c><00:15:48.170><c>
hydrogen</c><00:15:48.589><c> has</c><00:15:48.920><c> made</c>

deuterium that's heavy hydrogen has made

deuterium that's heavy hydrogen has made
this<00:15:49.760><c> is</c><00:15:50.000><c> as</c><00:15:50.150><c>
you</c><00:15:50.300><c> adjust</c><00:15:50.390><c> the</c><00:15:50.930><c>
ordinary</c>

this is as you adjust the ordinary

this is as you adjust the ordinary
matter<00:15:51.650><c> density</c><00:15:51.950><c> in</c><00:15:52.279><c>
your</c><00:15:52.460><c> model</c><00:15:52.850><c> you</c><00:15:53.330><c>
make</c>

matter density in your model you make

matter density in your model you make
less<00:15:53.839><c> and</c><00:15:53.870><c> less</c><00:15:54.290><c>
and</c><00:15:54.560><c> less</c>

less and less and less

less and less and less
deuterium<00:15:55.720><c> this</c><00:15:56.720><c> swath</c><00:15:57.320><c>
right</c><00:15:57.680><c> here</c><00:15:58.220><c> tells</c><00:15:58.820><c>
us</c>

deuterium this swath right here tells us

deuterium this swath right here tells us
the<00:15:59.300><c> observed</c><00:15:59.750><c> values</c><00:16:00.560><c>
of</c><00:16:00.860><c> deuterium</c><00:16:01.370><c> in</c>

the observed values of deuterium in

the observed values of deuterium in
primordial<00:16:02.270><c> gas</c><00:16:02.750><c> clouds</c><00:16:03.140><c>
so</c><00:16:03.920><c> if</c><00:16:04.279><c> the</c><00:16:04.700><c>
density</c>
primordial gas clouds so if the density

primordial gas clouds so if the density
in<00:16:05.870><c> your</c><00:16:06.050><c> universe</c><00:16:06.529><c>
of</c><00:16:06.860><c> ordinary</c><00:16:07.279><c> matter</c><00:16:07.520><c>
is</c>

in your universe of ordinary matter is

in your universe of ordinary matter is
about<00:16:08.089><c> four</c><00:16:08.330><c> to</c><00:16:08.450><c>
five</c><00:16:08.480><c> percent</c><00:16:08.980><c> the</c><00:16:09.980><c>
predicted</c>

about four to five percent the predicted

about four to five percent the predicted
value<00:16:11.390><c> matches</c><00:16:12.050><c> the</c><00:16:12.260><c>
observed</c><00:16:12.890><c> value</c>

value matches the observed value

value matches the observed value
likewise<00:16:15.260><c> for</c><00:16:15.560><c> helium-3</c><00:16:15.980><c>
if</c><00:16:16.520><c> the</c><00:16:17.060><c> density</c><00:16:17.270><c>
of</c>

likewise for helium-3 if the density of

likewise for helium-3 if the density of
ordinary<00:16:17.900><c> matter</c><00:16:18.230><c> in</c><00:16:18.470><c>
your</c><00:16:18.620><c> universe</c><00:16:19.010><c> is</c>

ordinary matter in your universe is

ordinary matter in your universe is
about<00:16:19.550><c> four</c><00:16:19.790><c> to</c><00:16:19.910><c>
five</c><00:16:19.940><c> percent</c><00:16:20.320><c> then</c><00:16:21.320><c>
you're</c>
about four to five percent then you're

about four to five percent then you're
right<00:16:21.710><c> here</c><00:16:22.040><c> at</c><00:16:22.190><c>
the</c><00:16:22.370><c> top</c><00:16:22.670><c> of</c><00:16:23.029><c>
the</c><00:16:23.380><c> upper</c><00:16:24.380><c> limit</c>

right here at the top of the upper limit

right here at the top of the upper limit
for<00:16:24.800><c> how</c><00:16:25.190><c> much</c><00:16:25.460><c>
helium-3</c><00:16:25.970><c> is</c><00:16:26.270><c> observed</c><00:16:26.779><c>
in</c><00:16:27.230><c> the</c>

for how much helium-3 is observed in the

for how much helium-3 is observed in the
primordial<00:16:28.100><c> clouds</c><00:16:28.670><c> of</c><00:16:28.940><c>
the</c><00:16:29.029><c> universe</c><00:16:29.390><c> and</c>

primordial clouds of the universe and

primordial clouds of the universe and
likewise<00:16:31.250><c> if</c><00:16:31.580><c> you</c><00:16:31.700><c>
say</c><00:16:31.910><c> the</c><00:16:32.150><c> ordinary</c><00:16:32.570><c>
matter</c>

likewise if you say the ordinary matter

likewise if you say the ordinary matter
and<00:16:33.170><c> the</c><00:16:33.230><c> universe</c><00:16:33.589><c>
is</c><00:16:33.860><c> about</c><00:16:34.310><c> four</c><00:16:34.640><c>
to</c><00:16:34.730><c> five</c>

and the universe is about four to five

and the universe is about four to five
percent<00:16:35.150><c> of</c><00:16:35.630><c> the</c><00:16:36.050><c>
energy</c><00:16:36.410><c> density</c><00:16:36.640><c> then</c><00:16:37.640><c>
if</c>
percent of the energy density then if

percent of the energy density then if
you<00:16:38.780><c> look</c><00:16:39.050><c> then</c><00:16:39.410><c>
up</c><00:16:39.860><c> we're</c><00:16:40.280><c> a</c><00:16:40.310><c>
little</c><00:16:40.850><c> bit</c><00:16:41.030><c> high</c>

you look then up we're a little bit high

you look then up we're a little bit high
on<00:16:41.780><c> the</c><00:16:42.440><c> predicted</c><00:16:43.070><c>
values</c><00:16:43.640><c> of</c><00:16:43.940><c> lithium-7</c><00:16:44.630><c>
and</c>

on the predicted values of lithium-7 and

on the predicted values of lithium-7 and
there<00:16:46.010><c> are</c><00:16:46.130><c>
astrophysicists</c><00:16:47.000><c> out</c><00:16:47.330><c>
there</c><00:16:47.630><c> that</c>

there are astrophysicists out there that

there are astrophysicists out there that
are<00:16:48.080><c> spending</c><00:16:48.589><c> their</c><00:16:48.800><c>
careers</c><00:16:49.250><c> on</c><00:16:49.580><c> trying</c><00:16:50.330><c>
to</c>

are spending their careers on trying to

are spending their careers on trying to
describe<00:16:51.080><c> and</c><00:16:51.380><c> explain</c><00:16:51.470><c>
that</c><00:16:52.100><c> small</c>

describe and explain that small

describe and explain that small
discrepancy<00:16:53.900><c> maybe</c><00:16:54.170><c> it's</c><00:16:54.350><c>
an</c><00:16:54.440><c> observational</c>

discrepancy maybe it's an observational

discrepancy maybe it's an observational
issue<00:16:56.800><c> but</c><00:16:57.800><c> the</c><00:16:58.370><c>
point</c><00:16:58.670><c> is</c><00:16:58.880><c> that</c><00:16:59.210><c>
with</c><00:16:59.540><c> the</c><00:16:59.750><c> Big</c>

issue but the point is that with the Big

issue but the point is that with the Big
Bang<00:17:00.170><c> Theory</c><00:17:00.710><c> if</c><00:17:00.890><c>
there</c><00:17:01.790><c> had</c><00:17:02.000><c> not</c><00:17:02.210><c>
been</c><00:17:02.270><c> a</c><00:17:02.540><c> Big</c>

Bang Theory if there had not been a Big

Bang Theory if there had not been a Big
Bang<00:17:03.050><c> there's</c><00:17:03.950><c> no</c><00:17:04.160><c>
reason</c><00:17:04.550><c> you</c><00:17:04.579><c> would</c><00:17:04.880><c>
have</c>

Bang there's no reason you would have

Bang there's no reason you would have
expected<00:17:05.319><c> that</c><00:17:06.319><c> these</c><00:17:06.560><c>
predictions</c><00:17:07.069><c> would</c><00:17:07.429><c> be</c>

expected that these predictions would be

expected that these predictions would be
even<00:17:08.000><c> close</c><00:17:08.390><c> to</c><00:17:09.350><c>
the</c><00:17:09.530><c> observed</c><00:17:09.980><c> values</c><00:17:10.579><c>
we're</c>

even close to the observed values we're

even close to the observed values we're
giving<00:17:11.780><c> a</c><00:17:11.900><c> framework</c><00:17:12.290><c>
at</c><00:17:12.709><c> an</c><00:17:12.890><c> explanation</c><00:17:13.520><c>
for</c>

giving a framework at an explanation for

giving a framework at an explanation for
why<00:17:14.569><c> these</c><00:17:15.310><c> elements</c><00:17:16.310><c>
have</c><00:17:16.640><c> the</c><00:17:16.750><c> abundances</c>

why these elements have the abundances

why these elements have the abundances
that<00:17:18.079><c> they</c><00:17:18.290><c> do</c><00:17:18.400><c>
right</c><00:17:19.400><c> here</c><00:17:20.000><c> the</c><00:17:20.150><c>
abundance</c><00:17:20.660><c> is</c>

that they do right here the abundance is

that they do right here the abundance is
on<00:17:21.020><c> the</c><00:17:21.140><c> vertical</c><00:17:21.290><c>
axis</c><00:17:21.949><c> are</c><00:17:22.130><c> all</c><00:17:22.400><c>
relative</c><00:17:23.300><c> to</c>

on the vertical axis are all relative to

on the vertical axis are all relative to
hydrogen<00:17:25.750><c> so</c><00:17:26.750><c> this</c><00:17:27.260><c>
is</c><00:17:27.470><c> the</c><00:17:27.650><c> second</c><00:17:28.100><c>
big</c><00:17:28.250><c> piece</c>

hydrogen so this is the second big piece

hydrogen so this is the second big piece
of<00:17:28.580><c> evidence</c><00:17:28.970><c> that</c><00:17:29.600><c>
the</c><00:17:30.020><c> Big</c><00:17:30.200><c> Bang</c><00:17:30.470><c>
Theory</c><00:17:31.100><c> is</c>

of evidence that the Big Bang Theory is

of evidence that the Big Bang Theory is
able<00:17:31.670><c> to</c><00:17:31.850><c> predict</c><00:17:32.510><c>
the</c><00:17:32.900><c> correct</c><00:17:33.310><c> abundances</c>

able to predict the correct abundances
able to predict the correct abundances
of<00:17:34.640><c> helium</c><00:17:35.150><c> helium</c><00:17:35.929><c>
three</c><00:17:36.380><c> and</c><00:17:36.560><c> four</c>

of helium helium three and four

of helium helium three and four
deuterium<00:17:37.700><c> lithium</c>

deuterium lithium

deuterium lithium
seven<00:17:38.610><c> and</c><00:17:38.760><c> so</c><00:17:38.970><c>
on</c><00:17:40.580><c> okay</c><00:17:41.580><c> here's</c><00:17:41.970><c>
a</c><00:17:42.030><c> thought</c>

seven and so on okay here's a thought

seven and so on okay here's a thought
question<00:17:42.930><c> for</c><00:17:43.230><c> you</c><00:17:44.030><c>
let's</c><00:17:45.030><c> say</c><00:17:45.120><c> you</c><00:17:45.180><c>
look</c><00:17:45.390><c> up</c>

question for you let's say you look up

question for you let's say you look up
at<00:17:45.600><c> a</c><00:17:45.630><c> gas</c><00:17:45.960><c>
cloud</c><00:17:46.230><c> in</c><00:17:46.620><c> the</c><00:17:46.650><c>
universe</c><00:17:47.040><c> somewhere</c>

at a gas cloud in the universe somewhere

at a gas cloud in the universe somewhere
and<00:17:47.790><c> you</c><00:17:47.910><c> see</c><00:17:48.240><c>
an</c><00:17:48.510><c> abundance</c><00:17:48.810><c> pattern</c><00:17:49.470><c>
like</c>

and you see an abundance pattern like
and you see an abundance pattern like
one<00:17:49.860><c> of</c><00:17:49.980><c> the</c><00:17:50.070><c>
following</c><00:17:51.230><c> which</c><00:17:52.230><c> of</c><00:17:52.410><c>
these</c><00:17:52.530><c> is</c>

one of the following which of these is

one of the following which of these is
unrealistic<00:17:53.810><c> for</c><00:17:54.810><c> a</c><00:17:54.870><c>
star</c><00:17:56.570><c> 70%</c><00:17:57.570><c> hydrogen</c><00:17:57.830><c>
28%</c>

unrealistic for a star 70% hydrogen 28%

unrealistic for a star 70% hydrogen 28%
helium<00:17:59.130><c> two</c><00:17:59.280><c> percent</c><00:17:59.670><c>
other</c><00:18:00.320><c> 95</c><00:18:01.320><c> percent</c>

helium two percent other 95 percent

helium two percent other 95 percent
hydrogen<00:18:02.070><c> five</c><00:18:02.430><c> percent</c><00:18:02.820><c>
helium</c><00:18:02.970><c> less</c><00:18:03.420><c> than</c>

hydrogen five percent helium less than

hydrogen five percent helium less than
0.02<00:18:04.080><c> percent</c><00:18:04.440><c> other</c><00:18:04.860><c>
and</c><00:18:05.160><c> by</c><00:18:06.150><c> the</c><00:18:06.210><c>
way</c><00:18:06.480><c> don't</c>

0.02 percent other and by the way don't

0.02 percent other and by the way don't
get<00:18:06.900><c> caught</c><00:18:07.170><c> up</c><00:18:07.350><c>
on</c><00:18:07.500><c> the</c><00:18:07.740><c> fact</c><00:18:08.100><c>
that</c><00:18:08.250><c> this</c><00:18:08.550><c> adds</c>

get caught up on the fact that this adds

get caught up on the fact that this adds
up<00:18:09.150><c> to</c><00:18:09.210><c> a</c><00:18:09.480><c>
hundred</c><00:18:09.960><c> point</c><00:18:10.230><c> o2</c><00:18:10.470><c>
percent</c><00:18:11.310><c> maybe</c>

up to a hundred point o2 percent maybe

up to a hundred point o2 percent maybe
one<00:18:12.300><c> of</c><00:18:12.330><c> these</c><00:18:12.510><c>
was</c><00:18:12.780><c> 94</c><00:18:13.470><c> point</c><00:18:13.830><c>
nine</c><00:18:14.130><c> eight</c>

one of these was 94 point nine eight

one of these was 94 point nine eight
percent<00:18:15.000><c> you</c><00:18:15.630><c> get</c><00:18:15.750><c>
the</c><00:18:15.930><c> idea</c>

percent you get the idea

percent you get the idea
75%<00:18:18.360><c> 25%</c><00:18:19.430><c> 0.02</c><00:18:20.430><c>
percent</c><00:18:20.760><c> other</c><00:18:21.170><c> 72%</c><00:18:22.170><c>
27%</c><00:18:23.010><c> 1%</c>

75% 25% 0.02 percent other 72% 27% 1%

75% 25% 0.02 percent other 72% 27% 1%
other<00:18:24.410><c> go</c><00:18:25.410><c> ahead</c><00:18:25.590><c>
and</c><00:18:25.770><c> pause</c><00:18:25.950><c> it</c><00:18:26.250><c>
if</c><00:18:26.370><c> you</c><00:18:26.490><c> need</c>

other go ahead and pause it if you need

other go ahead and pause it if you need
to<00:18:30.110><c> well</c>

to well

to well
the<00:18:31.620><c> idea</c><00:18:32.040><c> here</c><00:18:32.460><c>
is</c><00:18:32.640><c> that</c><00:18:33.560><c> the</c><00:18:34.560><c>
universe</c><00:18:35.070><c> after</c>

the idea here is that the universe after

the idea here is that the universe after
the<00:18:35.550><c> Big</c><00:18:35.670><c> Bang</c><00:18:35.850><c>
after</c><00:18:36.450><c> five</c><00:18:36.660><c> minutes</c><00:18:37.050><c>
into</c><00:18:37.200><c> it</c>

the Big Bang after five minutes into it

the Big Bang after five minutes into it
is<00:18:37.850><c> 75</c><00:18:38.850><c> percent</c><00:18:39.090><c>
hydrogen</c><00:18:39.810><c> 25</c><00:18:40.500><c> percent</c><00:18:40.980><c>
helium</c>

is 75 percent hydrogen 25 percent helium

is 75 percent hydrogen 25 percent helium
and<00:18:41.630><c> stars</c><00:18:42.630><c> they</c><00:18:43.470><c>
can</c><00:18:43.740><c> convert</c><00:18:44.130><c> hydrogen</c><00:18:44.400><c>
into</c>

and stars they can convert hydrogen into

and stars they can convert hydrogen into
helium<00:18:45.210><c> and</c><00:18:45.630><c> lo</c><00:18:45.900><c>
or</c><00:18:46.170><c> the</c><00:18:46.290><c> hydrogen</c><00:18:46.710><c>
abundance</c>

helium and lo or the hydrogen abundance

helium and lo or the hydrogen abundance
so<00:18:48.030><c> although</c><00:18:48.240><c> it</c><00:18:48.510><c>
may</c><00:18:48.630><c> start</c><00:18:49.080><c> at</c><00:18:49.260><c>
75</c><00:18:49.890><c> percent</c>

so although it may start at 75 percent

so although it may start at 75 percent
you<00:18:51.210><c> may</c><00:18:51.360><c> find</c><00:18:51.660><c>
a</c><00:18:51.840><c> star</c><00:18:52.080><c> that</c><00:18:52.290><c>
has</c><00:18:52.440><c> 72</c><00:18:53.100><c> percent</c>

you may find a star that has 72 percent

you may find a star that has 72 percent
or<00:18:53.790><c> 70</c><00:18:54.300><c> percent</c><00:18:54.480><c>
hydrogen</c>

or 70 percent hydrogen

or 70 percent hydrogen
any<00:18:55.800><c> of</c><00:18:56.250><c> that</c><00:18:56.430><c>
as</c><00:18:56.640><c> possible</c><00:18:57.360><c> because</c><00:18:57.630><c>
maybe</c>

any of that as possible because maybe

any of that as possible because maybe
that<00:18:58.320><c> hydrogen</c><00:18:58.830><c> has</c><00:18:59.130><c>
been</c><00:18:59.370><c> converted</c><00:18:59.730><c> into</c>

that hydrogen has been converted into

that hydrogen has been converted into
helium<00:19:00.360><c> but</c><00:19:01.290><c> nature</c><00:19:01.740><c>
doesn't</c><00:19:01.980><c> provide</c><00:19:02.460><c> a</c><00:19:02.520><c>
way</c>

helium but nature doesn't provide a way

helium but nature doesn't provide a way
to<00:19:02.910><c> refine</c><00:19:03.570><c> the</c><00:19:03.930><c>
gas</c><00:19:04.140><c> to</c><00:19:04.500><c> make</c><00:19:04.680><c>
it</c><00:19:04.890><c> a</c><00:19:05.040><c> higher</c>

to refine the gas to make it a higher

to refine the gas to make it a higher
percentage<00:19:06.600><c> of</c><00:19:06.840><c> hydrogen</c><00:19:07.260><c>
because</c><00:19:08.250><c> you</c><00:19:08.400><c> start</c>

percentage of hydrogen because you start

percentage of hydrogen because you start
with<00:19:09.210><c> 75</c><00:19:09.930><c> percent</c><00:19:10.440><c>
hydrogen</c><00:19:10.980><c> and</c><00:19:11.160><c> you</c><00:19:11.190><c>
can</c>

with 75 percent hydrogen and you can

with 75 percent hydrogen and you can
only<00:19:11.580><c> go</c><00:19:11.790><c> down</c><00:19:12.030><c>
from</c><00:19:12.360><c> there</c><00:19:12.630><c> as</c><00:19:12.900><c>
stars</c><00:19:13.590><c> convert</c>

only go down from there as stars convert

only go down from there as stars convert
hydrogen<00:19:14.340><c> into</c><00:19:14.850><c> helium</c><00:19:15.740><c>
so</c><00:19:16.740><c> in</c><00:19:16.890><c> section</c><00:19:17.450><c>
17.3</c>

hydrogen into helium so in section 17.3

hydrogen into helium so in section 17.3
we<00:19:19.710><c> talked</c><00:19:19.980><c> about</c><00:19:20.190><c>
the</c><00:19:21.090><c> Big</c><00:19:21.900><c> Bang</c><00:19:21.930><c> and</c>

we talked about the Big Bang and

we talked about the Big Bang and
inflation<00:19:23.460><c> remember</c><00:19:24.180><c> we</c><00:19:24.300><c>
said</c><00:19:24.480><c> at</c><00:19:24.630><c> the</c><00:19:24.690><c>
end</c><00:19:24.900><c> of</c>

inflation remember we said at the end of

inflation remember we said at the end of
the<00:19:25.200><c> gut</c><00:19:25.410><c> error</c><00:19:25.740><c>
there's</c><00:19:26.130><c> reasons</c><00:19:26.820><c> to</c><00:19:27.000><c>
believe</c>

the gut error there's reasons to believe

the gut error there's reasons to believe
that<00:19:27.420><c> there</c><00:19:28.320><c> was</c><00:19:28.920><c>
this</c><00:19:29.160><c> inflationary</c><00:19:30.000><c> epoch</c>

that there was this inflationary epoch

that there was this inflationary epoch
where<00:19:31.290><c> the</c><00:19:31.560><c> universe</c><00:19:32.100><c>
got</c><00:19:32.340><c> very</c><00:19:32.790><c> large</c><00:19:33.120><c>
very</c>

where the universe got very large very

where the universe got very large very
quickly<00:19:33.990><c> and</c><00:19:35.150><c> this</c><00:19:36.170><c>
inflation</c><00:19:37.170><c> is</c><00:19:37.320><c> going</c><00:19:37.470><c>
to</c>

quickly and this inflation is going to

quickly and this inflation is going to
help<00:19:37.800><c> to</c><00:19:38.040><c> explain</c><00:19:39.680><c>
some</c><00:19:40.680><c> otherwise</c>

help to explain some otherwise

help to explain some otherwise
mysterious<00:19:42.150><c> facts</c><00:19:42.600><c> about</c><00:19:43.020><c>
our</c><00:19:43.230><c> universe</c><00:19:43.680><c> here</c>

mysterious facts about our universe here

mysterious facts about our universe here
are<00:19:44.760><c> some</c><00:19:44.970><c> questions</c><00:19:45.210><c>
that</c><00:19:45.840><c> need</c><00:19:46.050><c> answering</c>

are some questions that need answering

are some questions that need answering
where<00:19:47.790><c> does</c><00:19:48.030><c> the</c><00:19:48.179><c>
structure</c><00:19:48.570><c> in</c><00:19:48.900><c> the</c><00:19:49.020><c>
universe</c>

where does the structure in the universe

where does the structure in the universe
come<00:19:49.770><c> from</c><00:19:49.800><c> this</c><00:19:50.429><c>
is</c><00:19:50.550><c> called</c>

come from this is called

come from this is called
the<00:19:50.849><c> density</c><00:19:51.299><c>
non-uniformity</c><00:19:52.289><c> problem</c><00:19:52.739><c> in</c>

the density non-uniformity problem in

the density non-uniformity problem in
the<00:19:53.669><c> fact</c><00:19:53.969><c> that</c><00:19:54.119><c>
there's</c><00:19:54.479><c> galaxies</c><00:19:55.349><c> and</c>

the fact that there's galaxies and

the fact that there's galaxies and
clusters<00:19:55.739><c> of</c><00:19:56.070><c> galaxies</c><00:19:56.989><c>
why</c><00:19:57.989><c> is</c><00:19:58.049><c> the</c><00:19:58.409><c>
overall</c>

clusters of galaxies why is the overall

clusters of galaxies why is the overall
distribution<00:19:59.190><c> of</c><00:19:59.549><c> matter</c><00:19:59.789><c>
so</c><00:20:00.179><c> uniform</c><00:20:00.629><c> if</c><00:20:01.529><c> I</c>

distribution of matter so uniform if I
distribution of matter so uniform if I
take<00:20:01.949><c> a</c><00:20:01.979><c> big</c><00:20:02.279><c>
chunk</c><00:20:02.609><c> of</c><00:20:02.699><c> space</c><00:20:02.969><c>
over</c><00:20:03.209><c> there</c><00:20:03.539><c> it</c>

take a big chunk of space over there it

take a big chunk of space over there it
has<00:20:04.619><c> the</c><00:20:04.949><c> same</c><00:20:05.159><c>
amount</c><00:20:05.429><c> of</c><00:20:05.669><c> material</c><00:20:06.299><c>
in</c><00:20:06.479><c> it</c><00:20:06.629><c> on</c>

has the same amount of material in it on

has the same amount of material in it on
average<00:20:07.769><c> as</c><00:20:07.979><c> the</c><00:20:08.129><c>
same</c><00:20:08.399><c> size</c><00:20:08.820><c> the</c><00:20:09.389><c>
big</c><00:20:09.779><c> chunk</c>

average as the same size the big chunk

average as the same size the big chunk
of<00:20:10.139><c> space</c><00:20:10.379><c> over</c><00:20:10.709><c>
here</c><00:20:10.739><c> and</c><00:20:11.539><c> why</c><00:20:12.539><c>
is</c><00:20:12.599><c> the</c>

of space over here and why is the

of space over here and why is the
overall<00:20:13.259><c> density</c><00:20:13.469><c> of</c><00:20:13.769><c>
universe</c><00:20:14.219><c> so</c><00:20:14.459><c> close</c><00:20:14.820><c>
to</c>

overall density of universe so close to

overall density of universe so close to
the<00:20:15.179><c> critical</c><00:20:15.509><c> density</c><00:20:16.019><c>
and</c><00:20:16.529><c> we'll</c><00:20:17.099><c> be</c>

the critical density and we'll be
the critical density and we'll be
defining<00:20:17.820><c> that</c><00:20:17.969><c> more</c><00:20:18.209><c>
carefully</c><00:20:18.779><c> but</c><00:20:19.559><c> in</c><00:20:19.739><c>
a</c>

defining that more carefully but in a

defining that more carefully but in a
sense<00:20:20.099><c> this</c><00:20:20.309><c> means</c><00:20:20.609><c>
that</c><00:20:20.879><c> light</c><00:20:21.449><c> will</c>

sense this means that light will

sense this means that light will
continue<00:20:22.619><c> on</c><00:20:22.739><c> straight</c><00:20:23.129><c>
lines</c><00:20:23.459><c> and</c><00:20:23.879><c> if</c><00:20:24.419><c> you</c>

continue on straight lines and if you

continue on straight lines and if you
put<00:20:24.959><c> two</c><00:20:25.319><c> light</c><00:20:25.529><c>
rays</c><00:20:25.559><c> parallel</c><00:20:26.339><c> to</c><00:20:26.429><c>
one</c>

put two light rays parallel to one

put two light rays parallel to one
another<00:20:26.989><c> they</c><00:20:27.989><c> will</c><00:20:28.229><c>
continue</c><00:20:28.679><c> to</c><00:20:28.859><c> be</c>

another they will continue to be

another they will continue to be
parallel<00:20:29.729><c> to</c><00:20:29.849><c> one</c><00:20:30.029><c>
another</c><00:20:30.059><c> they</c><00:20:30.629><c> won't</c><00:20:30.869><c>
cross</c>

parallel to one another they won't cross

parallel to one another they won't cross
they<00:20:31.529><c> won't</c><00:20:31.739><c> go</c><00:20:31.949><c>
they</c><00:20:32.459><c> won't</c><00:20:32.609><c> diverge</c><00:20:33.059><c>
from</c>

they won't go they won't diverge from

they won't go they won't diverge from
one<00:20:33.539><c> another</c><00:20:33.809><c> the</c><00:20:34.079><c>
universe</c><00:20:34.529><c> is</c><00:20:34.829><c> flat</c><00:20:35.579><c>
like</c><00:20:36.239><c> a</c>

one another the universe is flat like a

one another the universe is flat like a
sheet<00:20:36.599><c> of</c><00:20:36.719><c> paper</c><00:20:36.929><c>
so</c><00:20:37.139><c> to</c><00:20:37.409><c> speak</c><00:20:38.449><c>
now</c><00:20:39.449><c> as</c><00:20:39.719><c> it</c>

sheet of paper so to speak now as it

sheet of paper so to speak now as it
will<00:20:40.079><c> turn</c><00:20:40.289><c> out</c><00:20:40.559><c>
an</c><00:20:40.799><c> inflationary</c><00:20:41.789><c>
epoch</c><00:20:42.029><c> will</c>

will turn out an inflationary epoch will

will turn out an inflationary epoch will
solve<00:20:42.899><c> all</c><00:20:43.229><c> three</c><00:20:43.949><c>
of</c><00:20:44.159><c> these</c><00:20:44.549><c> problems</c><00:20:44.999><c>
answer</c>

solve all three of these problems answer

solve all three of these problems answer
all<00:20:45.929><c> three</c><00:20:45.959><c> of</c><00:20:46.349><c>
these</c><00:20:46.619><c> questions</c><00:20:47.839><c>
where</c><00:20:48.839><c> does</c>

all three of these questions where does

all three of these questions where does
the<00:20:49.499><c> structure</c><00:20:49.829><c> come</c><00:20:50.190><c>
from</c><00:20:51.079><c> well</c><00:20:52.279><c> for</c>

the structure come from well for

the structure come from well for
whatever<00:20:53.459><c> quantum</c><00:20:54.239><c>
mechanical</c><00:20:54.809><c> reasons</c>

whatever quantum mechanical reasons

whatever quantum mechanical reasons
there<00:20:55.889><c> must</c><00:20:56.190><c> have</c><00:20:56.339><c>
been</c><00:20:56.429><c> small</c><00:20:57.349><c> perturbations</c>

there must have been small perturbations

there must have been small perturbations
before<00:20:58.919><c> inflation</c><00:20:59.639><c> and</c><00:20:59.899><c>
then</c><00:21:00.899><c> inflation</c>

before inflation and then inflation

before inflation and then inflation
basically<00:21:03.059><c> acts</c><00:21:03.269><c> like</c><00:21:03.539><c>
a</c><00:21:03.569><c> big</c><00:21:03.869><c> magnifying</c>

basically acts like a big magnifying

basically acts like a big magnifying
glass<00:21:04.949><c> that</c><00:21:04.979><c> makes</c><00:21:05.549><c>
everything</c><00:21:05.940><c> bigger</c><00:21:06.359><c> and</c>

glass that makes everything bigger and

glass that makes everything bigger and
so<00:21:07.949><c> the</c><00:21:08.279><c> regions</c><00:21:09.059><c>
in</c><00:21:09.269><c> the</c><00:21:09.359><c> universe</c><00:21:09.690><c>
that</c><00:21:09.899><c> were</c>
so the regions in the universe that were

so the regions in the universe that were
a<00:21:10.079><c> little</c><00:21:10.289><c> bit</c><00:21:10.440><c>
under</c><00:21:10.679><c> danced</c><00:21:11.159><c> become</c><00:21:11.489><c>
really</c>

a little bit under danced become really

a little bit under danced become really
under<00:21:12.299><c> dense</c><00:21:12.509><c> and</c><00:21:12.779><c>
the</c><00:21:12.869><c> regions</c><00:21:13.229><c> that</c><00:21:13.289><c>
were</c><00:21:13.499><c> a</c>

under dense and the regions that were a

under dense and the regions that were a
little<00:21:13.769><c> over</c><00:21:14.190><c> dense</c><00:21:14.399><c>
become</c><00:21:14.849><c> much</c><00:21:15.449><c> more</c><00:21:15.690><c>
dense</c>

little over dense become much more dense

little over dense become much more dense
and<00:21:16.259><c> out</c><00:21:16.469><c> of</c><00:21:16.679><c>
that</c><00:21:16.799><c> eventually</c><00:21:17.479><c> the</c><00:21:18.479><c>
voids</c><00:21:18.749><c> of</c>

and out of that eventually the voids of

and out of that eventually the voids of
the<00:21:19.919><c> universe</c><00:21:20.369><c> will</c><00:21:20.669><c>
form</c><00:21:20.999><c> from</c><00:21:21.329><c> those</c><00:21:21.509><c>
under</c>

the universe will form from those under

the universe will form from those under
dense<00:21:22.079><c> regions</c><00:21:22.589><c> and</c><00:21:22.829><c>
in</c><00:21:23.369><c> the</c><00:21:23.489><c> denser</c><00:21:23.849><c>
regions</c>
dense regions and in the denser regions

dense regions and in the denser regions
that's<00:21:24.389><c> where</c><00:21:24.659><c> the</c><00:21:24.889><c>
galaxies</c><00:21:25.889><c> and</c><00:21:26.190><c> galaxy</c>

that's where the galaxies and galaxy

that's where the galaxies and galaxy
clusters<00:21:26.699><c> are</c><00:21:27.479><c> going</c><00:21:27.839><c>
to</c><00:21:28.129><c> collapse</c><00:21:29.129><c> down</c><00:21:29.309><c>
in</c>

clusters are going to collapse down in

clusters are going to collapse down in
their<00:21:30.509><c> formation</c><00:21:31.139><c> as</c><00:21:31.559><c>
they</c><00:21:32.549><c> form</c><00:21:33.619><c> so</c><00:21:34.619><c>
a</c><00:21:34.649><c> tiny</c>

their formation as they form so a tiny

their formation as they form so a tiny
little<00:21:35.339><c> quantum</c><00:21:35.789><c>
mechanical</c><00:21:36.299><c> Ripple</c><00:21:36.719><c> before</c>

little quantum mechanical Ripple before

little quantum mechanical Ripple before
inflation<00:21:37.440><c> can</c><00:21:38.069><c> become</c><00:21:38.429><c>
something</c><00:21:38.789><c> the</c><00:21:39.059><c> size</c>

inflation can become something the size

inflation can become something the size
of<00:21:39.599><c> a</c><00:21:39.690><c> solar</c><00:21:39.959><c>
system</c><00:21:40.349><c> after</c><00:21:41.099><c>
inflation</c><00:21:42.349><c> what</c>

of a solar system after inflation what

of a solar system after inflation what
about<00:21:43.559><c> why</c><00:21:44.069><c> the</c><00:21:44.129><c>
overall</c><00:21:44.639><c> distribution</c><00:21:45.539><c> of</c>

about why the overall distribution of

about why the overall distribution of
matter<00:21:45.869><c> is</c><00:21:46.139><c> so</c><00:21:46.319><c>
uniform</c><00:21:46.739><c> if</c><00:21:47.459><c> you</c><00:21:48.059><c>
think</c><00:21:48.239><c> about</c>

matter is so uniform if you think about

matter is so uniform if you think about
background</c>

that cosmic microwave background

radiation<00:21:49.979><c> we've</c><00:21:50.609><c> been</c><00:21:50.789><c>
discussing</c><00:21:51.149><c> it's</c>

radiation we've been discussing it's

radiation we've been discussing it's
rather<00:21:52.109><c> surprising</c><00:21:52.489><c> that</c><00:21:53.489><c>
if</c><00:21:53.609><c> you</c><00:21:53.729><c> look</c><00:21:53.879><c> off</c>

rather surprising that if you look off

rather surprising that if you look off
in<00:21:54.209><c> that</c><00:21:54.419><c> direction</c><00:21:54.629><c>
you</c><00:21:55.049><c> see</c><00:21:55.379><c> something</c>

in that direction you see something

in that direction you see something
that's<00:21:56.039><c> 2.7</c><00:21:56.909><c> Kelvin</c><00:21:57.119><c>
and</c><00:21:57.539><c> if</c><00:21:57.629><c> I</c><00:21:57.749><c>
look</c><00:21:57.899><c> off</c><00:21:58.109><c> in</c>

that's 2.7 Kelvin and if I look off in

that's 2.7 Kelvin and if I look off in
the<00:21:58.409><c> other</c><00:21:58.709><c> direction</c><00:21:59.039><c>
180</c><00:21:59.940><c> degrees</c><00:22:00.269><c> apart</c>

the other direction 180 degrees apart

the other direction 180 degrees apart
from<00:22:00.839><c> that</c><00:22:01.049><c> it's</c><00:22:01.709><c>
also</c><00:22:01.979><c> 2.7</c><00:22:02.940><c> Kelvin</c>

from that it's also 2.7 Kelvin

from that it's also 2.7 Kelvin
how<00:22:04.079><c> did</c><00:22:04.289><c> that</c>

how did that

how did that
side<00:22:04.950><c> of</c><00:22:04.980><c> the</c><00:22:05.220><c>
universe</c><00:22:06.260><c> communicate</c><00:22:07.260><c> with</c>

side of the universe communicate with

side of the universe communicate with
that<00:22:07.740><c> side</c><00:22:08.190><c> of</c><00:22:08.400><c>
the</c><00:22:08.520><c> universe</c><00:22:09.000><c> to</c><00:22:09.300><c>
conspire</c><00:22:09.840><c> to</c>

that side of the universe to conspire to

that side of the universe to conspire to
be<00:22:10.320><c> the</c><00:22:10.500><c> same</c><00:22:10.740><c>
temperature</c><00:22:11.510><c> here's</c><00:22:12.510><c> what's</c>
be the same temperature here's what's

be the same temperature here's what's
called<00:22:12.990><c> a</c><00:22:13.080><c> spacetime</c><00:22:13.380><c>
diagram</c><00:22:13.860><c> the</c>

called a spacetime diagram the

called a spacetime diagram the
horizontal<00:22:14.850><c> axis</c><00:22:15.210><c> of</c><00:22:15.360><c>
space</c><00:22:15.630><c> the</c><00:22:15.900><c> vertical</c>

horizontal axis of space the vertical

horizontal axis of space the vertical
axis<00:22:16.650><c> is</c><00:22:16.800><c> time</c><00:22:17.100><c>
we</c><00:22:17.940><c> are</c><00:22:18.060><c> right</c><00:22:18.300><c>
here</c><00:22:18.630><c> at</c><00:22:18.750><c> this</c>

axis is time we are right here at this

axis is time we are right here at this
point<00:22:19.260><c> at</c><00:22:19.470><c> the</c><00:22:19.560><c>
current</c><00:22:19.890><c> time</c><00:22:20.070><c> but</c><00:22:20.130><c>
this</c>

point at the current time but this

point at the current time but this
vertical<00:22:21.270><c> line</c><00:22:21.450><c> is</c><00:22:21.660><c>
our</c><00:22:21.810><c> so-called</c><00:22:22.140><c> world</c>

vertical line is our so-called world

vertical line is our so-called world
line<00:22:22.830><c> here's</c><00:22:23.760><c> where</c><00:22:23.940><c>
we</c><00:22:24.090><c> were</c><00:22:24.270><c> in</c><00:22:24.420><c>
the</c><00:22:24.450><c> past</c><00:22:24.750><c> or</c>

line here's where we were in the past or
line here's where we were in the past or
at<00:22:25.740><c> least</c><00:22:25.950><c> this</c><00:22:26.130><c>
location</c><00:22:26.790><c> in</c><00:22:26.910><c> space</c><00:22:27.240><c>
was</c><00:22:27.630><c> in</c>

at least this location in space was in

at least this location in space was in
the<00:22:28.050><c> past</c><00:22:28.260><c> and</c><00:22:28.590><c>
then</c><00:22:29.100><c> it</c><00:22:29.220><c> just</c><00:22:29.370><c>
keeps</c><00:22:29.640><c> going</c><00:22:30.030><c> on</c>

the past and then it just keeps going on

the past and then it just keeps going on
into<00:22:30.600><c> the</c><00:22:30.720><c> future</c><00:22:30.870><c>
and</c><00:22:31.430><c> if</c><00:22:32.430><c> we're</c><00:22:32.700><c>
looking</c><00:22:33.030><c> off</c>

into the future and if we're looking off

into the future and if we're looking off
to<00:22:33.210><c> the</c><00:22:33.540><c> left</c><00:22:34.050><c>
on</c><00:22:34.530><c> this</c><00:22:34.710><c> diagram</c><00:22:35.000><c>
we</c><00:22:36.000><c> see</c><00:22:36.030><c> light</c>

to the left on this diagram we see light

to the left on this diagram we see light
that<00:22:37.260><c> was</c><00:22:37.440><c> emitted</c><00:22:37.470><c>
from</c><00:22:38.340><c> way</c><00:22:39.330><c> back</c><00:22:39.540><c>
when</c><00:22:39.600><c> at</c>

that was emitted from way back when at

that was emitted from way back when at
the<00:22:40.440><c> moment</c><00:22:40.770><c> of</c><00:22:40.830><c>
recombination</c><00:22:41.430><c> so</c><00:22:42.360><c> this</c>

the moment of recombination so this
the moment of recombination so this
little<00:22:42.990><c> reddish</c><00:22:43.650><c> line</c><00:22:43.920><c>
is</c><00:22:44.250><c> representing</c>

little reddish line is representing

little reddish line is representing
light<00:22:45.300><c> coming</c><00:22:46.050><c> to</c><00:22:46.170><c>
us</c><00:22:46.410><c> and</c><00:22:46.740><c> ultimately</c><00:22:47.670><c>
being</c>

light coming to us and ultimately being

light coming to us and ultimately being
observed<00:22:48.420><c> if</c><00:22:48.900><c> we</c><00:22:49.890><c>
had</c><00:22:49.980><c> looked</c><00:22:50.160><c> off</c><00:22:50.310><c>
to</c><00:22:50.340><c> the</c>

observed if we had looked off to the

observed if we had looked off to the
right<00:22:50.790><c> instead</c><00:22:51.270><c> light</c><00:22:52.140><c>
from</c><00:22:52.440><c> the</c><00:22:52.590><c> moment</c><00:22:52.890><c>
of</c>

right instead light from the moment of

right instead light from the moment of
recombination<00:22:53.520><c> at</c><00:22:54.030><c> little</c><00:22:54.570><c>
gas</c><00:22:54.750><c> blobby</c><00:22:55.530><c> is</c>

recombination at little gas blobby is

recombination at little gas blobby is
coming<00:22:56.820><c> it's</c><00:22:57.180><c> moving</c><00:22:57.690><c>
towards</c><00:22:58.020><c> us</c><00:22:58.200><c> so</c><00:22:58.440><c>
its</c>

coming it's moving towards us so its
coming it's moving towards us so its
position<00:22:59.310><c> and</c><00:22:59.490><c> distance</c><00:23:00.120><c>
or</c><00:23:00.300><c> space</c><00:23:00.660><c> is</c>

position and distance or space is

position and distance or space is
changing<00:23:01.200><c> as</c><00:23:01.620><c> time</c><00:23:01.890><c>
goes</c><00:23:02.160><c> forward</c><00:23:02.640><c> and</c><00:23:02.790><c>
then</c>

changing as time goes forward and then

changing as time goes forward and then
it's<00:23:03.870><c> observed</c><00:23:04.290><c> here</c><00:23:04.590><c>
and</c><00:23:04.800><c> these</c><00:23:05.310><c> two</c><00:23:05.420><c>
gas</c>

it's observed here and these two gas

it's observed here and these two gas
blobs<00:23:06.870><c> a</c><00:23:07.140><c> and</c><00:23:07.470><c>
B</c><00:23:07.620><c> must</c><00:23:08.310><c> have</c><00:23:08.490><c>
been</c><00:23:08.610><c> at</c><00:23:08.760><c> the</c><00:23:08.910><c> same</c>

blobs a and B must have been at the same

blobs a and B must have been at the same
temperature<00:23:09.720><c> in</c><00:23:10.170><c> order</c><00:23:10.950><c>
to</c><00:23:11.130><c> be</c><00:23:11.280><c> giving</c><00:23:11.640><c>
us</c><00:23:11.760><c> now</c>

temperature in order to be giving us now

temperature in order to be giving us now
the<00:23:12.180><c> same</c><00:23:12.750><c> radiation</c><00:23:13.140><c>
that</c><00:23:13.620><c> we</c><00:23:13.740><c> see</c><00:23:13.950><c>
how</c><00:23:14.880><c> is</c>

the same radiation that we see how is
the same radiation that we see how is
that<00:23:15.740><c> well</c><00:23:16.740><c> if</c><00:23:17.010><c>
you</c><00:23:17.250><c> expand</c><00:23:18.180><c> out</c><00:23:18.390><c>
and</c><00:23:18.420><c> take</c><00:23:18.750><c> a</c>

that well if you expand out and take a

that well if you expand out and take a
bigger<00:23:19.050><c> picture</c><00:23:19.380><c> and</c><00:23:19.530><c>
allow</c><00:23:19.860><c> for</c><00:23:19.920><c> an</c>

bigger picture and allow for an

bigger picture and allow for an
inflation<00:23:20.850><c> then</c><00:23:21.690><c> the</c><00:23:22.620><c>
idea</c><00:23:22.980><c> is</c><00:23:23.040><c> that</c><00:23:23.240><c>
points</c><00:23:24.240><c> a</c>

inflation then the idea is that points a

inflation then the idea is that points a
and<00:23:24.630><c> B</c><00:23:24.810><c> those</c><00:23:25.110><c>
blobs</c><00:23:25.470><c> we're</c><00:23:25.920><c> in</c><00:23:26.160><c>
contact</c><00:23:26.730><c> with</c>

and B those blobs we're in contact with

and B those blobs we're in contact with
one<00:23:27.150><c> another</c><00:23:27.450><c> at</c><00:23:27.660><c>
some</c><00:23:27.870><c> point</c><00:23:28.170><c> in</c><00:23:28.290><c>
the</c><00:23:28.380><c> past</c>

one another at some point in the past

one another at some point in the past
here<00:23:29.580><c> they</c><00:23:29.790><c> are</c><00:23:29.970><c>
touching</c><00:23:30.390><c> so</c><00:23:30.840><c> there's</c><00:23:31.080><c>
time</c>

here they are touching so there's time
here they are touching so there's time
for<00:23:31.410><c> them</c><00:23:31.800><c> to</c><00:23:31.980><c>
equilibrate</c><00:23:32.340><c> in</c><00:23:32.820><c> their</c>

for them to equilibrate in their

for them to equilibrate in their
temperatures<00:23:33.510><c> and</c><00:23:33.870><c> then</c><00:23:34.590><c>
the</c><00:23:34.740><c> inflationary</c>

temperatures and then the inflationary

temperatures and then the inflationary
epoch<00:23:35.760><c> begins</c><00:23:36.510><c> and</c><00:23:37.170><c>
blob</c><00:23:37.830><c> a</c><00:23:38.010><c> is</c><00:23:38.190><c>
pushed</c><00:23:38.460><c> to</c><00:23:38.610><c> one</c>

epoch begins and blob a is pushed to one

epoch begins and blob a is pushed to one
side<00:23:38.850><c> of</c><00:23:39.330><c> the</c><00:23:39.360><c>
universe</c><00:23:39.510><c> blob</c><00:23:40.140><c> B</c><00:23:40.350><c>
is</c><00:23:40.470><c> pushed</c><00:23:40.740><c> to</c>

side of the universe blob B is pushed to

side of the universe blob B is pushed to
the<00:23:40.950><c> other</c><00:23:41.190><c> side</c><00:23:41.490><c>
of</c><00:23:41.640><c> the</c><00:23:41.700><c> universe</c><00:23:41.910><c>
far</c><00:23:42.390><c> away</c>

the other side of the universe far away

the other side of the universe far away
but<00:23:43.710><c> because</c><00:23:44.070><c> they</c><00:23:44.310><c>
have</c><00:23:44.490><c> had</c><00:23:44.670><c> time</c><00:23:45.060><c> to</c>

but because they have had time to

but because they have had time to
equilibrate<00:23:45.810><c> their</c><00:23:46.140><c>
temperatures</c><00:23:46.590><c> they</c><00:23:46.800><c> are</c>

equilibrate their temperatures they are

equilibrate their temperatures they are
the<00:23:47.400><c> same</c><00:23:47.640><c> temperature</c><00:23:48.120><c>
you'll</c><00:23:48.810><c> see</c><00:23:49.020><c> the</c><00:23:49.170><c>
same</c>

the same temperature you'll see the same

the same temperature you'll see the same
kind<00:23:49.710><c> of</c><00:23:49.830><c> radiation</c><00:23:50.240><c>
this</c><00:23:51.240><c> interactive</c>

kind of radiation this interactive

kind of radiation this interactive
figure<00:23:52.200><c> here</c><00:23:52.410><c> will</c><00:23:52.590><c>
allow</c><00:23:52.710><c> us</c><00:23:53.070><c> to</c><00:23:53.100><c>
play</c><00:23:53.520><c> it</c><00:23:53.700><c> out</c>

figure here will allow us to play it out

figure here will allow us to play it out
there's<00:23:54.600><c> blobs</c><00:23:54.990><c> a</c><00:23:55.320><c>
and</c><00:23:55.500><c> B</c><00:23:55.710><c> they're</c><00:23:56.160><c>
in</c><00:23:56.340><c> contact</c>

there's blobs a and B they're in contact

there's blobs a and B they're in contact
reaching<00:23:57.870><c> the</c><00:23:57.990><c> same</c><00:23:58.230><c>
temperature</c>

reaching the same temperature

reaching the same temperature
here<00:23:59.340><c> comes</c><00:23:59.610><c> inflation</c><00:24:00.240><c>
BAM</c><00:24:00.510><c> other</c><00:24:00.990><c> sides</c><00:24:01.350><c>
of</c>

here comes inflation BAM other sides of

here comes inflation BAM other sides of
the<00:24:01.620><c> universe</c><00:24:02.010><c> we</c><00:24:02.640><c>
haven't</c><00:24:02.970><c> yet</c><00:24:03.150><c> reached</c><00:24:03.510><c>
the</c>

the universe we haven't yet reached the

the universe we haven't yet reached the
moment<00:24:04.350><c> of</c><00:24:04.500><c> recombination</c><00:24:05.340><c>
that</c><00:24:05.370><c> comes</c><00:24:05.760><c> to</c><00:24:05.910><c> at</c>

moment of recombination that comes to at

moment of recombination that comes to at
380,000<00:24:07.200><c> years</c><00:24:07.250><c> so</c><00:24:08.250><c>
we're</c><00:24:08.400><c> still</c><00:24:08.640><c> going</c>

380,000 years so we're still going

380,000 years so we're still going
forward<00:24:09.270><c> in</c><00:24:09.360><c> time</c><00:24:09.600><c>
now</c><00:24:10.020><c> recombination</c><00:24:10.980><c> that</c>

forward in time now recombination that

forward in time now recombination that
light's<00:24:11.430><c> allowed</c><00:24:11.760><c> to</c><00:24:11.940><c>
freely</c><00:24:12.180><c> stream</c><00:24:12.660><c> and</c>

light's allowed to freely stream and

light's allowed to freely stream and
there<00:24:13.440><c> comes</c><00:24:13.800><c> and</c><00:24:14.100><c>
reaches</c><00:24:14.670><c> us</c><00:24:14.850><c> on</c><00:24:15.090><c>
earth</c><00:24:15.390><c> the</c>
there comes and reaches us on earth the

there comes and reaches us on earth the
Mike<00:24:16.380><c> with</c><00:24:16.680><c> microwaves</c><00:24:17.400><c>
from</c>

Mike with microwaves from

Mike with microwaves from
a<00:24:18.100><c> are</c><00:24:18.700><c> of</c><00:24:19.270><c>
a</c><00:24:19.720><c> similar</c><00:24:19.960><c> spectrum</c><00:24:20.620><c>
as</c><00:24:20.800><c> the</c>

a are of a similar spectrum as the

a are of a similar spectrum as the
microwaves<00:24:21.880><c> from</c><00:24:22.210><c> B</c><00:24:24.570><c>
why</c><00:24:25.570><c> is</c><00:24:25.630><c> the</c><00:24:25.900><c>
overall</c>

microwaves from B why is the overall

microwaves from B why is the overall
density<00:24:26.590><c> of</c><00:24:26.920><c> the</c><00:24:27.010><c>
universe</c><00:24:27.340><c> so</c><00:24:27.580><c> close</c><00:24:27.880><c>
to</c><00:24:28.150><c> this</c>

density of the universe so close to this

density of the universe so close to this
critical<00:24:28.690><c> density</c><00:24:29.640><c> we've</c><00:24:30.640><c>
talked</c><00:24:31.060><c> in</c><00:24:31.270><c> general</c>

critical density we've talked in general

critical density we've talked in general
relativity<00:24:31.980><c> about</c><00:24:32.980><c> how</c><00:24:33.250><c>
curvature</c><00:24:34.000><c> of</c>

relativity about how curvature of
relativity about how curvature of
space-time<00:24:34.510><c> makes</c><00:24:35.170><c> things</c><00:24:35.500><c>
move</c><00:24:35.950><c> and</c><00:24:36.370><c> so</c><00:24:36.910><c> if</c>

space-time makes things move and so if

space-time makes things move and so if
you<00:24:37.090><c> talk</c><00:24:37.270><c> about</c><00:24:37.420><c>
flat</c><00:24:37.870><c> space</c><00:24:38.470><c> what</c><00:24:39.280><c>
you're</c>

you talk about flat space what you're

you talk about flat space what you're
talking<00:24:39.820><c> about</c><00:24:39.880><c> is</c><00:24:40.240><c>
space</c><00:24:40.570><c> where</c><00:24:40.960><c> overall</c>

talking about is space where overall

talking about is space where overall
there's<00:24:42.370><c> no</c><00:24:42.640><c> local</c><00:24:43.090><c>
gravitational</c><00:24:43.960><c> sources</c>

there's no local gravitational sources

there's no local gravitational sources
that<00:24:45.130><c> are</c><00:24:45.250><c> pulling</c><00:24:45.520><c>
you</c><00:24:45.850><c> in</c><00:24:46.060><c> any</c><00:24:46.510><c> one</c>

that are pulling you in any one

that are pulling you in any one
direction<00:24:47.050><c> and</c><00:24:47.650><c> so</c><00:24:48.490><c>
this</c><00:24:48.820><c> plane</c><00:24:49.180><c> up</c><00:24:49.480><c>
at</c><00:24:49.660><c> the</c>

direction and so this plane up at the

direction and so this plane up at the
top<00:24:49.990><c> here</c><00:24:50.020><c> is</c><00:24:50.320><c>
representing</c><00:24:51.130><c> flat</c><00:24:51.550><c>
space</c><00:24:51.880><c> and</c>

top here is representing flat space and

top here is representing flat space and
the<00:24:52.930><c> geometry</c><00:24:53.230><c> class</c><00:24:53.800><c>
that</c><00:24:54.100><c> you</c><00:24:54.220><c> took</c><00:24:54.430><c>
in</c><00:24:54.640><c> high</c>

the geometry class that you took in high

the geometry class that you took in high
school<00:24:55.350><c> teaches</c><00:24:56.350><c> you</c><00:24:56.560><c>
that</c><00:24:56.860><c> the</c><00:24:57.370><c> sum</c><00:24:57.670><c>
of</c><00:24:57.820><c> the</c>

school teaches you that the sum of the

school teaches you that the sum of the
interior<00:24:58.720><c> angles</c><00:24:58.990><c> inside</c><00:24:59.890><c>
of</c><00:25:00.070><c> a</c><00:25:00.130><c> triangle</c><00:25:00.610><c> is</c>

interior angles inside of a triangle is

interior angles inside of a triangle is
180<00:25:01.270><c> degrees</c><00:25:01.870><c> but</c><00:25:02.800><c>
they</c><00:25:03.160><c> often</c><00:25:03.820><c> don't</c><00:25:04.000><c>
remind</c>

180 degrees but they often don't remind

180 degrees but they often don't remind
you<00:25:04.840><c> or</c><00:25:04.990><c> mention</c><00:25:05.500><c>
that</c><00:25:05.680><c> that's</c><00:25:06.040><c> true</c><00:25:06.430><c>
on</c><00:25:06.700><c> a</c>

you or mention that that's true on a

you or mention that that's true on a
flat<00:25:07.720><c> plane</c><00:25:08.280><c> right</c><00:25:09.280><c>
here</c><00:25:09.850><c> we</c><00:25:10.450><c> see</c><00:25:10.720><c> the</c>

flat plane right here we see the

flat plane right here we see the
triangle<00:25:11.680><c> the</c><00:25:11.920><c> sum</c><00:25:12.190><c>
of</c><00:25:12.220><c> the</c><00:25:12.400><c> angles</c><00:25:12.550><c>
is</c><00:25:13.000><c> 180</c>

triangle the sum of the angles is 180

triangle the sum of the angles is 180
degrees<00:25:14.100><c> you</c><00:25:15.100><c> can</c><00:25:15.340><c>
make</c><00:25:15.580><c> a</c><00:25:15.610><c> triangle</c><00:25:16.120><c>
on</c><00:25:16.450><c> other</c>

degrees you can make a triangle on other

degrees you can make a triangle on other
surfaces<00:25:17.050><c> that</c><00:25:17.590><c> aren't</c><00:25:17.800><c>
flat</c><00:25:18.040><c> like</c><00:25:18.520><c> here</c><00:25:18.790><c>
take</c>

surfaces that aren't flat like here take

surfaces that aren't flat like here take
this<00:25:19.270><c> sphere</c><00:25:19.840><c> here</c><00:25:20.230><c>
as</c><00:25:20.380><c> an</c><00:25:20.590><c> example</c><00:25:21.190><c>
let's</c><00:25:22.090><c> say</c>

this sphere here as an example let's say

this sphere here as an example let's say
that<00:25:22.390><c> you're</c><00:25:22.570><c> here</c><00:25:22.930><c>
at</c><00:25:23.020><c> the</c><00:25:23.140><c> North</c><00:25:23.350><c>
Pole</c><00:25:23.410><c> and</c>

that you're here at the North Pole and

that you're here at the North Pole and
you<00:25:24.580><c> walk</c><00:25:24.760><c> all</c><00:25:25.000><c>
the</c><00:25:25.510><c> way</c><00:25:25.540><c> down</c><00:25:25.930><c>
to</c><00:25:26.230><c> the</c><00:25:26.350><c> equator</c>

you walk all the way down to the equator

you walk all the way down to the equator
I'm<00:25:27.040><c> gonna</c><00:25:27.280><c> go</c><00:25:27.460><c>
even</c><00:25:27.610><c> larger</c><00:25:28.180><c> than</c><00:25:28.360><c>
the</c>

I'm gonna go even larger than the

I'm gonna go even larger than the
triangle<00:25:28.780><c> shown</c><00:25:29.200><c> here</c><00:25:29.530><c>
before</c><00:25:30.280><c> you</c><00:25:30.400><c> make</c><00:25:30.580><c>
a</c>

triangle shown here before you make a

triangle shown here before you make a
left-hand<00:25:31.150><c> turn</c><00:25:31.660><c> and</c><00:25:31.930><c>
if</c><00:25:32.920><c> you're</c><00:25:33.070><c> making</c><00:25:33.370><c>
a</c>

left-hand turn and if you're making a

left-hand turn and if you're making a
left-hand<00:25:33.820><c> turn</c><00:25:33.940><c> turning</c><00:25:34.540><c>
on</c><00:25:34.690><c> to</c><00:25:34.870><c> the</c><00:25:34.960><c>
equator</c>

left-hand turn turning on to the equator

left-hand turn turning on to the equator
that's<00:25:35.530><c> a</c><00:25:35.680><c> 90-degree</c><00:25:36.340><c>
turn</c><00:25:36.480><c> let's</c><00:25:37.480><c> say</c><00:25:37.660><c>
you</c>

that's a 90-degree turn let's say you
that's a 90-degree turn let's say you
walk<00:25:37.960><c> 90</c><00:25:38.440><c> degrees</c><00:25:38.770><c>
around</c><00:25:38.980><c> the</c><00:25:39.340><c> earth</c><00:25:39.520><c>
and</c>

walk 90 degrees around the earth and

walk 90 degrees around the earth and
then<00:25:40.780><c> you</c><00:25:41.140><c> make</c><00:25:41.410><c>
another</c><00:25:42.210><c> left-hand</c><00:25:43.210><c> turn</c>

then you make another left-hand turn

then you make another left-hand turn
that's<00:25:44.680><c> a</c><00:25:44.860><c> second</c><00:25:45.280><c>
90</c><00:25:45.640><c> degree</c><00:25:45.940><c> angle</c><00:25:46.360><c>
and</c><00:25:46.570><c> you</c>

that's a second 90 degree angle and you

that's a second 90 degree angle and you
come<00:25:47.680><c> up</c><00:25:47.890><c> to</c><00:25:48.220><c>
the</c><00:25:48.310><c> North</c><00:25:48.520><c> Pole</c><00:25:49.320><c>
from</c><00:25:50.320><c> a</c>

come up to the North Pole from a

come up to the North Pole from a
direction<00:25:51.040><c> that's</c><00:25:51.160><c> 90</c><00:25:51.760><c>
degrees</c><00:25:51.790><c> away</c><00:25:52.390><c> from</c>

direction that's 90 degrees away from

direction that's 90 degrees away from
the<00:25:52.870><c> direction</c><00:25:53.380><c> you</c><00:25:53.470><c>
had</c><00:25:53.620><c> previously</c><00:25:53.830><c> left</c>

the direction you had previously left

the direction you had previously left
the<00:25:54.550><c> North</c><00:25:54.700><c> Pole</c><00:25:54.820><c>
so</c><00:25:55.330><c> there's</c><00:25:55.540><c> a</c><00:25:55.600><c>
third</c><00:25:55.960><c> 90</c>

the North Pole so there's a third 90

the North Pole so there's a third 90
degree<00:25:56.710><c> angle</c><00:25:57.130><c> and</c><00:25:57.340><c>
90</c><00:25:58.180><c> plus</c><00:25:58.420><c> 90</c><00:25:58.450><c>
plus</c><00:25:59.080><c> 90</c><00:25:59.110><c> is</c>

degree angle and 90 plus 90 plus 90 is

degree angle and 90 plus 90 plus 90 is
270<00:26:01.600><c> it's</c><00:26:02.170><c> not</c><00:26:02.350><c>
180</c><00:26:03.100><c> so</c><00:26:04.030><c> if</c><00:26:04.360><c>
you</c><00:26:04.540><c> make</c><00:26:04.750><c> the</c>

270 it's not 180 so if you make the

270 it's not 180 so if you make the
equivalent<00:26:05.440><c> of</c><00:26:05.530><c> a</c><00:26:05.590><c>
triangle</c><00:26:06.190><c> on</c><00:26:06.310><c> this</c><00:26:06.550><c>
curved</c>

equivalent of a triangle on this curved

equivalent of a triangle on this curved
surface<00:26:07.320><c> you</c><00:26:08.320><c> get</c><00:26:08.500><c>
the</c><00:26:09.160><c> sum</c><00:26:09.400><c> of</c><00:26:09.430><c>
the</c><00:26:09.700><c> interior</c>

surface you get the sum of the interior

surface you get the sum of the interior
angles<00:26:10.360><c> to</c><00:26:10.960><c> be</c><00:26:11.140><c>
larger</c><00:26:12.130><c> than</c><00:26:12.160><c> 180</c><00:26:13.090><c>
in</c><00:26:13.330><c> fact</c><00:26:13.660><c> the</c>

angles to be larger than 180 in fact the

angles to be larger than 180 in fact the
larger<00:26:14.200><c> the</c><00:26:14.350><c> triangle</c><00:26:14.800><c>
the</c><00:26:14.950><c> more</c><00:26:15.190><c> the</c><00:26:15.970><c>
sum</c><00:26:16.600><c> of</c>

larger the triangle the more the sum of

larger the triangle the more the sum of
the<00:26:16.780><c> interior</c><00:26:17.200><c> angles</c><00:26:17.410><c>
will</c><00:26:17.800><c> be</c><00:26:19.110><c> here</c><00:26:20.110><c>
if</c><00:26:20.230><c> you</c>

the interior angles will be here if you

the interior angles will be here if you
make<00:26:20.500><c> a</c><00:26:20.530><c> triangle</c><00:26:20.860><c>
on</c><00:26:21.520><c> a</c><00:26:21.940><c> saddle</c><00:26:22.420><c>
surface</c><00:26:23.110><c> like</c>

make a triangle on a saddle surface like

make a triangle on a saddle surface like
this<00:26:23.620><c> or</c><00:26:23.890><c> it</c><00:26:24.280><c>
kind</c><00:26:24.490><c> of</c><00:26:24.520><c> looks</c><00:26:24.670><c>
like</c><00:26:24.760><c> a</c><00:26:24.850><c> Pringles</c>

this or it kind of looks like a Pringles

this or it kind of looks like a Pringles
potato<00:26:25.420><c> chip</c><00:26:26.140><c> then</c><00:26:27.100><c>
the</c><00:26:27.370><c> sum</c><00:26:27.610><c> of</c><00:26:27.640><c>
the</c><00:26:27.790><c> angles</c>

potato chip then the sum of the angles

potato chip then the sum of the angles
turns<00:26:28.450><c> out</c><00:26:28.660><c> to</c><00:26:28.840><c>
be</c><00:26:28.870><c> less</c><00:26:29.230><c> than</c><00:26:29.460><c> 180</c>

turns out to be less than 180

turns out to be less than 180
degrees<00:26:30.940><c> and</c><00:26:31.960><c> it</c><00:26:32.960><c>
turns</c><00:26:33.350><c> out</c><00:26:33.559><c> that</c><00:26:33.830><c>
our</c>

degrees and it turns out that our

degrees and it turns out that our
universe<00:26:34.429><c> is</c><00:26:34.700><c> most</c><00:26:35.330><c>
like</c><00:26:35.630><c> this</c><00:26:35.900><c> over</c><00:26:36.830><c>
large</c>

universe is most like this over large

universe is most like this over large
distance<00:26:38.000><c> scales</c><00:26:38.390><c> if</c><00:26:39.580><c>
you</c><00:26:40.580><c> were</c><00:26:41.090><c> to</c><00:26:41.240><c>
make</c><00:26:41.390><c> a</c>

distance scales if you were to make a

distance scales if you were to make a
big<00:26:41.779><c> triangle</c><00:26:42.200><c> out</c><00:26:42.679><c>
there</c><00:26:43.010><c> in</c><00:26:43.220><c> the</c><00:26:43.340><c>
universe</c>

big triangle out there in the universe

big triangle out there in the universe
and<00:26:44.059><c> measure</c><00:26:44.270><c> the</c><00:26:44.539><c>
sum</c><00:26:44.750><c> of</c><00:26:44.779><c> the</c><00:26:44.960><c>
interior</c>

and measure the sum of the interior

and measure the sum of the interior
angles<00:26:45.620><c> it'd</c><00:26:46.100><c> be</c><00:26:46.549><c>
180</c><00:26:47.090><c> degrees</c><00:26:47.450><c> you</c><00:26:48.940><c>
wouldn't</c>

angles it'd be 180 degrees you wouldn't
angles it'd be 180 degrees you wouldn't
have<00:26:50.150><c> to</c><00:26:50.360><c> have</c><00:26:50.450><c>
had</c><00:26:50.720><c> a</c><00:26:50.750><c> universe</c><00:26:51.289><c>
that</c><00:26:51.320><c> way</c><00:26:51.679><c> one</c>

have to have had a universe that way one

have to have had a universe that way one
could<00:26:52.279><c> imagine</c><00:26:52.429><c> a</c><00:26:52.970><c>
universe</c><00:26:53.360><c> which</c><00:26:53.630><c> was</c><00:26:53.809><c>
more</c>

could imagine a universe which was more

could imagine a universe which was more
like<00:26:54.260><c> this</c><00:26:54.919><c> or</c><00:26:55.400><c>
even</c><00:26:55.909><c> more</c><00:26:56.090><c> like</c><00:26:56.299><c>
that</c><00:26:56.539><c> and</c><00:26:57.220><c> in</c>

like this or even more like that and in

like this or even more like that and in
that<00:26:58.730><c> case</c><00:26:59.029><c> then</c><00:26:59.440><c>
you</c><00:27:00.440><c> would</c><00:27:00.590><c> say</c><00:27:00.770><c>
you</c><00:27:00.830><c> don't</c>

that case then you would say you don't

that case then you would say you don't
have<00:27:01.429><c> this</c><00:27:01.669><c> fat</c><00:27:01.970><c>
flattened</c><00:27:02.750><c> universe</c><00:27:03.110><c> you</c>

have this fat flattened universe you

have this fat flattened universe you
have<00:27:03.500><c> the</c><00:27:03.679><c> curved</c><00:27:03.980><c>
universe</c><00:27:04.309><c> now</c><00:27:05.299><c> we're</c><00:27:05.510><c>
going</c>

have the curved universe now we're going
have the curved universe now we're going
to<00:27:05.690><c> be</c><00:27:05.870><c> connecting</c><00:27:06.649><c>
the</c><00:27:06.919><c> curvature</c><00:27:07.610><c> of</c><00:27:07.640><c>
the</c>

to be connecting the curvature of the

to be connecting the curvature of the
universe<00:27:07.880><c> to</c><00:27:08.510><c> the</c><00:27:08.630><c>
density</c><00:27:09.080><c> of</c><00:27:09.200><c> the</c><00:27:09.409><c>
universe</c>

universe to the density of the universe

universe to the density of the universe
there's<00:27:10.070><c> going</c><00:27:10.220><c> to</c><00:27:10.279><c>
be</c><00:27:10.370><c> a</c><00:27:10.460><c> critical</c><00:27:10.820><c>
density</c>

there's going to be a critical density

there's going to be a critical density
and<00:27:11.980><c> it'll</c><00:27:12.980><c> turn</c><00:27:13.130><c>
out</c><00:27:13.309><c> to</c><00:27:13.520><c> within</c>

and it'll turn out to within

and it'll turn out to within
experimental<00:27:14.240><c> measurements</c><00:27:15.169><c>
the</c><00:27:16.179><c> density</c><00:27:17.179><c> of</c>

experimental measurements the density of

experimental measurements the density of
the<00:27:17.390><c> universe</c><00:27:17.419><c> is</c><00:27:17.929><c>
right</c><00:27:18.169><c> at</c><00:27:18.350><c> the</c><00:27:18.529><c>
critical</c>

the universe is right at the critical

the universe is right at the critical
value<00:27:19.279><c> to</c><00:27:19.399><c> make</c><00:27:19.520><c>
it</c><00:27:19.700><c> flat</c><00:27:19.909><c> had</c><00:27:20.539><c>
the</c><00:27:20.720><c> universe</c>

value to make it flat had the universe

value to make it flat had the universe
been<00:27:21.289><c> more</c><00:27:21.529><c> dense</c><00:27:21.830><c>
than</c><00:27:22.070><c> that</c><00:27:22.340><c> then</c><00:27:23.149><c>
we</c><00:27:23.330><c> would</c>

been more dense than that then we would

been more dense than that then we would
have<00:27:23.690><c> what's</c><00:27:23.990><c> called</c><00:27:24.230><c>
a</c><00:27:24.350><c> closed</c><00:27:24.799><c> universe</c>

have what's called a closed universe

have what's called a closed universe
look<00:27:26.299><c> how</c><00:27:26.419><c> the</c><00:27:26.480><c>
sphere</c><00:27:26.929><c> closes</c><00:27:27.440><c> in</c><00:27:27.590><c>
on</c><00:27:27.710><c> itself</c>

look how the sphere closes in on itself

look how the sphere closes in on itself
or<00:27:28.399><c> if</c><00:27:29.029><c> the</c><00:27:29.240><c>
density</c><00:27:29.480><c> was</c><00:27:29.870><c> less</c><00:27:30.140><c>
than</c><00:27:30.440><c> that</c>

or if the density was less than that

or if the density was less than that
critical<00:27:30.830><c> value</c><00:27:31.100><c> you</c><00:27:31.520><c>
would</c><00:27:31.610><c> have</c><00:27:31.789><c> what's</c>

critical value you would have what's

critical value you would have what's
called<00:27:32.179><c> an</c><00:27:32.390><c> open</c><00:27:32.899><c>
universe</c><00:27:34.570><c> so</c><00:27:35.570><c> why</c><00:27:35.840><c>
does</c>

called an open universe so why does

called an open universe so why does
inflation<00:27:37.929><c> predict</c><00:27:38.929><c> or</c><00:27:39.289><c>
explain</c><00:27:39.520><c> that</c><00:27:40.520><c> we</c>

inflation predict or explain that we

inflation predict or explain that we
have<00:27:40.880><c> a</c><00:27:40.909><c> flat</c><00:27:41.149><c>
universe</c><00:27:41.710><c> well</c><00:27:42.710><c> let's</c><00:27:43.039><c>
imagine</c>

have a flat universe well let's imagine

have a flat universe well let's imagine
that<00:27:43.730><c> you</c><00:27:44.000><c> start</c><00:27:44.299><c>
with</c><00:27:44.390><c> a</c><00:27:44.630><c> universe</c><00:27:45.169><c>
that's</c>

that you start with a universe that's

that you start with a universe that's
not<00:27:45.470><c> flat</c>

not flat

not flat
maybe<00:27:46.760><c> it's</c><00:27:47.029><c> spherical</c><00:27:47.539><c>
a</c><00:27:48.110><c> closed</c><00:27:48.409><c> universe</c>

maybe it's spherical a closed universe

maybe it's spherical a closed universe
like<00:27:49.220><c> this</c><00:27:49.490><c> you</c><00:27:50.179><c>
have</c><00:27:50.390><c> to</c><00:27:50.539><c> imagine</c><00:27:50.779><c>
that</c>
like this you have to imagine that

like this you have to imagine that
you're<00:27:51.320><c> the</c><00:27:51.529><c> ant</c><00:27:51.770><c>
that's</c><00:27:52.309><c> walking</c><00:27:52.669><c> on</c><00:27:53.059><c>
the</c>

you're the ant that's walking on the

you're the ant that's walking on the
surface<00:27:53.659><c> of</c><00:27:53.809><c> this</c><00:27:54.049><c>
expanding</c><00:27:54.950><c> balloon</c><00:27:55.279><c>
and</c><00:27:55.730><c> at</c>

surface of this expanding balloon and at

surface of this expanding balloon and at
first<00:27:56.750><c> the</c><00:27:57.020><c> balloon</c><00:27:57.230><c>
is</c><00:27:57.440><c> of</c><00:27:57.590><c> a</c><00:27:57.620><c>
moderate</c><00:27:58.100><c> size</c>

first the balloon is of a moderate size

first the balloon is of a moderate size
but<00:27:58.760><c> after</c><00:27:59.120><c> inflation</c><00:27:59.539><c>
it</c><00:28:00.110><c> becomes</c><00:28:00.919><c> very</c><00:28:01.250><c>
big</c>

but after inflation it becomes very big

but after inflation it becomes very big
very<00:28:01.880><c> quickly</c><00:28:01.940><c> and</c><00:28:03.039><c>
now</c><00:28:04.039><c> you're</c><00:28:04.490><c> still</c><00:28:04.909><c>
the</c>

very quickly and now you're still the

very quickly and now you're still the
ant<00:28:05.299><c> walking</c><00:28:05.659><c> on</c><00:28:06.020><c>
the</c><00:28:06.169><c> surface</c><00:28:06.350><c> of</c><00:28:06.740><c>
this</c>

ant walking on the surface of this

ant walking on the surface of this
balloon<00:28:07.690><c> but</c><00:28:08.690><c> it's</c><00:28:09.020><c>
a</c><00:28:09.200><c> lot</c><00:28:09.409><c> harder</c><00:28:09.440><c>
to</c><00:28:10.039><c> measure</c>

balloon but it's a lot harder to measure

balloon but it's a lot harder to measure
the<00:28:11.779><c> deviation</c><00:28:12.500><c> away</c><00:28:12.620><c>
from</c><00:28:12.799><c> flatness</c><00:28:13.610><c> down</c>

the deviation away from flatness down

the deviation away from flatness down
here<00:28:14.750><c> you're</c><00:28:14.960><c> the</c><00:28:15.110><c>
ant</c><00:28:15.320><c> you</c><00:28:15.559><c> could</c><00:28:15.740><c>
make</c><00:28:15.890><c> a</c>

here you're the ant you could make a

here you're the ant you could make a
triangle<00:28:16.460><c> on</c><00:28:16.549><c> the</c><00:28:16.580><c>
balloon</c><00:28:16.880><c> and</c><00:28:17.059><c> figure</c><00:28:17.360><c>
out</c>

triangle on the balloon and figure out

triangle on the balloon and figure out
that<00:28:17.720><c> it's</c><00:28:17.870><c> not</c><00:28:18.140><c>
a</c><00:28:18.380><c> hundred</c><00:28:18.710><c> and</c><00:28:18.799><c>
eighty</c>

that it's not a hundred and eighty

that it's not a hundred and eighty
degrees<00:28:19.010><c> for</c><00:28:19.549><c> the</c><00:28:19.640><c>
sum</c><00:28:19.820><c> of</c><00:28:19.850><c> the</c><00:28:19.970><c>
angles</c><00:28:20.120><c> and</c>

degrees for the sum of the angles and

degrees for the sum of the angles and
that<00:28:20.720><c> oh</c><00:28:20.960><c> man</c><00:28:21.529><c>
I</c><00:28:21.919><c> must</c><00:28:22.610><c> not</c><00:28:22.730><c>
be</c><00:28:22.789><c> living</c><00:28:23.149><c> on</c><00:28:23.299><c> a</c>

that oh man I must not be living on a

that oh man I must not be living on a
flat<00:28:23.600><c> surface</c><00:28:23.809><c> up</c><00:28:24.559><c>
here</c><00:28:25.159><c> the</c><00:28:25.700><c> surface</c><00:28:26.240><c>
has</c>

flat surface up here the surface has

flat surface up here the surface has
expanded<00:28:27.320><c> so</c><00:28:27.559><c> much</c><00:28:27.789><c>
that</c><00:28:28.789><c> it's</c><00:28:29.360><c> no</c><00:28:29.600><c>
longer</c>

expanded so much that it's no longer

expanded so much that it's no longer
easy<00:28:30.620><c> to</c><00:28:31.190><c> do</c><00:28:31.610><c>
the</c><00:28:31.789><c> experiments</c><00:28:32.570><c> and</c><00:28:32.659><c>
see</c><00:28:33.110><c> that</c>

easy to do the experiments and see that

easy to do the experiments and see that
your<00:28:34.159><c> surface</c><00:28:34.399><c> is</c><00:28:34.760><c>
not</c><00:28:34.940><c> flat</c>

your surface is not flat

your surface is not flat
it's<00:28:35.809><c> so</c><00:28:36.610><c> expanded</c><00:28:37.610><c>
that</c><00:28:38.059><c> it</c><00:28:38.299><c> is</c><00:28:38.780><c>
very</c><00:28:39.140><c> close</c>

it's so expanded that it is very close

it's so expanded that it is very close
to<00:28:39.799><c> being</c><00:28:40.010><c> flat</c><00:28:40.340><c>
and</c><00:28:41.500><c> indeed</c><00:28:42.500><c> that</c><00:28:42.679><c>
seems</c><00:28:43.010><c> to</c>

to being flat and indeed that seems to

to being flat and indeed that seems to
be<00:28:43.399><c> the</c><00:28:43.549><c> way</c><00:28:43.669><c>
our</c><00:28:43.880><c> univer</c>

be the way our univer

be the way our univer
as<00:28:44.899><c> well</c><00:28:45.080><c> as</c><00:28:45.649><c>
far</c><00:28:45.980><c> as</c><00:28:46.100><c> we</c><00:28:46.250><c>
can</c><00:28:46.429><c> tell</c><00:28:46.640><c> it's</c>

as well as far as we can tell it's

as well as far as we can tell it's
perfectly<00:28:47.630><c> flat</c><00:28:47.870><c> it</c><00:28:48.380><c>
may</c><00:28:48.559><c> be</c><00:28:48.620><c> ever</c><00:28:48.980><c> so</c>

perfectly flat it may be ever so

perfectly flat it may be ever so
slightly<00:28:49.640><c> away</c><00:28:50.120><c> from</c><00:28:50.570><c>
not</c><00:28:50.840><c> flat</c><00:28:51.169><c> but</c><00:28:51.919><c>
it</c><00:28:52.190><c> is</c>

slightly away from not flat but it is

slightly away from not flat but it is
darn<00:28:53.539><c> close</c><00:28:53.960><c> and</c><00:28:54.289><c>
any</c><00:28:55.039><c> deviation</c><00:28:55.340><c> that</c><00:28:55.820><c>
there</c>
darn close and any deviation that there

darn close and any deviation that there
would<00:28:56.299><c> have</c><00:28:56.330><c> been</c><00:28:56.570><c>
would</c><00:28:56.750><c> have</c><00:28:56.870><c> been</c><00:28:57.019><c>
even</c>

would have been would have been even

would have been would have been even
larger<00:28:57.950><c> in</c><00:28:58.100><c> the</c><00:28:58.190><c>
past</c><00:28:58.490><c> which</c><00:28:59.360><c> makes</c><00:28:59.659><c>
us</c><00:28:59.840><c> think</c>

larger in the past which makes us think

larger in the past which makes us think
that<00:29:00.169><c> it</c><00:29:00.470><c> is</c><00:29:00.620><c>
actually</c><00:29:01.070><c> very</c><00:29:01.100><c> close</c><00:29:01.760><c>
to</c><00:29:02.000><c> the</c>

that it is actually very close to the

that it is actually very close to the
critical<00:29:02.299><c> density</c><00:29:03.399><c> now</c><00:29:04.399><c>
as</c><00:29:04.610><c> the</c><00:29:04.789><c> years</c><00:29:04.970><c>
have</c>

critical density now as the years have

critical density now as the years have
gone<00:29:05.269><c> by</c><00:29:05.500><c> there</c><00:29:06.500><c>
have</c><00:29:06.679><c> been</c><00:29:06.890><c> better</c><00:29:07.130><c>
and</c>

gone by there have been better and

gone by there have been better and
better<00:29:07.700><c> satellites</c><00:29:08.510><c> for</c><00:29:08.960><c>
measuring</c><00:29:09.710><c> this</c>
better satellites for measuring this

better satellites for measuring this
cosmic<00:29:10.490><c> microwave</c><00:29:10.669><c>
background</c><00:29:11.000><c> radiation</c>

cosmic microwave background radiation

cosmic microwave background radiation
starting<00:29:12.980><c> with</c><00:29:13.100><c> the</c><00:29:13.220><c>
Coby</c><00:29:13.669><c> satellite</c><00:29:13.940><c> circa</c>

starting with the Coby satellite circa

starting with the Coby satellite circa
1990<00:29:15.830><c> the</c><00:29:16.580><c> Wilkinson</c><00:29:17.120><c>
microwave</c><00:29:18.190><c> anisotropy</c>

1990 the Wilkinson microwave anisotropy

1990 the Wilkinson microwave anisotropy
probe<00:29:20.260><c> in</c><00:29:21.260><c> the</c><00:29:21.649><c>
early</c><00:29:22.039><c> 2000s</c><00:29:23.000><c> and</c><00:29:23.149><c>
most</c>

probe in the early 2000s and most

probe in the early 2000s and most
recently<00:29:24.500><c> the</c><00:29:24.620><c> Planck</c><00:29:25.039><c>
satellite</c><00:29:25.399><c> and</c><00:29:26.120><c> you</c>

recently the Planck satellite and you

recently the Planck satellite and you
can<00:29:26.870><c> see</c><00:29:27.139><c> that</c><00:29:27.470><c>
the</c><00:29:27.980><c> resolution</c><00:29:28.940><c> has</c><00:29:29.450><c>
been</c>

can see that the resolution has been
can see that the resolution has been
getting<00:29:30.019><c> better</c><00:29:30.380><c> and</c><00:29:30.679><c>
better</c><00:29:30.740><c> and</c><00:29:31.250><c> better</c>

getting better and better and better

getting better and better and better
which<00:29:31.850><c> with</c><00:29:32.269><c> each</c><00:29:32.539><c>
progressive</c><00:29:33.490><c> measurement</c>

which with each progressive measurement

which with each progressive measurement
of<00:29:34.669><c> this</c><00:29:34.880><c> cm</c><00:29:35.630><c>
B</c><00:29:36.669><c> now</c><00:29:37.669><c> I'd</c><00:29:37.789><c>
like</c><00:29:37.970><c> to</c><00:29:38.029><c> talk</c><00:29:38.360><c> a</c>

of this cm B now I'd like to talk a

of this cm B now I'd like to talk a
little<00:29:38.690><c> bit</c><00:29:38.960><c> about</c><00:29:38.990><c>
the</c><00:29:39.730><c> fluctuations</c><00:29:40.730><c> in</c>

little bit about the fluctuations in

little bit about the fluctuations in
background</c>


radiation<00:29:44.169><c> if</c><00:29:45.169><c> you</c><00:29:45.799><c>
look</c><00:29:46.010><c> here</c><00:29:46.340><c> you</c><00:29:46.730><c>
can</c><00:29:46.760><c> see</c>

radiation if you look here you can see

radiation if you look here you can see
you<00:29:47.600><c> know</c><00:29:47.720><c> the</c><00:29:47.990><c>
different</c><00:29:48.320><c> colors</c><00:29:48.679><c> are</c>

you know the different colors are

you know the different colors are
representing<00:29:49.809><c> slight</c><00:29:50.809><c>
variations</c><00:29:51.620><c> in</c><00:29:51.919><c> the</c>

representing slight variations in the

representing slight variations in the
temperature<00:29:52.330><c> from</c><00:29:53.330><c> the</c><00:29:53.480><c>
hottest</c><00:29:53.720><c> to</c><00:29:54.139><c> the</c>

temperature from the hottest to the

temperature from the hottest to the
coolest<00:29:54.710><c> regions</c><00:29:55.250><c> from</c><00:29:55.669><c>
the</c><00:29:55.760><c> Reds</c><00:29:56.480><c> to</c><00:29:56.840><c> the</c>

coolest regions from the Reds to the

coolest regions from the Reds to the
blues<00:29:57.260><c> and</c><00:29:57.970><c> what</c><00:29:58.970><c>
you</c><00:29:59.090><c> can</c><00:29:59.269><c> do</c><00:29:59.450><c>
is</c><00:29:59.630><c> you</c><00:29:59.840><c> can</c>

blues and what you can do is you can

blues and what you can do is you can
look<00:30:00.679><c> at</c><00:30:00.889><c> how</c><00:30:01.039><c>
big</c><00:30:01.429><c> those</c><00:30:01.760><c>
fluctuations</c><00:30:02.299><c> are</c>

look at how big those fluctuations are

look at how big those fluctuations are
in<00:30:03.380><c> the</c><00:30:03.710><c> sky</c><00:30:04.120><c>
this</c><00:30:05.120><c> horizontal</c><00:30:06.110><c> axis</c><00:30:06.529><c>
here</c><00:30:06.559><c> is</c>

in the sky this horizontal axis here is

in the sky this horizontal axis here is
a<00:30:07.279><c> measure</c><00:30:07.789><c> of</c><00:30:08.000><c>
angular</c><00:30:08.840><c> separation</c><00:30:09.110><c>
on</c><00:30:09.740><c> the</c>

a measure of angular separation on the

a measure of angular separation on the
sky<00:30:10.100><c> so</c><00:30:10.970><c> when</c><00:30:11.299><c>
we're</c><00:30:11.450><c> on</c><00:30:11.570><c> the</c><00:30:11.720><c>
left</c><00:30:11.960><c> side</c><00:30:12.230><c> of</c>

sky so when we're on the left side of

sky so when we're on the left side of
this<00:30:12.620><c> we're</c><00:30:13.250><c> talking</c><00:30:13.700><c>
about</c><00:30:13.850><c> an</c><00:30:14.299><c> angular</c>

this we're talking about an angular

this we're talking about an angular
separation<00:30:15.440><c> between</c><00:30:16.039><c> two</c><00:30:16.490><c>
points</c><00:30:16.880><c> on</c><00:30:17.000><c> the</c><00:30:17.149><c>
sky</c>

separation between two points on the sky

separation between two points on the sky
that<00:30:17.779><c> are</c><00:30:17.960><c> far</c><00:30:18.260><c>
apart</c><00:30:18.470><c> maybe</c><00:30:19.460><c> tens</c><00:30:19.909><c>
of</c><00:30:20.269><c> degrees</c>

that are far apart maybe tens of degrees

that are far apart maybe tens of degrees
apart<00:30:21.169><c> and</c><00:30:21.529><c> as</c><00:30:22.220><c>
you</c><00:30:22.399><c> go</c><00:30:22.549><c> over</c><00:30:22.820><c>
to</c><00:30:22.850><c> the</c><00:30:23.059><c> right</c>

apart and as you go over to the right

apart and as you go over to the right
side<00:30:23.570><c> of</c><00:30:23.750><c> this</c><00:30:23.870><c>
diagram</c><00:30:24.220><c> you're</c><00:30:25.220><c> talking</c>

side of this diagram you're talking

side of this diagram you're talking
about<00:30:25.669><c> two</c><00:30:25.909><c> points</c><00:30:26.269><c>
on</c><00:30:26.419><c> the</c><00:30:26.539><c> sky</c><00:30:26.750><c>
that</c><00:30:27.080><c> are</c>

about two points on the sky that are

about two points on the sky that are
very<00:30:27.440><c> close</c><00:30:28.010><c> together</c><00:30:28.309><c>
small</c><00:30:29.029><c> fractions</c><00:30:29.870><c> of</c><00:30:30.289><c>
a</c>

very close together small fractions of a

very close together small fractions of a
degree<00:30:30.409><c> apart</c><00:30:31.159><c> from</c><00:30:31.370><c>
one</c><00:30:31.580><c> another</c>

degree apart from one another

degree apart from one another
the<00:30:32.750><c> main</c><00:30:32.960><c> hump</c><00:30:33.440><c>
right</c><00:30:33.799><c> in</c><00:30:33.980><c> the</c><00:30:34.070><c>
middle</c><00:30:34.370><c> here</c>

the main hump right in the middle here

the main hump right in the middle here
corresponds<00:30:35.779><c> to</c><00:30:35.809><c> when</c><00:30:36.320><c>
points</c><00:30:36.889><c> are</c><00:30:37.010><c> about</c><00:30:37.250><c>
one</c>
corresponds to when points are about one

corresponds to when points are about one
degree<00:30:37.820><c> apart</c><00:30:38.389><c> so</c><00:30:39.080><c>
as</c><00:30:39.260><c> this</c><00:30:39.440><c> traces</c><00:30:40.039><c>
from</c><00:30:40.370><c> left</c>

degree apart so as this traces from left

degree apart so as this traces from left
to<00:30:40.789><c> right</c><00:30:41.059><c> let's</c><00:30:41.990><c>
like</c><00:30:43.149><c> keep</c><00:30:44.149><c> in</c><00:30:44.330><c>
mind</c><00:30:44.600><c> the</c>

to right let's like keep in mind the

to right let's like keep in mind the
moment<00:30:45.019><c> when</c><00:30:45.350><c> it's</c><00:30:45.500><c>
crossing</c><00:30:45.830><c> this</c><00:30:46.159><c> big</c><00:30:46.429><c>
hump</c>

moment when it's crossing this big hump

moment when it's crossing this big hump
you<00:30:47.480><c> see</c><00:30:47.659><c> that's</c><00:30:47.840><c>
when</c><00:30:48.110><c> the</c><00:30:48.370><c> fluctuations</c>

you see that's when the fluctuations

you see that's when the fluctuations
that<00:30:49.909><c> we're</c><00:30:50.480><c> considering</c><00:30:51.049><c>
at</c><00:30:51.380><c> that</c><00:30:51.590><c> moment</c>

that we're considering at that moment

that we're considering at that moment
are<00:30:52.510><c> one</c><00:30:53.510><c> degree</c><00:30:53.809><c>
apart</c><00:30:54.440><c> from</c><00:30:54.649><c> one</c><00:30:54.830><c>
another</c>
are one degree apart from one another

are one degree apart from one another
and<00:30:55.779><c> it's</c><00:30:56.779><c> actually</c><00:30:57.260><c>
when</c>

and it's actually when

and it's actually when
consider<00:30:57.920><c> two</c><00:30:58.160><c> points</c><00:30:58.580><c>
in</c><00:30:58.700><c> the</c><00:30:58.790><c> sky</c><00:30:59.030><c>
that</c><00:30:59.300><c> are</c>

consider two points in the sky that are

consider two points in the sky that are
one<00:30:59.630><c> degree</c><00:30:59.960><c> apart</c><00:31:00.290><c>
that's</c><00:31:00.920><c> when</c><00:31:01.190><c> you're</c><00:31:01.340><c>
most</c>

one degree apart that's when you're most

one degree apart that's when you're most
likely<00:31:02.000><c> to</c><00:31:02.240><c> find</c><00:31:02.360><c>
a</c><00:31:02.990><c> large</c><00:31:03.320><c> temperature</c>

likely to find a large temperature

likely to find a large temperature
difference<00:31:04.430><c> that's</c><00:31:05.030><c> what's</c><00:31:05.390><c>
being</c><00:31:05.570><c> plotted</c>

difference that's what's being plotted

difference that's what's being plotted
on<00:31:06.260><c> the</c><00:31:06.410><c> vertical</c><00:31:06.440><c>
axis</c><00:31:07.160><c> here</c><00:31:07.340><c> delta</c><00:31:07.880><c>
T</c><00:31:08.120><c> in</c>

on the vertical axis here delta T in
on the vertical axis here delta T in
micro<00:31:09.680><c> Kelvin</c><00:31:10.420><c> micro</c><00:31:11.420><c>
is</c><00:31:11.570><c> ten</c><00:31:11.870><c> to</c><00:31:12.110><c>
the</c><00:31:12.140><c> minus</c>

micro Kelvin micro is ten to the minus

micro Kelvin micro is ten to the minus
six<00:31:12.890><c> Kelvin</c><00:31:13.430><c> and</c><00:31:13.700><c>
so</c><00:31:14.480><c> we</c><00:31:14.630><c> are</c><00:31:14.780><c>
talking</c><00:31:15.290><c> about</c>

six Kelvin and so we are talking about

six Kelvin and so we are talking about
very<00:31:15.830><c> small</c><00:31:16.420><c> fluctuations</c><00:31:17.420><c>
less</c><00:31:17.840><c> than</c><00:31:18.140><c> ten</c><00:31:18.440><c> to</c>

very small fluctuations less than ten to

very small fluctuations less than ten to
the<00:31:18.650><c> minus</c><00:31:18.740><c> four</c><00:31:19.340><c>
Kelvin</c><00:31:19.940><c> as</c><00:31:20.120><c> you</c><00:31:20.630><c>
go</c><00:31:20.780><c> from</c><00:31:20.990><c> one</c>

the minus four Kelvin as you go from one

the minus four Kelvin as you go from one
position<00:31:21.530><c> to</c><00:31:21.860><c> the</c><00:31:22.040><c>
other</c><00:31:22.130><c> so</c><00:31:23.030><c> the</c><00:31:23.570><c>
temperature</c>

position to the other so the temperature

position to the other so the temperature
is<00:31:24.290><c> remarkably</c><00:31:25.100><c> close</c><00:31:25.400><c>
to</c><00:31:25.670><c> two</c><00:31:25.820><c> point</c><00:31:26.090><c>
seven</c>

is remarkably close to two point seven
is remarkably close to two point seven
Kelvin<00:31:27.290><c> everywhere</c><00:31:28.070><c> but</c><00:31:28.790><c>
it</c><00:31:28.880><c> has</c><00:31:29.030><c> these</c><00:31:29.240><c>
small</c>

Kelvin everywhere but it has these small

Kelvin everywhere but it has these small
fluctuations<00:31:30.710><c> about</c><00:31:31.370><c> the</c><00:31:31.730><c>
average</c><00:31:32.690><c> and</c><00:31:33.190><c> so</c>

fluctuations about the average and so

fluctuations about the average and so
notice<00:31:34.790><c> that</c><00:31:35.150><c> if</c><00:31:35.330><c>
you</c><00:31:35.360><c> have</c><00:31:35.630><c> big</c><00:31:36.050><c>
sizes</c><00:31:36.910><c> the</c>

notice that if you have big sizes the

notice that if you have big sizes the
temperature<00:31:38.450><c> difference</c><00:31:38.870><c>
from</c><00:31:38.930><c> one</c><00:31:39.320><c> side</c><00:31:39.350><c> to</c>

temperature difference from one side to

temperature difference from one side to
the<00:31:39.980><c> other</c><00:31:40.070><c> two</c><00:31:40.670><c>
points</c><00:31:40.910><c> on</c><00:31:41.210><c> the</c><00:31:41.330><c>
sky</c><00:31:41.540><c> say</c>

the other two points on the sky say

the other two points on the sky say
ninety<00:31:42.290><c> degrees</c><00:31:42.620><c> apart</c><00:31:42.980><c>
that</c><00:31:43.640><c> temperature</c>

ninety degrees apart that temperature
ninety degrees apart that temperature
difference<00:31:44.300><c> is</c><00:31:44.660><c> rather</c><00:31:44.840><c>
small</c><00:31:45.140><c> 30</c><00:31:45.950><c> micro</c>

difference is rather small 30 micro

difference is rather small 30 micro
Kelvin<00:31:46.760><c> if</c><00:31:46.940><c> you</c><00:31:47.480><c>
take</c><00:31:47.720><c> two</c><00:31:47.930><c> points</c><00:31:48.350><c>
on</c><00:31:48.470><c> the</c><00:31:48.590><c> sky</c>

Kelvin if you take two points on the sky

Kelvin if you take two points on the sky
that<00:31:49.700><c> are</c><00:31:49.970><c> one</c><00:31:50.360><c>
degree</c><00:31:50.540><c> apart</c><00:31:50.960><c> then</c><00:31:51.170><c>
on</c>

that are one degree apart then on

that are one degree apart then on
average<00:31:51.470><c> their</c><00:31:51.980><c> difference</c><00:31:52.640><c>
delta</c><00:31:53.150><c> T</c><00:31:53.330><c> might</c>

average their difference delta T might

average their difference delta T might
be<00:31:53.720><c> six</c><00:31:54.080><c> seventy</c><00:31:54.650><c>
or</c><00:31:54.740><c> eighty</c><00:31:54.770><c> micro</c><00:31:55.580><c>
Kelvin</c>

be six seventy or eighty micro Kelvin

be six seventy or eighty micro Kelvin
and<00:31:56.210><c> then</c><00:31:56.690><c> as</c><00:31:56.840><c>
you</c><00:31:56.960><c> get</c><00:31:57.080><c> two</c><00:31:57.230><c>
points</c><00:31:57.470><c> that</c><00:31:57.590><c> are</c>

and then as you get two points that are

and then as you get two points that are
super<00:31:58.070><c> close</c><00:31:58.310><c> together</c><00:31:58.820><c>
it</c><00:31:59.120><c> makes</c><00:31:59.630><c> sense</c><00:31:59.930><c>
that</c>

super close together it makes sense that

super close together it makes sense that
their<00:32:00.560><c> temperatures</c><00:32:01.100><c> are</c><00:32:01.340><c>
nearly</c><00:32:01.670><c> the</c><00:32:01.820><c> same</c>

their temperatures are nearly the same

their temperatures are nearly the same
because<00:32:02.330><c> they're</c><00:32:02.510><c> close</c><00:32:02.720><c>
enough</c><00:32:03.050><c> to</c><00:32:03.200><c> maybe</c>

because they're close enough to maybe

because they're close enough to maybe
have<00:32:03.590><c> come</c><00:32:03.830><c> from</c><00:32:04.070><c>
the</c><00:32:04.160><c> same</c><00:32:04.400><c> seed</c><00:32:04.790><c>
of</c><00:32:05.090><c> the</c>

have come from the same seed of the

have come from the same seed of the
universe<00:32:05.570><c> the</c><00:32:06.140><c> same</c><00:32:06.440><c>
little</c><00:32:06.800><c> region</c><00:32:08.200><c> okay</c><00:32:09.200><c>
so</c>

universe the same little region okay so

universe the same little region okay so
why<00:32:09.560><c> are</c><00:32:09.710><c> we</c><00:32:09.800><c>
talking</c><00:32:10.280><c> about</c><00:32:10.370><c> this</c><00:32:10.790><c>
well</c><00:32:11.570><c> the</c>

why are we talking about this well the

why are we talking about this well the
point<00:32:12.200><c> is</c><00:32:12.410><c> the</c><00:32:12.650><c>
following</c><00:32:13.600><c> this</c><00:32:14.600><c> is</c><00:32:14.660><c>
what</c><00:32:15.140><c> we</c>

point is the following this is what we

point is the following this is what we
observe<00:32:15.800><c> this</c><00:32:16.220><c> yellow</c><00:32:16.700><c>
line</c><00:32:16.730><c> right</c><00:32:17.330><c> here</c>

observe this yellow line right here

observe this yellow line right here
right<00:32:18.800><c> it's</c><00:32:19.220><c> a</c><00:32:19.400><c>
detailed</c><00:32:20.030><c> bit</c><00:32:20.570><c> of</c><00:32:20.690><c>
information</c>

right it's a detailed bit of information

right it's a detailed bit of information
about<00:32:22.670><c> those</c><00:32:23.140><c> fluctuations</c><00:32:24.140><c>
in</c><00:32:24.440><c> the</c><00:32:24.560><c> sky</c><00:32:24.830><c> and</c>

about those fluctuations in the sky and

about those fluctuations in the sky and
you<00:32:26.240><c> can</c><00:32:26.450><c> take</c><00:32:26.750><c>
your</c><00:32:26.780><c> Big</c><00:32:27.320><c> Bang</c><00:32:27.590><c>
model</c><00:32:27.950><c> and</c><00:32:28.430><c> you</c>

you can take your Big Bang model and you

you can take your Big Bang model and you
can<00:32:29.210><c> adjust</c><00:32:29.560><c> parameters</c><00:32:30.560><c>
in</c><00:32:30.770><c> it</c><00:32:30.860><c> there</c><00:32:31.070><c>
are</c><00:32:31.190><c> a</c>

can adjust parameters in it there are a

can adjust parameters in it there are a
few<00:32:31.520><c> free</c><00:32:31.910><c> parameters</c><00:32:32.630><c>
adjust</c>

few free parameters that you can adjust

few free parameters that you can adjust
one<00:32:33.650><c> of</c><00:32:33.800><c> them</c><00:32:33.920><c>
is</c><00:32:34.160><c> we</c><00:32:34.730><c> mentioned</c><00:32:35.120><c>
before</c><00:32:35.210><c> the</c>

one of them is we mentioned before the

one of them is we mentioned before the
percentage<00:32:36.710><c> of</c><00:32:36.920><c> ordinary</c><00:32:37.370><c>
matter</c><00:32:37.670><c> in</c><00:32:37.910><c> the</c>

percentage of ordinary matter in the

percentage of ordinary matter in the
universe<00:32:38.180><c> and</c><00:32:38.860><c> if</c><00:32:39.860><c>
you</c><00:32:40.250><c> take</c><00:32:40.670><c> too</c><00:32:40.730><c>
much</c><00:32:41.000><c> matter</c>

universe and if you take too much matter

universe and if you take too much matter
in<00:32:41.900><c> the</c><00:32:41.990><c> universe</c><00:32:42.460><c>
then</c><00:32:43.460><c> this</c><00:32:43.910><c> first</c><00:32:44.150><c>
hump</c>

in the universe then this first hump

in the universe then this first hump
here<00:32:45.050><c> turns</c><00:32:45.500><c> out</c><00:32:45.710><c>
to</c><00:32:45.860><c> be</c><00:32:45.890><c> too</c><00:32:46.190><c>
high</c><00:32:46.400><c> or</c><00:32:46.790><c> if</c><00:32:46.940><c> you</c>

here turns out to be too high or if you

here turns out to be too high or if you
don't<00:32:47.180><c> take</c><00:32:47.390><c> enough</c><00:32:47.720><c>
then</c><00:32:48.020><c> that</c><00:32:48.260><c> first</c><00:32:48.470><c>
hump</c>

don't take enough then that first hump

don't take enough then that first hump
is<00:32:48.860><c> too</c><00:32:49.100><c> low</c><00:32:49.340><c>
and</c><00:32:49.730><c> so</c><00:32:50.240><c> what</c><00:32:50.360><c>
you</c><00:32:50.480><c> do</c><00:32:50.660><c> is</c><00:32:50.840><c> you</c>

is too low and so what you do is you

is too low and so what you do is you
play<00:32:51.470><c> around</c><00:32:51.740><c> with</c><00:32:52.130><c>
that</c><00:32:52.310><c> parameter</c><00:32:52.910><c> in</c><00:32:53.030><c>
your</c>

play around with that parameter in your

play around with that parameter in your
model<00:32:53.600><c> until</c><00:32:54.500><c> you</c><00:32:54.770><c>
are</c><00:32:54.950><c> fitting</c><00:32:55.340><c> the</c><00:32:55.610><c>
data</c><00:32:55.820><c> as</c>

model until you are fitting the data as

model until you are fitting the data as
best<00:32:56.330><c> you</c><00:32:56.510><c> can</c><00:32:56.650><c>
you</c><00:32:57.650><c> actually</c><00:32:58.130><c> are</c><00:32:58.250><c>
fitting</c>

best you can you actually are fitting

best you can you actually are fitting
several<00:32:59.210><c> parameters</c><00:32:59.450><c> all</c><00:33:00.080><c>
at</c><00:33:00.260><c> once</c><00:33:00.470><c> another</c>

several parameters all at once another

several parameters all at once another
parameter<00:33:01.550><c> that</c><00:33:01.730><c> you</c><00:33:01.790><c>
fit</c><00:33:02.180><c> is</c><00:33:02.390><c> the</c><00:33:02.960><c> Dark</c>

parameter that you fit is the Dark

parameter that you fit is the Dark
Matter<00:33:03.440><c> density</c><00:33:03.860><c> and</c><00:33:04.430><c>
it</c><00:33:05.090><c> turns</c><00:33:05.330><c> out</c><00:33:05.510><c>
that</c>

Matter density and it turns out that

Matter density and it turns out that
that<00:33:05.960><c> needs</c><00:33:06.260><c> to</c><00:33:06.410><c>
be</c><00:33:06.530><c> fit</c><00:33:06.920><c> to</c><00:33:07.070><c>
about</c><00:33:07.340><c> 27%</c><00:33:08.210><c> the</c>

that needs to be fit to about 27% the

that needs to be fit to about 27% the
man

man

man
energy<00:33:09.730><c> density</c><00:33:10.210><c> in</c><00:33:10.330><c>
the</c><00:33:10.420><c> universe</c><00:33:10.800><c> if</c><00:33:11.800><c>
you</c>

energy density in the universe if you

energy density in the universe if you
use<00:33:12.310><c> more</c><00:33:12.640><c> than</c><00:33:12.910><c>
that</c><00:33:13.120><c> then</c><00:33:13.420><c> that</c><00:33:13.600><c>
central</c>

use more than that then that central

use more than that then that central
hump<00:33:14.320><c> is</c><00:33:14.500><c> too</c><00:33:14.740><c>
low</c><00:33:14.980><c> if</c><00:33:15.280><c> you</c><00:33:15.640><c>
use</c><00:33:15.850><c> less</c><00:33:16.180><c> than</c>
hump is too low if you use less than

hump is too low if you use less than
that<00:33:16.600><c> that</c><00:33:16.840><c> central</c><00:33:17.260><c>
hump</c><00:33:17.500><c> is</c><00:33:17.650><c> too</c><00:33:17.860><c>
hot</c><00:33:18.070><c> so</c><00:33:19.030><c> you</c>

that that central hump is too hot so you

that that central hump is too hot so you
adjust<00:33:19.630><c> the</c><00:33:19.840><c> parameters</c><00:33:20.470><c>
in</c><00:33:20.590><c> the</c><00:33:20.680><c> Big</c><00:33:20.860><c> Bang</c>

adjust the parameters in the Big Bang

adjust the parameters in the Big Bang
model<00:33:21.070><c> to</c><00:33:21.610><c> explain</c><00:33:21.760><c>
the</c><00:33:22.650><c> observations</c><00:33:24.510><c> here</c>

model to explain the observations here

model to explain the observations here
I'm<00:33:25.690><c> showing</c><00:33:26.500><c> in</c><00:33:26.650><c>
the</c><00:33:26.800><c> dark</c><00:33:27.070><c> dark</c><00:33:27.460><c>
dots</c><00:33:27.760><c> the</c><00:33:28.120><c> W</c>

I'm showing in the dark dark dots the W

I'm showing in the dark dark dots the W
map<00:33:28.750><c> data</c><00:33:29.050><c> these</c><00:33:29.290><c>
are</c><00:33:29.350><c> not</c><00:33:29.650><c> yet</c><00:33:30.070><c>
the</c><00:33:30.340><c> most</c>

map data these are not yet the most

map data these are not yet the most
recent<00:33:31.210><c> data</c><00:33:31.390><c> that</c><00:33:31.660><c>
are</c><00:33:31.990><c> available</c><00:33:32.140><c> and</c><00:33:33.300><c>
the</c>
recent data that are available and the

recent data that are available and the
red<00:33:34.750><c> line</c><00:33:35.020><c> here</c><00:33:35.380><c>
is</c><00:33:35.500><c> the</c><00:33:35.530><c> so-called</c><00:33:35.940><c>
consensus</c>

red line here is the so-called consensus

red line here is the so-called consensus
model<00:33:37.390><c> for</c><00:33:37.570><c> the</c><00:33:37.660><c>
Big</c><00:33:37.810><c> Bang</c><00:33:38.020><c> and</c><00:33:38.410><c>
it's</c><00:33:39.100><c> more</c>

model for the Big Bang and it's more

model for the Big Bang and it's more
than<00:33:39.610><c> just</c><00:33:39.910><c> this</c><00:33:40.090><c>
first</c><00:33:40.540><c> maximum</c><00:33:41.350><c> you</c><00:33:41.530><c>
might</c>

than just this first maximum you might

than just this first maximum you might
wonder<00:33:41.890><c> what</c><00:33:42.130><c> is</c><00:33:42.190><c>
this</c><00:33:42.520><c> maximum</c><00:33:43.060><c> from</c><00:33:43.660><c>
what</c>

wonder what is this maximum from what

wonder what is this maximum from what
well<00:33:44.860><c> what</c><00:33:45.490><c> happens</c><00:33:45.940><c>
is</c><00:33:46.210><c> in</c><00:33:46.510><c> your</c><00:33:47.200><c>
universe</c>

well what happens is in your universe

well what happens is in your universe
you<00:33:48.880><c> have</c><00:33:48.930><c> perturbations</c><00:33:49.930><c>
and</c><00:33:50.170><c> things</c>
you have perturbations and things

you have perturbations and things
vibrate<00:33:51.220><c> right</c><00:33:52.030><c> and</c><00:33:52.360><c>
these</c><00:33:52.540><c> vibrations</c><00:33:53.220><c> the</c>

vibrate right and these vibrations the

vibrate right and these vibrations the
rate<00:33:54.430><c> at</c><00:33:54.700><c> which</c><00:33:54.730><c>
they</c><00:33:55.210><c> vibrate</c><00:33:55.750><c> the</c><00:33:55.930><c>
frequency</c>

rate at which they vibrate the frequency

rate at which they vibrate the frequency
can<00:33:57.340><c> be</c><00:33:57.490><c> well</c><00:33:57.670><c>
described</c><00:33:58.210><c> as</c><00:33:58.540><c> long</c><00:33:58.750><c>
as</c><00:33:58.930><c> you</c>

can be well described as long as you

can be well described as long as you
understand<00:33:59.500><c> what</c><00:33:59.740><c> makes</c><00:33:59.950><c>
it</c><00:34:00.160><c> up</c><00:34:00.540><c> ordinary</c>

understand what makes it up ordinary

understand what makes it up ordinary
matter<00:34:01.840><c> is</c><00:34:02.110><c> going</c><00:34:02.260><c>
to</c><00:34:02.320><c> vibrate</c><00:34:02.530><c> at</c><00:34:02.980><c> a</c>

matter is going to vibrate at a

matter is going to vibrate at a
different<00:34:03.400><c> rate</c><00:34:03.520><c> than</c><00:34:03.730><c>
dark</c><00:34:04.000><c> matter</c><00:34:04.300><c> etc</c><00:34:05.140><c>
and</c>

different rate than dark matter etc and
different rate than dark matter etc and
so<00:34:06.370><c> when</c><00:34:07.360><c> things</c><00:34:07.720><c>
are</c><00:34:07.900><c> vibrating</c><00:34:08.440><c> they</c><00:34:09.340><c>
go</c><00:34:09.550><c> to</c>

so when things are vibrating they go to

so when things are vibrating they go to
a<00:34:09.820><c> minimum</c><00:34:10.450><c> and</c><00:34:10.720><c>
a</c><00:34:10.810><c> maximum</c><00:34:10.840><c> and</c><00:34:11.710><c>
a</c><00:34:11.800><c> minimum</c>

a minimum and a maximum and a minimum

a minimum and a maximum and a minimum
right<00:34:13.090><c> and</c><00:34:13.300><c> when</c><00:34:13.899><c>
they're</c><00:34:14.080><c> at</c><00:34:14.260><c> that</c><00:34:14.290><c>
min</c><00:34:14.740><c> or</c>

right and when they're at that min or

right and when they're at that min or
max<00:34:15.070><c> they</c><00:34:15.850><c> slow</c><00:34:16.330><c>
down</c><00:34:16.360><c> they</c><00:34:16.960><c> stop</c><00:34:17.380><c>
and</c><00:34:17.710><c> then</c>

max they slow down they stop and then

max they slow down they stop and then
they<00:34:18.040><c> go</c><00:34:18.220><c> the</c><00:34:18.370><c>
other</c><00:34:18.399><c> way</c><00:34:18.870><c> so</c><00:34:19.870><c>
if</c><00:34:20.290><c> you</c><00:34:20.620><c> take</c><00:34:20.860><c> a</c>

they go the other way so if you take a

they go the other way so if you take a
picture<00:34:21.429><c> of</c><00:34:21.460><c> something</c><00:34:22.030><c>
that's</c><00:34:22.390><c> vibrating</c>

picture of something that's vibrating
picture of something that's vibrating
maybe<00:34:23.320><c> it's</c><00:34:23.500><c> a</c><00:34:23.590><c>
mass</c><00:34:23.800><c> on</c><00:34:24.040><c> a</c><00:34:24.100><c>
spring</c><00:34:24.250><c> or</c><00:34:25.000><c> maybe</c>

maybe it's a mass on a spring or maybe

maybe it's a mass on a spring or maybe
it's<00:34:25.630><c> a</c><00:34:25.750><c> pendulum</c><00:34:26.200><c>
that's</c><00:34:26.649><c> tick</c><00:34:26.919><c> talking</c><00:34:27.399><c>
back</c>

it's a pendulum that's tick talking back

it's a pendulum that's tick talking back
and<00:34:27.790><c> forth</c><00:34:27.880><c> and</c><00:34:28.330><c>
if</c><00:34:28.870><c> you</c><00:34:28.960><c> take</c><00:34:29.169><c>
several</c>

and forth and if you take several

and forth and if you take several
pictures<00:34:29.860><c> at</c><00:34:30.340><c> random</c><00:34:30.760><c>
times</c><00:34:31.000><c> maybe</c><00:34:31.510><c> you</c><00:34:31.690><c>
take</c>

pictures at random times maybe you take

pictures at random times maybe you take
a<00:34:31.929><c> hundred</c><00:34:32.230><c> random</c><00:34:32.710><c>
pictures</c><00:34:33.100><c> you're</c><00:34:33.880><c> more</c>

a hundred random pictures you're more

a hundred random pictures you're more
likely<00:34:34.540><c> going</c><00:34:34.960><c> to</c><00:34:35.050><c>
find</c><00:34:35.440><c> that</c><00:34:35.800><c> pendulum</c><00:34:36.460><c>
when</c>

likely going to find that pendulum when
likely going to find that pendulum when
it's<00:34:37.120><c> out</c><00:34:37.300><c> near</c><00:34:37.540><c>
the</c><00:34:37.570><c> edges</c><00:34:38.169><c> of</c><00:34:38.380><c>
its</c><00:34:38.560><c> swing</c><00:34:38.830><c> at</c>

it's out near the edges of its swing at

it's out near the edges of its swing at
the<00:34:39.750><c> extrema</c><00:34:40.919><c> because</c><00:34:41.919><c>
that's</c><00:34:42.340><c> where</c><00:34:42.640><c> it's</c>

the extrema because that's where it's

the extrema because that's where it's
moving<00:34:42.909><c> slowest</c><00:34:43.659><c> it's</c><00:34:44.230><c>
moving</c><00:34:44.500><c> very</c><00:34:44.530><c> quickly</c>

moving slowest it's moving very quickly

moving slowest it's moving very quickly
right<00:34:45.370><c> through</c><00:34:45.640><c> the</c><00:34:45.790><c>
center</c><00:34:46.270><c> and</c><00:34:46.450><c> so</c><00:34:47.169><c>
if</c><00:34:47.440><c> you</c>

right through the center and so if you

right through the center and so if you
just<00:34:47.770><c> take</c><00:34:47.919><c> a</c><00:34:47.980><c>
picture</c><00:34:48.399><c> at</c><00:34:48.550><c> a</c><00:34:48.580><c>
random</c><00:34:48.850><c> time</c>

just take a picture at a random time

just take a picture at a random time
you're<00:34:49.870><c> not</c><00:34:49.990><c> as</c><00:34:50.230><c>
likely</c><00:34:50.560><c> to</c><00:34:50.770><c> find</c><00:34:51.100><c>
it</c><00:34:51.310><c> there</c><00:34:51.520><c> so</c>

you're not as likely to find it there so
you're not as likely to find it there so
you<00:34:52.450><c> have</c><00:34:52.720><c> all</c><00:34:52.899><c>
these</c><00:34:53.080><c> little</c><00:34:53.380><c> blobs</c><00:34:53.590><c>
of</c><00:34:53.919><c> fluid</c>

you have all these little blobs of fluid

you have all these little blobs of fluid
that<00:34:54.580><c> are</c><00:34:54.730><c> oscillating</c><00:34:55.510><c>
but</c><00:34:56.290><c> at</c><00:34:56.649><c> that</c><00:34:57.340><c>
moment</c>

that are oscillating but at that moment

that are oscillating but at that moment
of<00:34:57.910><c> recombination</c><00:34:59.280><c> 380,000</c><00:35:00.280><c>
years</c><00:35:00.600><c> into</c><00:35:01.600><c> the</c>

of recombination 380,000 years into the

of recombination 380,000 years into the
evolution<00:35:02.200><c> of</c><00:35:02.290><c> the</c><00:35:02.380><c>
universe</c><00:35:02.500><c> when</c><00:35:03.010><c> the</c><00:35:03.250><c>
light</c>

evolution of the universe when the light

evolution of the universe when the light
that<00:35:03.700><c> we're</c><00:35:03.880><c> now</c><00:35:04.030><c>
talking</c><00:35:04.090><c> about</c><00:35:04.630><c> is</c><00:35:05.020><c>
released</c>

that we're now talking about is released

that we're now talking about is released
you'll<00:35:06.400><c> have</c><00:35:06.580><c> a</c><00:35:06.610><c>
lot</c><00:35:06.910><c> of</c><00:35:06.940><c> blobs</c><00:35:07.270><c>
that</c><00:35:07.540><c> are</c>

you'll have a lot of blobs that are
you'll have a lot of blobs that are
reaching<00:35:08.650><c> their</c><00:35:09.010><c> first</c><00:35:09.700><c>
compression</c><00:35:10.510><c> their</c>

reaching their first compression their

reaching their first compression their
first<00:35:11.020><c> minimum</c><00:35:11.680><c> in</c><00:35:11.860><c>
size</c><00:35:12.130><c> and</c><00:35:12.640><c> that</c>

first minimum in size and that

first minimum in size and that
corresponds<00:35:14.500><c> to</c><00:35:14.530><c> this</c><00:35:14.890><c>
first</c><00:35:15.190><c> peak</c><00:35:15.550><c> here</c><00:35:15.880><c>
the</c>

corresponds to this first peak here the

corresponds to this first peak here the
blobs<00:35:16.930><c> are</c><00:35:17.680><c> all</c><00:35:17.890><c>
about</c><00:35:18.670><c> one</c><00:35:19.060><c> degree</c>

blobs are all about one degree

blobs are all about one degree
what<00:35:20.140><c> now</c><00:35:20.350><c> turns</c><00:35:20.650><c>
out</c><00:35:20.800><c> to</c><00:35:20.980><c> be</c><00:35:21.010><c> 1/2</c>

what now turns out to be 1/2

what now turns out to be 1/2
apart<00:35:22.220><c> from</c><00:35:22.430><c> one</c><00:35:22.580><c>
another</c><00:35:22.609><c> that's</c><00:35:23.450><c> their</c>

apart from one another that's their

apart from one another that's their
typical<00:35:24.380><c> size</c><00:35:24.650><c> so</c><00:35:25.460><c>
we're</c><00:35:25.640><c> measuring</c><00:35:25.970><c> the</c><00:35:26.570><c>
size</c>

typical size so we're measuring the size

typical size so we're measuring the size
of<00:35:27.589><c> these</c><00:35:27.770><c> seeds</c><00:35:28.220><c>
in</c><00:35:28.550><c> a</c><00:35:28.700><c> sense</c><00:35:29.349><c>
this</c><00:35:30.349><c> second</c>

of these seeds in a sense this second

of these seeds in a sense this second
hump<00:35:31.339><c> in</c><00:35:31.640><c> the</c><00:35:31.760><c>
spectrum</c><00:35:32.330><c> that</c><00:35:32.960><c>
corresponds</c><00:35:33.950><c> to</c>

hump in the spectrum that corresponds to

hump in the spectrum that corresponds to
blobs<00:35:34.940><c> of</c><00:35:35.390><c> a</c><00:35:35.660><c>
smaller</c><00:35:36.080><c> size</c><00:35:36.230><c>
remember</c><00:35:37.130><c> as</c><00:35:37.220><c> you</c>

blobs of a smaller size remember as you

blobs of a smaller size remember as you
go<00:35:37.369><c> to</c><00:35:37.580><c> the</c><00:35:37.730><c>
right</c><00:35:37.940><c> here</c><00:35:38.240><c> you're</c><00:35:38.359><c>
getting</c><00:35:38.599><c> two</c>

go to the right here you're getting two

go to the right here you're getting two
smaller<00:35:39.020><c> angles</c><00:35:39.320><c> and</c><00:35:39.880><c>
those</c><00:35:40.880><c> smaller</c><00:35:41.240><c> blobs</c>

smaller angles and those smaller blobs

smaller angles and those smaller blobs
will<00:35:42.020><c> have</c><00:35:42.200><c> oscillated</c><00:35:42.980><c>
in</c><00:35:43.220><c> and</c><00:35:43.490><c> out</c><00:35:43.820><c>
again</c><00:35:44.420><c> by</c>

will have oscillated in and out again by

will have oscillated in and out again by
that<00:35:44.869><c> moment</c><00:35:45.560><c> this</c><00:35:46.460><c>
third</c><00:35:47.140><c> maximum</c>

that moment this third maximum

that moment this third maximum
corresponds<00:35:48.859><c> to</c><00:35:48.920><c> blobs</c><00:35:49.250><c>
that</c><00:35:49.520><c> are</c><00:35:49.609><c> even</c>

corresponds to blobs that are even

corresponds to blobs that are even
smaller<00:35:50.180><c> and</c><00:35:50.599><c> the</c><00:35:51.080><c>
smaller</c><00:35:51.380><c> blobs</c><00:35:51.740><c> have</c>

smaller and the smaller blobs have

smaller and the smaller blobs have
higher<00:35:52.160><c> frequencies</c><00:35:52.940><c> and</c><00:35:53.180><c>
they</c><00:35:53.510><c> will</c><00:35:53.690><c> have</c><00:35:53.839><c>
by</c>

higher frequencies and they will have by

higher frequencies and they will have by
380,000<00:35:55.520><c> years</c><00:35:55.550><c> oscillated</c><00:35:56.390><c>
in</c><00:35:56.599><c> and</c><00:35:56.869><c> out</c><00:35:57.109><c> and</c>

380,000 years oscillated in and out and

380,000 years oscillated in and out and
then<00:35:57.589><c> be</c><00:35:57.770><c> back</c><00:35:58.010><c>
in</c><00:35:58.280><c> again</c><00:35:59.290><c> what's</c><00:36:00.290><c>
neat</c><00:36:00.530><c> is</c>
then be back in again what's neat is

then be back in again what's neat is
that<00:36:00.920><c> as</c><00:36:01.070><c> you</c><00:36:01.220><c>
adjust</c><00:36:01.310><c> the</c><00:36:01.849><c>
parameters</c><00:36:02.480><c> in</c>

that as you adjust the parameters in

that as you adjust the parameters in
your<00:36:02.720><c> model</c><00:36:03.230><c> the</c><00:36:03.560><c>
amount</c><00:36:03.800><c> of</c><00:36:03.920><c> ordinary</c><00:36:04.339><c>
matter</c>

your model the amount of ordinary matter

your model the amount of ordinary matter
you<00:36:04.880><c> have</c><00:36:05.030><c> the</c><00:36:05.180><c>
amount</c><00:36:05.540><c> of</c><00:36:05.630><c> dark</c><00:36:05.869><c>
matter</c><00:36:05.960><c> you</c>

you have the amount of dark matter you

you have the amount of dark matter you
have<00:36:06.560><c> and</c><00:36:06.800><c> so</c><00:36:06.980><c>
on</c><00:36:07.839><c> these</c><00:36:08.839><c> different</c><00:36:09.410><c>
Peaks</c><00:36:09.680><c> are</c>

have and so on these different Peaks are

have and so on these different Peaks are
sensitive<00:36:10.640><c> to</c><00:36:11.000><c> different</c><00:36:11.630><c>
parameters</c><00:36:12.109><c> so</c>

sensitive to different parameters so

sensitive to different parameters so
like<00:36:12.440><c> this</c><00:36:12.650><c> second</c><00:36:13.099><c>
peak</c><00:36:13.250><c> turns</c><00:36:13.520><c> out</c><00:36:13.730><c>
to</c><00:36:13.910><c> be</c>
like this second peak turns out to be

like this second peak turns out to be
sensitive<00:36:14.510><c> to</c><00:36:14.570><c> the</c><00:36:15.140><c>
amount</c><00:36:15.380><c> of</c><00:36:15.440><c> ordinary</c>

sensitive to the amount of ordinary

sensitive to the amount of ordinary
matter<00:36:16.160><c> in</c><00:36:16.460><c> the</c><00:36:16.550><c>
universe</c><00:36:16.580><c> the</c><00:36:17.089><c> third</c><00:36:17.330><c>
peak</c><00:36:17.599><c> is</c>

matter in the universe the third peak is

matter in the universe the third peak is
sensitive<00:36:18.380><c> to</c><00:36:18.589><c> the</c><00:36:18.710><c>
amount</c><00:36:18.950><c> of</c><00:36:19.040><c> dark</c><00:36:19.339><c>
matter</c>

sensitive to the amount of dark matter

sensitive to the amount of dark matter
you<00:36:19.820><c> have</c><00:36:20.000><c> in</c><00:36:20.150><c>
the</c><00:36:20.240><c> universe</c>

you have in the universe

you have in the universe
notice<00:36:21.530><c> how</c><00:36:21.650><c> the</c><00:36:21.710><c>
model</c><00:36:22.220><c> fits</c><00:36:22.520><c> these</c><00:36:22.760><c>
W</c><00:36:23.660><c> map</c>

notice how the model fits these W map

notice how the model fits these W map
data<00:36:24.230><c> quite</c><00:36:24.680><c> nicely</c>

data quite nicely
data quite nicely
however<00:36:26.119><c> out</c><00:36:26.480><c> here</c><00:36:26.839><c>
the</c><00:36:27.050><c> W</c><00:36:27.349><c> map</c><00:36:27.500><c>
data</c><00:36:27.770><c> start</c><00:36:28.160><c> to</c>

however out here the W map data start to

however out here the W map data start to
have<00:36:28.460><c> these</c><00:36:28.820><c> large</c><00:36:29.210><c>
error</c><00:36:29.570><c> bars</c><00:36:29.980><c> these</c><00:36:30.980><c>
very</c>

have these large error bars these very

have these large error bars these very
small<00:36:31.550><c> angles</c><00:36:32.089><c> were</c><00:36:32.510><c>
starting</c><00:36:33.140><c> to</c><00:36:33.170><c> get</c><00:36:33.349><c>
below</c>

small angles were starting to get below

small angles were starting to get below
the<00:36:33.740><c> resolution</c><00:36:34.520><c> of</c><00:36:34.609><c>
W</c><00:36:34.970><c> map</c><00:36:35.150><c> but</c><00:36:36.080><c>
now</c><00:36:36.290><c> let's</c>

the resolution of W map but now let's

the resolution of W map but now let's
change<00:36:37.250><c> it</c><00:36:37.580><c> and</c><00:36:37.760><c>
instead</c><00:36:38.599><c> of</c><00:36:38.660><c> looking</c><00:36:39.170><c>
at</c><00:36:39.320><c> the</c>

change it and instead of looking at the

change it and instead of looking at the
W<00:36:39.770><c> map</c><00:36:39.980><c> data</c><00:36:40.250><c>
that</c><00:36:40.490><c> has</c><00:36:40.670><c> these</c><00:36:41.080><c>
larger</c><00:36:42.080><c> error</c>

W map data that has these larger error
W map data that has these larger error
bars<00:36:42.680><c> look</c><00:36:43.609><c> at</c><00:36:43.730><c>
the</c><00:36:43.849><c> Planck</c><00:36:44.180><c> data</c><00:36:44.500><c>
you</c><00:36:45.500><c> can't</c>

bars look at the Planck data you can't

bars look at the Planck data you can't
even<00:36:45.920><c> see</c><00:36:46.250><c> the</c><00:36:46.490><c>
error</c><00:36:46.640><c> bars</c><00:36:46.970><c> on</c><00:36:47.210><c>
this</c><00:36:47.390><c> plot</c>

even see the error bars on this plot

even see the error bars on this plot
because<00:36:48.109><c> there</c><00:36:48.380><c> are</c><00:36:48.530><c>
as</c><00:36:48.680><c> large</c><00:36:49.040><c> as</c><00:36:49.609><c>
or</c><00:36:50.119><c> smaller</c>

because there are as large as or smaller

because there are as large as or smaller
than<00:36:51.050><c> the</c><00:36:51.560><c> data</c><00:36:51.800><c>
points</c><00:36:52.220><c> themselves</c><00:36:52.430><c>
and</c><00:36:53.950><c> look</c>

than the data points themselves and look

than the data points themselves and look
at<00:36:55.130><c> how</c><00:36:55.430><c> well</c><00:36:55.849><c>
the</c><00:36:56.320><c> model</c><00:36:57.320><c> the</c><00:36:57.859><c>
big</c><00:36:58.070><c> bang</c>

at how well the model the big bang

at how well the model the big bang
consensus<00:36:59.119><c> model</c><00:36:59.660><c> fits</c><00:37:00.589><c>
the</c><00:37:01.010><c> data</c>

consensus model fits the data
consensus model fits the data
I<00:37:01.670><c> mean</c><00:37:02.330><c> it's</c><00:37:02.570><c>
remarkable</c><00:37:03.430><c> this</c><00:37:04.430><c> is</c><00:37:04.760><c>
a</c>

I mean it's remarkable this is a

I mean it's remarkable this is a
wonderful<00:37:06.260><c> piece</c><00:37:06.619><c> of</c><00:37:06.680><c>
evidence</c><00:37:07.099><c> for</c>

wonderful piece of evidence for

wonderful piece of evidence for
believing<00:37:08.210><c> in</c><00:37:08.300><c> a</c><00:37:08.359><c>
big</c><00:37:08.540><c> bang</c><00:37:08.780><c> right</c><00:37:09.589><c>
how</c><00:37:09.920><c> could</c>

believing in a big bang right how could

believing in a big bang right how could
the<00:37:11.300><c> radiation</c><00:37:12.080><c> have</c><00:37:12.470><c>
this</c><00:37:12.859><c> kind</c><00:37:13.580><c> of</c><00:37:13.760><c>
behavior</c>

the radiation have this kind of behavior

the radiation have this kind of behavior
to<00:37:15.170><c> have</c><00:37:15.320><c> these</c><00:37:15.589><c>
qualities</c><00:37:16.010><c> if</c><00:37:16.640><c> there</c><00:37:17.180><c>
weren't</c>

to have these qualities if there weren't

to have these qualities if there weren't
a<00:37:17.480><c> big</c><00:37:17.660><c> bang</c><00:37:17.900><c>
and</c><00:37:18.200><c> so</c><00:37:19.160><c> with</c><00:37:19.700><c>
this</c><00:37:19.970><c> w</c><00:37:20.420><c> map</c>

a big bang and so with this w map
a big bang and so with this w map
observation<00:37:21.619><c> not</c><00:37:22.400><c> only</c><00:37:22.820><c>
do</c><00:37:23.210><c> we</c><00:37:23.420><c> gain</c><00:37:23.810><c> even</c>

observation not only do we gain even

observation not only do we gain even
more<00:37:24.560><c> confidence</c><00:37:25.190><c> had</c><00:37:25.400><c>
there</c><00:37:25.580><c> been</c><00:37:25.730><c> any</c><00:37:25.940><c>
doubt</c>

more confidence had there been any doubt

more confidence had there been any doubt
before<00:37:26.440><c> that</c><00:37:27.440><c> there</c><00:37:27.770><c>
was</c><00:37:27.980><c> this</c><00:37:28.280><c> moment</c><00:37:28.730><c>
of</c>

before that there was this moment of

before that there was this moment of
recombination<00:37:29.599><c> we</c><00:37:30.200><c> learn</c><00:37:30.560><c>
about</c><00:37:32.380><c> fundamental</c>

recombination we learn about fundamental

recombination we learn about fundamental
quantities<00:37:33.920><c> in</c><00:37:34.099><c> the</c><00:37:34.190><c>
universe</c><00:37:34.550><c> like</c>

quantities in the universe like

quantities in the universe like
how<00:37:35.090><c> much</c><00:37:35.300><c> of</c><00:37:35.450><c>
it</c><00:37:35.570><c> is</c><00:37:35.600><c> made</c><00:37:35.870><c>
up</c><00:37:36.020><c> of</c><00:37:36.140><c> ordinary</c>

how much of it is made up of ordinary
how much of it is made up of ordinary
manner<00:37:36.860><c> how</c><00:37:37.190><c> much</c><00:37:37.370><c>
of</c><00:37:37.520><c> it</c><00:37:37.640><c> is</c><00:37:37.670><c>
made</c><00:37:38.000><c> up</c><00:37:38.210><c> of</c><00:37:38.330><c> dark</c>

manner how much of it is made up of dark

manner how much of it is made up of dark
matter<00:37:41.470><c> so</c><00:37:42.470><c> what</c><00:37:43.250><c>
we</c><00:37:43.430><c> find</c><00:37:43.810><c> is</c><00:37:44.810><c>
that</c><00:37:45.500><c> the</c>

matter so what we find is that the

matter so what we find is that the
universe<00:37:46.220><c> is</c><00:37:46.250><c> almost</c><00:37:47.180><c>
5%</c><00:37:47.810><c> ordinary</c><00:37:48.740><c> matter</c>

universe is almost 5% ordinary matter

universe is almost 5% ordinary matter
dark<00:37:49.850><c> matter</c><00:37:50.120><c> is</c><00:37:50.300><c>
about</c><00:37:50.540><c> 27%</c><00:37:51.500><c> and</c><00:37:52.360><c>
dark</c><00:37:53.360><c> energy</c>

dark matter is about 27% and dark energy

dark matter is about 27% and dark energy
is<00:37:55.270><c> 68%</c><00:37:56.650><c> now</c><00:37:57.650><c>
the</c><00:37:57.710><c> sum</c><00:37:58.070><c> of</c><00:37:58.100><c>
these</c><00:37:58.280><c> things</c><00:37:58.670><c> is</c><00:37:58.940><c>
a</c>

is 68% now the sum of these things is a

is 68% now the sum of these things is a
hundred<00:37:59.360><c> percent</c><00:37:59.450><c> we'll</c><00:38:00.020><c>
be</c><00:38:00.140><c> talking</c><00:38:00.410><c> in</c><00:38:00.860><c>
the</c>

hundred percent we'll be talking in the
hundred percent we'll be talking in the
next<00:38:01.340><c> chapter</c><00:38:02.090><c> more</c><00:38:02.660><c>
about</c><00:38:02.960><c> exactly</c><00:38:03.410><c> what</c>

next chapter more about exactly what

next chapter more about exactly what
dark<00:38:04.160><c> matter</c><00:38:04.430><c> and</c><00:38:04.790><c>
dark</c><00:38:05.030><c> energy</c><00:38:05.210><c> are</c><00:38:05.810><c>
and</c><00:38:06.550><c> the</c>

dark matter and dark energy are and the

dark matter and dark energy are and the
universe<00:38:08.150><c> here</c><00:38:08.660><c> is</c><00:38:09.250><c>
in</c><00:38:10.250><c> this</c><00:38:10.580><c> Big</c><00:38:10.940><c> Bang</c>

universe here is in this Big Bang

universe here is in this Big Bang
consensus<00:38:11.990><c> model</c><00:38:12.440><c> that</c><00:38:12.980><c>
describes</c><00:38:13.160><c> these</c><00:38:13.790><c> and</c>

consensus model that describes these and

consensus model that describes these and
other<00:38:14.240><c> observations</c><00:38:14.890><c> the</c><00:38:15.890><c>
universe</c><00:38:16.280><c> is</c><00:38:16.600><c> 13.8</c>

other observations the universe is 13.8

other observations the universe is 13.8
billion<00:38:18.050><c> years</c><00:38:18.470><c> old</c><00:38:18.800><c>
so</c><00:38:19.930><c> everything</c><00:38:20.930><c> about</c>

billion years old so everything about

billion years old so everything about
this<00:38:21.500><c> model</c><00:38:21.800><c> is</c><00:38:22.070><c>
an</c><00:38:22.250><c> excellent</c><00:38:22.700><c> excellent</c>

this model is an excellent excellent

this model is an excellent excellent
agreement<00:38:23.570><c> with</c><00:38:24.560><c> other</c><00:38:25.570><c>
independent</c>

agreement with other independent

agreement with other independent
observations<00:38:28.420><c> we'll</c><00:38:29.420><c> talk</c><00:38:29.750><c>
about</c><00:38:29.990><c> how</c>

observations we'll talk about how

observations we'll talk about how
galaxies<00:38:31.460><c> form</c><00:38:31.490><c> very</c><00:38:32.360><c>
quickly</c><00:38:32.450><c> and</c><00:38:33.610><c> galaxies</c>

galaxies form very quickly and galaxies

galaxies form very quickly and galaxies
can<00:38:35.030><c> form</c><00:38:35.390><c> quickly</c><00:38:35.930><c>
if</c><00:38:36.320><c> there</c><00:38:36.950><c> is</c><00:38:37.220><c> this</c>

can form quickly if there is this

can form quickly if there is this
underlying<00:38:38.990><c> weakly</c><00:38:39.680><c>
interacting</c><00:38:39.800><c> massive</c>

underlying weakly interacting massive

underlying weakly interacting massive
particle<00:38:41.380><c> streams</c><00:38:42.380><c> that</c><00:38:43.370><c>
exist</c><00:38:43.970><c> which</c><00:38:44.300><c> may</c>

particle streams that exist which may
particle streams that exist which may
very<00:38:45.260><c> well</c><00:38:45.500><c> make</c><00:38:45.830><c>
up</c><00:38:45.860><c> this</c><00:38:46.400><c> dark</c><00:38:46.790><c>
matter</c><00:38:47.090><c> that</c>

very well make up this dark matter that

very well make up this dark matter that
we're<00:38:47.690><c> talking</c><00:38:47.840><c> about</c><00:38:48.140><c>
here</c><00:38:50.590><c> all</c><00:38:51.590><c> right</c><00:38:51.890><c>
well</c>

we're talking about here all right well

we're talking about here all right well
well<00:38:52.970><c> as</c><00:38:53.240><c> I</c><00:38:53.480><c>
said</c><00:38:53.540><c> be</c><00:38:53.870><c> talking</c><00:38:54.140><c>
about</c><00:38:54.290><c> dark</c>

well as I said be talking about dark

well as I said be talking about dark
matter<00:38:54.710><c> and</c><00:38:54.860><c> dark</c><00:38:55.040><c>
energy</c><00:38:55.160><c> more</c><00:38:55.820><c> very</c><00:38:56.360><c>
soon</c>

matter and dark energy more very soon

matter and dark energy more very soon
but<00:38:57.380><c> to</c><00:38:57.710><c> preview</c><00:38:58.160><c>
it</c><00:38:58.370><c> dark</c><00:38:58.940><c> matter</c><00:38:59.210><c>
is</c><00:38:59.630><c> like</c>

but to preview it dark matter is like

but to preview it dark matter is like
ordinary<00:39:00.560><c> matter</c><00:39:00.980><c> in</c><00:39:01.400><c>
the</c><00:39:01.550><c> sense</c><00:39:01.790><c> that</c><00:39:01.910><c>
it</c>

ordinary matter in the sense that it
ordinary matter in the sense that it
gravitationally<00:39:03.020><c> pulls</c><00:39:03.290><c> in</c><00:39:03.560><c>
other</c><00:39:03.740><c> things</c>

gravitationally pulls in other things

gravitationally pulls in other things
but<00:39:04.880><c> unlike</c><00:39:05.510><c> ordinary</c><00:39:05.750><c>
matter</c><00:39:06.230><c> it</c><00:39:06.470><c> does</c><00:39:06.650><c>
not</c>

but unlike ordinary matter it does not

but unlike ordinary matter it does not
emit<00:39:07.160><c> light</c><00:39:07.570><c> dark</c><00:39:08.570><c>
energy</c><00:39:09.200><c> is</c><00:39:09.440><c> a</c><00:39:09.500><c>
type</c><00:39:09.890><c> of</c>

emit light dark energy is a type of

emit light dark energy is a type of
anti-gravity<00:39:10.870><c> material</c><00:39:11.870><c>
that's</c><00:39:12.140><c> going</c><00:39:12.290><c> to</c>

anti-gravity material that's going to

anti-gravity material that's going to
cause<00:39:12.730><c> expansion</c><00:39:13.730><c> of</c><00:39:13.940><c>
the</c><00:39:14.120><c> universe</c><00:39:16.210><c> so</c><00:39:17.210><c>
what</c>

cause expansion of the universe so what

cause expansion of the universe so what
have<00:39:17.540><c> we</c><00:39:17.570><c> learned</c>

have we learned

have we learned
we've<00:39:19.040><c> learned</c><00:39:19.400><c> that</c><00:39:19.640><c>
the</c><00:39:20.480><c> seeds</c><00:39:21.140><c> of</c><00:39:21.710><c> the</c>

we've learned that the seeds of the

we've learned that the seeds of the
universe<00:39:23.080><c> can</c><00:39:24.080><c> be</c><00:39:24.350><c>
explained</c><00:39:25.100><c> by</c><00:39:25.310><c> this</c><00:39:25.520><c>
cosmic</c>

universe can be explained by this cosmic

universe can be explained by this cosmic
radiation</c><00:39:27.560><c> the</c><00:39:28.100><c> seeds</c>

microwave background radiation the seeds

microwave background radiation the seeds
that<00:39:28.760><c> form</c><00:39:29.150><c> clusters</c><00:39:29.960><c>
of</c><00:39:29.990><c> galaxies</c><00:39:30.620><c> and</c>

that form clusters of galaxies and

that form clusters of galaxies and
galaxies<00:39:31.370><c> and</c><00:39:31.700><c> that</c><00:39:32.380><c>
these</c><00:39:33.380><c> seeds</c><00:39:34.330><c> are</c>

galaxies and that these seeds are

galaxies and that these seeds are
consistent<00:39:36.410><c> with</c><00:39:36.470><c> our</c><00:39:36.950><c>
Big</c><00:39:37.220><c> Bang</c><00:39:37.250><c> model</c><00:39:38.020><c>
and</c>

consistent with our Big Bang model and

consistent with our Big Bang model and
inflation<00:39:39.800><c> with</c><00:39:40.340><c> an</c><00:39:40.490><c>
including</c><00:39:41.180><c> an</c>
inflation with an including an

inflation with an including an
inflationary<00:39:41.870><c> epoch</c><00:39:42.080><c> I</c><00:39:42.500><c>
was</c><00:39:43.160><c> at</c><00:39:43.310><c> a</c><00:39:43.460><c>
talk</c><00:39:43.670><c> by</c>

inflationary epoch I was at a talk by

inflationary epoch I was at a talk by
Alan<00:39:44.270><c> Guth</c><00:39:44.510><c> who</c><00:39:45.170><c>
is</c><00:39:45.530><c> the</c>

Alan Guth who is the

Alan Guth who is the
who<00:39:47.150><c> put</c><00:39:47.510><c> forth</c><00:39:47.810><c>
originally</c><00:39:48.590><c> this</c><00:39:48.830><c> inflation</c>

who put forth originally this inflation

who put forth originally this inflation
idea<00:39:49.930><c> back</c><00:39:50.930><c> in</c><00:39:51.070><c>
1998</c><00:39:52.070><c> I</c><00:39:52.100><c> was</c><00:39:52.310><c>
at</c><00:39:52.610><c> the</c><00:39:52.730><c> talk</c><00:39:52.970><c> and</c>

idea back in 1998 I was at the talk and

idea back in 1998 I was at the talk and
here<00:39:53.840><c> are</c><00:39:53.930><c> two</c><00:39:54.550><c>
different</c><00:39:55.550><c> quotes</c><00:39:55.910><c> of</c><00:39:56.150><c>
his</c>

here are two different quotes of his

here are two different quotes of his
that<00:39:56.570><c> stuck</c><00:39:56.990><c> with</c><00:39:57.230><c>
me</c><00:39:57.470><c> I</c><00:39:57.650><c> had</c><00:39:58.190><c>
a</c><00:39:58.220><c> recording</c><00:39:58.790><c> of</c>
that stuck with me I had a recording of

that stuck with me I had a recording of
the<00:39:59.030><c> talk</c><00:39:59.240><c> so</c><00:39:59.480><c>
I</c><00:39:59.510><c> dug</c><00:39:59.780><c> them</c><00:39:59.960><c>
up</c><00:40:00.110><c> for</c><00:40:00.380><c> you</c><00:40:00.500><c> that</c>

the talk so I dug them up for you that

the talk so I dug them up for you that
you<00:40:01.160><c> can</c><00:40:01.370><c> read</c><00:40:01.670><c>
at</c><00:40:01.940><c> your</c><00:40:02.150><c> leisure</c><00:40:07.690><c>
okay</c><00:40:08.690><c> in</c><00:40:08.930><c> the</c>

you can read at your leisure okay in the

you can read at your leisure okay in the
final<00:40:09.470><c> section</c><00:40:09.740><c> of</c><00:40:10.190><c>
the</c><00:40:10.330><c> chapter</c><00:40:11.330><c> 17</c><00:40:12.320><c>
we</c>

final section of the chapter 17 we

final section of the chapter 17 we
talked<00:40:13.460><c> about</c><00:40:13.700><c> what's</c><00:40:14.240><c>
known</c><00:40:14.480><c> as</c><00:40:14.720><c> Olbers</c>

talked about what's known as Olbers

talked about what's known as Olbers
paradox<00:40:15.280><c> and</c><00:40:16.280><c> in</c><00:40:17.210><c>
the</c><00:40:17.330><c> next</c><00:40:17.510><c> few</c><00:40:17.750><c>
slides</c><00:40:18.080><c> I'm</c>

paradox and in the next few slides I'm

paradox and in the next few slides I'm
going<00:40:18.410><c> to</c><00:40:18.740><c> be</c><00:40:18.950><c>
making</c><00:40:19.400><c> an</c><00:40:19.490><c> analogy</c><00:40:20.150><c>
between</c>
going to be making an analogy between

going to be making an analogy between
trees<00:40:20.960><c> and</c><00:40:21.260><c> stars</c><00:40:22.060><c>
here</c><00:40:23.060><c> on</c><00:40:23.210><c> the</c><00:40:23.330><c>
Left</c><00:40:23.540><c> imagine</c>

trees and stars here on the Left imagine

trees and stars here on the Left imagine
that<00:40:24.350><c> you're</c><00:40:24.560><c> in</c><00:40:24.590><c>
a</c><00:40:24.800><c> woods</c><00:40:25.070><c> and</c><00:40:25.490><c>
in</c><00:40:26.420><c> this</c><00:40:26.840><c> woods</c>

that you're in a woods and in this woods

that you're in a woods and in this woods
the<00:40:28.100><c> trees</c><00:40:28.460><c> are</c><00:40:28.790><c>
densely</c><00:40:29.210><c> packed</c><00:40:29.570><c>
enough</c><00:40:29.870><c> and</c>

the trees are densely packed enough and

the trees are densely packed enough and
the<00:40:30.350><c> woods</c><00:40:30.620><c> is</c><00:40:30.860><c>
large</c><00:40:31.220><c> enough</c><00:40:31.610><c> that</c><00:40:31.910><c>
any</c>

the woods is large enough that any

the woods is large enough that any
direction<00:40:33.080><c> you</c><00:40:33.440><c> look</c><00:40:33.650><c>
out</c><00:40:33.890><c> you're</c><00:40:34.730><c> guaranteed</c>

direction you look out you're guaranteed

direction you look out you're guaranteed
to<00:40:35.420><c> see</c><00:40:36.140><c> a</c><00:40:36.320><c>
tree</c><00:40:36.680><c> trunk</c><00:40:36.920><c> and</c><00:40:37.360><c>
that's</c><00:40:38.360><c> like</c><00:40:38.690><c> what</c>
to see a tree trunk and that's like what

to see a tree trunk and that's like what
would<00:40:39.200><c> be</c><00:40:39.260><c> the</c><00:40:39.710><c>
case</c><00:40:39.920><c> if</c><00:40:40.280><c> you're</c><00:40:40.880><c>
here</c><00:40:41.270><c> the</c>

would be the case if you're here the

would be the case if you're here the
observer<00:40:41.810><c> at</c><00:40:42.110><c> the</c><00:40:42.260><c>
center</c><00:40:42.590><c> of</c><00:40:42.620><c> this</c><00:40:42.800><c>
image</c><00:40:43.010><c> and</c>

observer at the center of this image and

observer at the center of this image and
you<00:40:43.850><c> had</c><00:40:44.030><c> an</c><00:40:44.180><c>
infinite</c><00:40:44.480><c> static</c><00:40:45.080><c> unchanging</c>

you had an infinite static unchanging

you had an infinite static unchanging
universe<00:40:46.190><c> and</c><00:40:46.460><c> you</c><00:40:46.910><c>
looked</c><00:40:47.150><c> out</c><00:40:47.300><c> in</c><00:40:47.480><c>
any</c>

universe and you looked out in any

universe and you looked out in any
direction<00:40:48.020><c> at</c><00:40:48.470><c> some</c><00:40:49.040><c>
point</c><00:40:49.370><c> you</c><00:40:49.550><c> would</c><00:40:49.700><c>
see</c><00:40:49.970><c> a</c>

direction at some point you would see a

direction at some point you would see a
star<00:40:50.720><c> and</c><00:40:52.060><c> so</c><00:40:53.060><c>
what</c><00:40:53.510><c> over</c><00:40:53.870><c> said</c><00:40:54.140><c>
was</c><00:40:54.640><c> why</c><00:40:55.640><c> is</c>
star and so what over said was why is

star and so what over said was why is
the<00:40:57.650><c> night</c><00:40:57.860><c> sky</c><00:40:58.190><c>
dark</c><00:40:58.810><c> that's</c><00:40:59.810><c> the</c><00:41:00.200><c>
paradox</c>

the night sky dark that's the paradox

the night sky dark that's the paradox
we're<00:41:01.910><c> so</c><00:41:02.150><c> used</c><00:41:02.210><c>
to</c><00:41:02.630><c> thinking</c><00:41:02.900><c> about</c><00:41:03.110><c>
the</c>

we're so used to thinking about the

we're so used to thinking about the
night<00:41:03.590><c> sky</c><00:41:03.890><c> being</c><00:41:04.190><c>
dark</c><00:41:04.520><c> that</c><00:41:05.270><c> it</c><00:41:05.390><c>
doesn't</c>

night sky being dark that it doesn't

night sky being dark that it doesn't
seem<00:41:05.960><c> paradoxical</c><00:41:06.850><c> but</c><00:41:07.850><c>
it</c><00:41:08.150><c> is</c><00:41:08.390><c> right</c><00:41:09.350><c>
because</c>

seem paradoxical but it is right because

seem paradoxical but it is right because
if<00:41:10.010><c> the</c><00:41:10.250><c> universe</c><00:41:10.640><c>
is</c><00:41:10.670><c> infinite</c>

if the universe is infinite

if the universe is infinite
I<00:41:11.630><c> mean</c><00:41:12.020><c> stars</c><00:41:12.320><c>
go</c><00:41:12.620><c> out</c><00:41:12.650><c> forever</c><00:41:13.280><c>
it's</c>
I mean stars go out forever it's

I mean stars go out forever it's
unchanging<00:41:14.630><c> they've</c><00:41:14.810><c> been</c><00:41:15.050><c>
there</c><00:41:15.230><c> forever</c>

unchanging they've been there forever

unchanging they've been there forever
and<00:41:15.910><c> everywhere</c><00:41:16.910><c> the</c><00:41:17.150><c>
same</c><00:41:17.420><c> that</c><00:41:18.110><c> means</c><00:41:18.350><c>
it's</c>

and everywhere the same that means it's

and everywhere the same that means it's
just<00:41:18.680><c> as</c><00:41:19.070><c> densely</c><00:41:19.490><c>
packed</c><00:41:19.850><c> stars</c><00:41:20.660><c> are</c><00:41:20.960><c>
in</c><00:41:21.110><c> one</c>

just as densely packed stars are in one

just as densely packed stars are in one
place<00:41:21.560><c> as</c><00:41:21.800><c> another</c><00:41:22.100><c>
then</c><00:41:22.940><c> any</c><00:41:23.120><c> direction</c><00:41:23.600><c>
you</c>

place as another then any direction you

place as another then any direction you
look<00:41:23.900><c> will</c><00:41:24.080><c> ultimately</c><00:41:24.530><c>
hit</c><00:41:24.770><c> a</c><00:41:24.800><c> star</c><00:41:25.900><c> you</c>

look will ultimately hit a star you

look will ultimately hit a star you
might<00:41:27.050><c> say</c><00:41:27.230><c> oh</c><00:41:27.260><c>
I'm</c><00:41:27.710><c> not</c><00:41:27.890><c> convinced</c><00:41:28.640><c>
because</c>

might say oh I'm not convinced because

might say oh I'm not convinced because
as<00:41:29.060><c> I</c><00:41:29.090><c> look</c><00:41:29.570><c>
at</c><00:41:29.660><c> a</c><00:41:29.720><c> star</c><00:41:30.020><c>
far</c><00:41:30.260><c> away</c><00:41:30.500><c> it's</c><00:41:30.710><c>
gonna</c>

as I look at a star far away it's gonna

as I look at a star far away it's gonna
be<00:41:30.950><c> really</c><00:41:31.310><c> dim</c><00:41:31.730><c>
and</c><00:41:33.100><c> and</c><00:41:34.100><c> that's</c><00:41:34.910><c>
true</c><00:41:35.560><c> but</c>

be really dim and and that's true but

be really dim and and that's true but
the<00:41:37.010><c> light</c><00:41:37.220><c> from</c><00:41:37.460><c>
that</c><00:41:37.700><c> dim</c><00:41:38.000><c> star</c><00:41:38.360><c>
it</c><00:41:38.690><c> falls</c>

the light from that dim star it falls

the light from that dim star it falls
off<00:41:39.290><c> like</c><00:41:39.650><c> 1</c><00:41:39.890><c>
over</c><00:41:39.920><c> R</c><00:41:40.190><c> squared</c><00:41:40.820><c>
but</c><00:41:41.420><c> the</c><00:41:41.600><c> number</c>

off like 1 over R squared but the number

off like 1 over R squared but the number
of<00:41:42.020><c> stars</c><00:41:42.440><c> that</c><00:41:42.590><c>
that</c><00:41:42.950><c> distance</c><00:41:43.400><c> are</c><00:41:43.990><c>
scales</c>

of stars that that distance are scales

of stars that that distance are scales
like<00:41:45.410><c> grows</c><00:41:45.860><c> like</c><00:41:46.360><c> r-
squared</c><00:41:47.360><c> and</c><00:41:47.720><c> so</c><00:41:48.230><c>
the</c>
like grows like r-squared and so the

like grows like r-squared and so the
dimness<00:41:48.680><c> is</c><00:41:49.210><c> scaling</c><00:41:50.210><c>
like</c><00:41:50.390><c> 1</c><00:41:50.600><c> over</c><00:41:50.630><c>
R</c><00:41:50.900><c> squared</c>

dimness is scaling like 1 over R squared

dimness is scaling like 1 over R squared
multiplied<00:41:51.830><c> by</c><00:41:51.860><c> the</c><00:41:52.100><c>
number</c><00:41:52.550><c> by</c><00:41:52.700><c> R</c><00:41:52.910><c>
squared</c>

multiplied by the number by R squared

multiplied by the number by R squared
you<00:41:53.750><c> get</c><00:41:53.930><c> a</c><00:41:53.960><c>
constant</c><00:41:54.650><c> so</c><00:41:55.370><c> out</c><00:41:55.580><c>
at</c><00:41:55.790><c> any</c><00:41:55.970><c> radius</c>

you get a constant so out at any radius

you get a constant so out at any radius
you<00:41:56.840><c> have</c><00:41:57.080><c> a</c><00:41:57.410><c> constant</c>

you have a constant

you have a constant
tribution<00:41:58.970><c> to</c><00:41:59.540><c> the</c><00:41:59.720><c>
brightness</c><00:42:00.230><c> and</c><00:42:00.530><c> in</c><00:42:01.220><c>
the</c>

tribution to the brightness and in the

tribution to the brightness and in the
end<00:42:01.790><c> you</c><00:42:02.360><c> get</c><00:42:02.630><c>
a</c><00:42:03.350><c> sky</c><00:42:04.190><c> which</c><00:42:04.520><c>
is</c><00:42:04.550><c> entirely</c>
end you get a sky which is entirely

end you get a sky which is entirely
white<00:42:06.310><c> so</c><00:42:07.310><c> if</c><00:42:08.120><c>
instead</c><00:42:08.660><c> you</c><00:42:09.650><c> live</c><00:42:09.920><c>
in</c><00:42:10.070><c> a</c>

white so if instead you live in a

white so if instead you live in a
universe<00:42:10.520><c> which</c><00:42:11.120><c> doesn't</c><00:42:12.020><c>
satisfy</c><00:42:12.260><c> those</c>

universe which doesn't satisfy those

universe which doesn't satisfy those
criteria<00:42:13.700><c> that</c><00:42:13.850><c> I</c><00:42:13.910><c>
mentioned</c><00:42:14.480><c> but</c><00:42:14.630><c> say</c><00:42:14.990><c>
maybe</c>

criteria that I mentioned but say maybe

criteria that I mentioned but say maybe
has<00:42:16.400><c> a</c><00:42:16.430><c> finite</c><00:42:17.420><c>
life</c><00:42:18.370><c> time</c><00:42:19.370><c> to</c><00:42:19.730><c>
it</c><00:42:19.910><c> it's</c><00:42:20.450><c> only</c>

has a finite life time to it it's only

has a finite life time to it it's only
been<00:42:20.990><c> around</c><00:42:21.260><c> for</c><00:42:21.500><c>
a</c><00:42:21.710><c> certain</c><00:42:22.160><c> number</c><00:42:22.640><c>
of</c>

been around for a certain number of

been around for a certain number of
years<00:42:23.530><c> 13.8</c><00:42:24.530><c> billion</c><00:42:24.800><c>
well</c><00:42:25.790><c> then</c><00:42:26.030><c> there's</c><00:42:26.330><c>
the</c>
years 13.8 billion well then there's the

years 13.8 billion well then there's the
opportunity<00:42:27.710><c> to</c><00:42:27.830><c> look</c><00:42:27.980><c>
out</c><00:42:28.160><c> in</c><00:42:28.370><c> a</c><00:42:28.460><c>
direction</c>

opportunity to look out in a direction

opportunity to look out in a direction
and<00:42:29.240><c> get</c><00:42:29.960><c> to</c><00:42:30.110><c>
a</c><00:42:30.140><c> place</c><00:42:30.350><c> where</c><00:42:30.680><c>
there</c><00:42:30.860><c> are</c><00:42:30.920><c> no</c>

and get to a place where there are no

and get to a place where there are no
longer<00:42:31.340><c> or</c><00:42:31.670><c> any</c><00:42:31.850><c>
stars</c><00:42:32.320><c> it's</c><00:42:33.320><c> analogous</c><00:42:33.830><c>
to</c>

longer or any stars it's analogous to

longer or any stars it's analogous to
being<00:42:34.490><c> in</c><00:42:34.640><c> a</c><00:42:34.700><c>
wooded</c><00:42:35.120><c> region</c><00:42:35.660><c> where</c><00:42:36.320><c>
you</c><00:42:36.440><c> can</c>

being in a wooded region where you can

being in a wooded region where you can
look<00:42:36.800><c> out</c><00:42:36.980><c> in</c><00:42:37.310><c>
between</c><00:42:37.910><c> the</c><00:42:38.300><c> stars</c><00:42:38.600><c>
and</c><00:42:38.810><c> see</c>

look out in between the stars and see

look out in between the stars and see
the<00:42:39.380><c> emptiness</c><00:42:40.100><c> between</c><00:42:40.400><c>
them</c><00:42:40.960><c> so</c><00:42:41.960><c> this</c>
the emptiness between them so this

the emptiness between them so this
picture<00:42:42.560><c> is</c><00:42:42.830><c> analogous</c><00:42:43.580><c>
to</c><00:42:43.760><c> our</c><00:42:44.150><c> night</c><00:42:44.540><c> sky</c>

picture is analogous to our night sky

picture is analogous to our night sky
right<00:42:46.010><c> where</c><00:42:46.340><c> you</c><00:42:46.640><c>
can</c><00:42:46.820><c> look</c><00:42:46.970><c> out</c><00:42:47.150><c>
and</c><00:42:47.450><c> see</c><00:42:47.690><c> in</c>

right where you can look out and see in

right where you can look out and see in
some<00:42:48.080><c> direction</c><00:42:48.560><c> galaxies</c><00:42:49.570><c>
analogous</c><00:42:50.570><c> to</c><00:42:50.780><c> the</c>

some direction galaxies analogous to the

some direction galaxies analogous to the
tree<00:42:51.080><c> trunks</c><00:42:51.470><c> and</c><00:42:51.650><c>
in</c><00:42:52.160><c> other</c><00:42:52.340><c> directions</c><00:42:52.670><c>
the</c>

tree trunks and in other directions the

tree trunks and in other directions the
emptiness<00:42:54.230><c> where</c><00:42:54.920><c>
essentially</c><00:42:55.430><c> you're</c>

emptiness where essentially you're

emptiness where essentially you're
seeing<00:42:56.030><c> all</c><00:42:56.270><c> the</c><00:42:56.300><c>
way</c><00:42:56.450><c> back</c><00:42:56.780><c> to</c><00:42:57.050><c>
recombination</c>

seeing all the way back to recombination
seeing all the way back to recombination
in<00:42:58.310><c> a</c><00:42:58.400><c> sense</c><00:42:58.960><c>
all</c><00:42:59.960><c> the</c><00:43:00.170><c> way</c><00:43:00.290><c>
back</c><00:43:00.560><c> to</c><00:43:00.800><c> near</c><00:43:01.040><c> the</c>

in a sense all the way back to near the

in a sense all the way back to near the
beginning<00:43:01.370><c> of</c><00:43:01.790><c> the</c><00:43:01.850><c>
universe</c><00:43:03.580><c> so</c><00:43:04.580><c> if</c><00:43:05.710><c>
there</c>

beginning of the universe so if there

beginning of the universe so if there
were<00:43:07.150><c> no</c><00:43:08.150><c> Big</c><00:43:08.390><c>
Bang</c><00:43:08.600><c> if</c><00:43:08.960><c> the</c><00:43:09.650><c>
universe</c><00:43:10.070><c> were</c>

were no Big Bang if the universe were

were no Big Bang if the universe were
Infinite<00:43:10.700><c> and</c><00:43:10.790><c> static</c><00:43:11.300><c>
and</c><00:43:11.420><c> unchanging</c><00:43:11.740><c> this</c>

Infinite and static and unchanging this

Infinite and static and unchanging this
is<00:43:12.980><c> what</c><00:43:13.190><c> the</c><00:43:13.340><c>
sky</c><00:43:13.610><c> would</c><00:43:13.850><c> look</c><00:43:13.880><c>
like</c>

is what the sky would look like

is what the sky would look like
analogous<00:43:15.440><c> to</c><00:43:15.650><c> this</c><00:43:15.800><c>
deeply</c><00:43:16.670><c> wooded</c><00:43:17.210><c> forest</c>

analogous to this deeply wooded forest
analogous to this deeply wooded forest
but<00:43:19.130><c> the</c><00:43:19.340><c> universe</c><00:43:19.850><c>
is</c><00:43:20.090><c> like</c><00:43:20.270><c> this</c><00:43:21.880><c>
because</c>

but the universe is like this because

but the universe is like this because
the<00:43:23.450><c> answer</c><00:43:23.930><c> to</c><00:43:24.080><c>
Olbers</c><00:43:24.410><c> paradox</c><00:43:24.440><c> is</c><00:43:25.280><c>
that</c><00:43:25.340><c> the</c>

the answer to Olbers paradox is that the

the answer to Olbers paradox is that the
universe<00:43:26.300><c> is</c><00:43:26.480><c> not</c><00:43:26.660><c>
infinite</c><00:43:26.900><c> and</c><00:43:27.500><c> static</c><00:43:28.010><c>
and</c>

universe is not infinite and static and

universe is not infinite and static and
unchanging
okay<00:43:34.290><c> well</c><00:43:35.040><c> that's</c><00:43:35.310><c>

all</c><00:43:35.609><c> that</c><00:43:35.910><c> we</c><00:43:36.089><c>
have</c><00:43:36.359><c> in</c>

okay well that's all that we have in

okay well that's all that we have in
terms<00:43:36.990><c> of</c><00:43:37.320><c> the</c><00:43:37.500><c>
material</c>

terms of the material

terms of the material
today's<00:43:39.500><c> reading</c><00:43:40.500><c> quiz</c><00:43:40.800><c>
answer</c><00:43:41.520><c> is</c><00:43:41.790><c> going</c><00:43:42.390><c>
to</c>

today's reading quiz answer is going to

today's reading quiz answer is going to
be<00:43:42.829><c> where</c><00:43:43.829><c> did</c><00:43:44.250><c>
it</c><00:43:44.369><c> all</c><00:43:44.609><c> come</c><00:43:44.640><c> from</c>

be where did it all come from

be where did it all come from
for<00:43:46.410><c> millions</c><00:43:46.800><c> of</c><00:43:47.010><c>
years</c><00:43:47.310><c> people</c><00:43:47.700><c> have</c><00:43:47.970><c>
been</c>

for millions of years people have been

for millions of years people have been
asking<00:43:48.690><c> where</c><00:43:49.589><c> did</c><00:43:49.950><c>
it</c><00:43:49.980><c> all</c><00:43:50.160><c> come</c><00:43:50.220><c>
from</c><00:43:50.550><c> the</c>

asking where did it all come from the

asking where did it all come from the
cavemen<00:43:51.660><c> the</c><00:43:52.079><c> cave</c><00:43:52.320><c>
people</c><00:43:52.589><c> and</c><00:43:53.130><c> now</c><00:43:53.609><c>
we</c><00:43:54.060><c> have</c>

cavemen the cave people and now we have

cavemen the cave people and now we have
better<00:43:54.510><c> experiments</c><00:43:55.440><c>
better</c><00:43:56.070><c> observations</c>

better experiments better observations

better experiments better observations
but<00:43:57.329><c> we</c><00:43:57.480><c> cast</c><00:43:57.780><c>
the</c><00:43:58.109><c> same</c><00:43:58.380><c> underlying</c><00:43:59.369><c>
question</c>

but we cast the same underlying question

but we cast the same underlying question
in<00:44:01.680><c> the</c><00:44:01.890><c> final</c><00:44:02.190><c>
few</c><00:44:02.310><c> minutes</c><00:44:02.369><c> what</c><00:44:02.790><c>
I</c><00:44:02.820><c> wanted</c>

in the final few minutes what I wanted

in the final few minutes what I wanted
to<00:44:03.329><c> show</c><00:44:03.869><c> you</c><00:44:03.930><c>
is</c><00:44:04.320><c> a</c><00:44:04.800><c> neat</c><00:44:05.190><c>
little</c><00:44:05.310><c> tool</c><00:44:05.640><c> some</c>

to show you is a neat little tool some

to show you is a neat little tool some
of<00:44:06.630><c> you</c><00:44:06.780><c> are</c><00:44:06.960><c>
probably</c><00:44:07.170><c> interested</c><00:44:07.710><c>
in</c><00:44:08.220><c> being</c>

of you are probably interested in being

of you are probably interested in being
able<00:44:08.640><c> to</c><00:44:08.820><c> do</c><00:44:09.089><c>
some</c><00:44:09.420><c> hunting</c><00:44:09.930><c> of</c><00:44:10.140><c>
the</c><00:44:10.890><c> night</c><00:44:11.130><c> sky</c>

able to do some hunting of the night sky

able to do some hunting of the night sky
and<00:44:11.820><c> there's</c><00:44:12.210><c> this</c><00:44:12.359><c>
really</c><00:44:12.570><c> nice</c><00:44:12.839><c> webpage</c>

and there's this really nice webpage

and there's this really nice webpage
heavens<00:44:14.670><c> -</c><00:44:15.210><c> above</c><00:44:15.810><c> com</c>

heavens - above com

heavens - above com
and<00:44:16.920><c> if</c><00:44:17.760><c> you</c><00:44:17.880><c>
go</c><00:44:18.030><c> to</c><00:44:18.089><c> it</c><00:44:18.359><c>
you</c><00:44:18.390><c> can</c><00:44:18.690><c> use</c><00:44:18.900><c>
it</c><00:44:19.079><c> as</c><00:44:19.230><c> an</c>

and if you go to it you can use it as an

and if you go to it you can use it as an
anonymous<00:44:19.710><c> user</c><00:44:20.400><c> however</c><00:44:21.240><c>
you</c><00:44:21.570><c> can</c><00:44:21.720><c> set</c><00:44:21.930><c>
up</c><00:44:22.109><c> a</c>

anonymous user however you can set up a

anonymous user however you can set up a
free<00:44:22.410><c> account</c><00:44:22.530><c> and</c><00:44:23.040><c>
they</c><00:44:23.220><c> don't</c><00:44:23.400><c> spam</c><00:44:23.790><c>
you</c>

free account and they don't spam you

free account and they don't spam you
with<00:44:24.030><c> email</c><00:44:24.510><c> there's</c><00:44:24.810><c>
nothing</c><00:44:25.200><c> that</c><00:44:25.410><c> they</c>

with email there's nothing that they

with email there's nothing that they
don't<00:44:25.829><c> track</c><00:44:26.310><c> you</c><00:44:26.690><c>
there's</c><00:44:27.690><c> nothing</c><00:44:27.839><c> that</c><00:44:28.079><c>
has</c>

don't track you there's nothing that has

don't track you there's nothing that has
come<00:44:28.890><c> bad</c><00:44:29.280><c> from</c><00:44:30.060><c>
having</c><00:44:30.359><c> set</c><00:44:30.570><c> up</c><00:44:30.599><c>
an</c><00:44:30.810><c> account</c>

come bad from having set up an account

come bad from having set up an account
so<00:44:31.290><c> I'd</c><00:44:31.440><c> encourage</c><00:44:31.650><c>
you</c><00:44:31.980><c> to</c><00:44:32.220><c> set</c><00:44:32.430><c>
up</c><00:44:32.460><c> an</c>

so I'd encourage you to set up an

so I'd encourage you to set up an
account<00:44:33.230><c> that</c><00:44:34.230><c> way</c><00:44:34.500><c>
you'll</c><00:44:35.339><c> be</c><00:44:35.400><c> able</c><00:44:35.609><c>
to</c><00:44:35.820><c> plug</c>

account that way you'll be able to plug

account that way you'll be able to plug
in<00:44:36.450><c> your</c><00:44:36.480><c> longitude</c><00:44:37.410><c>
and</c><00:44:37.650><c> latitude</c><00:44:37.760><c> I've</c>

in your longitude and latitude I've

in your longitude and latitude I've
plugged<00:44:39.150><c> in</c><00:44:39.329><c> the</c><00:44:39.480><c>
longitude</c><00:44:39.960><c> and</c><00:44:40.109><c>
latitude</c><00:44:40.170><c> of</c>

plugged in the longitude and latitude of

plugged in the longitude and latitude of
Newton<00:44:41.970><c> observatory</c><00:44:42.630><c> at</c><00:44:42.780><c>
Alleghenies</c><00:44:43.380><c> campus</c>

Newton observatory at Alleghenies campus

Newton observatory at Alleghenies campus
here<00:44:44.250><c> and</c><00:44:45.210><c> there's</c><00:44:45.450><c>
a</c><00:44:45.510><c> few</c><00:44:45.720><c> different</c><00:44:46.020><c>
neat</c>

here and there's a few different neat

here and there's a few different neat
things<00:44:46.500><c> that</c><00:44:46.800><c> you</c><00:44:46.920><c>
can</c><00:44:47.130><c> check</c><00:44:47.339><c> out</c><00:44:47.579><c>
so</c><00:44:48.210><c> for</c>

things that you can check out so for

things that you can check out so for
example<00:44:48.990><c> let's</c><00:44:49.530><c> say</c><00:44:49.650><c>
you</c><00:44:49.710><c> want</c><00:44:49.800><c> to</c><00:44:49.950><c>
know</c><00:44:50.099><c> when</c>

example let's say you want to know when

example let's say you want to know when
and<00:44:50.430><c> where</c><00:44:50.550><c> to</c><00:44:50.609><c>
look</c><00:44:50.880><c> for</c><00:44:51.060><c> the</c><00:44:51.150><c>
International</c>

and where to look for the International

and where to look for the International
Space<00:44:52.050><c> Station</c><00:44:52.460><c> well</c><00:44:53.460><c>
here</c><00:44:53.910><c> this</c><00:44:54.210><c> week</c><00:44:54.450><c>
from</c>

Space Station well here this week from

Space Station well here this week from
Meadville<00:44:54.990><c> it's</c><00:44:55.859><c> not</c><00:44:56.069><c>
going</c><00:44:56.280><c> to</c><00:44:56.339><c> be</c><00:44:56.460><c>
visible</c>

Meadville it's not going to be visible

Meadville it's not going to be visible
but<00:44:57.660><c> if</c><00:44:57.810><c> I</c><00:44:57.930><c>
go</c><00:44:58.079><c> to</c><00:44:58.140><c> next</c><00:44:58.589><c> week</c>

but if I go to next week

but if I go to next week
starting<00:45:00.150><c> on</c><00:45:00.270><c> April</c><00:45:00.420><c>
25th</c><00:45:02.119><c> I've</c><00:45:03.119><c> got</c><00:45:03.480><c>
a</c><00:45:03.510><c> whole</c>

starting on April 25th I've got a whole

starting on April 25th I've got a whole
whole<00:45:04.980><c> slew</c><00:45:05.310><c> of</c><00:45:05.339><c>
events</c><00:45:05.880><c> that</c><00:45:06.030><c> I</c><00:45:06.060><c>
can</c><00:45:06.300><c> look</c><00:45:06.450><c> for</c>

whole slew of events that I can look for

whole slew of events that I can look for
now<00:45:07.470><c> these</c><00:45:07.680><c> are</c><00:45:08.010><c>
all</c><00:45:08.160><c> morning</c><00:45:08.760><c> time</c><00:45:09.060><c>
events</c><00:45:09.690><c> 4</c>

now these are all morning time events 4

now these are all morning time events 4
a.m.<00:45:11.010><c> 5</c><00:45:11.400><c> a.m.</c><00:45:11.670><c>
and</c><00:45:12.180><c> so</c><00:45:12.390><c> on</c><00:45:12.599><c>
and</c><00:45:12.930><c> then</c><00:45:13.680><c> if</c><00:45:13.859><c>
we</c><00:45:13.980><c> go</c>

a.m. 5 a.m. and so on and then if we go

a.m. 5 a.m. and so on and then if we go
forward<00:45:14.640><c> in</c><00:45:14.760><c> time</c><00:45:14.790><c>
some</c><00:45:15.300><c> more</c><00:45:15.569><c> eventually</c><00:45:16.560><c>
you</c>

forward in time some more eventually you

forward in time some more eventually you
might<00:45:16.859><c> be</c><00:45:17.040><c> able</c><00:45:17.130><c>
to</c><00:45:17.280><c> find</c><00:45:17.609><c> where</c><00:45:18.230><c>
you</c><00:45:19.230><c> have</c>

might be able to find where you have

might be able to find where you have
some<00:45:19.770><c> evening</c><00:45:20.280><c> events</c><00:45:20.700><c>
to</c><00:45:20.849><c> look</c><00:45:21.030><c> for</c><00:45:21.270><c>
this</c><00:45:21.480><c> so</c>

some evening events to look for this so

some evening events to look for this so
here's<00:45:22.530><c> one</c><00:45:22.800><c> for</c><00:45:23.099><c>
example</c><00:45:23.609><c> we're</c><00:45:24.329><c> at</c><00:45:24.630><c>
twenty</c>

here's one for example we're at twenty

here's one for example we're at twenty
to<00:45:25.500><c> thirty</c><00:45:25.859><c> seven</c><00:45:26.160><c>
so</c><00:45:26.520><c> that's</c><00:45:26.640><c> ten</c><00:45:27.000><c>
thirty</c>

to thirty seven so that's ten thirty

to thirty seven so that's ten thirty
seven<00:45:27.780><c> pm</c><00:45:28.339><c> it'll</c><00:45:29.339><c>
start</c><00:45:29.730><c> to</c><00:45:29.910><c> be</c><00:45:30.089><c>
up</c><00:45:30.329><c> above</c><00:45:30.750><c> the</c>

seven pm it'll start to be up above the

seven pm it'll start to be up above the
horizon<00:45:31.140><c> far</c><00:45:31.829><c> enough</c><00:45:32.040><c>
see</c><00:45:32.790><c> it</c>

horizon far enough that you can see it

horizon far enough that you can see it
on<00:45:33.119><c> May</c><00:45:33.359><c> 15th</c><00:45:33.900><c>
at</c><00:45:34.940><c> 10:40</c><00:45:35.940><c> 1</c><00:45:36.150><c>
it's</c><00:45:36.359><c> going</c><00:45:36.420><c> to</c><00:45:36.599><c> be</c>

on May 15th at 10:40 1 it's going to be

on May 15th at 10:40 1 it's going to be
72<00:45:37.380><c> degrees</c><00:45:37.770><c> above</c><00:45:38.130><c>
the</c><00:45:38.190><c> horizon</c><00:45:38.430><c> and</c><00:45:39.180><c>
you</c><00:45:39.869><c> can</c>

72 degrees above the horizon and you can

72 degrees above the horizon and you can
click<00:45:40.349><c> here</c><00:45:40.380><c> and</c><00:45:40.829><c>
get</c><00:45:41.670><c> an</c><00:45:41.849><c> idea</c><00:45:42.180><c>
of</c><00:45:42.240><c> the</c><00:45:42.569><c> where</c>

click here and get an idea of the where

click here and get an idea of the where
it's<00:45:43.349><c> going</c><00:45:43.650><c> to</c><00:45:43.680><c> pass</c>

it's going to pass

it's going to pass
and<00:45:44.880><c> on</c><00:45:45.540><c> this</c><00:45:45.720><c>
diagram</c><00:45:46.050><c> you're</c><00:45:46.560><c> looking</c>

and on this diagram you're looking

and on this diagram you're looking
inside<00:45:47.280><c> of</c><00:45:47.340><c> this</c><00:45:47.550><c>
circle</c><00:45:47.970><c> here</c><00:45:48.180><c> at</c><00:45:48.360><c>
the</c><00:45:48.570><c> whole</c>

inside of this circle here at the whole

inside of this circle here at the whole
sky<00:45:49.080><c> and</c><00:45:49.500><c> so</c><00:45:50.400><c>
here</c><00:45:51.030><c> down</c><00:45:51.360><c> at</c><00:45:51.600><c>
the</c><00:45:51.690><c> bottom</c>

sky and so here down at the bottom

sky and so here down at the bottom
that's<00:45:52.230><c> the</c><00:45:52.530><c> direction</c><00:45:52.980><c>
to</c><00:45:53.130><c> the</c><00:45:53.160><c> south</c><00:45:53.550><c> and</c>

that's the direction to the south and

that's the direction to the south and
here<00:45:54.930><c> up</c><00:45:55.050><c> the</c><00:45:55.230><c>
top</c><00:45:55.500><c> that's</c><00:45:55.890><c> the</c><00:45:56.160><c>
direction</c>

here up the top that's the direction

here up the top that's the direction
towards<00:45:57.000><c> the</c><00:45:57.090><c> north</c><00:45:57.710><c>
over</c><00:45:58.710><c> here</c><00:45:58.920><c> we</c><00:45:59.070><c>
have</c><00:45:59.250><c> the</c>

towards the north over here we have the

towards the north over here we have the
west<00:45:59.730><c> and</c><00:46:00.240><c> over</c><00:46:00.960><c>
here</c><00:46:01.230><c> we</c><00:46:01.410><c> have</c><00:46:01.560><c>
the</c><00:46:01.740><c> East</c><00:46:01.950><c> and</c>

west and over here we have the East and

west and over here we have the East and
that<00:46:03.150><c> may</c><00:46:03.330><c> be</c><00:46:03.360><c>
backwards</c><00:46:04.020><c> from</c><00:46:04.230><c> what</c><00:46:04.380><c>
you</c>

that may be backwards from what you

that may be backwards from what you
expected<00:46:05.040><c> me</c><00:46:05.190><c> to</c><00:46:05.220><c>
say</c><00:46:05.370><c> but</c><00:46:06.030><c> remember</c><00:46:06.420><c>
if</c>

expected me to say but remember if

expected me to say but remember if
you're<00:46:06.690><c> facing</c><00:46:07.290><c> towards</c><00:46:07.680><c>
the</c><00:46:07.770><c> south</c><00:46:08.330><c> west</c><00:46:09.330><c>
is</c>

you're facing towards the south west is

you're facing towards the south west is
going<00:46:09.960><c> to</c><00:46:10.050><c> be</c><00:46:10.200><c>
to</c><00:46:10.380><c> your</c><00:46:10.500><c> right</c><00:46:10.560><c>
and</c><00:46:11.010><c> East</c><00:46:11.490><c> is</c>

going to be to your right and East is

going to be to your right and East is
going<00:46:11.760><c> to</c><00:46:11.970><c> be</c><00:46:12.060><c>
to</c><00:46:12.240><c> your</c><00:46:12.360><c> left</c><00:46:12.600><c>
so</c><00:46:12.990><c> if</c><00:46:13.260><c> you're</c>

going to be to your left so if you're

going to be to your left so if you're
facing<00:46:13.920><c> towards</c><00:46:14.190><c> the</c><00:46:14.340><c>
south</c><00:46:14.550><c> hold</c><00:46:14.940><c> this</c><00:46:15.150><c>
here</c>

facing towards the south hold this here

facing towards the south hold this here
the<00:46:16.530><c> South</c><00:46:16.740><c> part</c><00:46:17.040><c>
at</c><00:46:17.160><c> the</c><00:46:17.280><c> bottom</c><00:46:17.610><c>
and</c><00:46:17.730><c> West</c>

the South part at the bottom and West

the South part at the bottom and West
will<00:46:18.240><c> be</c><00:46:18.360><c> to</c><00:46:18.540><c>
your</c><00:46:18.660><c> right</c><00:46:18.720><c> and</c><00:46:19.320><c>
you</c><00:46:20.070><c> see</c><00:46:20.280><c> that</c>

will be to your right and you see that

will be to your right and you see that
this<00:46:21.140><c> International</c><00:46:22.140><c> Space</c><00:46:22.380><c>
Station</c><00:46:22.890><c> is</c>

this International Space Station is

this International Space Station is
gonna<00:46:23.220><c> rise</c><00:46:23.520><c> up</c><00:46:23.970><c>
around</c><00:46:24.890><c> 1036</c><00:46:25.890><c> and</c><00:46:26.240><c>
you</c><00:46:27.240><c> might</c>

gonna rise up around 1036 and you might

gonna rise up around 1036 and you might
not<00:46:27.570><c> see</c><00:46:27.870><c> it</c><00:46:27.900><c>
until</c><00:46:28.140><c> ten</c><00:46:28.620><c> thirty</c><00:46:28.890><c>
nine</c><00:46:29.190><c> or</c><00:46:29.430><c> so</c>

not see it until ten thirty nine or so

not see it until ten thirty nine or so
and<00:46:29.940><c> it's</c><00:46:30.060><c> far</c><00:46:30.360><c>
enough</c><00:46:30.570><c> off</c><00:46:30.810><c> the</c><00:46:30.840><c>
horizon</c><00:46:31.370><c> but</c>

and it's far enough off the horizon but

and it's far enough off the horizon but
then<00:46:32.610><c> over</c><00:46:32.940><c> the</c><00:46:33.060><c>
next</c><00:46:33.090><c> few</c><00:46:33.480><c> minutes</c><00:46:33.870><c>
it'll</c>

then over the next few minutes it'll

then over the next few minutes it'll
move<00:46:34.290><c> across</c><00:46:34.650><c> the</c><00:46:35.040><c>
sky</c><00:46:35.280><c> and</c><00:46:35.760><c> it'll</c><00:46:36.390><c>
be</c><00:46:36.540><c> rather</c>

move across the sky and it'll be rather

move across the sky and it'll be rather
bright<00:46:38.150><c> the</c><00:46:39.150><c> previous</c><00:46:39.720><c>
page</c><00:46:39.960><c> tells</c><00:46:40.440><c> us</c><00:46:40.740><c>
how</c>

bright the previous page tells us how

bright the previous page tells us how
bright<00:46:41.280><c> you</c><00:46:41.640><c> can</c><00:46:41.850><c>
expect</c><00:46:42.270><c> these</c><00:46:42.480><c> things</c><00:46:42.900><c>
to</c><00:46:43.140><c> be</c>

bright you can expect these things to be

bright you can expect these things to be
we're<00:46:44.880><c> looking</c><00:46:45.270><c> at</c><00:46:45.420><c>
the</c><00:46:45.690><c> May</c><00:46:46.200><c> fifteenth</c><00:46:46.830><c>
one</c>

we're looking at the May fifteenth one

we're looking at the May fifteenth one
and<00:46:47.430><c> notice</c><00:46:48.270><c> that</c><00:46:48.450><c>
the</c><00:46:48.630><c> magnitude</c><00:46:49.200><c> is</c>

and notice that the magnitude is

and notice that the magnitude is
negative<00:46:49.980><c> three</c><00:46:50.340><c> point</c><00:46:50.610><c>
six</c><00:46:51.060><c> so</c><00:46:51.990><c> this</c><00:46:52.200><c> is</c>

negative three point six so this is

negative three point six so this is
gonna<00:46:52.500><c> rival</c><00:46:53.070><c> the</c><00:46:53.190><c>
brightness</c><00:46:53.640><c> of</c><00:46:53.790><c> Venus</c><00:46:54.210><c>
in</c>

gonna rival the brightness of Venus in

gonna rival the brightness of Venus in
the<00:46:54.450><c> sky</c><00:46:54.780><c> in</c><00:46:54.930><c>
fact</c><00:46:55.200><c> maybe</c><00:46:55.440><c> even</c><00:46:55.770><c>
be</c><00:46:56.070><c> a</c><00:46:56.100><c> little</c>

the sky in fact maybe even be a little

the sky in fact maybe even be a little
bit<00:46:56.490><c> brighter</c><00:46:56.730><c> than</c><00:46:57.060><c>
Venus</c><00:46:58.790><c> Vega</c><00:46:59.790><c> the</c><00:47:00.330><c>
star</c><00:47:00.810><c> in</c>

bit brighter than Venus Vega the star in

bit brighter than Venus Vega the star in
the<00:47:01.290><c> Lyra</c><00:47:01.500><c> the</c><00:47:01.560><c>
harp</c><00:47:01.680><c> constellation</c><00:47:02.640><c>
has</c><00:47:02.820><c> a</c>

the Lyra the harp constellation has a

the Lyra the harp constellation has a
magnitude<00:47:03.510><c> of</c><00:47:03.690><c> zero</c><00:47:03.990><c>
and</c><00:47:04.350><c> remember</c><00:47:05.130><c> as</c><00:47:05.220><c>
you</c><00:47:05.340><c> go</c>

magnitude of zero and remember as you go

magnitude of zero and remember as you go
smaller<00:47:06.150><c> and</c><00:47:06.480><c> smaller</c><00:47:06.810><c>
numbers</c><00:47:07.440><c> you</c><00:47:08.100><c> get</c><00:47:08.280><c>
two</c>

smaller and smaller numbers you get two

smaller and smaller numbers you get two
brighter<00:47:09.120><c> and</c><00:47:09.360><c> brighter</c><00:47:09.510><c>
values</c><00:47:10.170><c> so</c><00:47:10.350><c> things</c>

brighter and brighter values so things

brighter and brighter values so things
that<00:47:10.890><c> are</c><00:47:10.980><c> negative</c><00:47:11.220><c>
are</c><00:47:11.610><c> gonna</c><00:47:11.730><c> be</c><00:47:11.910><c>
very</c><00:47:12.180><c> easy</c>

that are negative are gonna be very easy

that are negative are gonna be very easy
to<00:47:12.840><c> see</c><00:47:14.990><c> it's</c><00:47:15.990><c>
not</c><00:47:16.230><c> just</c><00:47:16.650><c> the</c><00:47:16.860><c>
International</c>

to see it's not just the International

to see it's not just the International
Space<00:47:17.730><c> Station</c><00:47:17.790><c> though</c><00:47:18.480><c>
look</c>

Space Station though that you can look

Space Station though that you can look
for<00:47:19.470><c> let's</c><00:47:20.010><c> say</c><00:47:20.160><c>
you</c><00:47:20.220><c> don't</c><00:47:20.340><c> want</c><00:47:20.520><c>
to</c><00:47:20.610><c> wait</c><00:47:20.760><c> all</c>

for let's say you don't want to wait all

for let's say you don't want to wait all
the<00:47:21.210><c> way</c><00:47:21.240><c> until</c><00:47:21.390><c>
May</c><00:47:21.960><c> 15th</c><00:47:22.530><c> to</c><00:47:22.800><c>
find</c><00:47:23.040><c> something</c>

the way until May 15th to find something

the way until May 15th to find something
interesting<00:47:23.700><c> to</c><00:47:24.210><c> look</c><00:47:24.360><c>
at</c><00:47:24.570><c> I</c><00:47:24.870><c> like</c><00:47:25.560><c>
using</c><00:47:25.890><c> this</c>

interesting to look at I like using this

interesting to look at I like using this
daily<00:47:26.670><c> prediction</c><00:47:27.210><c> for</c><00:47:27.420><c>
brighter</c><00:47:27.690><c> satellites</c>

daily prediction for brighter satellites

daily prediction for brighter satellites
and<00:47:28.740><c> I</c><00:47:29.370><c> usually</c><00:47:29.580><c>
set</c><00:47:30.060><c> it</c><00:47:30.210><c> to</c><00:47:30.330><c>
a</c><00:47:30.360><c> minimum</c>

and I usually set it to a minimum

and I usually set it to a minimum
brightness<00:47:30.960><c> of</c><00:47:31.380><c> three</c><00:47:31.880><c>
that</c><00:47:32.880><c> way</c><00:47:33.060><c> it's</c><00:47:33.270><c>
easy</c>

brightness of three that way it's easy

brightness of three that way it's easy
to<00:47:34.020><c> see</c><00:47:34.260><c> if</c><00:47:34.530><c>
you</c><00:47:34.740><c> set</c><00:47:34.950><c> it</c><00:47:35.070><c>
at</c><00:47:35.190><c> five</c><00:47:35.490><c> the</c><00:47:36.390><c>
unless</c>

to see if you set it at five the unless

to see if you set it at five the unless
you're<00:47:37.230><c> in</c><00:47:37.320><c> a</c><00:47:37.410><c>
really</c><00:47:37.620><c> dark</c><00:47:37.920><c> part</c><00:47:38.280><c>
of</c><00:47:38.400><c> the</c><00:47:38.490><c> of</c>

you're in a really dark part of the of

you're in a really dark part of the of
the<00:47:39.350><c> United</c><00:47:40.350><c> States</c><00:47:40.430><c>
or</c><00:47:41.430><c> world</c><00:47:41.970><c> then</c><00:47:42.750><c>
you're</c>

the United States or world then you're

the United States or world then you're
not<00:47:43.050><c> going</c><00:47:43.200><c> to</c><00:47:43.290><c>
be</c><00:47:43.380><c> able</c><00:47:43.440><c> to</c><00:47:43.620><c>
see</c><00:47:43.920><c> it</c><00:47:44.100><c> at</c><00:47:44.310><c> five</c>

not going to be able to see it at five

not going to be able to see it at five
but<00:47:46.410><c> now</c><00:47:46.710><c> you</c><00:47:46.770><c>
can</c><00:47:47.070><c> look</c><00:47:47.310><c> and</c><00:47:47.520><c>
oh</c><00:47:47.790><c> my</c><00:47:47.970><c> gosh</c><00:47:48.210><c> look</c>

but now you can look and oh my gosh look

but now you can look and oh my gosh look
at<00:47:49.080><c> tonight</c><00:47:49.560><c> for</c><00:47:49.920><c>
example</c><00:47:50.640><c> April</c><00:47:51.270><c> 14th</c><00:47:51.980><c>
look</c>

at tonight for example April 14th look

at tonight for example April 14th look
at<00:47:53.070><c> all</c><00:47:53.190><c> these</c><00:47:53.600><c>
StarLink</c><00:47:54.690><c> satellites</c><00:47:55.260><c> that</c>

at all these StarLink satellites that

at all these StarLink satellites that
are<00:47:55.590><c> going</c><00:47:55.740><c> to</c><00:47:55.830><c>
come</c><00:47:56.070><c> one</c><00:47:56.730><c> right</c><00:47:57.030><c>
after</c>

are going to come one right after

are going to come one right after
another

another

another
you<00:47:59.250><c> know</c><00:47:59.369><c> thanks</c><00:47:59.790><c>
Elon</c><00:48:00.119><c> Musk</c><00:48:00.480><c> that's</c><00:48:01.410><c>
what</c>

you know thanks Elon Musk that's what

you know thanks Elon Musk that's what
the<00:48:02.369><c> new</c><00:48:02.970><c> communication</c><00:48:03.750><c>
satellites</c><00:48:04.380><c> that</c>

the new communication satellites that

the new communication satellites that
Elon<00:48:05.040><c> Musk</c><00:48:05.280><c> is</c><00:48:05.490><c>
pointing</c><00:48:05.910><c> putting</c><00:48:06.750><c> up</c><00:48:06.900><c>
in</c><00:48:07.020><c> the</c>

Elon Musk is pointing putting up in the

Elon Musk is pointing putting up in the
sky<00:48:07.320><c> his</c><00:48:07.530><c> his</c><00:48:08.220><c>
companies</c><00:48:08.790><c> are</c><00:48:08.970><c>
putting</c><00:48:09.180><c> up</c><00:48:09.420><c> in</c>

sky his his companies are putting up in

sky his his companies are putting up in
the<00:48:09.660><c> sky</c><00:48:10.340><c> those</c><00:48:11.340><c>
are</c><00:48:11.520><c> those</c><00:48:11.700><c> satellites</c><00:48:12.510><c>
so</c>

the sky those are those satellites so

the sky those are those satellites so
you<00:48:13.320><c> can</c><00:48:13.560><c> go</c><00:48:13.710><c>
and</c><00:48:13.890><c> you</c><00:48:13.980><c> can</c><00:48:14.100><c>
look</c><00:48:14.130><c> for</c><00:48:14.490><c> those</c>

you can go and you can look for those

you can go and you can look for those
one<00:48:15.420><c> right</c><00:48:15.780><c> after</c><00:48:16.110><c>
another</c><00:48:16.430><c> let</c><00:48:17.430><c> me</c><00:48:17.580><c>
try</c><00:48:17.790><c> to</c>

one right after another let me try to

one right after another let me try to
find<00:48:18.410><c> these</c><00:48:19.410><c> are</c><00:48:19.650><c>
all</c><00:48:19.800><c> kind</c><00:48:20.220><c> of</c><00:48:20.400><c>
dim</c><00:48:20.670><c> to</c><00:48:20.970><c> be</c>

find these are all kind of dim to be

find these are all kind of dim to be
honest<00:48:21.510><c> right</c><00:48:22.140><c> around</c><00:48:22.350><c>
four</c><00:48:22.740><c> magnitudes</c>

honest right around four magnitudes

honest right around four magnitudes
they're<00:48:23.940><c> gonna</c><00:48:24.090><c> be</c><00:48:24.150><c>
a</c><00:48:24.210><c> little</c><00:48:24.390><c> bit</c><00:48:24.570><c>
tricky</c><00:48:24.930><c> to</c>

they're gonna be a little bit tricky to

they're gonna be a little bit tricky to
see<00:48:25.320><c> but</c><00:48:26.280><c> for</c><00:48:26.550><c>
the</c><00:48:26.670><c> sake</c><00:48:26.880><c> of</c><00:48:27.060><c>
argument</c><00:48:27.480><c> let's</c>

see but for the sake of argument let's

see but for the sake of argument let's
go<00:48:27.840><c> ahead</c><00:48:27.930><c> and</c><00:48:28.230><c>
look</c><00:48:28.380><c> and</c><00:48:28.710><c> you</c><00:48:29.700><c>
can</c><00:48:29.850><c> see</c><00:48:30.060><c> this</c>

go ahead and look and you can see this

go ahead and look and you can see this
one's<00:48:30.600><c> coming</c><00:48:30.960><c> from</c><00:48:31.680><c>
the</c><00:48:31.830><c> southeast</c><00:48:32.340><c> to</c><00:48:32.790><c>
the</c>

one's coming from the southeast to the

one's coming from the southeast to the
northwest<00:48:33.320><c> the</c><00:48:34.320><c> next</c><00:48:34.650><c>
one</c><00:48:34.830><c> is</c><00:48:35.010><c> going</c><00:48:35.130><c>
to</c><00:48:35.190><c> just</c>

northwest the next one is going to just

northwest the next one is going to just
come<00:48:35.640><c> right</c><00:48:35.880><c> in</c><00:48:36.060><c>
line</c><00:48:36.270><c> after</c><00:48:36.840><c> it</c><00:48:37.910><c>
and</c><00:48:38.910><c> you're</c>

come right in line after it and you're

come right in line after it and you're
gonna<00:48:39.210><c> get</c><00:48:39.390><c> a</c><00:48:39.450><c>
whole</c><00:48:39.660><c> slew</c><00:48:39.990><c> of</c><00:48:40.020><c>
these</c><00:48:40.290><c> oh</c><00:48:40.650><c> this</c>

gonna get a whole slew of these oh this

gonna get a whole slew of these oh this
one's<00:48:41.340><c> coming</c><00:48:41.610><c> I'm</c><00:48:41.730><c>
sorry</c><00:48:41.970><c> they're</c><00:48:42.210><c> coming</c>

one's coming I'm sorry they're coming

one's coming I'm sorry they're coming
from<00:48:42.630><c> the</c><00:48:42.840><c> Northwest</c><00:48:43.320><c>
to</c><00:48:43.619><c> the</c><00:48:43.650><c> southeast</c><00:48:43.830><c>
and</c>

from the Northwest to the southeast and

from the Northwest to the southeast and
you're<00:48:45.240><c> going</c><00:48:45.360><c> to</c><00:48:45.450><c>
get</c><00:48:45.540><c> a</c><00:48:45.570><c> whole</c><00:48:45.780><c>
slew</c><00:48:46.080><c> of</c>

you're going to get a whole slew of

you're going to get a whole slew of
these<00:48:46.470><c> one</c><00:48:47.340><c> right</c><00:48:47.670><c>
after</c><00:48:47.940><c> another</c><00:48:48.800><c> moving</c>

these one right after another moving

these one right after another moving
across<00:48:50.040><c> the</c><00:48:50.160><c> sky</c><00:48:50.700><c>
so</c><00:48:51.660><c> if</c><00:48:52.080><c> you're</c><00:48:52.619><c>
looking</c><00:48:52.740><c> for</c>

across the sky so if you're looking for

across the sky so if you're looking for
satellites<00:48:53.550><c> that's</c><00:48:53.850><c> fun</c><00:48:54.210><c>
to</c><00:48:54.510><c> do</c><00:48:54.690><c> of</c><00:48:55.020><c> course</c>

satellites that's fun to do of course

satellites that's fun to do of course
astronomers<00:48:56.220><c> are</c><00:48:57.150><c>
concerned</c><00:48:57.660><c> that</c><00:48:57.840><c> this</c><00:48:58.140><c>
is</c>

astronomers are concerned that this is

astronomers are concerned that this is
going<00:48:58.560><c> to</c><00:48:58.950><c> and</c><00:48:59.340><c>
has</c><00:48:59.850><c> already</c><00:49:00.060><c> started</c><00:49:00.600><c>
to</c><00:49:01.020><c> get</c>

going to and has already started to get

going to and has already started to get
in<00:49:02.130><c> the</c><00:49:02.220><c> way</c><00:49:02.340><c>
of</c><00:49:02.369><c> their</c><00:49:02.700><c>
observations</c><00:49:03.470><c> now</c>

in the way of their observations now

in the way of their observations now
that<00:49:04.770><c> you're</c><00:49:04.980><c> so</c><00:49:05.220><c>
good</c><00:49:05.609><c> at</c><00:49:05.990><c> knowing</c>

that you're so good at knowing

that you're so good at knowing
constellations<00:49:07.890><c> in</c><00:49:08.040><c> the</c><00:49:08.100><c>
sky</c><00:49:08.190><c> you</c><00:49:09.090><c> can</c><00:49:09.210><c> also</c>

constellations in the sky you can also

constellations in the sky you can also
look<00:49:09.660><c> for</c><00:49:09.720><c> other</c><00:49:09.990><c>
things</c><00:49:10.050><c> in</c><00:49:10.530><c> these</c><00:49:10.680><c>
like</c>

look for other things in these like

look for other things in these like
here's<00:49:11.190><c> the</c><00:49:11.340><c> Orion</c><00:49:11.790><c>
the</c><00:49:11.910><c> Hunter</c>

here's the Orion the Hunter

here's the Orion the Hunter
and<00:49:12.570><c> here's</c><00:49:13.410><c> Gemini</c><00:49:13.920><c>
the</c><00:49:13.950><c> twins</c><00:49:14.130><c> so</c><00:49:15.090><c>
this</c>
and here's Gemini the twins so this

and here's Gemini the twins so this
satellites<00:49:15.780><c> gonna</c><00:49:16.020><c> cut</c><00:49:16.260><c>
right</c><00:49:16.290><c> between</c><00:49:16.650><c> Orion</c>

satellites gonna cut right between Orion

satellites gonna cut right between Orion
and<00:49:17.609><c> Gemini</c><00:49:18.030><c> and</c><00:49:18.300><c>
it's</c><00:49:18.420><c> going</c><00:49:18.510><c> to</c><00:49:18.570><c>
be</c><00:49:18.750><c> a</c><00:49:18.780><c> little</c>

and Gemini and it's going to be a little

and Gemini and it's going to be a little
bit<00:49:19.260><c> closer</c><00:49:19.830><c> to</c><00:49:20.100><c>
the</c><00:49:20.130><c> horizon</c><00:49:20.340><c> than</c><00:49:20.970><c>
Venus</c><00:49:21.210><c> is</c>

bit closer to the horizon than Venus is

bit closer to the horizon than Venus is
so<00:49:22.350><c> there's</c><00:49:23.220><c> different</c><00:49:23.460><c>
things</c><00:49:23.670><c> that</c><00:49:23.970><c> you</c><00:49:24.180><c>
can</c>

so there's different things that you can

so there's different things that you can
look<00:49:24.510><c> for</c><00:49:24.780><c> if</c><00:49:25.470><c>
I</c><00:49:25.710><c> were</c><00:49:25.859><c> going</c><00:49:26.040><c>
out</c><00:49:26.250><c> in</c><00:49:26.460><c> the</c><00:49:26.580><c> sky</c>

look for if I were going out in the sky

look for if I were going out in the sky
out<00:49:27.090><c> tonight</c><00:49:27.750><c> to</c><00:49:27.930><c>
look</c><00:49:28.109><c> at</c><00:49:28.260><c> the</c><00:49:28.380><c>
night</c><00:49:28.530><c> sky</c><00:49:28.560><c> I</c>
out tonight to look at the night sky I

out tonight to look at the night sky I
would<00:49:29.940><c> try</c><00:49:30.240><c> to</c><00:49:30.300><c>
look</c><00:49:30.810><c> for</c><00:49:30.840><c> the</c><00:49:31.080><c>
ones</c><00:49:31.350><c> that</c><00:49:31.619><c> were</c>

would try to look for the ones that were

would try to look for the ones that were
brightest<00:49:32.520><c> here</c><00:49:32.760><c> let</c><00:49:32.970><c>
me</c><00:49:33.000><c> hit</c><00:49:33.210><c> the</c><00:49:33.300><c>
Update</c>

brightest here let me hit the Update

brightest here let me hit the Update
button<00:49:33.960><c> so</c><00:49:34.710><c> that</c><00:49:34.950><c>
I</c><00:49:35.220><c> get</c><00:49:35.820><c> a</c><00:49:35.850><c>
shorter</c><00:49:36.480><c> list</c><00:49:37.369><c> so</c>

button so that I get a shorter list so

button so that I get a shorter list so
something<00:49:38.910><c> like</c><00:49:38.940><c> this</c><00:49:39.300><c>
one</c><00:49:39.840><c> point</c><00:49:40.109><c> 6</c><00:49:40.440><c>
this</c><00:49:41.010><c> is</c>

something like this one point 6 this is

something like this one point 6 this is
at<00:49:41.400><c> 9:00</c><00:49:41.640><c> p.m.</c><00:49:41.670><c>
so</c><00:49:42.570><c> it's</c><00:49:43.080><c> already</c><00:49:43.530><c>
enough'</c>

at 9:00 p.m. so it's already enough'

at 9:00 p.m. so it's already enough'
past<00:49:44.640><c> sunset</c><00:49:45.300><c> time</c><00:49:45.900><c>
that</c><00:49:46.320><c> you'd</c><00:49:46.980><c> probably</c><00:49:47.280><c>
be</c>
past sunset time that you'd probably be

past sunset time that you'd probably be
able<00:49:47.700><c> to</c><00:49:47.820><c> see</c><00:49:48.060><c>
it</c><00:49:48.180><c> the</c><00:49:48.390><c> further</c><00:49:48.630><c>
you</c><00:49:48.900><c> wait</c><00:49:49.080><c> past</c>

able to see it the further you wait past

able to see it the further you wait past
sunset<00:49:49.650><c> the</c><00:49:49.950><c> easier</c><00:49:50.369><c>
it's</c><00:49:50.580><c> going</c><00:49:50.730><c> to</c><00:49:50.790><c>
be</c><00:49:50.850><c> to</c>

sunset the easier it's going to be to

sunset the easier it's going to be to
see<00:49:51.300><c> it's</c><00:49:51.869><c> gonna</c><00:49:52.020><c>
be</c><00:49:52.170><c> nice</c><00:49:52.380><c> and</c><00:49:52.410><c>
high</c><00:49:52.800><c> in</c><00:49:52.980><c> the</c>

see it's gonna be nice and high in the

see it's gonna be nice and high in the
sky<00:49:53.340><c> 83</c><00:49:54.090><c> degrees</c>

sky 83 degrees

sky 83 degrees
and<00:49:55.680><c> so</c><00:49:55.980><c> this</c><00:49:56.430><c>
USA</c><00:49:56.970><c> 186</c><00:49:57.780><c> satellite</c><00:49:59.030><c>
that</c><00:50:00.030><c> would</c>

and so this USA 186 satellite that would

and so this USA 186 satellite that would
be<00:50:00.330><c> a</c><00:50:00.359><c> good</c><00:50:00.570><c>
one</c><00:50:00.750><c> to</c><00:50:00.960><c> look</c><00:50:01.080><c>
for</c><00:50:01.380><c> tonight</c><00:50:01.609><c> it's</c>
be a good one to look for tonight it's

be a good one to look for tonight it's
gonna<00:50:02.730><c> be</c><00:50:02.940><c> coming</c><00:50:03.210><c>
from</c><00:50:03.420><c> the</c><00:50:03.600><c> south</c><00:50:03.840><c>
across</c>

gonna be coming from the south across

gonna be coming from the south across
the<00:50:04.500><c> sky</c><00:50:05.220><c> almost</c><00:50:05.640><c>
through</c><00:50:05.910><c> the</c><00:50:06.030><c> zenith</c><00:50:06.390><c>
point</c>

the sky almost through the zenith point

the sky almost through the zenith point
and<00:50:06.869><c> then</c><00:50:07.440><c> to</c><00:50:07.710><c>
the</c><00:50:07.890><c> north</c>
okay<00:50:11.200><c> so</c><00:50:11.260><c> that's</c><00:50:11.950><c>

all</c><00:50:12.250><c> we</c><00:50:12.550><c> have</c><00:50:12.790><c>
time</c><00:50:13.120><c> for</c>

okay so that's all we have time for

okay so that's all we have time for
today<00:50:13.920><c> I</c><00:50:14.920><c> hope</c><00:50:15.520><c>
you're</c><00:50:15.760><c> staying</c><00:50:16.030><c> safe</c><00:50:17.550><c>
take</c>

today I hope you're staying safe take

today I hope you're staying safe take
care

Intro To Astronomy #9 - Evidence For The Big Bang, Olbers Paradox

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Intro To Astronomy #9 - Evidence For The Big Bang, Olbers Paradox

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