8

Three-Phase
Circuits

8.1 INTRODUCTION
A system which generates a single alternating voltage and current is termed a single-phase system. It utilises
only one winding. A polyphase system utilises more than one winding. It will produce as many induced
voltages as the number of windings.
A three-phase system consists of three separate but identical windings displaced by 120 electrical degrees
from each other as shown in Fig. 8.1. When these three windings are rotated in an anticlockwise direction
with constant angular velocity in a uniform magnetic field, the emfs induced in each winding have the same
magnitude and frequency but are displaced 120° from one another.
w rad/s
R
Y1 B1
N S
Y
B
R1
Fig. 8.1 Three-phase system
The instantaneous values of generated voltage in windings RR1, YY1 and BB1 are given by
eR Em sin θ
eY Em sin (θ − 120°)
eB Em sin (θ − 240°)

where Em is the maximum value of the induced voltage in each winding. The waveforms of these three
voltages are shown in Fig. 8.2.
e
eR eY eB

q
0

Fig. 8.2 Voltage waveforms

8.2 Network Analysis and Synthesis
Figure 8.3 shows the phasor diagram of these three induced voltages.
ER

120° 120°

120°
EB EY

Fig. 8.3 Phasor diagram

8.2 ADVANTAGES OF A THREE-PHASE SYSTEM

1. In a single-phase system, the instantaneous power is fluctuating in nature. However, in a three-phase
system, it is constant at all times.
2. The output of a three-phase system is greater than that of a single-phase system.
3. Transmission and distribution of a three-phase system is cheaper than that of a single-phase
system.
4. Three-phase motors are more efficient and have higher power factors than single-phase motors of
the same frequency.
5. Three-phase motors are self-starting whereas single-phase motors are not self-starting.

8.3 SOME DEFINITIONS

1. Phase Sequence The sequence in which the voltages in the three phases reach the maximum positive
value is called the phase sequence or phase order. From the phasor diagram of a three-phase system, it is
clear that the voltage in the coil R attains maximum positive value first, next in the coil Y and then in the
coil B. Hence, the phase sequence is R-Y-B.
2. Phase Voltage The voltage induced in each winding is called the phase voltage.
3. Phase Current The current flowing through each winding is called the phase current.
4. Line Voltage The voltage available between any pair of terminals or lines is called the line voltage.
5. Line Current The current flowing through each line is called the line current.
6. Symmetrical or Balanced System A three-phase system is said to be balanced if the
(a) voltages in the three phases are equal in magnitude and differ in phase from one another by 120°, and
(b) currents in the three phases are equal in magnitude and differ in phase from one another by 120°.
7. Balanced Load The load is said to be balanced if loads connected across the three phases are identical,
i.e., all the loads have the same magnitude and power factor.

8.4 INTERCONNECTION OF THREE PHASES

In a three-phase system, there are three windings. Each winding has two terminals, viz., ‘start’ and ‘finish’. If
a separate load is connected across each winding as shown in Fig. 8.4, six conductors are required to transmit
and distribute power. This will make the system complicated and expensive.
 8.5 Star, or WYE, Connection 8.3

Load

Load

Load

S
Fig. 8.4 Non-interlinked three-phase system

In order to reduce the number of conductors, the three windings are connected in the following two
ways:
1. Star, or Wye, connection
2. Delta, or Mesh, connection

8.5 STAR, OR WYE, CONNECTION

In this method, similar terminals (start or finish) of the three windings are joined together as shown in
Fig. 8.5. The common point is called star or neutral point.
Figure 8.6 shows a three-phase system in star connection.
R IR R
S

Zph
F IR + IY + IB
N O N
Zph Zph
F F

S S Y IY Y
IB B
B
Fig. 8.5 Three-phase star connection Fig. 8.6 Three-phase, four-wire system

This system is called a three-phase, four-wire system. If three identical loads are connected to each phase,
the current flowing through the neutral wire is the sum of the three currents IR, IY and IB. Since the impedances
are identical, the three currents are equal in magnitude but differ in phase from one another by 120°.
iR I m sin θ
iY I m sin (θ − 120°)
iB I m sin(θ − 240°)
iR iY + iB I m sin θ + I m i ( °) I m sin (θ − 240°) = 0
8.4 Network Analysis and Synthesis
Hence, the neutral wire can be removed without any way affecting the voltages or currents in the circuit
as shown in Fig. 8.7. This constitutes a three-phase, three-wire system. If the load is not balanced, the neutral
wire carries some current.
IR R

Zph

O N
Zph Zph

IY Y
IB B

Fig. 8.7 Three-phase, three-wire system

8.6 DELTA, OR MESH, CONNECTION

R
In this method, dissimilar terminals of the three windings are S F
joined together, i.e., the ‘finish’ terminal of one winding is con-
nected to the ‘start’ terminal of the other winding, and so on,
F S
as shown in Fig. 8.8. This system is also called a three-phase, Y
three-wire system. S F
For a balanced system, the sum of the three-phase voltages
round the closed mesh is zero. The three emfs are equal in B
magnitude but differ in phase from one another by 120°. Fig. 8.8 Three-phase delta connection

R Em sin θ
eY Em sin (θ − 120°)
eB Em sin (θ − 240°)
eR + eY + eB Em si θ + Em i ( °) Em sin (θ − 240°) = 0

VOLTAGE, CURRENT AND POWER RELATIONS IN A BALANCED

8.7
STAR-CONNECTED LOAD

8.7.1 Relation between Line Voltage and Phase Voltage

IR
Figure 8.9 shows a balanced star-connected load. R
Since the system is balanced, the three-phase
voltages VRN, VYN, and VBN are equal in magnitude and Zph
VRY
differ in phase from one another by 120°.
IY
Let VRN VYN = VBN V ph Y
IR
N
IB
where V ph indicates the rms value of phase voltage. VBR
Zph IY Zph
VRN = V pph ∠0° VYB

VYN = V pph ∠− 120° IB

B
VBN = V pph ∠− 240°
Let VRY VYB = VBR VL
Fig. 8.9 Star connection
 8.7 Voltage, Current and Power Relations in a Balanced Star-Connected Load 8.5

where VL indicates the rms value of line voltage.

Applying Kirchhoff’s voltage law,
VRY VRN + VNY
= VRN VYN
= V ph ∠0° V pph ∠− 120°
=( p + ) − (−
( .5 V p − j 0. p )
= 1.5 V p + j 0.866 V ph

= 3 V ph ∠30°
Similarly, VYB VYN + VNB = 3 V pph ∠30°
VBR VBN + VNR = 3 V pph ∠30°

Thus, in a star-connected, three-phase system, VL 3 V ph and line voltages lead respective phase
voltages by 30°.

8.7.2 Relation between Line Current and Phase Current

From Fig. 8.9, it is clear that line current is equal to the phase current.
IL = Iph

8.7.3 Phasor Diagram (Lagging Power Factor)

Figure 8.10 shows the phasor diagram of a balanced star-connected inductive load.

VRY

VRN

IR VNB
VNY 30°
f

VYB
IB f 30°
f
30°
VBN IY
VYN

VNR

VBR

Fig. 8.10 Phasor diagram

8.7.4 Power
The total power in a three-phase system is the sum of powers in the three phases. For a balanced load, the
power consumed in each load phase is the same.
8.6 Network Analysis and Synthesis
Total active power P = 3 × power in each phase = 3 Vph Iph cos f
In a star-connected, three-phase system,
VL
V ph =
3
I ph IL
VL
P = 3× × IL φ 3 VL I L cos φ
3
where f is the phase difference between phase voltage and corresponding phase current.
Similarly, total reactive power Q = 3Vph Iph sin f = 3 VL I L sin φ
Total apparent power S V phh I ph 3 VL I L

VOLTAGE, CURRENT AND POWER RELATIONS IN

8.8
A BALANCED DELTA-CONNECTED LOAD

8.8.1 Relation between Line Voltage and Phase Voltage

Figure 8.11 shows a balanced delta-connected load.
IR R
R
IBR
VRY Zph Zph
Y
VBR IRY
VYB Zph
IB B
B Y
IYB
IY

Fig. 8.11 Delta connection

From Fig. 8.11, it is clear that line voltage is equal to phase voltage.
VL V ph

8.8.2 Relation between Line Current and Phase Current

Since the system is balanced, the three-phase currents IRY, IYB, and IBR are equal in magnitude but differ in
phase from one another by 120°.
Let I RY IYB = I BR I ph
where Iph indicates rms value of the phase current.
I RY = I ph ∠0°
IYB = I ph ∠− 120°
I BR = I ph ∠− 240°
Let IR IY = I B IL
 8.8 Voltage, Current and Power Relations in a Balanced Delta-Connected Load 8.7

where IL indicates rms value of the line current.

Applying Kirchhoff’s current law,
IR I BBRR = I RY
IR I RY − I BR
= I ph ∠0° I ph ∠− 240°
=( p + ) − (−
( .5 I p + j 0. p )
= 1.5 I p − j 0.866 I ph
= 3 ph ∠−
− 30°
Similarly, IY IYB I RY = 3 I ph ∠− 30°
IB I BR IYB = 3 I ph
ph ∠− 30°

Thus, in a delta-connected, three-phase system, I L 3 I ph and line currents lag behind the respective
phase currents by 30°.

8.8.3 Phasor Diagram (Lagging Power Factor)

Figure 8.12 shows the phasor diagram of a balanced delta connected inductive load.
VRY

IRY IR

−IYB f 30°
IB
−IBR
30°
IBR f f

30° IYB VYB

VBR −IRY

IY

Fig. 8.12 Phasor diagram

8.8.4 Power
P 3V ph I ph cos φ
In a delta-connected, three-phase system,
V ph VL
IL
I ph =
3
IL
P 3 VL × × cos φ = 3 VL I L cos φ
3
8.8 Network Analysis and Synthesis

Total reactive power Q V phh I ph i φ i φ

3 VL I L sin
Total apparent
a power S V phh I ph 3 VL I L

8.9 BALANCED Y/D AND D/Y CONVERSIONS

Any balanced star-connected system can be converted into the equivalent delta-connected system and vice versa.
For a balanced star-connected load,
Line voltage = VL
Line current = IL
Impedance/phase = ZY
VL
V ph =
3
I ph IL
V ph VL
ZY = =
I ph 3 IL
For an equivalent delta-connected system, the line voltages and currents must have the same values as in
the star-connected system, i.e.,
Line voltage = VL
Line current = IL
Impedance/phase = ZΔ
V ph VL
IL
I ph =
3
V ph VL V
ZΔ = = = 3 L = 3ZY
I ph IL IL
3
1
ZY ZΔ
3
Thus, when three equal phase impedances are connected in delta, the equivalent star impedance is one-third
of the delta impedance.

8.10 RELATION BETWEEN POWER IN DELTA AND STAR SYSTEMS

Let a balanced load be connected in star having impedance per phase as Zph.
For a star-connected load,
VL
V ph =
3
V ph VL
I ph = =
Z ph 3 Z ph
VL
IL I ph =
3 Z ph
 8.11 Comparison between Star and Delta Connections 8.9

VL VL2
Now PY 3 VL I L φ 3 VL × × cos φ = cos φ
3Z ph Z ph
For a delta-connected load,
V ph VL
V ph V
I ph = = L
Z ph Z ph
VL
IL 3 I pphh = 3
Z ph
VL VL2
Now PΔ 3 VL I L φ 3 VL × 3 ×c φ=3 cos φ = 3 PY
Z ph Z ph
1
PY PΔ
3
Thus, power consumed by a balanced star-connected load is one-third of that in the case of a delta-
connected load.

8.11 COMPARISON BETWEEN STAR AND DELTA CONNECTIONS

Star Connection Delta Connection

1. VL 3 V ph 1. VL V ph

2. I L I ph 2. I L 3 I ph

3. Line voltage leads the respective phase 3. Line current lags behind the respective
voltage by 30°. phase current by 30°
4. Power in star connection is one-third of 4. Power in delta connection is 3 times of
power in delta connection. the power in star connection.
5. Three-phase, three-wire and three- 5. Only three-phase, three-wire system is
phase, four-wire systems are possible. possible.
6. The phasor sum of all the phase currents 6. The phasor sum of all the phase voltages
is zero. is zero.

Example 8.1 Three equal impedances, each of (8 + j10) ohms, are connected in star. This is further
connected to a 440 V, 50 Hz, three-phase supply. Calculate (a) phase voltage, (b) phase angle, (c) phase
current, (d) line current, (e) active power, and (f ) reactive power.

Solution Z ph = ( + j ) Ω VL = 440 V, f = 50 Hz
For a star-connected load,
(a) Phase voltage
VL 440
V ph = = = 254.03 V
3 3
8.10 Network Analysis and Synthesis
(b) Phase angle
Z ph = 8 + j10 = 12.81 ∠51.34° Ω
Z ph = .8 Ω
φ = 51.34°
(c) Phase current
V ph 254.03
I ph = = = 19.83 A
Z ph 12.81

(d) Line current

IL I ph = 19.83 A
(e) Active power
P 3 VL I L φ = 3 × 440 × 19.83 × cos (51.34°) = 9 44 kW
(f) Reactive power
Q VL I L i φ = 3 × 440 × 19.83 × sin (51.34°) = 11.81 kVAR

Example 8.2 A balanced delta-connected load of impedance (8 − j6) ohms per phase is connected to
a three-phase, 230 V, 50 Hz supply. Calculate (a) power factor, (b) line current, and (c) reactive power.

Solution Z ph = ( − j ) Ω VL = 230 V, f = 50 Hz
For a delta-connected load,
(a) Power factor
Z ph = 8 − j 6 = 10 ∠ − 36.87° Ω
Z ph = 10 Ω
φ = 36.87°
pf = cos φ = cos (36.87°) = 0.8 ( )
(b) Line current
V ph VL = 230 V
V ph 230
I ph = = = 23 A
Z ph 10
IL 3 I pphh = 3 × 23 = 39.84 A

(c) Reactive power

Q VL I L i φ = 3 × 230 × 39.84 × sin (36.87°) = 9 52 kVAR

Example 8.3 Three coils, each having a resistance and an inductance of 8 W and 0.02 H respec-
tively, are connected in star across a three-phase, 230 V, 50 Hz supply. Find the (a) power factor, (b) line
current, (c) power, (d) reactive volt-amperes, and (e) total volt-amperes.

Solution R 8 Ω, L = 0.02 H, V f = 50 Hz
 8.11 Comparison between Star and Delta Connections 8.11

For a star-connected load,

(a) Power factor
= × × 2=
Z ph = 28 38.13° Ω
Z ph
.
pf = cos (38.13° = 0 786 ( )

(b) Line current

V 230
V ph = =
132 79 V
3 3
V ph 132 79
I ph = = 13.05 A
Z ph 10 17
= 13 A
(c) Power
× × .05 × = 088 kW

(d) Reactive volt-amperes

= × × 05 × ° = 3 21 kVAR

(e) Total volt-amperes

= 3× × 13 198 kVA

Example 8.4 Three coils, each having a resistance of 8 W and an inductance of 0.02 H, are connected
in delta to a three-phase, 400 V, 50 Hz supply. Calculate the (a) line current, and (b) power absorbed.

Solution R 50 Hz
For a delta-connected load,
(a) Line current
= 400 V
= π× × 2=
Z ph R L 28 38 13° Ω
Z ph
= °
V ph 400
I ph = = 39.33 A
Z ph 10.17
I = × = 12 A

(b) Power absorbed

= × × .12 × ° 37 12 kW
8.12 Network Analysis and Synthesis

Example 8.5 The three equal impedances of each of 10 Æ 60°W, are connected in star across a
three-phase, 400 V, 50 Hz supply. Calculate the (a) line voltage and phase voltage, (b) power factor and
active power consumed. (c) If the same three impedances are connected in delta to the same source of supply,
what is the active power consumed?

Solution Z ph = 10 ∠60° Ω, VL f = 50 Hz
For a star-connected load,
(a) Line voltage and phase voltage
VL = 400 V
V 400
V ph = L = = 230.94 V
3 3
(b) Power factor and active power consumed
φ = 60°
pf = cos φ = cos (60°) = 0.5 (lagging)
V ph 230.94
I ph = = = 23.094 A
Z ph 10
IL I ph = 23.094 A
P 3 VL I L φ = 3 × 400 × 23.094 × 0 5 = 8 kW
(c) Active power consumed for delta-connected load
VL = 400 V
Z ph = 10 Ω
V ph VL = 400 V
V ph 400
I ph = = = 40 A
Z ph 10
IL 3 I pphh = 3 × 40 = 69.28 A
P 3 VL I L φ = 3 × 400 × 69.28
28 c (60
(60 ) 24 kW

Example 8.6 Three similar coils A,B, and C are available. Each coil has a 9 W resistance and a 12 W
reactance. They are connected in delta to a three-phase, 440 V, 50 Hz supply. Calculate for this load, the (a)
phase current, (b) line current, (c) power factor, (d) total kVA, (e) active power, and (f) reactive power. If
these coils are connected in star across the same supply, calculate all the above quantities.

Solution R 9 Ω, XL = Ω V f = 50 Hz
For a delta-connected load,
(a) Phase current
VL V ph = 440 V
Z ph = R jjX 9 j12 = 15 ∠53 13° Ω
Z ph = 15 Ω
 8.11 Comparison between Star and Delta Connections 8.13

φ = 53.13°
V ph 440
I ph = = = 29.33 A
Z ph 15

(b) Line current

IL 3 I pphh = 3 × 29.33 = 50.8 A

(c) Power factor

pf = cos φ = cos ( .13°) = .6 (lagging)
(d) Total kVA
S VL I L = 3 × 440 × 50.8 = 38
38.71 kVA
(e) Active power
P 3 VL I L φ = 3 × 440 × 50.8 × 0.6 = 23
23.23 kW
(f) Reactive power
Q VL I L i φ = 3 × 440 × 50.8 × in (53.13°°) = 30 97 kVAR
If these coils are connected in star across the same supply,
(a) Phase current
VL = 440 V
Z ph = 5 Ω
VL 440
V ph = = = 254.03 V
3 3
V ph 254.03
I ph = = = 16.94 A
Z ph 15
(b) Line current
IL I ph = 16.94 A
(c) Power factor
pf = 0.6 (lagging)
(d) Total kVA
S VL I L = 3 × 440 × 16.94 = 12.91 kVA
(e) Active power
P 3 VL I L φ = 3 × 440 × 16.94 × 0.6 = 7.74 kW
(f) Reactive power
Q VL I L i φ = 3 × 440 × 16.94 × sin (53.13°) = 12.33 kVAR

Example 8.7 A 415 V, 50 Hz, three-phase voltage is applied to three star-connected identical
impedances. Each impedance consists of a resistance of 15 W , a capacitance of 177 μF and an inductance of
0.1 henry in series. Find the (a) power factor, (b) phase current, (c) line current, (d) active power, (e) reac-
tive power, and (f) total VA. Draw a neat phasor diagram. If the same impedances are connected in delta,
find the (a) line current, and (b) power consumed.

Solution V f = 50 Hz, R Ω C = 177

1 μF, L = 0.1 H
8.14 Network Analysis and Synthesis
For a star-connected load,
(a) Power factor
X ffL = 2π × 50 × 0.1 = 3 . Ω
1 1
XC = = = 17.98 Ω
2π fC 2π × 50 × 177 × 10 −6
Z ph = R jjX L jjX
XC 15 j 31.42 − j17 98 15 j13.44 = 20.14 ∠41.86° Ω
Z ph = 0. Ω
φ = 41.86°
pf = cos φ = cos ( 41.86°) = 0.744 (lagging)

(b) Phase current

VL 415
V ph = = = 239.6 V
3 3
V ph 239.6
I ph = = = 11.9 A
Z ph 20.14
(c) Line current
IL I ph = 11.9 A
(d) Active power
P 3 VL I L φ = 3 × 415 × 11.9 × 0.744 = 6.36 kW
(e) Reactive power
Q VL I L i φ = 3 × 415 × 11.9 × in ( 41.86°°) = 5.71 kVAR
(f) Total VA
S VL I L = 3 × 415 × 11.9 = 8.55 kVA

The phasor diagram is shown in Fig. 8.13.

VRY

VRN

IR VNB
VNY 30°
f

VYB f = 41.86°
IB f 30°
f
30°
VBN IY
VYN

VNR

VBR

Fig. 8.13
 8.11 Comparison between Star and Delta Connections 8.15

If the same impedances are connected in delta,

(a) Line current
VL V ph = 415 V
Z ph = 0. Ω
V ph 415
I ph = = = 20.61 A
Z ph 20.14
IL ph = 3 × 20.61 = 35.69 A
3 I ph
(b) Power consumed
P 3 VL I L φ = 3 × 415 × 35.69 × 0.774 = 19.09 kW

Example 8.8 Each phase of a delta-connected load consists of a 50 mH inductor in series with a par-
allel combination of a 50 W resistor and a 50 μF capacitor. The load is connected to a three-phase, 550 V,
800 rad/s ac supply. Find the (a) power factor, (b) phase current, (c) the line current, (d) power drawn, (e)
reactive power, and (f) kVA rating of the load.

Solution L 50
0 , R = 500 Ω C μF, VL = 5500 V, ω = 800 rad/s
For a delta-connected load,
(a) Power factor
XL ω L = 800 × 50 × 10 −3 = 0 Ω
1 1
XC = = = 25 Ω
ωC 800 × 50 × 10 −6
R( jX
j C) ( − j 25)
Z ph = jX L + = j 0+ = 10 + j 20 = 22.36 ∠63.43° Ω
R jX j C 50 − j 25
Z ph = .36 Ω
φ = 63.43°
pf = cos φ = cos (63.43°) = 0.447 ( )
(b) Phase current
VL V ph = 550 V
V ph 550
I ph = = = 24.6 A
Z ph 22.36

(c) Line current

IL 3 I pphh = 3 × 24.6 = 42
42.61 A

(d) Power drawn

P 3 VL I L φ = 3 × 550 × 42.61 × 0.447 = 18.14 kW
(e) Reactive power
Q VL I L i φ = 3 × 550 × 42.61 × sin (63.43°) = 36.3 kVAR
(f) kVA rating of the load
S VL I L = 3 × 550 × 42.61 = 40.59 kVA
8.16 Network Analysis and Synthesis

Example 8.9 A balanced star-connected load is supplied from a symmetrical three-phase 400 volts,
50 Hz system. The current in each phase is 30 A and lags 30° behind the phase voltage. Find the (a) phase
voltage, (b) resistance and reactance per phase, (c) load inductance per phase, and (d) total power con-
sumed.
Solution VL f = 50 Hz, I ph = 30 A, φ = 30°
For a star-connected load,
(a) Phase voltage
VL 400
V ph = = = 230.94 V
3 3
(b) Resistance and reactance per phase
V ph 230.94
Z ph = = =77Ω
I ph 30
Z ph = Z ph ∠φ = 7.7∠30° = (6.67 + j 3.85) Ω
R ph = 6 67 Ω
X ph = 3 85 Ω
(c) Load inductance per phase
Xp ffL
L ph
3 85 = 2π × 50 × L ph
L ph = 0.01225 H
(d) Total power consumed
P 3V phh I phh φ = 3 × 230.94 × 30 × cos (30°) = 18 kW

Example 8.10 A symmetrical three-phase 400 V system supplies a basic load of 0.8 lagging power
factor and is connected in star. If the line current is 34.64 A, find the (a) impedance, (b) resistance and reac-
tance per phase, (c) total power, and (d) total reactive voltamperes.

Solution VL 400 pf 0.8 (lagging), I L = 34.64 A

For a star-connected load,
(a) Impedance
VL 400
V ph = = = 230.94 V
3 3
I ph I L = 34.64 A
V ph 230.94
Z ph = = = 6.67
6 Ω
I ph 34.64
(b) Resistance and reactance per phase
pf = cos φ = 0.8 (lagging)
φ = cos −1 (0.. ) = 36.87°
Z ph = Z ph ∠φ = 6.67∠36.87° = (5.33 j 4) Ω
 8.11 Comparison between Star and Delta Connections 8.17

R ph = 5 33 Ω
X ph = Ω

(c) Total power

P 3 VL I L φ = 3 × 400 × 34.64 × 0.8 = 19.19 kW

(d) Total reactive volt-amperes

Q VL I L i φ = 3 × 400 × 34.64 × sin (36.87 ) = 14.4 kVAR

Example 8.11 A balanced star-connected load is supplied by a 415 V, 50 Hz three-phase system.

Current in each phase is 20 A and lags 30° behind its phase voltage. Find the (a) phase voltage, (b) power,
and (c) circuit parameters. Also, find power consumed when the same load is connected in delta across the
same supply.

Solution VL f = 50 Hz, I ph = 20 A, φ = 30°

For a star-connected load,
(a) Phase voltage
VL 415
V ph = = = 239.6 V
3 3
(b) Power
IL I ph = 20 A
P 3 VL I L φ = 3 × 415 × 20 × cos (30 ) = 12.45 kW
(c) Circuit parameters
V ph 239.6
Z ph = = = .98 Ω
I ph 20
Z ph = Z p ∠φ 11.98∠30 j 6) Ω
R ph = 0.37 Ω
X ph = 6 Ω
Since Xp fL ph
fL
6 2π × 50 × L ph
L ph = 19.1 mH
(d) Power consumed by same delta load across the same supply
PΔ 3PY = 3 × 12.45 × 103 = 37.35 kW

Example 8.12 Three identical coils connected in delta to a 440 V, three-phase supply take a total
power of 50 kW and a line current of 90 A. Find the (a) phase current, (b) power factor, and (c) apparent
power taken by the coils.

Solution VL 440 P = 50 kW, I L = 90 A

8.18 Network Analysis and Synthesis
For a delta-connected load,
(a) Phase current
IL 90
I ph = = = 51.96 A
3 3
(b) Power factor
P 3 VL I L cos φ
50 × 103 = 3 × 440 × 90 × cos φ
pf = cos φ = 0.73 ( )
(c) Apparent power
S VL I L = 3 × 440 × 90 = 68.59 kVA

Example 8.13 Three similar choke coils are connected in star to a three-phase supply. If the line
current is 15 A, the total power consumed is 11 kW and the volt-ampere input is 15 kVA, find the line and
phase voltages, the VAR input and the reactance and resistance of each coil. If these coils are now connected
in delta to the same supply, calculate phase and line currents, active and reactive power.

Solution IL 15 A, P = 11 kW, S = 15 kVA

For a star-connected load,
(a) Line voltage
S VL I L
3
15 × 10 = 3 × VL × 15
VL = 577.35 V
(b) Phase voltage
VL 577.35
V ph = = = 333.33 V
3 3

(c) VAR input

P 11 × 103
cos φ 0.733
S 15 × 103
φ = 42.86°
Q= i φ
VL I L sin 3 × 577.35 × 15 × si
s n ( 42.86°) = 10.2 kVAR

(d) Reactance and resistance of coil

I ph I L = 15 A
V ph 333.33
Z ph = = = . Ω
I ph 15
R = Z phh cos φ = 22.22 × 0.733 = 16.29 Ω
XL Z ph sin φ = 22.22 × sin ( 42. ) = 155 11 Ω

If these coils are now connected in delta,

 8.11 Comparison between Star and Delta Connections 8.19

(a) Phase current

V ph VL = 577.35 V
Z ph = . Ω
V ph 577.35
I ph = = = 25.98 A
Z ph 22.22
(b) Line current
IL 3 I pphh = 3 × 25.98 = 45 A
(c) Active power
P 3 VL I L φ = 3 × 577.35 × 45 × 0.733 = 32.98 kW
(d) Reactive power
Q VL I L i φ = 3 × 577.35 × 45 × sin ( 42.86 ) = 30.61 kVAR

Example 8.14 A three-phase, star-connected source feeds 1500 kW at 0.85 power factor lag to a
balanced mesh-connected load. Calculate the current, its active and reactive components in each phase of
the source and the load. The line voltage is 2.2 kV.

Solution P 1 00 k , pf 0 8 (lagging), VL = 2.2 kV

For a mesh or delta-connected load,
(a) Line current
P 3 VL I L cos φ
1500 × 10 = 3 × 2.2 × 103 × I L × 0.85
3

I L = 463.12 A
(b) Active component of current in each phase of the load
IL 463.12
I ph = = = 267.38 A
3 3
I ph cos φ = 267.38 × 0.85 = 227.27 A
(c) Reactive component of current in each phase of the load
I ph sin φ = 267.38 × sin (cos −1 0.85) .38 × 0.526 = 140.85 A
For a star-connected source, the phase current in the source will be the same as the line current drawn
by the load.
(d) Active component of this current in each phase of the source
I L cos φ = 463.12 × 0.85 = 393.65 A
(e) Reactive component of this current in each phase of the source
I L sin φ = 463.12 × 0.526 = 243.6 A

Example 8.15 A three-phase, 208-volt generator supplies a total of 1800 W at a line current of 10 A
when three identical impedances are arranged in a wye connection across the line terminals of the generator.
Compute the resistive and reactive components of each phase impedance.

Solution VL 208 P = 1800 W I L = 10 A

8.20 Network Analysis and Synthesis
For a wye-connected load,
VL 208
V ph = = = 120.09 V
3 3
I ph I L = 10 A
V ph 120.09
Z ph = = = Ω
I ph 10
P 3 VL I L cos φ
1800 = 3 × 208 × 10 × cos φ
cos φ = 0.5
φ = 60°
R ph = Z ph cos φ = 12 × 0.5 = 6 Ω
X ph = Z ph sin φ = 12 × sin (60°) = 10.39 Ω

Example 8.16 A balanced, three-phase, star-connected load of 100 kW takes a leading current of
80 A, when connected across a three-phase, 1100 V, 50 Hz supply. Find the circuit constants of the load per
phase.
Solution P 00 kW, I L = 80 A
100 V f = 500 Hz
For a star-connected load,
VL 1100
V ph = = = 635.08 V
3 3
I ph I L = 80 A
V ph 635.08
Z ph = = =79 Ω
I ph 80
P 3 VL I L cos φ
100 × 10 = 3 × 1100 × 80 × cos φ
3

cos φ = 0.656 (leading)

φ = 49°
R ph = Z ph cos φ = 7.94 × 0.656 = 5.21 Ω
X ph = Z ph sin φ = 7.94 × sin ( 49°) = 6 Ω

This reactance will be capacitive in nature as the current is leading.

1
XC =
2π fC
1
6=
2π × 50 × C
C = 530.52 μF
 8.11 Comparison between Star and Delta Connections 8.21

Example 8.17 Three identical impedances are connected in delta to a three-phase supply of 400 V.
The line current is 34.65 A, and the total power taken from the supply is 14.4 kW. Calculate the resistance
and reactance values of each impedance.
Solution VL 400 I L = 34.65
65 A, P = 14.4 kW
For a delta-connected load,
VL V ph = 400 V
IL 34.65
I ph = = = 20 A
3 3
V ph 400
Z ph = = = 20 Ω
I ph 20
P 3 VL I L cos φ
14.4 × 10 = 3 × 400 × 34.65 × cos φ
3

cos φ = 0.6
φ = 53.13°
R ph = Z ph cos φ = 20 × 0.6 = 12 Ω
X ph = Z ph sin φ = 20 × sin (53.13°) = 16 Ω

Example 8.18 A balanced, three-phase load connected in delta draws a power of 10.44 kW at 200 V
at a power factor of 0.5 lead. Find the values of the circuit elements and the reactive volt-amperes drawn.

Solution P 10 44 k , VL = 200 V, pf = 0.5 ( )

For a delta-connected load,
(a) Values of circuit elements
VL V ph = 200 V
P 3 VL I L cos φ
3
10.44 × 10 = 3 × 200 × I L × 0.5
I L = 60.28 A
I 60.28
I ph = L = = 34.8 A
3 3
V ph 200
Z ph = = = 5 75 Ω
I ph 34.8
R ph Z phh cos φ = 5.75 × 0.5 = 2.875 Ω
X ph Z phh sin φ = 5.75 × sin ( −1 0.5) = 5.747 × 0.866 = 4 98 Ω
in (cos

(b) Reactive volt-amperes drawn

Q VL I L i φ = 3 × 200 × 60.28 × 0.866 = 18.08 kVAR
8.22 Network Analysis and Synthesis

Example 8.19 Each leg of a balanced, delta-connected load consists of a 7 W resistance in series
with a 4 W inductive reactance. The line-to-line voltages are
Eab 2360 0 ° V , Ebc = 2360 ∠ 120° V , Eca = 2360 ∠120° V
Determine (a) phase current Iab, Ibc, and Ica both magnitude and phase)
(b) each line current and its associated phase angle
(c) the load power factor
Solution R 7 Ω, XL = Ω VL = 2360 V
For a delta-connected load,
(a) Phase current
V ph VL = 2360 V
Z ph = 7 + j 4 = 8.06 ∠29.74° Ω
Eab 2360 ∠0°
Iab = = = 292.8∠
∠− 29.74° A
Z ph 8.06 ∠29.74°
E 2360 ∠− 120°
Ibc = bc = = 292.8∠− 149.71° A
Z ph 8.06 29.74°
E 2360 ∠120°
Ica = ca = = 292.8 90.26° A
Z ph 8 06 29 74°

(b) Line current

In a delta-connected, three-phase system, line currents lag behind respective phase currents by 30°.

IL 3 I pphh = 3 × 292.8 = 507.14 A

I La = 507.14 ∠ − 59.71°A
I Lb = 507.14 ∠− ∠ 179.71°A
I Lc = 507.14 ∠ ∠60
60.26°A

(c) Load power factor

pf = cos ( 29. ) = 0. (lagging)

Example 8.20 A three-phase, 200 kW, 50 Hz, delta-connected induction motor is supplied from a
three-phase, 440 V, 50 Hz supply system. The efficiency and power factor of the three-phase induction motor
are 91% and 0.86 respectively. Calculate (a) line currents, (b) currents in each phase of the motor, (c) active,
and (d) reactive components of phase current.

Solution Po 200 kW VL = 440 V, f = 50 Hz, η = 91%, pf = 0 86

For a delta-connected load (induction motor),
(a) Line current
Output power Po
η= =
Input power Pi
200 × 103
0 91 =
Pi
Pi = 219.78 kW
 8.11 Comparison between Star and Delta Connections 8.23

Pi 3 VL I L cos φ
3
219.78 × 10 = 3 × 440 × I L × 0.86
I L = 335.3 A
(b) Currents in each phase of motor
IL 335.3
I ph = = = 193.6 A
3 3
(c) Active component of phase current
I ph cos φ = 193.6 × 0.86 = 166.5 A
(d) Reactive component of phase current
I ph sin φ = 193.6 × sin ( −1 0.86)
in (cos .6 × 0.51 = 98.7 A

Example 8.21 A three-phase, 400 V, star-connected alternator supplies a three-phase, 112 kW,
mesh-connected induction motor of efficiency and power factor 0.88 and 0.86 respectively. Find the (a) cur-
rent in each motor phase, (b) current in each alternator phase, and (c) active and reactive components of
current in each motor phase, (d) active and reactive components of current in each alternator phase.

Solution VL 400 Po = 112 kW, η = 0 88 pf = 0.86

For a mesh-connected load (induction motor),
(a) Current in each motor phase
V ph VL = 400 V
Output power Po
η= =
Input power Pi
112 × 103
0 88 =
Pi
Pi = 127.27 kW
Pi 3 VL I L cos φ
3
127.27 × 10 = 3 × 400 × I L × 0.86
I L = 213.6 A
I 213.6
I ph = L = = 123.32 A
3 3
Current in a star-connected alternator phase will be same as the line current drawn by the motor.
(b) Current in each alternator phase
I L = 213.6 A
(c) Active component of current in each phase of a motor
I ph cos φ = 123.32 × 0.86 = 105.06 A
Reactive component of current in each phase of the motor
I ph sin φ = 123.32 × sin (cos −1 0.86) .32 × 0.51 = 62.89 A
8.24 Network Analysis and Synthesis

(d) Active component of current in each alternator phase

I L cos φ = 213.6 × 0.86 = 183.7 A
Reactive component of current in each alternator phase
I L sin φ = 213.6 × sin ( −1 0.86)
in (cos .6 × 0.51 = 108.94 A

Example 8.22 Three similar resistors are connected in star across 400 V, three-phase lines. The
line current is 5 A. Calculate the value of each resistor. To what value should the line voltage be changed to
obtain the same line current with the resistors connected in delta?

Solution VL 400 IL = 5 A
For a star-connected load,
VL 400
V ph = = = 230.94 V
3 3
I ph IL = 5 A
V ph 230.94
Z ph = R phh = = = 46.19 Ω
I ph 5

For a delta-connected load,

IL = 5 A
R ph = 6. 9 Ω
I 5
I ph = L = A
3 3
5
V ph I phh R phh = × 46.19 = 133.33 V
3
VL = 133.33 V
Voltage needed is one-third of the star value.

Example 8.23 Three 100 W, non-inductive resistors are connected in (a) star, and (b) delta across
a 400 V, 50 Hz, three-phase supply. Calculate the power taken from the supply in each case. If one of the
resistors is open-circuited, what would be the value of total power taken from the mains in each of the two
cases?

Solution VL 400 Z ph = 100 Ω

For a star-connected load,
VL 400
V ph = = = 230.94 V
3 3
V ph 230.94
I ph = = = 2 31 A
Z ph 100
I L I ph = 2 31 A
cos φ = 1 ( For pure resistor, pf = 1)
P = 3 VL I L cos φ = 3 × 400 × 2.31 × 1 = 1600.41 W
 8.11 Comparison between Star and Delta Connections 8.25

For a delta-connected load,

V ph VL = 400 V
V ph 400
I ph = = =4A
Z ph 100
IL 3 I pphh = 3 × 4 = 6.93 A

P 3 VL I L φ = 3 × 400 × 6.93 × 1 = 4801.24 W

A
When One of the Resistors is Open-circuited 100 Ω
400 V
1. Star Connection The circuit consists of two 100 Ω resistors
in series across a 400 V supply as shown in Fig. 8.14.
100 Ω
C
400
Currents in lines A and
dC A
200 B
0 × 2=800 W
Power taken from the mains 400 Fig. 8.14 Delta connection
Hence, when one of the resistors is open circuited, the power
consumption is reduced by half. A

2. Delta Connection In this case, currents in A and C remains as 100 Ω

400 V
usual 120° out of phase with each other as shown in Fig. 8.15.
C
400 100 Ω
Currents in each phase = =4A B
100
Fig. 8.15 Delta connection
Power taken from the mains 2 × 4 × 400 = 3200 W

Hence, when one of the resistors is open-circuited, the power consumption is reduced by one-third.

Example 8.24 Three identical impedances of 10 ∠30° Ω each are connected in star and another
set of three identical impedances of 18 ∠60° Ω are connected in delta. If both the sets of impedances are
connected across a balanced, three-phase 400 V, supply, find the line current, total volt-amperes, active
power and reactive power.

Solution ZY 10 ∠30° Ω Z = 18∠ Ω VL = 400 V

Three identical delta impedances can be converted into equivalent star impedances.

Z Δ 18 ∠60°
Z′Y = = = 6 ∠60° Ω
3 3

Now two star-connected impedances of 10 ∠30 Ω and 6 ∠60 Ω are connected in parallel across a three-
phase supply.

( ∠ )(6 )(6 ∠60°)

Zeq = = 3.87∠48.83° Ω
10 ∠30° + 6 ∠60°
8.26 Network Analysis and Synthesis
For a star-connected load,
(a) Line current
V 400
V = = = 230 94 V
3 3
V ph V ph 230 94
I ph = = 59 67 A
Z ph Z 3 87
IL = ph 59.67 A
(b) Total volt-amperes
3× × 59. 41.34 kVA
(c) Active power
= × × .67 × = 27 21 kW

(d) Reactive power

= × × .67 × = 31 12 kVAR

Example 8.25 Three star-connected impedances ZY = + j37.7 per phase are connected in
parallel with three delta-connected impedances Z Δ − per phase. The line voltage is 398 V.
Find the line current, pf, active and reactive power taken by the combination.
Solution Z V 39
Three identical delta-connected impedances can be converted into equivalent star impedances.
162 ∠− 9 3
Z′Y = − Ω
3
Now two star-connected impedances of 42 62 05 and 54.03∠− 79.3 Ω are connected in parallel
across the three-phase supply.
( .68
Zeq = = 9 88
42 68 3°
For a star-connected load,
(a) Line current
V 398
V ph = 229.79 V
3 3
V ph V ph 229 79
I ph 3 36 A
Z ph Zeq 68.33
IL ph 3 36
(b) Power factor
pf = = os .88 ) 99 (lagging)
(c) Active power
× × × = 9 kW
(d) Reactive power
= × × 6× = 397.43 VAR
 8.11 Comparison between Star and Delta Connections 8.27

Example 8.26 Three coils, each having a resistance of 20 W and a reactance of 15 W, are connected
in star to a 400 V, three-phase, 50 Hz supply. Calculate(a) line current, (b) power supplied, and (c) power
factor. If three capacitors, each of same capacitance, are connected in delta to the same supply so as to
form a parallel circuit with the above coils, calculate the capacitance of each capacitor to obtain a resultant
power factor of 0.95 lagging.

Solution R ph 20 Ω, X ph = 15 Ω, VL = 400 V
For a star-connected load,
(a) Line current
Z ph = R ph
p jX ph
p 20 j15 = 25 ∠36.87° Ω
VL 400
V pph = = = 230.94 V
3 3
V ph 230.94
I ph = = = 9 24 A
Z ph 25
IL I ph = 9 24 A
(b) Power supplied
P1 3 VL I L φ1 3 × 400 × 9.24 s (36.87 ) 5.12 kW

(c) Power factor

pf = cos φ1 = cos ( .87°) = .8 (lagging)

(d) Value of capacitance of each capacitor

Q VL I L i φ1 3 × 400 × 9.24 i (36.87 ) 3.84 kVAR

When capacitors are connected in delta to the same supply,

pf = 0 95
φ2 = cos −11 (0.95) = 18 19°
tan φ2 = tan (18.19°) = 0.33

Since capacitors do not absorb any power, power remains the same even when capacitors are connected.
But reactive power changes.
P2 = 5.12 kW
Q P2 tan φ2 = 5.12 0.33 = 1.69 kVAR P1 = P2 = P
f2
Difference in reactive power is supplied by three capacitors.
f1
From Fig. 8.16, Q2
S2
Q Q1 − Q2 = 3.84 − 1.69 = 2.15 kVAR Q1
S1
Q VL I L sin φ
2.15 103 3 × 400 × I L × sin (90 )
IL = 3 1 A Fig. 8.16
8.28 Network Analysis and Synthesis

IL
I ph = = 1 79 A
3
V ph
I ph = = Vp fC
XC
I ph 1 79
C= = = 14
1 .24 μF
Vp f 400 × 2π × 50

8.12 THREE-PHASE UNBALANCED CIRCUITS

If the loads connected across the three phases are not identical to each other, i.e., the loads have different
magnitude and power factors, the loads are said to be unbalanced. The phase currents in delta and phase or
line current in star connection differ in unbalanced loading giving rise to flow of current, in a neutral wire.
IN I R + IY IB

There may be three cases of unbalanced loads:

(i) Unbalanced delta-connected load
(ii) Unbalanced three-wire star-connected load
(iii) Unbalanced four-wire star-connected load

8.12.1 Unbalanced Delta-connected Load

Figure 8.17 shows an unbalanced delta-connected load connected to a balanced three-phase supply.
For a delta-connected load,
Let VL V ph
VRRY = V ph ∠0°
IR
VYB = V ph ∠− 120°
R
VBR = V ph ∠− 240°
IBR
Phase currents are given by
IY ZBR ZRY
V Y
I RY = RRY IRY
Z RY ZYB
IB
VYYB B
IYB = IYB
ZYB
VBBR
I BR = Fig. 8.17 Unbalanced delta-connected load
Z BR
Line currents are given by
IR I RY − I BR
IY IYB I RY
IB I BR IYB
 8.12 Three-Phase Unbalanced Circuits 8.29

8.12.2 Unbalanced Four-wire Star-connected Load

Figure 8.18 shows an unbalanced star-connected load
IR
connected to a balanced 3-phase, 4-wire supply. The
R
neutral point N of the load is connected to the neutral
point O of the supply. Hence, voltage across the three
ZR
load impedances is equal to the phase voltage of the
supply.
IN
For a star-connected load, N N
IY ZB ZY
VL 3 V ph Y

Let VRRN = V ph ∠0° IB

VYN = V pph ∠− 120° B

VBN = V pph ∠− 240°

Fig. 8.18 Unbalanced four-wire
Phase currents are given by star-connected load
VRN
IR =
ZR
V
IY = YN
ZY
VBN
IB =
ZB

For a star-connected load, phase currents are equal to the line currents.
The current in a neutral wire is given by
IN I R + IY IB

8.12.3 Unbalanced Three-wire Star-connected Load

Figure 8.19 shows an unbalanced three-wire star-connected load.
R

ZR

O N
ZB ZY

Fig. 8.19 Unbalanced three-wire star-connected load

If the neutral point N of the load is not connected to the neutral point O of the supply, there exists a voltage
between the supply neutral point and the load neutral point. The load phase voltage is not the same as the
8.30 Network Analysis and Synthesis
supply phase voltage. There are many methods to solve such unbalanced star-connected loads. Two most
commonly used methods are
(i) Star-delta transformation
(ii) Millman’s theorem,
In star-delta transformation, the star-connected loads, are replaced by an equivalent delta-connected
load.
Z R ZY
Z RY = Z R + ZY +
ZB
ZY Z B
ZYB = ZY + Z B +
ZR
Z Z
Z BR = ZB + ZR + B R
ZY

The problem is then solved as an unbalanced delta-connected load. The line currents so calculated are
equal to the line currents of the original star-connected load.
An unbalanced three-wire star-connected load can also be solved by Millman’s theorem. Let
VRO , VYO and VBO be the phase voltages of the supply which are equal in magnitude but differ in phase from
one another by 120°. Let VRN , VYN and VBN be the load phase voltages which are unequal in magnitude
as well as differ in phase by unequal angles. The voltage between the neutral points, N and O, i.e, VNO , is
calculated using Millman’s theorem.
VRO YR + VYO YY + VBO YB
VNO =
YR YY + YB

where YR YY and YB are the admittances of the branches of the unbalanced star-connected load. The voltage
across phase impedance, i.e., load phase voltage can be calculated as,
VRN VRO − VNO
VYN VYO − VNO
VBN VBO − VNO

The phase currents in the load are given by

VRN
IR =
ZR
V
IY = YN
ZY
V
I B = BR
ZB

The line currents are equal to the phase currents for a star-connected load.

Example 8.27 A three-phase supply with a line voltage of 250 V has an unbalanced delta-connected
load as shown in Fig. 8.20.
 8.12 Three-Phase Unbalanced Circuits 8.31

IA
A
A

V 25 V CA
ZCA
IB 25 ∠90° Ω AB = 20 ∠0° Ω
B
IAB
IC BC
C
C B
ZBC 15 ∠20° Ω

Fig. 8.20
Determine (a) phase currents, (b) line currents, (c) total active power and (d) total reactive
power, if phase sequence is ABC.

Solution Let = ∠− ° ° V,
Z Z =1 20 5 90° Ω
(a) Phase currents
VAB 250 ∠0°
I AB = = ∠ °
Z AB 20 ∠0°
VBC 250 ∠− 120
I BC .67∠− 140 A
Z BC 15 ∠20
V 250 ∠− 240°
I = = = 10 ∠30°A
ZCA 25 ∠90°
(b) Line currents
A ∠ °− − .48°A
B = ∠− 14 0 27.45∠− 157 02°
C = 10 ∠30° −16.67∠− 140° = 2 ∠36 25
(c) Total active power
= × × co 13 kW
=2 × os ( 20 ) 3 92 kW
= × × cos ( ) 0
+ = + .05 kW
(d) Total reactive power
= × × sin °) 0
= 250 × 16 67 × 43 kVAR
= × × sin ( ) 6.25 kVAR
+ = 0 + 1 43 + .68 kVAR

Example 8.28 In the circuit of Fig. 8.21, a 400 V, 50 Hz, 3-phase supply of phase sequence ABC is
supplied to a delta-connected load consisting of a 100 W resistor between lines A and B, a 378 mH inductor
between lines B and C, and a 37.8 μF capacitor between lines C and A. Determine phase and line currents.
8.32 Network Analysis and Synthesis
IA
A

VAB ICA
B
VCA ZCA ZAB
IB
B
IAB
VBC ZBC
IC
C
IBC

Fig. 8.21

Solution VL = 400 V, f = 50 Hz, R 100 Ω, L = 318 mH, C = 31.8 μF

Let VAB = 400 ∠0° V

VBC = 400 ∠ − 120° V
VCA = 400 ∠ − 240° V

X ffL = 2π × 50 × 318 × 10 −3 = 99.9 Ω

1 1
XC = = = 103. 35 Ω
2π fC 2π × 50 × 31 8 × 10 −6
Z AB = R = 100 ∠0 Ω
Z BC = jX L = j 99.9 = 99
99.9 ∠90° Ω
ZCA = − jX C = − j103.35 = 103.35
3 ∠− 90° Ω

(a) Phase currents

VAB 400 ∠0°
I AB = = = 4 ∠0°A
Z AB 100 ∠0°
V 400 ∠− 120°
I BC = BC = = 4 ∠150°A
Z BC 99.9∠90°
V 400 ∠− 240°
ICA = CA = = 3 87∠− 150°A
ZCA 103.35∠− 90°
(b) Line currents
I A I AB − ICA = 4 ∠0° − 3.87∠− 150° = 7.6 ∠14.75°°A
I B I BC − I AB = 4 ∠150° − 4 ∠0° = 7.73∠165°A
IC = ICA − I BC = 3.87
8 ∠−150°
87 1500° − 4 ∠150
150 50° = 3.94 ∠
∠− 88.36°A

Example 8.29 A three-phase, 400 V, 4-wire system of Fig. 8.22 has a star-connected load with
Z A (10 j0 ) Ω , Z B = (15 + j10
j10 ) , ZC (0 + j5 ) Ω . Find the line currents and current through neutral
conductor.
 8.12 Three-Phase Unbalanced Circuits 8.33

IA
A

VL = 400
0V ZA
IB
B IN
N
ZC ZB

IC
C

Fig. 8.22

Solution VL = 400 V
Z A = (10 + j10) Ω = 10 ∠0 Ω
Z B = ( + j ) Ω = 18.03∠ .69 Ω
Z C = ( + j ) Ω = 5∠ 9 0 Ω
For a star-connected load,
VL 400
V ph = = = 230.94 V
3 3
The phase sequence is assumed as A-B-C.
VAN = 230.94 ∠0° V
VBN = 230.94 ∠− 120° V
VCN = 230.94 ∠− 240° V

Phase currents
VAN 230.94 ∠0°
IA = = = 23.09∠0°A
ZA 10 ∠0°
V 230.94 ∠− 120°
I B = BN = = 12.81
8 ∠− 153.69°A
ZB 18.03 33 69°
V 230.94 ∠− 240°
IC = CN = = 46.19∠30
3 °A
ZC 5 90°

Line currents are equal to the phase currents in a star-connected load.

I L1 I A = 23.09∠0°A
I L2 I B = 12.81∠ − 153.69°A
I L3 IC = 46.19∠30°A

Current through neutral conductor

IN IA + IB IC = 23.09∠0° + 12.81∠
∠− 153.69° + 46.19∠30° = 544.447∠18.65°A
8.34 Network Analysis and Synthesis

Example 8.30 A 3-phase, 4 wire, 208 V, CBA system as shown in Fig. 8.23 has a star-connected
load with Z A 5 0° Ω Z B = 5 30° Ω , ZC 10
10 60° Ω . Obtain the phase currents, line currents and
current through neutral wire.

IC
C

VL = 208
8V ZC
IB
B
N
ZA ZB

IA
A

Fig. 8.23

Solution VL = 208 V Z A = 5∠0 Ω, Z B = 5∠30° Ω C = 10 ∠− 60° Ω

For a star-connected load,
VL 208
V ph = = = 120.09 V
3 3
VCCN = 120.09∠0°V
VBN = 120.09∠− 120° V
VCN = 120.09∠− 240° V

(a) Phase currents

VCN 120.09∠0°
IC = = = 12∠60° A
ZC 10 ∠− 60°
V 120.09∠− 120°
I B = BN = = 24.02∠− 150° A
ZB 5∠30°
V 120.09∠− 240°
I A = AN = = 24.02∠120° A
ZA 5∠0°

(b) Line currents are equal to the phase currents in a star-connected load.
I L1 IC = 12∠60°A
I L2 I B = 24.02∠− 150°A
I L3 I A = 24.02∠120°A

(c) Current through neutral wire

IN IC + I B I A = 12∠60° + 24.02∠
∠− 150° + 24.02∠120° 32.97∠144.42°° A
 8.12 Three-Phase Unbalanced Circuits 8.35

Example 8.31 A symmetrical 440 V, 3-phase system supplied a star-connected load with the branch
impedances Z R 10 Ω ZY = j5 j Ω , Z B = − j5 Ω as shown in Fig. 8.24. Calculate line currents and voltage
across each phase impedance by Millman’s theorem. The phase sequence is RYB.

R IR

ZR
VRY
O N
Y VBR ZB
ZY
IY
VYB

B IB

Fig. 8.24

Solution V 440 10 Ω j5 Ω B = − j5 Ω
For a star-connected load,
VL 440
V ph = = = 254.03 V
3 3

Let O be the neutral point of the supply system.

Let VRO = 254.03∠0° V

VYO = 254.03∠ − 120° V
VBO = 254.03∠ − 240° V
1 1 1
YR = = = = 0 1∠0° �
Z R 10 10 ∠0°
1 1 1
YY = = = = 0 2∠− 90° �
ZY j 5 5∠ 9 0°
1 1 1
YB = = = = 0 2∠90° �
Z B − j 5 5∠− 90°

By Millman’s theorem,
VRO YR + VYO YY + YBO YB
VNO =
YR YY + YB
( .03∠0°)(0
)(0. ∠ ) + ( .03∠− 120°)(0.2∠
∠− 90
90°) + ( 254.03∠− 240°)(0.2∠90
90°)
=
0.1∠0° + 0.2∠
∠− 90° + 0.2 90°
= 625.96 ∠180° V
8.36 Network Analysis and Synthesis
Voltage across phase impedance
− VNO 0 V
− VNO 254 0 ∠− 120 = 29∠− 23 79 V
− = 254.03∠− 24 ° ° 545 29 23 79
Phase currents/ line currents
VRN 880 ∠0
IR = ∠0 A
ZR 10 ∠0°
VYN 545.29∠− .79
IY − 79 A
ZY 5∠90°
VBN 545. ∠23.79°
IB 109 113 79 A
ZB 5 90°

Example 8.32 In the circuit of Fig. 8.25, a symmetrical 3-phase 100 V, three-wire supply feeds
an unbalanced star-connected load, with impedances of the load as Z =
=4 . Find the line currents and voltage across the impedance using star-delta transformation
method.
IR
R

5Ω

IY −j4 Ω N
Y j2 Ω

IB
C

Fig. 8.25

Solution V = ∠ ∠− 90 Ω

The unbalanced star-connected load can be converted into equivalent delta-connected load by star-delta
transformation technique.
∠ °
+ = ∠ + 38 66°
ZB 4 ∠− 90
∠ °
+ = ∠ − + = ∠− 34° Ω
ZR 5∠0°
4 90
+ =4 9 + 6.4 ∠− 141.34° Ω
ZY 2 90°
The equivalent delta-connected load is shown in Fig. 8.26.
For a delta-connected load,
= 100 V
Let VRY 0 V
 8.12 Three-Phase Unbalanced Circuits 8.37

IR
VYB = ∠ 120° V
R
VBR = ∠ 240° V
IBR
Phase currents
IY ZBR
VRY 100 ∠0° Y
ZRY
I RY 38 66 A
Z RY ∠38 66 IRY
VYB 100 ∠− ZYB
IYB 39 06 − 68 66° A IB
ZYB 6 5 4 B
IYB
VBR 100 ∠− 240
I BR 15 98 66° A
Z BR 6 4 ∠− 1 34°
Fig. 8.26
Line currents
R ° − ° 5
39. ∠− .66 19 7 14° Α
− − − . − . 36° Α
These line currents are equal to the line currents of the original star-connected load.
For a star-connected load,
I IL
I RN 5 A
IYN −121 14° A
I BN 128 36° A
= ∠ − . = 135.3∠− 8.65 V
( 2∠9 − 39 4 1 14° V
= = 4 90 26 69∠ 36 . V

Example 8.33 A three-phase three-wire unbalanced load is star-connected as shown in Fig. 8.27.
The phase voltage of two of the arms are V = V Calculate voltage
between star point of the load and the supply neutral.
R

O N

B
Fig. 8.27
Solution V = °V
Let VRO V 0
VYO V 120°
8.38 Network Analysis and Synthesis
From Fig. 8.27,
VRO VRN + VNO
VNO VRO − VRN = V∠0° − 100°∠− 10° …(i)
Similarly,
VNO VYO − VYN = V∠ − 120° − 11500 ∠100° …(ii)
From Eqs. (i) and (ii),
V∠0° 100 ∠ 10° = V∠−120
V∠ 120° −150 ∠100°
V∠0° V∠
V∠− 120° = 100 ∠− 10° −150 ∠100°
3 V 30° 206.79 52 97°
V = 119.39∠− 82.97
VNO = 119.39∠
∠− 82.97 − 100 ∠− 10 = 131.88∠
∠− 129.67° V

8.13 MEASUREMENT OF THREE-PHASE POWER

In a three-phase system, total power is the sum of powers in three phases. The power is measured by wattmeter.
It consists of two coils: (i) Current coil, and (ii) Voltage coil. Current coil is connected in series with the load
and it senses current. Voltage coil is connected across supply terminals and it senses voltages.
There are three methods to measure three-phase power:
1. Three-wattmeter method
2. Two-wattmeter method
3. One-wattmeter method

8.13.1 Three-Wattmeter Method

This method is used for balanced as well as unbalanced loads. Three wattmeters are inserted in each of the
three phases of the load whether star connected or delta connected as shown in Fig. 8.28. Each wattmeter will
measure the power consumed in each phase.
Forr balanced load , W1 W2 = W3
Forr unbalanced load , W1 W2 ≠ W3
t power P = W1 W2 + W3
Total
W1

Zph

N R W1
N
Zph Zph
Zph
Y
W2 W3
Zph
Zph
Y
B

W2
W3
B

Fig. 8.28 Three-wattmeter method