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spines helping to retain them in position on the back. It is said to be
the male that thus carries the eggs. This species is able to stridulate,
and when doing so vibrates its antennae with excessive rapidity. We
have only about a score of species of Coreidae in Britain, and none
of the remarkable forms of the family are among them.

Fam. 3. Berytidae.—Very slender Insects with the first joint of the

antennae and the femora thickened at the tips.—This small family
was not distinguished from Coreidae by the older authors. It consists
of about fifty species, eight of which are found in Britain.

Fam. 4. Lygaeidae.—The characters are the same as those

mentioned for Coreidae, except as regards the insertion of the
antennae; the upper surface or face of the head is not so flat, but is
transversely convex, so that seen in profile the antennae appear to
be inserted well down on the sides of the head.—The name
Infericornia was formerly applied to these Insects. They are on the
average of smaller size than the members of the Coreidae or
Pentatomidae, and are much less conspicuous in colour and form; a
good many of the larger Lygaeids are, however, variegate with black,
yellow, and red. The family is very numerous in species, about 1400
being known; they are arranged in thirteen sub-families; we have
about sixty species in Britain, nearly all small. Eremocoris lives,
when immature, in the nests of the wood-ant, according to
Wasmann. The family includes some notorious Insect-pests. The
Chinch-bug, Blissus leucopterus, commits very serious ravages on
corn and grasses in North America. The Cotton-stainer, Dysdercus
suturellus is also very injurious to cotton in certain parts of the New
World: its growth has been described by Riley,[485] who thinks a dye
valuable for commercial purposes might be procured from the Insect.
This bug has recently developed the habit of sucking oranges, and
has thus become injurious in Florida, as the fruit readily decays after
it has been punctured by these Insects. The phenomenon of
"micropterism" is exhibited by numerous Lygaeids, as well as by
Pyrrhocoridae.
Fam. 5. Pyrrhocoridae.—Distinguished from Lygaeidae only by the
absence of ocelli, and not recognised as a distinct family by all
Hemipterists. About 300 species are included. Our only British
member is the notorious Pyrrhocoris apterus; it is, however, very rare
in this country, though it abounds on the Continent, and has been the
object of investigation by embryologists and others. It displays in a
most marked manner the curious dimorphism as to the alar organs
that is so common in certain divisions of Hemiptera; the elytra and
wings being sometimes normally developed, while in other cases the
wings are entirely absent, and the horny, basal part of the elytra only
is present. In some localities, and in some years, only the
micropterous form is found, while on other occasions there may be a
large percentage of the macropterous form. The abundance of this
Insect has enabled the French chemist Physalix to obtain an amount
of its colouring matter sufficient for analysis; as the result he
procured a substance, insoluble in water, very closely allied to
carotine.[486] The Oriental Insect Lohita grandis is one of the most
remarkable of Bugs, the male of the Sumatran variety being over two
inches in length, having enormously long antennae, and the
abdomen extended to about twice the normal length, while the other
sex is in the usual condition in these respects. The species is said to
be injurious to the cotton-plant in India.

Fam. 6. Tingidae.—Tarsi two-jointed. Elytra more or less reticulate,

consisting of strong, irregular, thick lines forming a framework of
cells, the enclosed part of the cell being of different texture and
frequently transparent; antennae with terminal joint more or less
knob-like, the preceding joint very long; ocelli wanting; pronotum
prolonged behind, covering the scutellum; front coxae placed at the
lack of the thorax.—This is the first of a series of families with only
two joints to the feet. These little bugs are very remarkable objects,
and exhibit much variety in their peculiar sculpture, which in
numerous forms attains a condition of elegance well worthy of
attention. There are nearly 300 species known, and in Britain we
have about a score. The characters we have given above do not
apply to the genus Piesma, though it is usually placed in this family;
its scutellum is not covered, and ocelli are present. Although but little
is known as to the nature of the lives of Tingidae, yet it was pointed
out long ago by Réaumur that a species of the family (probably C.
clavicorne, Fig. 263), lives in deformations of the flowers of the
Labiate plant now called Teucrium chamaedrys; Frauenfeld has
more recently confirmed this observation, and shown that the closely
allied C. teucrii affects the flowers of T. montanum in a similar
manner.[487]

Fig. 263—Copium clavicorne. Europe. (After Rübsaamen.)

Fig. 264—Aradus orientalis. Siam.

Fam. 7. Aradidae.—Very flat, broad; scutellum exposed, large or

moderate; abdomen broader than the alar organs, which it frequently
encases like a broad frame. Front coxae placed in the middle of the
prosternum.—These very flat Insects, of obscure colour, have
frequently very peculiar sculpture. They live under bark, or on fungi
growing from bark, and are supposed to draw their nutriment from
the fungi, though but little is actually known as to their natural history.
The family is almost cosmopolitan, and includes about 300 species,
of which five occur in England. The small sub-family Isoderminae
consists of a few species that are placed only provisionally in
Aradidae; they differ from the normal members by there being no
groove on the breast, so that the rostrum is free. Of the five species,
three occur in Chili and Patagonia, two in Tasmania, and one in
Australia.
Fam. 8. Hebridae.—Minute bugs, of semiaquatic habits, clothed
beneath with a dense, minute, silvery pubescence; antennae five-
jointed; legs of not more than average length; elytra in larger part
membranous.—This small family consists altogether of only about a
dozen species; we have two species of the genus Hebrus in Britain;
they are usually found in very wet moss.

Fig. 265.—Halobates sobrinus. Under surface of a female carrying

eggs. Pacific Ocean (Marquesas).

Fam. 9. Hydrometridae.—Form very diverse; antennae four-jointed,

tarsi two-jointed. Coxae usually widely separated. Either wingless or
with elytra of one texture throughout, having no membranous part.
Under surface with a minute velvet-like pubescence. In many forms
the legs are of great length.—Although of comparatively small extent
—scarcely 200 species being at present known—this family is of
great interest from the habit possessed by its members of living on
the surface of water. In the case of the notorious genus Halobates
(Fig. 265) the Insects can even successfully defy the terrors of
Neptune and live on the ocean many hundreds of miles from land.
There is great variety of form among Hydrometridae. The European
and British genus Mesovelia is of short form, and but little dissimilar
from ordinary land-bugs, with which, indeed, it is connected by
means of the genus Hebrus, already noticed. Mesovelia represents
the sub-family Mesoveliides, which, though consisting of only four
species, occurs in both hemispheres, and in the tropics as well as in
the temperate regions. Our species, M. furcata, walks on the surface
of the water, the movements of its legs and the position of its coxae
being those of land-bugs. Another British Insect—the highly
remarkable Hydrometra stagnorum—is of excessively slender form,
with long thin legs, by aid of which it walks on the surface-film of
water, above which its body is held well separated. It is easily
drowned, and if submerged it has great difficulty in escaping from the
water. This genus represents the sub-family Hydrometrides, and is
apparently almost cosmopolitan. Velia currens is another common
British Insect; it loves the eddies and currents of backwaters on
burns and streams, and is very abundant in Scotland. An American
ally, Rhagovelia plumbea, appears to be not uncommon on the
surface of the ocean in the Gulf of Mexico, near the shores. The
great majority of the family belong to the division Gerrides, of which
the curious, long Insects that float so lazily and skim so easily on the
surface of quiet streams are typical. The species of the genus now
called Gerris, but formerly known as Hydrometra are apparently
distributed all over the world; we have ten in Britain. They have very
long legs, and on being alarmed move away with the greatest ease.

The genus Halobates includes at present fifteen species. They are

found on the ocean, where the surface-water is warm, in various
parts of the world. They are destitute of any trace of alar organs, the
meso- and meta-thorax are closely united and large, while the
abdomen is very small, so that the body is of oval form; the middle
legs are thrown so far back that they are placed immediately over
the posterior pair. When the sea is calm these Insects skim over the
surface with rapidity, but disappear as soon as it becomes agitated.
They are believed to feed on small animals recently deceased;
Witlaczil says on the juices of jelly-fish. The young are frequently met
with, and there can be no doubt that the whole life-cycle may be
passed through by the Insect far away from land. The Italian ship
Vettor Pisani met with a bird's feather floating on the ocean off the
Galapagos Islands, covered with eggs which proved to be those of
Halobates in an advanced stage of development. It was formerly
believed that the female carries the eggs for some time after their
exclusion, and although this has since been denied, it is
nevertheless an undoubted fact, for it was observed by Mr. J. J.
Walker,[488] to whom we are indebted for a specimen having the
eggs still attached to the body, as shown in Fig. 265. Mr. Walker
believes the bugs shelter themselves when the sea is at all rough by
keeping at a sufficient distance below the surface; they can dive with
facility, and are gregarious. They are frequently found close to the
shore, and Mr. Walker has even met with them on land. The stink-
glands of other Hemiptera are said by Nassonoff to be replaced in
Halobates by peculiar ventral glands. An allied genus, Halobatodes,
was supposed to be oceanic, but this is not the case, some of the
species having been found recently in fresh water in India, and
others in estuaries at Port Darwin. A remarkable allied form,
Hermatobates haddoni, was recently discovered by Professor
Haddon in Torres Straits. Apart from the oceanic life, Halobates is by
no means the most extraordinary of the Hydrometridae. The
Javanese Ptilomera laticaudata repeats some of its peculiarities, and
is of larger size, with the sexes very different. The most remarkable
of the family is perhaps the fresh-water genus Rheumatobates (Fig.
266), in which the males have peculiar prehensile antennae that look
like legs. These curious Insects inhabit North America and the West
Indies.

Fig. 266—Rheumatobates bergrothi. × 10. West Indies. (After Meinert.)

We may here notice an enigmatic Insect called Hemidiptera haeckeli

by Léon. From the single specimen known it is concluded that the
Insect has only one pair of wings, and that they are attached to the
metathorax. It is, however, possible, as suggested by Bergroth,[489]
that the anterior pair have been detached by some accident.

Fam. 10. Henicocephalidae.—Head swollen behind the eyes so as

to form a sort of globe, on the anterior part of which the ocelli are
placed. Rostrum extremely short. Elytra rather large, of one
consistence throughout; conspicuously veined.—There is only one
genus; it is very widely distributed, about a dozen species being
known; one of these occurs in the south of Europe. These curious
little bugs appear to be most nearly allied to the Reduviidae.
According to Westwood and others they are somewhat gregarious; a
Tasmanian species dances in the air after the fashion of midges or
May-flies, and dispenses an agreeable, musk-like odour.

Fig. 267—Carcinocoris binghami (Phymatidae). Burma.

Fam. 11. Phymatidae.—Front legs of peculiar structure, short and

stout, with long coxae, short thick femora, and tibiae curvate,
pointed; frequently without tarsi.—The Insects of this family are
believed to be predaceous, the structure of the legs being such as is
called raptorial, and one species, Phymata erosa, being known to
capture and suck honey-bees in North America. There are only
about seventy species of Phymatidae known. We have none in
Britain, though there are a few in Southern Europe; one of these, P.
crassipes, extends as far north as Paris. The distinction of the family
from Reduviidae is doubtful.[490] There are a few very rare forms
(Fig. 267) in which the front tibia is articulated to the femur in such a
way that a pair of pincers is formed: the tarsus is in this form, as well
as in some other Phymatidae, absent.

Fig. 268—Ghilianella filiventris. Brazil. A, the female Insect. B,

extremity of the body of the male.

Fam. 12. Reduviidae.—Head more or less elongate, very movable,

eyes placed much in front of the thorax, ocelli, when present, behind
the eyes. Proboscis short, or moderately short, not extending on to
the breast, in repose curved under the head so as to form a loop
therewith. Elytra, when present, consisting of three divisions. Tarsi
three-jointed.—This is one of the largest and most important families
of Hemiptera. Upwards of 2000 species are already known; the
habits seem to be chiefly of a predaceous nature, the creatures
drawing their nutriment from the animal rather than from the
vegetable kingdom, and their chief prey being in all probability other
kinds of Insects. There is, perhaps, no family of Insects exhibiting a
greater variety of form and colour. The Emesids are amongst the
most delicate of Insects, equalling in this respect the daddy-long-leg
flies; they are, however, highly predaceous; their front legs are
peculiarly formed for capturing and holding their prey, and have long
coxae, like Mantis, so that these Insects are commonly mistaken for
small or young Mantises, from which their sucking proboscis at once
distinguishes them. This curious starved-looking form of bug reaches
its maximum of peculiarity in the South American genus Ghilianella
(Fig. 268). According to Pascoe the linear form enables the young
larva to be carried about by the mother, the long slender abdomen of
the larva being curled around the thorax of the parent. Ploiaria
pallida, from Woodlark Island, is an Insect of excessive fragility and
elegance, with the long thin legs coloured with alternate patches of
black on a white ground, giving rise to a very curious appearance
remarkably analogous to what we find in some of the equally delicate
daddy-long-leg flies.

Fig. 269—Nabis lativentris, young. Cambridge. A, Insect seen from

above; B, profile.

We have three species of Emesides in Britain, but most of our

Reduviidae belong to the sub-family Nabides. These approximate to
ordinary bugs in appearance and characters more than do any other
of the Reduviidae. One of our indigenous Nabides is of great interest
from the curious resemblance it has to an ant (Fig. 269). The
likeness is brought about by the sides of the base of the abdomen
being very pallid in colour, except a dark mark in the middle; this
mark is in shape like the pedicel of an ant. Viewed in profile it is
found that on the base of the abdomen there is an elevation like the
"scale" in this position in ants, and that the abdomen is extremely
ant-like in form. This resemblance is quite parallel with that of an
Orthopteron to an ant (see Vol. V. p. 323); the Insect is by no means
uncommon, and it is strange that this curious case of resemblance
should hitherto have escaped notice. The bug runs about on plants
and flowers, and is frequently in company with ants, but we do not
know whether it preys on them. Not the least remarkable of the facts
connected with this Insect is that the resemblance is confined to the
earlier instars; the adult bug not being like an ant. We may here
mention that there are numerous bugs that closely resemble ants,
and that on the whole there is reason to believe that the resembling
forms are actually associated during life, though we really know very
little as to this last point.

Fig. 270—Ptilocnemus sidnicus. Australia. (After Mayr.)

Fig. 271—Myiodocha tipulina. China.

The little sub-family Holoptilides, with twenty-five species, but widely

distributed in the Eastern hemisphere, is remarkable on account of
the feathered antennae and legs of its members (Fig. 270).
Altogether fourteen sub-families are recognised, the most extensive
one being Harpactorides, including a great variety of remarkable
forms; in the South American genus Notocyrtus (better known as
Saccoderes, Fig. 257), the prothorax is swollen and covers the body
to a greater or less extent in the fashion of a hood. In Yolinus and
Eulyes the coloration is the most conspicuous system that could be
devised, the sides of the abdomen (connexivum) being expanded
into bright-red lobes on which are placed patches of polished-black.
The most remarkable form of Reduviid is, perhaps, one from China
(Fig. 271) of considerable size, of great fragility, and greatly
resembling, like some Emesides, a daddy-long-legs fly, though it
does not belong to the Emesides. It is an altogether anomalous form.
According to Seitz there is found on the Corcovado in Brazil a
Reduviid that exactly resembles one of the dark stinging-wasps of
the genus Pepsis, and the bug makes the same sort of movements
as the wasp does, though these are of a kind quite different from
those of ordinary bugs.[491]

Fig. 272—Eggs of Endochus cingalensis. "The eggs are attached to a

leaf and to each other by a viscid substance; eggs red, the cover
pale yellow, with the club white at the tip."—MS. note of E. E.
Green.

Although the attacks of Reduviidae on animals are usually confined

to the smaller and more defenceless kinds, yet this is by no means
invariably the case; there are in fact numerous species that do not
hesitate to attack man himself. Several species of Reduvius do this
in Southern Europe, and are frequently met with in houses. R.
personatus is the only species of the genus in England; though far
from common anywhere, it is sometimes found in houses, and is
said to destroy the common bed-bug; it is able to pass its whole
existence in our habitations, for the young are found as frequently as
the adult, and are usually concealed by a quantity of dusty matter, or
refuse, adhering to the body. This habit of covering the body with
some foreign substance is natural to the Insect, the young that are
found on trees being covered with matter derived therefrom. Darwin
has given us an account of the Benchucha,[492] a bug an inch long,
which in South America attacks human beings after the fashion of
the common bed-bug. In this case no ill-effects follow the attack, but
in the case of Conorhinus sanguisuga in Arizona, great pain and
inflammation ensue and may end in the gathering and discharge of
pus.

Not the least remarkable of characters of Reduviidae is the form of

the eggs of some of the species (Fig. 272, and Vol. V. Fig. 78, C);
the egg bearing a peculiar operculum, the purpose of which is at
present quite mysterious.

Fam. 13. Aëpophilidae.—A single species forms this family. It is of

considerable interest, as it is incapable of flight, passing a large part
of its life covered by the sea. Aëpophilus bonnairei is a small Insect
with quite short head, without ocelli, and with the organs of flight
represented by a pair of very short elytra, with rounded hind-
margins. It is found on the shores of Western France, and, as a great
rarity, on our own south coast. It no doubt sucks small soft animals.
In the Channel Islands it occurs in spots where it is nearly always
covered by a considerable depth of water.

Fam. 14. Ceratocombidae.—Minute bugs with ocelli and elytra.

Rostrum free. Head not broad, somewhat prolonged in front; eyes
close to the thorax. Elytra usually without a distinctly separated
membrane. Tarsi three-jointed.—This family includes at present only
a few, minute, fragile bugs, that have often been classified with
Cimicidae or Anthocoridae. We have only two British species, one of
which, Dipsocoris alienus, is common amongst the damp shingle at
the margins of the burns and waters of Scotland.

Fam. 15. Cimicidae.—Ocelli absent; elytra very short and broad, so

that the broad abdomen is left uncovered. Head short and broad.
Rostrum received in a groove beneath the head. Tarsi three-jointed.
—Although this family consists of only a dozen species, it is the most
notorious of all the Order, as it includes the detestable Cimex
lectularius or common Bed-bug. This Insect is now peculiar to the
habitations of man, and is said not to trouble savage races; or rather
it is supposed to be present only when the habitations have a certain
degree of comfort and permanence. It has no fixed period of the year
for its development, but the generations succeed one another so
long as the temperature is sufficiently elevated; during too cold
weather the Insects merely become stupefied, their lives being as it
were interrupted till warmth returns. It is a favourite food with other
Insects, and is destroyed by cockroaches and ants as well as by
Reduvius; the small black ant Monomorium will, it is said, clear a
house of the bed-bug in a few days. Nothing is really known as to the
origin of this Insect; it is now very widely distributed. The other
species of the family frequent birds and bats, and are very similar to
the common bug. The genus to which the bed-bug belongs is in
many works called Acanthia instead of Cimex. Other authors apply
the term Acanthia to Salda, but it is better to allow the name
Acanthia to fall into disuse.

Fam. 16. Anthocoridae.—Minute bugs, usually with ocelli and with

elytra; the latter occasionally abbreviated, but usually fully
developed, with membranous tip. Head prolonged in the middle in
front much beyond the insertion of the antennae; eyes not far from
the thorax. Rostrum free.—These small and obscure Insects appear
to be rather numerous in species, and to be chiefly connected with
woods and forests. Some of the species live in ants' nests. We have
27 British species belonging to 11 genera. About 200 species of the
family are known. The members of the sub-family Microphysides are
remarkable from the great dissimilarity of the sexes, for which it is
not possible to assign any reason.
 Fig. 273—Polyctenes fumarius. (After Westwood.)

Fam. 17. Polyctenidae.—Proboscis-sheath three-jointed, tarsi four-

jointed, antennae four-jointed. Tegmina quite short, of one
consistence.—The four or five anomalous species forming this family
are parasites on bats of the genus Molossus, and have been found
in both the Eastern and Western hemispheres. Westwood, who first
described them,[493] treated them as aberrant Anoplura or Lice, but
there do not appear to be any sufficient grounds for removing these
parasites from Hemiptera-Heteroptera. The condition of their alar
organs reminds one of what exists in Cimex and Aëpophilus, and the
mouth is not known to possess any very peculiar structure. We have
had no opportunity of making a thorough examination of Polyctenes,
and therefore speak with some diffidence.

Fig. 274—Helopeltis sp. East India.

Fig. 275—Section of a stem with egg of a Capsid bug allied to

Helopeltis (Moesa-blight). × 58. (After Dudgeon.)

Fam. 18. Capsidae.—Moderate-sized or small bugs, of delicate

consistence, without ocelli; the elytra and wings usually large in
proportion to the body, the former with two cells (occasionally only
one) in the membrane. Antennae four-jointed, the second joint
usually very long, the terminal two more slender than the others. The
proboscis not received in a groove. Scutellum exposed, moderately
large. Tarsi three-jointed. Female with an ovipositor capable of
exsertion.—This family is one of the most extensive of the
Hemiptera; we have about 170 species in Britain, where they are
most abundant in the south. The exotic species have been but little
collected. Their colours are usually delicate rather than vivid, and are
never metallic. They frequent plants of all kinds, and many of them
skip by the aid of their wings with great agility in the sunshine. The
majority probably suck the juices of the plants, but some are known
to prey on other Insects. The species of the Indian genus Helopeltis
(Fig. 274) are remarkable by possessing a knobbed spine projecting
straight up from the scutellum, making the individual look as if it were
a specimen with a pin through it: they attack the tea-plant and do
considerable damage. They are known as Mosquito-blight. The egg
is of comparatively large size, and is placed by the bug in the stems
of the tea-plant, but attached to one end of the egg are two long
slender threads that project externally. A similar egg (Fig. 275) and
method of oviposition have been described by Mr. Dudgeon as
occurring in another species of Capsidae, called Moesa-blight, in
India.[494]

Fam. 19. Saldidae.—Head short and broad, with large, prominent

eyes. Ocelli present. Proboscis not applied to under surface of head
or breast in repose. Scutellum large, not covered. Elytra covering the
upper surface of the abdomen, formed of three distinct parts. Tarsi
three-jointed.—These little bugs run with velocity over mud in damp
places, or live in wet moss; some of them can jump; they are all of
dark or obscure colour. There are only three genera: Salda, of which
we have numerous British species, being the principal one.

Series 2. Cryptocerata.
The remaining families of Heteroptera are of aquatic habits, and form
in nearly all works a separate division called Hemiptera Cryptocerata
(or Hydrocorisae, or Hydrocores), distinguished by the antennae
being apparently absent; they are, however, really present, being
situate on the under side of the head, to which they are closely
pressed, or in some cases placed in a pocket in front of each eye.
There are six of these families. Schiödte is doubtless correct in
treating this division as an unnatural one; it is, however, generally
adopted, and is convenient for the purposes of nomenclature and
arrangement.

Fam. 20. Galgulidae or Pelogonidae.—Form short and broad; head

very broad, with prominent eyes, ocelli present. Hind legs thin,
formed for running.—The Insects of this family are but little known;
they are only sub-aquatic in habits, frequenting damp places at the
margins of streams and waters. The presence of ocelli distinguishes
them from other water-bugs, with which indeed the Galgulidae
appear to be but little related. There are only about twenty species of
the family known. We possess none in Britain; but one, Pelogonus
marginatus, occurs in South Europe. The other members of the
family are very widely scattered over the surface of the earth.

Fam. 21. Nepidae.—Abdomen furnished behind with a long slender

siphon; front legs more or less elongate for capturing prey, placed
quite at the front edge of the prothorax.—This family consists of two
interesting but very dissimilar genera, Nepa and Ranatra. Both are
widely distributed over the earth, and are rather numerous in
species.[495] We have one species of each genus in Britain. Nepa
cinerea, the common "water-scorpion," is one of the commonest of
Insects in Southern Britain, living concealed in shallow waters when
nearly or quite stagnant. Ranatra linearis (Fig. 276) is much less
common, and appears to be getting rarer; it is not recorded from
farther north than Cambridge.
 Fig. 276.—Ranatra linearis, with the two portions, a, of the respiratory
siphon separated. Cambridge.

The nature of the respiratory arrangements in these Insects is of

considerable interest; the long tube at the extremity of the body
consists of two parts (as shown in Fig. 276) brought together in the
middle, one from each side. Lacaze-Duthiers states that the
processes are elongated pleurae, but in the young it is far from clear
that this is the case. However that may be, they seem to convey air
to the true breathing organs, situate inside the cleft on the apical part
of the abdomen itself; but details as to the way in which transfer of
air is effected along this very protracted passage are not
forthcoming. The development in Nepa has been studied to a certain
extent. The apical stigmata are the only pair of the abdominal
stigmata that exist in the imago of Nepa, the other six pairs being
obliterated; the third, fourth, and fifth, according to Schiödte, in a
very peculiar manner: hence, as Martin says,[496] the respiratory
system is metapneustic. In an earlier stage of the life, however,
these six pairs of stigmata exist in functional activity placed in a
groove on the under surface of the body; so that the condition is that
termed peripneustic, and remains so till the final moult, when the
long siphon appears. In the early life there is a short prolongation
from the end of the body in connection with the pair of grooves
alluded to, but it is a single unpaired organ, and does little therefore
to explain the appearance of the siphon, which must, at present, be
considered as being suddenly developed at the last moult.

Fig. 277—Egg of Nepa cinerea. (After Korschelt.)

The eggs of Nepidae are remarkable objects; that of the common

water-scorpion bears seven filaments at one end (Fig. 277); while
that of Ranatra is more elongate, and bears only two, very elongate,
threads. These eggs are deposited in the stems of water-plants,
being introduced therein, so that the body of the egg is concealed
while the threads project: those of Ranatra are placed in stems
floating on the water, and in consequence of the threads the stems
look as if they were infested by some fungus. The structure and
formation of the eggs have been investigated with considerable
detail by Korschelt.[497] He looks on the filaments as pneumatic, and
considers that they supply a coating of air to the body of the egg;
they consist of a spongy mass encircled by two layers of egg-shell,
both of these latter being peculiar in structure; the spongy mass is
continuous with a layer of the same kind of substance placed on the
interior of the shell of the body of the egg. It will be recollected that
we have described (p. 562) an egg, apparently of the same nature,
deposited by Capsids in the stems of land plants, so that it is very
doubtful whether the threads are really connected with the aquatic
development of the embryo in Nepidae. But the most interesting
feature connected with these eggs is, according to Korschelt, the
mode of development of the filaments, which is sui generis; the shell
of the egg is developed in the ordinary manner as an exudation or
excretion from epithelial cells; but the shell of the filament is formed
as an intracellular product; a mode of chitin-formation that appears to
be peculiar to this structure. Korschelt remarks that "it is in the
highest degree worthy of attention how by any process of
development through a large number of successive generations so
complex a condition could be established as the result of adaptation
to external conditions; and this becomes even more interesting when
we remember that highly peculiar special processes and departures
from the usual modes of tissue-formation are necessary to permit the
development of this apparatus."[498]

Fam. 22. Naucoridae.—No ocelli, and no terminal process to the

body; front legs inserted on or near the front of the prosternum.
Anterior femora usually broad and flat.—The members of this family
are truly aquatic, and swim readily in the water. The family is small,
including about nine genera and thirty species, but, like many water-
Insects, the genera are widely distributed. We have two in Britain—
one of them, Naucoris, common; the other, Aphelocheirus, rare.

Fam. 23. Belostomidae.—No ocelli, and no long terminal tube to

the body; front legs inserted near the front of the prosternum.
Posterior tibiae not spiny; flattened and provided with swimming
hairs.—Although these Insects have been classified with Nepidae
they have but little relation therewith; on the other hand, the
distinctions from Naucoridae are far less important. The family
includes some of the largest Insects. The South American
Belostoma grande attains a length of four or four and a half inches.
Notwithstanding their considerable size Belostomidae exist in very
large numbers in some localities, and frequently destroy young fish
by aid of the powerful though short rostrum.

Fig. 278—Zaitha anura, carrying eggs on its back. West Indies.

 Fig. 279—Antenna of Belostoma sp. A, One side of the under surface
of the head, with antenna, b, extended; B, with the antenna
retracted, a, Side of head; c, pocket for antenna; d, position of the
eyes. The corresponding joints of the antenna are numbered 1, 2,
3, 4 in each figure.

They appear to be unable to resist the attraction of artificial light, and

are consequently sometimes destroyed in large numbers. It has long
been known that species of the genera Diplonychus and Zaitha carry
their eggs on their backs. There is no special receptacle for the
purpose, but the eggs are kept in their peculiar position by means of
a cement insoluble in water. It has been stated by Dimmock that they
are placed in position by means of a long, flexible ovipositor.
Schmidt, however, found that a specimen of Diplonychus, bearing
eggs and examined by him, was a male, and he subsequently found
that this was the case with other egg-bearing individuals of other
species, so that the mode in which the eggs are placed in this
position and the object of so curious a habit, remain uncertain. The
species of Belostoma are highly remarkable on account of the
curious and complex structure of their antennae, in respect of which
the nearest analogy is to be found in the large Coleoptera of the
genus Hydrophilus. A very deep, ear-like pocket, exactly suited to
the form of the antennae, exists on the under side of the head;
hence in repose no sign of the peculiar shape of the antennae exists.
When the antennae are placed in this ear-like pocket only the one
side of the basal joints is exposed, the long processes being
received into the deep pocket. In Hydrophilus the antenna is used as
an accessory organ of respiration, and it will be interesting to learn
whether this is also the case in Belostoma. Belostomidae have
patches of air-carrying pubescence, analogous with those of
Hydrophilus, on the under sides of the body, elytra and wings, but we
do not know how they are charged. Another extremely interesting
analogy is found in the manner in which the elytra are locked to the