HEAT TRANSFER (21ME62)

Module-2

Fins or Extended surfaces

Fins are used to enhance the rate of heat transfer from a surface. Without Fins the heat transfer
from the surface is purely by convection. Fins are plates or rod like piece of metals with high
thermal conductivity attached to the surface. They increase the heat dissipation rate by conducting
heat through the fins at the same time convection heat transfer also takes place from the surface of
the fins.

Types of fins

a) Straight fin

b) Annular fin

c) Pin fin or spine

Heat transfer and temperature variation through a fin

Consider a fin of cross-sectional area Ac (May be circular, rectangular or any other uniform cross
section) and length L attached to a surface whose temperature is maintained at T o. The ambient
temperature is Ta. Let us take the energy balance of an element of length dx which is at x distance
away from the root (base) of the fin.

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PDS, Dr.TTIT
 dT
The heat flow in to the element, Qx  kAc
dx

d dT d  dT 
The heat flowing out of the element, Qx  dx  Qx  (Qx )   kAc    kAc 
dx dx dx  dx 

d dT d  dT 
The convection from the surface of the element, Qx  dx  Qx  (Qx )   kAc    kAc 
dx dx dx  dx 
Qc  hAT  hPdx(T  Ta )

(where P is the perimeter & Pdx is thesurface area of the element)

By energy balance,

Heat flow in to the element = Heat flowing out of the element + The convection heat flow from
the surface of the element

ie. Qx  Qx  dx  hPdx(T  Ta )

d (Qx )
Qx  Qx  dx  hPdx(T  Ta )
dx

d (Qx )
dx  hPdx(T  Ta ) =0
dx

d  dT 
 kAc   hP (T  Ta )  0
dx  dx 

d 2T
kAc 2  hP(T  Ta )  0
dx

d 2
kAc  hP  0
dx 2

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PDS, Dr.TTIT
 d 2 hP
  0
dx 2 kAc

d 2 hP
2
 m2  0 where, m 
dx kAc

The solution to the differential equation is given by

  C1 cosh mx  C 2 sinh mx

This is the general solution for the temperature difference for a fin at a distance x from its root.

1) Long Fin

The general solution for the temperature difference for a fin is,

  C1 cosh mx  C 2 sinh mx              (1)

At the root of the fin ie. At x=0, temperature difference is T  To   o

Substituting this known condition in to the equation (1)

o  C1 x1  C 2 x 0

C1  o                      (2)

    o cosh mx  C 2 sinh mx              (3)

For a long fin the temperature at the end of the fin tends to be atmospheric.

ie. At x  L, T  Ta   0

Applying this condition in equation (3)

0   o cosh mL  C 2 sinh mL

C 2    o coth mL                  (4)

   o cosh mx  o coth mL sinh mx

Since the value for coth mL tends to unity for a long fin we can reduce the above equation to

   o cosh mx  o sinh mx


   o  cosh mx  sinh mx  or    o e mx or  e  mx
o

 d 
Q  kAc  
 dx  x 0
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PDS, Dr.TTIT
 Q  kAc  om sinh mx   om cosh mx  x0

Q  kAc  0   om

Q  kAcm o

Examples

1. A very long Aluminium rod is connected to a wall at one end, while the other end protrudes
in to a room air temperature 25oC. The wall ia at a temperature of 200oC. The rod is 5mm
in diameter and the heat transfer coefficient between the surface of the rod and environment
is 300w/m2K. If the thermal conductivity of the rod is 150W/mK, calculate the heat
dissipated by the rod.
To = 200oC, Ta = 25oC
h = 300w/m2K, k = 150W/mK
Diameter of the rod d = 5mm = 0.005m
hP h x d 4h
m  
kAc  kd
k d2
4
4 x 300
m  40
150 x 0.005

Heat transfer through the fin, Q  kAcm o


 150 x 0.0052 x 40 x (200  25)
4

Q  20.617W

2) Fin with negligible heat flow from the end or end insulated Fin

The end may be insulated which blocks the flow of heat from the end or if the cross sectional area
of the fin is small the heat flow from the end will be negligibly small.

The general solution for the temperature difference for a fin is,

  C1 cosh mx  C 2 sinh mx              (1)

At the root of the fin, ie. at x=0, temperature difference is T  To   o

Substituting this known condition in to the equation (1)

o  C1 x1  C 2 x 0

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PDS, Dr.TTIT
 C1  o                      (2)

    o cosh mx  C 2 sinh mx              (3)

If the heat flow from the end is negligible or no heat flow is permitted from the end by insulating
the end the temperature gradient tends to be negligible.

d
  om sinh mx  C 2 m cosh mx
dx

dT d
ie. X  L,  0 or 0
dx dx

Applying this condition we get

 d 
    om sinh mL  C2 m cosh mL  0
 dx  x  L

C2   o tanh mL                    (4)

Substituting the value of C2 in equation (3) we get,

    o cosh mx   o tanh mL sinh mx              (5)

Alternate form of expression for temperature difference

   o  cosh mx  tanh mL sinh mx 

 sinh mL 
   o  cosh mx  sinh mx 
 cosh mL 

 cosh mL cosh mx  sinh mL sinh mx 

 o 
 cosh mL 

cosh m  L  x 
 o
cosh mL

 cosh m  L  x 
                  (6)
o cosh mL

Heat transfer through fin

 d 
Q  kAc  
 dx  x 0

Q  kAc  om sinh mx   om tanh mL cosh mx x0 , Differentiating equation (5)

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PDS, Dr.TTIT
 Q  kAc  0   om tanh mL 

Q  kAcm o tanh mL

Efectiveness of fin

Effectiveness of a fin is defined as the ratio of heat transfer with fin to the heat transfer without
fin. Heat transfer in the absence of fin is by convection from the area occupied by the fin.

heat transfer with fin


heat transfer without fin

kAcm o tanh mL

hAc o

km
 tanh mL
h

Eficiency of fin

Efficiency of a fin is defined as the ratio of heat transfer with fin to the heat transfer from the fin
when the entire surface of the fin is maintained at root temperature. It is an ideal case which is
only possible if the material of the fin has infinite thermal conductivity.

heat transfer with fin


heat transfer when the entire surface of the fin is maintained at root temperature

kAcm o tanh mL

hpL o

kAcm tanh mL m tanh mL

 
hpL  hp 
 L
 kAc 

m tanh mL

m2 L

tanh mL

mL

Examples

1. A carbon steel (k=54W/moC) rod with a cross section of an equilateral triangle (each side
5mm) is 80mm long. It is attached to a plane wall which is maintained at a temperature of
400oC. The surrounding environment is at 50oC and unit surface conductance is 90W/m2oC.
Compute the heat dissipated by the rod (assuming tip is insulated).

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PDS, Dr.TTIT
 To = 400oC, Ta = 50oC
h = 90w/m2oC, k = 54W/moC
Side of the equilateral triangle = 5mm = 0.005m
Altitude of the triangle = (0.005/2) tan60 = 0.00433m
1 1
Area of cross section, Ac  x b x h = x 0.005 x 0.00433 = 1.0825 x 10-5
2 2
hP 90 x 0.005 x 3
m   48.057
kAc 54 x1.0825 x105

Heat transfer through the fin, Q  kAcm o tanh mL

 54 x1.0825x10-5 x 48.057x (400  50) tanh(48.057 x 0.08)
Q  9.823W

2. A cylinder of length 1m and diameter 5cm is placed in an atmosphere of 40oC, is provided

with 12 longitudinal fins (k=65W/moC) 0.75mm thick. The fins protrude 2.5cm from the
cylinder surface. The heat transfer coefficient from the cylinder and fins to the ambient air
is 20 W/m2oC. Calculate:
i) The rate of heat transfer if the surface temperature of the cylinder is 150oC.
ii) Temperature at the centre of the fin.
iii) Effectiveness of the fin.
Assume the heat transfer from the end is negligible.

To = 150oC, Ta = 40oC
h = 20w/m2oC, k = 65W/moC, L = 2.5cm = 0.025m
Breadth =1m, thickness = 0.75mm = 0.00075m
Area of cross section, Ac  1x 0.0075 = 0.0075m2
hP 20 x (1  0.00075) x 2
m   28.66
kAc 65 x1x 0.00075
Heat Transfer through fin
Heat transfer through one fin, Q  kAcm o tanh mL
 65 x 0.00075x28.66 (150  40) tanh( 28.66x 0.025)
= 94.45W
Heat transfer through 12 fin = 94.45 x 12 = 1133.4 W

Heat transfer directly from the surface of the cylinder

The area of the cylinder exposed to surroundings  ( d  16t ) L

 ( x 0.05  16 x 0.00075) x1  0.145m2

Heat transfer  hA  20 x 0.145 x (150  40)  319W

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 Total Heat transfer through cylinder= Heat transfer through fins+ Heat flow directly from
the exposed cylinder surface.

= 1133.4 + 319 = 1452.4 W

The temperature at the centre of the fin

x = L/2 = 0.0125m

cosh m  L  x 
 o
cosh mL

cosh  28.66 x  0.025  0.0125  

 (150  40)x
cosh  28.66x0.025 

= 92.39oC

Temperature = 92.39 + 40 = 132.39 oC

km
Effectiveness of the fin,   tanh mL
h

 65 x 28.66 
   tanh  28.66 x 0.025 
 20 

  57.26

2) Short Fin

When the fin is short the heat flow from the end is not negligible.

The general solution for the temperature difference for a fin is,

  C1 cosh mx  C 2 sinh mx              (1)

At the root of the fin ie. At x=0, temperature difference is T  To   o

Substituting this known condition in to the equation (1)

o  C1 x1  C 2 x 0

C1  o                      (2)

    o cosh mx  C 2 sinh mx              (3)

For a short fin the heat conducted to the end of the fin is convected from the end of the fin.

 d 
ie.  kAc    hAc L
 dx  x  L
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PDS, Dr.TTIT
 kAc  om sinh mx  C 2m cosh mx xL  hAc  o cosh mx  C 2 sinh mx  x  L

k  om sinh mL  C 2m cosh mL   h  o cosh mL  C 2 sinh mL 

k om sinh mL  kC 2m cosh mL  h o cosh mL  hC 2 sinh mL

k om sinh mL  kC 2m cosh mL  h o cosh mL  hC 2 sinh mL

 o  h cosh mL  km sinh mL   C 2  km cosh mL  h sinh mL 

C 2   o
 h cosh mL  km sinh mL 
 km cosh mL  h sinh mL 

 km 
1  tanh mL 
C 2   o  
h
 km 
  tanh mL 
 h 

Substituting C2 in equation (3) we get,

 km 
1  tanh mL 
    o cosh mx   o   sinh mx              (4)
h
 km 
  tanh mL 
 h 

Heat transfer through short fin

 d 
Q  kAc  
 dx  x 0

  km    km 
 1  tanh mL   1  tanh mL 
 d 
   om sinh mx   om   cosh mx    om  
h h
 
 dx  x 0   km    km 
   tanh mL     tanh mL 
  h   x 0  h 

  km 
 1  tanh mL  
 Q  kAc x   om  
h
  
 tanh mL  
km
 
  h 

 km 
1  tanh mL 
Q  kAcm o  
h
 km 
  tanh mL 
 h 
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Heat flow through a fin connected to two temperature source

When the fin is short the heat flow from the end is not negligible.

The general solution for the temperature difference for a fin is,

  C1 cosh mx  C 2 sinh mx              (1)

At the root of the fin, ie. At x=0, temperature difference is T  To   o

Substituting this known condition in to the equation (1)

o  C1 x1  C 2 x 0

C1  o                      (2)

    o cosh mx  C 2 sinh mx              (3)

When x=L,   1

 1   o cosh mL  C 2 sinh mL

1   o cosh mL
C2                 (4)
sinh mL

Substituting the result in equation (3)

1   o cosh mL
   o cosh mx  sinh mx
sinh mL

 o sinh mL cosh mx  1 sinh mx   o cosh mL sinh mx


sinh mL

 o sinh m  L  x   1 sinh mx

sinh mL

Heat transfer from the fin surface is obtained by finding the heat loss by convection from the entire
surface of the fin.
L
 0 sinh m  L  x   1 sinh mx
Q   hpdx   hp dx
0
sinh mL

  0 cosh m  L  x  1 cosh mx 
L

 hp   
  m sinh mL m sinh mL 0

 0  0 cosh mL 1 cosh mL 1 
 hp     
 m sinh mL m sinh mL m sinh mL m sinh mL 
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PDS, Dr.TTIT
 
hp
m sinh mL
 0  cosh mL  1  1  cosh mL  1 

hp  cosh mL  1
Q  0  1 
m sinh mL

Examples

1. A rod 8mm diameter spans the distance between two plates maintained at 180oC and 110oC.
If the distance between the plates is 0.8m and the ambient temperature is 20 oC find the heat
flow through the rod to the surroundings and the temperature of the rod at a distance 0.3 m
from the plate maintained at 180oC. Take, h=35W/m2oC, k=85W/moC.

T0= 180oC, T1 = 110oC, Ta = 20oC

h = 35w/m2 oC, k = 85W/m oC
Diameter of the rod d = 8mm = 0.008m
Length L=0.8m, x=0.3m

hP h x d 4h
m  
kAc  kd
k d2
4
4 x 35
m  14.349
85 x 0.008
hp  cosh mL  1
Q  0  1 
m sinh mL
35 x  x 0.008  cosh 14.349 x 0.8   1
 160  90 
14.349sinh 14.349 x 0.8

Heat flow through the rod, Q  16.474 W

 o sinh m  L  x   1 sinh mx

sinh mL

120sinh 14.349 x  0.8  0.3   90sinh 14.349 x 0.3


sinh 14.349 x 0.8

=1.689oC

Temperature of the rod at 0.3m from 180oC plate = 20+1.689 = 21.689 oC

Measurement of temperature using thermometer pockets

Often in the temperature measurements of fluids flowing through the pipe lines thermometer
pockets or wells are used to insert the thermometers. These thermometer pockets can act like a fin
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PDS, Dr.TTIT
and heat can flow from the pipe wall to the tip of the pockets. This will affect the measured
temperature to a great extend. The thermometer inserted in the pocket shows the temperature of
the pocket at the end (TL) where as the true temperature is the surrounding fluid temperature T g.
These pockets can be considered as fins with negligible heat transfer from the ends.

Taking Tw as the wall temperature, the root temperature of the fin To = Tw.

cosh m  L  x 
Hence for the temperature difference    o
cosh mL

Since we require the temperature at the tip x=L,

 1
 
 o cosh mL

TL  Tg 1

Tw  Tg cosh mL

From this equation the true gas temperature T g flowing through the pipe can be obtained.

Examples

1. A steel tube carries steam at a temperature of 300oC. A thermometer pocket of of iron

(k=52.3W/mK) of inside diameter 16mm and thickness 1mm is used to measure the
temperature. The error to be tolerated is 2 % of maximum. Calculate the length of the
thermometer pocket required to measure the temperature within this error. How should the
thermometer be located? Take the tube wall temperature as 130oC and diameter as 90mm.
Assume the convective heat transfer coefficient as 95 W/m2 K.

Tw= 130oC, Tg = 300oC

h = 95w/m2 K, k = 52.3W/m K
Inside diameter of the pocket di = 16mm = 0.016m
Thickness t = 1mm=0.001m
Outer diameter = di + 2t = 0.016+2 x 0.001 = 0.018m
% error=2%
Tg  TL
ie. x 100  2
Tg
300  TL
x 100  2 TL  294o C
300
hP h x  do
m 

kAc k  d o 2  di 2 
4

4 x 95 x 0.018

52.3  0.0182  0.0162 

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 = 43.86

TL  Tg 1

Tw  Tg cosh mL

294  300 1

130  300 cosh  43.86L 

L= 0.09204m = 92.04mm

Thermometers

92
.04

90
Tg Tl

Since the diameter of the pipe is only 90mm the thermometer pocket with a length of
92.04mm has to be installed in an inclined position.

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PDS, Dr.TTIT
Unsteady state heat transfer

Heat transfer process in which the temperatures vary with respect to time is known as unsteady
state heat transfer. In an unsteady state heat transfer temperature can vary with respect to spatial
coordinates and also with time. The analysis when the temperature varies with respect to both time
and space is very complex.

Lumped heat analysis

When the internal resistance is negligible the variation of temperature within the body is negligible.
In such case the temperature can be assumed to vary only with respect to time. Such an analysis
of unsteady heat transfer process where we neglect the internal resistance and neglect variation of
temperature within the body is known as lumped heat analysis. For such an analysis to be accurate
the internal resistance has to be negligible compared to the external convection resistance. Hence
high thermal conductivity and low heat transfer coefficient and minimum heat flow distance will
make such an analysis more reliable. In short for Lumped heat analysis to be accurate Biot
number should be less than 0.1.

Biot number

It is defined as a ratio of the internal resistance to the external resistance to heat transfer.

hL
Bi 
k

Consider a body with an initial temperature of T i is suddenly exposed an environment temperature

Ta. Let the temperature of the body at any given instant be T.

Ti
Ta

Considering the energy balance,

The heat flowing in to the body by convection at any instant = Rate of change of internal energy

dT
hA(T  Ta )  mCp
dt

dT
hA(T  Ta )  VCp
dt

14
PDS, Dr.TTIT
 d
hA  VCp Substituting (T  Ta ) as 
dt

Rearranging

d hAdt

 VCp

Integrating between from the starting of the cooling or heating process to a time‘t’.
t
 hAt 
 log   i

  
 VCp 0

  hAt
log  
 i  VCp

hAt

 VCp
e
i

hAt hAt
 
 i e VCp or T  Ta  Ti  Ta  e
VCp

Exponential Variation of
Temperature T

Temperature during Cooling

Temperature T

Process
Exponential Variation of
Temperature during heating
Process

Time t Time t

Fourier number

It is a non dimensional number and is defined as the ratio of the diffusion rate of heat transfer to
the rate of storage of energy within the body.

t
Fo 
L2

Where  is the thermal diffusivity, L is the characteristic dimension and t is time.

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PDS, Dr.TTIT
 Bi Fo
Toshow that    i e

hAt

First derive   i e
VCp as shown earlier.

hAt ht ht
 
VCp V   LCp
   Cp
 A

hL K t
 x
K L  LCp

hL Kt
 x
K  CpL2

hL  t
 x
K L2

 Bi x Fo

 Bi Fo
   i e

Instantaneous heat transfer

Instantaneous heat transfer is the rate at which the heat is flowing in to or out of the body at any
given instant. The instantaneous heat transfer rate is maximum at the starting of a heating or
cooling process, since the temperature difference is maximum at the starting. Its unit is watts (W)
or J/s.

Instantaneous heat transfer at starting =  hA i

Instantaneous heat transfer at any instant =  hA

hAt

=  hAi e
VCp

Total heat transfer

Total heat transfer is the total amount of heat transferred into or out of the body for a given time
period. In a steady heat transfer process the instantaneous heat transfer is same at any given time.
16
PDS, Dr.TTIT
To find the total heat transfer in such situations we can multiply the heat transfer rate with the time
interval. In an unsteady heat transfer process the instantaneous heat transfer changes with respect
to time. Hence to find the total heat transfer over a period of time we have to integrate the
instantaneous heat transfer equation from time ‘0’ to time‘t’. The unit of total heat transfer is Joules
(J) , KJ or MJ.

hAt

VCp
t
Total heat transfer from starting t given time 't' , QT =  hAi e
0

hAt

VCp
t
=hAi e
0

t
  hAt 
 VCp 
e 
=hAi  
hA
  
 VCp 
 0

  hAt 
 VCp  1
QT = -VCpi  e 
 
 
 

 
hAt 
 VCp 
QT = VCpi 1  e 
 
 
 

Alternately the same may be expressed as

 
hAt 
 VCp 
QT =VCp  i  i e 
 
 
 

QT =VCp i   

Examples

1. An aluminium plate (k=160W/mK; =2790kg/m3 ;Cp=0.88KJ/kgK) of thickness t=8mm

and at a uniform temperature of 640oC is suddenly immersed at time t=0 in a well stirred
fluid maintained at a constant temperature of 25oC, h=110W/m2 K. Determine the time
required for the plate to attain a temperature of 420oC.

17
PDS, Dr.TTIT
 Ti=640oC, Ta=25oC, T=420oC

k=160W/mK, h=110W/m2K

=2790kg/m

Cp=0.88KJ/kgK=880J/kgK

Characteristic length for a plate L = t/2 = 8/2 = 4mm = 0.004m

hL 110 x 0.004
Bi    0.00275  0.1 , Lumped heat analysis is applicable.
k 160

Temperature difference,   T  Ta  420  25  395o C

Initial temperature difference, i  Ti  Ta  640  25  615o C

hAt ht
 
 VCp  LCp
e e
i

ht

  LCp
e
i

110t

395
e 2790x0.004x880
615

Solving time, t = 39.528s

2. An aluminium sphere weighing 5.5 kg and initially at a temperature of 290oC is suddenly

immersed in a fluid at 15oC. The convective heat transfer coefficient is 45 W/m2K.
Determine the time required to cool it to 95oC using lumped capacity method of analysis.
( For aluminium k=205W/mK; =2700kg/m3 ;Cp=900J/kgK).

k=205W/mK, h=45W/m2 K
=2700kg/m
Cp=900J/kgK

To find the radius,

4
m  V   x  r 3
3

4 3
5.5  2700 x r
3

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PDS, Dr.TTIT
 r = 0.001528m

Characteristic length for a plate L = r/3 = 0.000509 m

hL 45 x 0.000509
Bi    0.000112  0.1 , Lumped heat analysis is applicable.
k 205
Temperature difference,   T  Ta  95  15  80o C
Initial temperature difference, i  Ti  Ta  290  25  275o C
hAt ht
 
 VCp  LCp
e e
i
ht

  LCp
e
i
45t

80 2700 x 0.000112 x 900
e
275
Solving time t =33.96s

3. A 12 mm diameter M.S. sphere at 540°C is exposed to cooling air flow at 27°C

and heat transfer coefficient of 114 W /m2 K. Find,
i) The time required to cool the sphere from 540°C to 95°C.
ii) Instantaneous heat transfer rate, two minutes after start of cooling.
iii) Total heat transferred from the sphere during first two minutes.
Properties of M.S. are:  = 7850 kg /m 3, C = 475 J /kg,  = 0.045m2 /hr.

0.045
  0.045m 2 / hr   1.25 x105 m 2 / s
3600

k k
   1.25 x105
 Cp 7850 x 475
k  1.25 x105 x 7850 x 475  46.61W/mK
Characteristic length for a plate L = r/3= 12/3 = 4mm = 0.004m

hL 114 x 0.004
Bi    0.00978  0.1 , Lumped heat capacity analysis is applicable.
k 46.61

Temperature difference, i  Ti  Ta  540  27  513o C

Initial temperature difference,   T  Ta  95  27  68o C

hAt ht
 
 VCp  LCp
e e
i

19
PDS, Dr.TTIT
 ht

  LCp
e
i

114t

68
 e 7850x0.004x475
513

Solving time, t = 264.384s

To find the temperature at the end of 2 minutes

hAt ht
 
 VCp  e  LCp
e
i

ht

  LCp
e
i

114x120


 e 7850x0.004x475
513

Solving time, θ=205.014oC

Temperature of sphere at the end of 2 minutes = 205.014+27=232.014 oC

Instantaneous heat transfer at the end of 2 minutes

Instantaneous heat transfer at any instant = hA  h x 4 r 2 x 

 114x 4 x 0.0122 x 205.014

 42.212W

Instantaneous heat transfer at the end of 2 minutes

 
hAt 
 VCp 
Total heat transfer, QT =VCpi 1  e 
 
 
 

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PDS, Dr.TTIT
  
hAt 
4 3  VCp 
=  r Cpi 1  e 
3  
 
 

 
hAt 
4  VCp 
=  r 3Cp  i  i e 
3  
 
 

4
=  r 3Cp i   
3
4
=7850 x x  x 0.0123 x 475  513  205.014 
3

=8312.4J  8.312KJ

Heisler’s Charts

When the internal resistance is considerable, the variation of temperature within the body cannot
be neglected and in such cases the problems are solved with the help of Heisler’s charts. In using
the charts the characteristics lengths are taken as follows.

For a plate, L=t/2 (same for Lumped capacity analysis)

For long cylinder, L = r (For Lumped capacity analysis it is r/2)

For long sphere, L = r (For Lumped capacity analysis it is r/3)

1. A 5cm thick iron plate with k=60W/mK, Cp=460J/kgoC, =7850kg/m3, =1.6x10-5 m2/s is
initially at 225oC. Suddenly both the surfaces are exposed to an environmental temperature
of 25oC with a convective heat transfer coefficient of 500W/m2 K. Calculate
i) The centre temperature at t = 2 min after start of cooling.
ii) The temperature at a depth of 1cm from the surface at t = 2min after the start of
cooling.
iii) The energy removed from the plate per m2 during this time.

L = t/2 = 5/2 = 2.5cm = 0.025m

hL 500x0.025
Biot Number, Bi    0.2083
k 60

t 1.6x10-5 x120
Fourier Number, Fo    3.072
L2 0.0252

From the first chart of Heisler’s chart for infinite plate we get,

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PDS, Dr.TTIT
o
 0.58
i

o  0.58xi  0.58 x (225  25)  116o C

To   o  Ta  116  25  141o C

x L
 1
L L

From the second chart of Heisler’s chart for infinite plate we get,


 0.9
o

  0.9 o  0.9 x116  104.4o C

T   Ta  104.4  25  129.4o C

Bi 2 Fo 

From the third chart of Heisler’s chart for infinite plate we get,

Q
 0.45
Qi

Q  0.45 Qi  0.45 x  VCp (Ti  Ta )

 0.45 x  x (Ax2L)x Cp (Ti  Ta )

 0.45 x 7850x (1x2x0.025)x 460(225  25) Considering one side surface area A=1

Q  16249500  16.24MJ/m2

If we consider both sides of the surface 2A=1 ( ie. Total convection heat transfer area)

Q  8124750  8.124MJ/m2

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PDS, Dr.TTIT