APPLICATIONS OF INFORMATION AND

COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

BY

Zunaina Khawar (23-Arid-3969)

Bachelor of Science in Artificial Intelligence (BSCS-AI)

Bachelor of Science in Artificial Intelligence (BSCS-AI)

Barani Institute of Information Technology

PMAS ARID AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY
RAWALPINDI

Spring/Fall/Summer 2023
 APPLICATIONS OF INFORMATION AND
COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

A report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for

the degree of
Bachelor of Science in Artificial Intelligence (BSCS-AI)
Bachelor of Science in Artificial Intelligence (BSCS-AI)

Submitted By
Zunaina Khawar (23-Arid-3969)

Supervised By
Mam Nadia

Barani Institute of Information Technology

PMAS ARID AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY
RAWALPINDI

Spring/Summer/FALL 2023
 iii

CERTIFICATE

It is certified that the contents and form of thesis entitled

Applications of Information and Communication Technology
submitted by Zunaina Khawar & M. Ahsan Ali Azam have been found
satisfactory for the requirement of the degree.

SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE

PROJECT SUPERVISOR: ________________

Name of Supervisor

REPORT COORDINATER: ________________

Name of Coordinator

WRITEUP COMMITTEE HEAD: _______________

Name of Head
 iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

A candidate may acknowledge contributions to his career and to the

dissertation made by any person. Courtesy demands that he acknowledges
his advisor and the members of the examination committee. Candidate
may not write his name at the end of the acknowledgement.
 v

ABSTRACT

During the 1960s and 1970s, the third generation of

computers emerged. These computers were a big leap forward in terms of
technology and capabilities. One of the key advancements of this
generation was the use of integrated circuits. These tiny electronic
circuits were made up of multiple transistors, resistors, and capacitors, all
packed onto a single chip. This made the computers smaller, faster, and
more reliable compared to their predecessors. With the introduction of
integrated circuits, computers became more accessible and affordable.
This led to their widespread use in various industries and organizations.
They were used for tasks such as scientific calculations, data processing,
and even in the early stages of computer graphics.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Contents: Page #
CERTIFICATE.............................................................................................................................iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT..............................................................................................................iv
ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................................v
TABLE OF CONTENTS................................................................................................................vi
TABLE OF FIGURES.................................................................................................................viii
Chapter 1:.................................................................................................................................1
GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS................................................................................................1
1.1: Introduction:.................................................................................................................................
Chapter 2.................................................................................................................................2
THIRD GENERATION OF COMPUTERS.......................................................................................2
2.1: History:.........................................................................................................................................
Chapter 3..................................................................................................................................3
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS..............................................................................................................3
3.1: Definition of Integrated Circuits:..................................................................................................
3.2: Integrated Circuit Design:.............................................................................................................
3.2.1: Analog Design:........................................................................................................3
3.2.2: Digital Design:.........................................................................................................4
Chapter 4..................................................................................................................................6
FEATURES OF THE THIRD GENERATION OF COMPUTERS.........................................................6
Chapter 5..................................................................................................................................8
EXAMPLES OF THIRD GENERATION COMPUTERS WITH PICTURES...........................................8
1: IBM 360...........................................................................................................................................
2: HONEYWELL 6000.......................................................................................................................
3: IBM 370/168....................................................................................................................................
4: ICL 2900..........................................................................................................................................
5: UNIVAC 1108.................................................................................................................................
Chapter 6................................................................................................................................10
OPERATING SYSTEMS IN THE THIRD GENERATION OF COMPUTERS......................................10
6.1 Remote processing Operating system..........................................................................................
6.2 Time-sharing operating system....................................................................................................
6.3 Real-time operating system.........................................................................................................
Chapter 7................................................................................................................................11
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES USED IN THE THIRD GENERATION OF COMPUTERS................11
7.1: FORTRAN – Formula translator................................................................................................
7.2: ALGOL – Algorithmic language................................................................................................
7.3: COBOL – Common business-oriented language.......................................................................
Chapter 8................................................................................................................................12
ADVANTAGES OF THIRD-GENERATION COMPUTERS..............................................................12
Chapter 9................................................................................................................................13
DIS-ADVANTAGES OF THIRD-GENERATION COMPUTERS.......................................................13
CONCLUSIONS........................................................................................................................14
REFERENCES...........................................................................................................................15
[1].......................................................................................................................................................
[2].......................................................................................................................................................
[3].......................................................................................................................................................
[4].......................................................................................................................................................
 TABLE OF FIGURES
Figures:
Figure a.Robert Noyce...........................................................................................................................
Figure b.Jack Kilby.................................................................................................................................
Figure c. Integrated Circuit.....................................................................................................................
Figure d. Digital Design..........................................................................................................................
Figure e. Third Generation of Computers..............................................................................................
Figure f.IBM 360....................................................................................................................................
Figure g. Honeywell 6000......................................................................................................................
Figure h. IBM 370/168...........................................................................................................................
Figure i. ICL 2900...................................................................................................................................
Figure j. UNIVAC 1108............................................................................................................................
 CH-1 GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS

Chapter 1:
GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS

1.1: Introduction:
The computer’s evolution can be categorised into five generations and
each of the generations has some change in features and functions from the previous
generation. The period for the first-generation computer was from the 1940s to the
1950s. Its main electronic component was a vacuum tube. It operated on a machine
language and used to consume more electricity and generated a lot of heat. The period
of the second-generation computer was from the 1950s to the 1960s. The main
component of this generation was the transistor. It consumed less electricity and
generated less heat as compared to the first generation. The period of the third-
generation computer was from the 1960s to the 1970s. Integrated circuits were its
main electronic component and also started the usage of keyboards and monitors. The
period of the fourth generation was from the 1970s to the present. Its main electronic
component is a microprocessor and very large-scale integration (VLSI). It has
semiconductor memory like RAM, ROM, etc. The period of the fifth-generation
computer is from the present to the future. Its main electronic component is Ultra
large-scale integration technology (ULSI) and artificial intelligence (AI). It is portable
with a good storage capacity.

1
 CH-2 THIRD GENERATION OF COMPUTERS

Chapter 2
THIRD GENERATION OF COMPUTERS

2.1: History:
The third-generation computers were introduced in 1965 and they
stopped in 1971. This generation is upgraded compared to the other two previous
generations. Third-generation computers used integrated circuits in place of
transistors. With the use of integrated circuits, these computers became reliable,
generated less heat, were small in size, fast, very less maintenance, and were
inexpensive. It was developed in 1958 Robert by Noyce and Jack Kilby. Despite
consuming less electricity still, they were a little expensive and required an air
conditioner for cooling purposes. From this generation, computers were not tech
things for only big businesses and higher authorities, they had changed into personal
computers used by various people. With the use of small hardware, the operating
system Unix was developed.

Figure a.Robert Noyce Figure b.Jack Kilby

2
 CH-3 INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

Chapter 3
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

3.1: Definition of Integrated Circuits:

Integrated circuits are made up of several components such as R, C, L, diodes
and transistors. They are built on a small single block or chip of a semiconductor
known as an integrated circuit (IC). All of them work together to perform a particular
task. The IC is easily breakable, so to be attached to a circuit board, it is often housed
in a plastic package with metal pins.

Figure c. Integrated Circuit

Integrated circuits can function as an oscillator, amplifiers, microprocessors or even

as computer memory.
3.2: Integrated Circuit Design:
An integrated circuit is created using certain logic methods and circuit layouts. The
two categories of IC design are as follows:

 Analog Design
 Digital Design
 Mixed Design

3.2.1: Analog Design:

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 CH-3 INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

IC chip is created by using the analogue design process when:

4
 CH-3 INTEGRATED CIRCUITS 4

 ICs are utilised as regulators, filters and oscillators.

 Optimal power dissipation, gain and resistance are required.

3.2.2: Digital Design:

The digital design approach is used to create integrated circuits (ICs), which are
utilised as computer memories (such as RAM and ROM) and microprocessors. With
this approach to design, the circuit density and overall efficiency are both maximised.
The ICs created with this technique operate with binary input data like 0 and 1. The
process for designing digital integrated circuits is depicted in the diagram below.
 CH-3 INTEGRATED CIRCUITS 5

Figure d. Digital Design

 CH-4 FEATURES OF THIRD GENERATION OF COMPUTERS

Chapter 4
FEATURES OF THE THIRD GENERATION OF
COMPUTERS

The third-generation computers were developed and many new features were
introduced within the system. Listed below are the few features of this generation of
computers:

 The main electronic component of this generation of computers was Integrated

Circuits. In the second generation, transistors were used which were
miniaturised and then printed on the ICs. These transistors replaced the
vacuum tubes which were used in first-generation computers. The
miniaturised transistors were placed over the silicon chips due to which the
speed and efficiency drastically increased. IBM made the first commercial
computer which was based on IC, hence the start of the third generation of
computers
 The memory used in these computers was the large magnetic core, magnetic
disk or tape
 The high-level programming language was used like PASCAL, FORTRAN,
BASIC, C, COBOL, etc.
 These were smaller in size, cheaper and also efficient as compared to the
second generation of computers
 The input and output devices were monitors, keyboards, magnetic tape,
printers, etc.
 It works based on the memory of the computer which increases the speed of
the computer.
 Due to the small size, the installation of the computers was quite easyy.

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 CH-4 FEATURES OF THIRD GENERATION OF COMPUTER 7

 The production of energy and heat was less as compared to the previous
generation of computers
 The air conditioner was avoided because there was
less production of heat
 Multitasking could be done as well as
multiprogramming
 For the compact design, the chips used were Very
Large-Scale Integration and Ultra Large-Scale
Integration.
 Keyboards and mouse replaced the use of punch Figure e. Third Generation of Computers

cards
 Individual transistors were replaced by the integrated circuits
 The storage capacity of this generation of computers was high
 Because of the size reduction, they were also known as mini-computers
 Some examples of these computers are UNIVAC 1108, IBM 360, PDP 11,
etc.
 CH-5 EXAMPLES OF THIRD GENERATION COMPUTERS WITH PICTURE

Chapter 5
EXAMPLES OF THIRD GENERATION COMPUTERS
WITH PICTURES

1: IBM 360

Figure f.IBM 360

2: HONEYWELL 6000

Figure g. Honeywell 6000

3: IBM 370/168

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 CH-5 EXAMPLES OF THIRD GENERATION COMPUTERS WITH PICTURE 9

Figure h. IBM 370/168

4: ICL 2900

Figure i. ICL 2900

5: UNIVAC 1108

Figure j. UNIVAC 1108

 CH-6 OPERATING SYSTEMS IN THE THIRD GENERATION OF COMPUTERS

Chapter 6
OPERATING SYSTEMS IN THE THIRD GENERATION
OF COMPUTERS

There were a few types of operating systems used in the third generation of
computers.

6.1 Remote processing Operating system

This operating system works in the client and server forms. Among the two
computers, one computer transfers the instructions to be processed to the other
computer which has a strong processing capacity. After the processing, the other
computer transfers the result to the first computer.

6.2 Time-sharing operating system

This operating system shares the processor’s time with multiple users simultaneously.
Thus, this allowed many to use several terminals of one mainframe computer at the
same time. It aims to reduce the response time.

6.3 Real-time operating system

This operating system reduces the time taken while processing the inputs and
generating the result. With this operating system, the time taken is very small.

11
 CH-7 PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES USED IN THE THIRD GENERATION OF
COMPUTERS

Chapter 7
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES USED IN THE THIRD
GENERATION OF COMPUTERS

The third generation used programming languages like COBOL, PASCAL, BASIC,
FORTRAN, ALGOL – 68, etc.

7.1: FORTRAN – Formula translator

This programming language is one of the earliest used high-level languages. John
Backus developed this language at IBM. The common versions which are used in this
language are FORTRAN 77 and FORTRAN IV.

7.2: ALGOL – Algorithmic language

Alan J. Perlis developed this language. It introduced the Block Structure. It is a
program made of independent blocks which contain instruction and data both.

7.3: COBOL – Common business-oriented language

COBOL was created by Grace Murray Hopper (1906-1992), also known as “the
first hacker in history” and the creator of the first compiler in history.

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 CH-8 ADVANTAGES OF THIRD-GENERATION COMPUTERS

Chapter 8
ADVANTAGES OF THIRD-GENERATION COMPUTERS

With the introduction of third-generation computers, there were also a few benefits of
it which are listed below:

 As compared to the first and second generations, the third-generation

computers were smaller in size
 The reliability of the computers increased with the introduction of the third
generation
 The energy consumption was less by these computers and the generation
of heat was also reduced
 The portability of these computers was more as compared to the computers
of the previous generation
 These computers have better speed and can calculate the data in
nanoseconds
 Better storage capacity and used magnetic disk/tape drives
 It used both languages both machine and assembly level
 The accuracy of these computers was improved
 Usage of keyboards and monitors for input purposes was introduced
 Maintenance cost was reduced
 They were versatile, we’re able to do different types of tasks
 It takes lesser time for computation that the previous generations
 The processing was faster
 The computers were less inclined toward the programming errors
 Reduction in the rate of hardware failure

13
 CH-9 DIS-ADVANTAGES OF THIRD-GENERATION COMPUTERS

Chapter 9
DIS-ADVANTAGES OF THIRD-GENERATION
COMPUTERS

With the advantages there comes drawbacks as well. The few disadvantages of these
computers are listed below:

 It required air conditioning for the cooling purposes in the mainframes

 The technology used was highly sophisticated for the manufacturing purpose
of integrated circuits

 The integrated circuits were difficult to repair

 The computers were costly

 The IC was very complicated and specialised workers were required for it

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 CONCLUSIONS

CONCLUSIONS

We hope the above brief explanation will help you to understand the third-
generation computer better. There were a few changes and newly introduced features
in this generation from the previous ones which you need to keep in mind. This
generation of computers was smaller in size and they were used for personal purposes,
unlike in the previous generations which were only used by larger businesses. The
knowledge of the history of computers will be helpful as these are very basic
questions for the examinations. Learning about the alteration and newly introduced
features in all generations will be easy to grasp and remember.

So, with this article, you came to know about the features of third-generation
computers. These features were developed in the next generation of computers. The
third-generation computers introduced the growth and development process of
computers in many ways.

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 REFERENCES

REFERENCES

[1] 1. Introduction & History from UNACADEMY,

https://unacademy.com/content/bank-exam/study-material/compu
ter-knowledge/third-generation-computers/

[2] 2. Integrated Circuit from BYJU`S (the learning app)

https://byjus.com/physics/integrated-circuit/

[3] 3. Examples from Google & Wikipedia

[4] 4. Remaining data from UNACADEMY

https://unacademy.com/content/bank-exam/study-material/
computer-knowledge/third-generation-computers/

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