1612121 Polarisation

Poe
uygensm
j
wavefronts
y

wavefront trajectory of the same phase

points

Primary wavefront generate secondary

wavefront while passing through the medium

Iwai transverse
longitudinal
a
wave propagation is
wave propagationis perpendicular to
parallel to particle vibration
particle vibration light
Sound
111411111 t.pe X
 Ffs Yffpagation polarised
biased

to
polarisation It is a method by which one
can make the vibrations in a desired
direction
The output a wave is called polarised
wave

Method i Reflection
ii Refraction
iii scattering
in special crystals
of paper
E.mg e

F perpendicular
vibration to
the plane of paper
 Polarisationbyreflection

t
After reflection from a surface one one of the
component will be absorbed
by the reflecting
surface After multiple reflections one may get
fully polarised light

1211
23

Polarisationbyrefraction

oEn
Is
For refraction portion of the refracted
a

Pay become partially polarised However for a

certain angle of incidence both the reflected
 ng of s
as well as ft refracted light becomepolarised
the
In this case one of the component getsreflected
and the other one is refracted This particular
angle of incidence for which re reflected and
refracted light is a fully polarised is called
Brewster's angle Here both the reflected and
refracted beams are perpendicular to each
other

Ge angleof incidence Brewster's angle

angle of reflection
P
angle of refraction
as p n
Iz
P
E P
E Oe

refractive index Into

y
24 4 M
1É
Effete
tante
M
drewster's
Acetan
 MY
scattering

yAnisotgePeiggMt
ght is different d along
different directions inside the crystal

optic axis

vibrations parallel to the optic axis can pass

through completely

11 14

É t
i
I
Io

Eo É ÉEST
 I

I
É Malu's law

3011211
AnisotropicCrystaf
Inside the anisotropic crystals the speed of light
is direction depend

j un s

Refractive index u f
since speed of light is different along var different
directions hence refractive index is also direction
dependent

Birefringence BE
it

Due to anisotropic nature the incident

ray will
break two rays If we rotate the
crystal plane
along the line of a sight it is seen that of one
of the ray rotates and another
stay fixed
 They are named as e
ray and O
ray respectively

No speed of light of the O

ray
Ve u u n a
ray
i Mo G refractive index of the material
for o
ray
Me Ge refractive index of the material
for e ray
if to Ve Mo Me positive crystals
quartz
if ve to Me no negative crystals
calcite

opticaxis is a dip in the anisotropic crystal

alongwhich to ve or no me
For uniaxial crystals there is only one
optic axis
For biaxial crystals it has two optic axis

Polaroids
06 0122 Nicolprism
Calcite Cacia
uniaxial negative crystal

iT e
ray

Polish the edges to change angle bet the

planes 1090 1120 710 680
cut into two pieces diagonally
join the two pieces using a specialglue
called Canada Balsam

Mo refractive index of the o

ray w for
calcite 1 658
Me refractive index of the e ray for
calcite 1 486

Mc refractive index of the Canada balsam

L 552
i Mo Mc Me
the for the o the calcite is a
ray
denser than the
deoptically medium
 Canada balsam For the e the calcite is
ray
an rarer medium than
optically the Canada
balsam For Beyond a certain angle of
incidence the o
ray will suffer total
internal reflection But the e
ray can
pass through the canada balsam after
of refraction The angle of incidences'fortheasam
o
ray should be greater than the
critical angle O sin
t
sin

sin
it
I 690

The refracted and total

internally
reflected rays are
fully plane polarised
light
P
rayando
r.at
sgyeffetweenthee
7
phase Tpath
difference difference
 15
Optical path vacuum
medium

re
f
M O c

le x distance travelled in medium

in time at distance
travelled in vacuum in time at
opticalpat
Iiixgeometricalpath
13 01
21

ii
g to
perpendicular the optic axis positive
crystal
iii along
optic axis negative crystal
the
in perpendicular to the optic axis negative

incident crystal
woman

of c axis
 A theopticaxispositivecaryl 8

hottie axis

spine
Ve ellipsoidal

The a incident ray is comprised of both the

ordinary and
ordinary ray The incident
extra
wavefront is spherical and radius of the
sphere denotes the speed of light Inside the
crystal the o ray will remain spherical with
velocity Voce The e on the other hand
ray
will move with different along different
velocities
directions For a uniaxial Reitystal the speedof
e ray will be ve to along all directions
other the optic axis Along the optic axis both
the rays will have same velocities
emergent rays will have a phase
The
difference due to the velocity difference
d thickness of the slab crystal
 do Mod optical path for o
ray
de Med optical u n e ray
42 path difference introduced
donde
Mo Me d
2
phase difference 40 ax

Monne d
ZI
Halfware plate
After passing through this plate the
path difference introduced is Xs

Monne d Iz
D
Fine
introduced I
phase difference
QuarterwIthEase path difference introduce
is 7 4
Monne d I

aside
phase difference introduced 5 2
 Sino
YI 2 May cost he cost
Essino

22 YI 22.4 cost sing

now
i 0 0

0
22 432 27 Lycos0

Cat Ya O

Plane polarise
Y ba.se wave
ii 0 5 2 a b

Et 2 I elliptically
polarised
iii 0 42 a b

Eat23 1

Wxyz at circularly polarised

 FEI 5K must
I is

Babinettscompensator

tF
40 LAM BALI