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Dơnload Is COVID 19 A Bioweapon First Edition Richard M. Fleming Full Chapter
Richard M. Fleming
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nasal septum proper is made up of the cartilaginous or purely nasal
portion, the vomer, and the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid, any
one of which may be separated from its connections or warped from
its perpendicular plane. Dislocation of the cartilages may also occur
in the young, and, having once taken place, is rarely reduced unless
treatment has been both prompt and scientific.
Angular deviation to an extent which often produces a spur is not
necessarily of serious inconvenience unless it protrude sufficiently
from its proper plane to come in contact with one of the turbinates, in
which case a nearly complete obstruction may result, with symptoms
of constant nasal irritation. Absolute symmetry being rare, and mild
deviations being very common, it is only those which produce either
visible deformity or local irritation which require surgical treatment.
Obviously after injury to these parts attention should be given to
overcome present and prevent further dislocation. This may be
conveniently done by the introduction of small, tubular, nasal splints,
of celluloid or caoutchouc, made for the purpose. In their absence
short pieces of a stout, silk catheter may be used, one inserted on
either side of the septum, and packed around with a light tampon of
antiseptic gauze. All intranasal splints, no matter how made, will
cause considerable local irritation, with tendency to discharge, and
will need to be renewed every day or two.
Deviation having resulted in permanent deformity, no matter how
produced, it can be relieved by operation. Except in the young this
may be performed under local cocaine anesthesia. These measures
fall under two heads—those made for removal of projections, or
spurs, and those directed to straightening of warped or deviated
septa, which do not show much thickening.
For the treatment of projections caustics and the actual cautery
were formerly much in use. They have been now almost abandoned
for the use of instruments, such as a strong knife, a small intranasal
saw, or cutting forceps of various patterns, adapted for use within the
nose. Only these latter means will be mentioned in this place.
Cutting instruments may be actuated by hand or by electric motors.
When the field of operation is small cocaine anesthesia is nearly
always sufficient. Extensive operation involving both nasal cavities
may often be better performed under a general anesthetic. The nasal
cavity should have been previously thoroughly cleansed by the aid of
irrigation with alkaline solutions, and then just previous to operation
with hydrogen peroxide. Instruments should be absolutely clean and
sterile. When local anesthesia is complete it is sufficient to seat the
patient with the head supported, opposite to the operator, to
illuminate the nasal cavity with the head mirror or some substitute
therefor, and to introduce the knife, saw, or forceps in such a way
that the removal may be effected with one movement, while injury to
surrounding tissues is avoided. An intranasal saw should be blunt-
pointed, and should never be pushed so as to touch the posterior
wall of the pharynx. After division of bone the final detachment of the
mucosa should be made with scissors or knife. Bleeding after these
operations is rarely severe, although free at first, and may be
controlled by a tampon made of a narrow, continuous strip of
antiseptic gauze, either packing it into the nostril and occluding it, or
inserting a nasal tube and packing snugly around it. Only in rare
instances is it necessary to tampon the nose from the pharynx by the
use of the Bellocq cannula. (See below.)
Warped and deviated septa, without angular projections, may be
sometimes successfully treated by dividing the septum, either with
knife or scissors, or with cutting forceps whose blades make a
stellate incision, by which the curved surface is so much weakened
that it can be pressed back into normal shape, where it is retained by
tamponing the nostril on the affected side. The pressure required for
this purpose is, however, sometimes irksome or even intolerable. A
method of using a long pin, like a small hat-pin, has been suggested,
it being passed through one nostril into and out of and again into the
septum, in such a way that it serves as a splint, to keep it straight for
a sufficient length of time. Later this pin may be removed without
difficulty, its enlarged head lying meantime concealed within one of
the nostrils.
Fig. 479
Jarvis snare.
Aside from the danger of retained secretion, which they may bring
about, and that attending their extension into adjoining cavities, there
is in elderly people at least an actual possible danger of their
undergoing malignant transformation, although this is not common.
There is, however, good reason for their removal, and none for
allowing them to remain, for they are always both irritant and
obstructive.
Treatment.—Almost every other method of treatment has yielded
to that of removal by the Jarvis snare, or its equivalent,
supplemented by the occasional use of forceps. In order, however, to
expose them sufficiently to permit of removal it is often necessary to
cut away a portion of the middle turbinate. In extensive polypoid
disease this would be practically always required, and it should be
done thoroughly, for nasal polypi tend usually to recur unless
radically attacked. Local anesthesia is sufficient for the majority of
cases, but an aggravated instance will call for complete anesthesia
and thorough work, especially if the accessory sinuses have been
infected.
The snare figured in Fig. 479 is a type of instrument which can be
used to great advantage in dealing with these cases. When,
however, it cannot be made effective by being applied around the
actual base of each growth its use should be supplemented by that
of the curette. No actual assurance can ever be given that there will
be no subsequent development of polypi. Nevertheless it does not
follow that new polypoid development is of the actual nature of
recurrence. It may occur independently from the same causes that
produced its first appearance.
It should hardly be necessary to insert here the caution that no
operation of even this degree of simplicity should be effected without
careful cleansing of the nasal cavity.
Of the other tumors that may occur within the nasal cavities none
can be said to frequently occur here, but all varieties may be
encountered. Of the more benign tumors the most common are the
vascular growths and the fibromas, or mixed form of fibromas and
papillomas. Epithelioma and sarcoma occur occasionally.
EPISTAXIS (NOSE-BLEED).
The escape of a small amount of blood from the nose, especially
in childhood, is a common occurrence, and may occur in
consequence of slight traumatisms or even spontaneously. The so-
called nose-bleeding of children, then, is scarcely of sufficient
importance to justify consideration here, nor would it were it not for
the fact that it may become severe and even dangerous. Children in
whom it frequently recurs will lose sufficient blood to become
anemic, while the effect of its frequent occurrence may bespeak a
depraved condition of the blood as well as of the tissues which
permit of its escape. A history of repeated nose-bleed should prompt
an investigation into the general condition of the patient as well as a
local examination of the nasal passages, where some explanation
may be afforded. For instance, a polypus may be found whose
removal will then be indicated, or an exceedingly spongy and
vascular area may be revealed, which will call for a touch of the
actual cautery or the use of the curette.
Besides the frequent expressions of this kind in childhood, some
of which may occur during sleep, there are other forms of nasal
hemorrhage. A vicarious menstruation is known to assume this type,
individuals thus losing blood every month. This is a rare but well-
known phenomenon. A plethoric individual may suffer serious
epistaxis at any time, and this may be beneficial unless it be too
extensive. Nasal hemorrhages may occur with certain fevers.
Individuals with a hemorrhagic diathesis are peculiarly liable to it,
and it is seen in connection with purpura hæmorrhagica. When this
occurs in the debilitated or dissipated it may be fatal. Thus epistaxis
may terminate fatally in spite of all that can be done. This statement
requires some explanation. The nasal cavity may be tightly plugged,
but such plugging cannot be made permanent because of
decomposition of products thus retained and their absorption, with
consequent septic infection. Nasal tampons should be removed
every day or two, for the purpose of cleanliness, although their
removal is contra-indicated when the necessity for physiological rest
of the part is realized. The treatment, then, of epistaxis may be
trying, at least, and in rare cases will prove absolutely disappointing
and ineffectual. I have even been compelled to tie the common
carotid to save life.
Treatment.—The ordinary nose-bleed of a young child will usually
subside with the application of cold to the nose,
elevation of the arms, or firm pressure upon the upper lip just below
the nasal septum. It may be also checked by an irrigating stream of
cold water, or by a spray of cocaine or weak adrenalin solution. A 5
per cent. antipyrine solution also makes an excellent styptic for the
purpose. Within a day or two after a serious hemorrhage, after the
remaining clots have been cleaned away, a thorough inspection of
the nasal cavity should be made in order to reveal the source of the
hemorrhage and permit local treatment.
Nasal hemorrhage may be subdued by plugging the anterior nares
with strips of gauze, or, better still, after the introduction of a tube
through which air may pass freely, and around which packing may
be firmly inserted. The ordinary dry styptics should not be used, for
they may produce such a crusting of tampons as to make it difficult
to remove them. More efficient materials can be used in solution. No
tampon should be introduced into the nostrils which is not tied with a
ligature of silk in such a way that it may be by it more easily
withdrawn, and, at the same time, prevented from going too far. If the
source of the bleeding be in the anterior part of the nasal cavity
anterior packing may be sufficient. The surgeon should not, however,
be deceived by the apparent cessation of bleeding, which cannot
escape through the nostrils under these circumstances, but may
continue into the nasopharynx, the patient swallowing the blood as it
trickles down. Inspection of the pharynx should be made after the
use of tampons. A much greater degree of safety is afforded by
posterior tamponing of each side of the nasal cavity, which is most
easily effected by means of the little instrument known as Bellocq’s
cannula, whose use is illustrated in Fig. 480.
Fig. 480
RETROPHARYNGEAL ABSCESS.
This has already been referred to as the product of tuberculous
disease in the upper cervical vertebræ, or in the neighboring lymph
nodes, or as the possible sequel of more acute infections occurring
in the upper portions of the neck, proceeding usually from infected
tooth sockets or other lesions within the nose and mouth. Collections
of pus in this location may be circumscribed or may be extensive and
rapidly assume serious phases. A chronic abscess is essentially a
tuberculous expression. Acute abscesses, either in the tissue behind
the pharynx or to either side of it, may be seen in cachectic children
and assume serious phases.
The first evidences in these cases are those of pharyngitis, but
swelling and edema occur rapidly, septic indications become
unmistakable, and, finally, almost complete nasopharyngeal
obstruction may occur. The discovery by the palpating finger of a
fluctuating swelling will make the presence of pus practically positive.
If the operator be still in doubt he may use the exploring needle. The
experienced practitioner will at once plunge the point of a knife into
such a swelling, and, at the same time, plan his opening in such a
way as to afford the best possible drainage.[48] For the purpose it
may be necessary to have the patient in the position of down-
hanging head, or, in extreme cases, the patient may be almost
inverted in order that pus as it gushes forth may escape through the
mouth rather than into the larynx or down the esophagus. The
operation should be done without an anesthetic. The mouth may be
opened with the O’Dwyer mouth-gag, or it may be forced and held
open with the ordinary tongue depressor. When pus has travelled to
such an extent as to give the case the importance and aspect of a
deep cervical phlegmon, such as described in the chapter on the
Neck, then anesthesia is necessary in order that by external,
combined with internal, incision, escape of pus and provision for
drainage may be permitted.
[48] Nevertheless in one instance an eminent American practitioner thus
hastily incised a fluctuating intrapharyngeal swelling and found, to his
dismay, that he had opened a carotid aneurysm, the patient dying within five
minutes.
THE EPIGLOTTIS.
The epiglottis is composed of yellow elastic cartilage and it does
not tend to calcify during the later years of life, as does the white or
fibrocartilage of the balance of the larynx. Thus its elasticity and
flexibility are fortunately maintained throughout life. It may be
sometimes injured by the incised wounds elsewhere described under
the term “cut-throat,” and is at least often thus exposed when not
actually injured.
The epiglottis seems to be exempt from most of the primary
diseases, but is occasionally involved in lesions of surrounding
tissues, in which it may then participate. Thus it may be deformed by
cicatricial tissue and unduly bound down, or it may succumb to
advancing ulceration of syphilis, tuberculosis, or cancer. Injuries
which break the laryngeal box rarely affect the epiglottis because of
its elasticity.
While an extremely useful portion of the body, the epiglottis is not
an absolute necessity, for even after its removal individuals can
swallow, although the act requires some extra care. Should the
epiglottis become involved in cancerous disease it should be
removed with the rest of the diseased tissue, while syphilitic and
tuberculous lesions will usually prove amenable to a combination of
local and general treatment. New-growths in this region are
extremely uncommon, but will prove relatively easy of removal when
present.
THE LARYNX.
The laryngeal cartilages, save the epiglottis, are composed of
white fibrocartilage which manifests a tendency in the later years of
life to undergo calcification. This makes the organ less elastic,
changes the tonal qualities of the voice, and makes it more brittle
and subject to possible fracture by external violence. Fractures of the
organ, as of the adjoining hyoid bone, have been elsewhere
discussed, with the indications which may make an emergency
tracheotomy necessary because of hemorrhage or edema of the
narrow laryngeal passage.
Of the inflammatory affections of the cartilages chondritis and
perichondritis are most common. These are usually seen in
connection with other expressions of tuberculous, syphilitic, and
malignant disease. Nevertheless they are known to occur as sequels
of the exanthems and ordinary infectious fevers. They may be
followed by destructive ulceration, which will lead to a necrosis of the
cartilage corresponding closely to death of bone under similar
circumstances. In due time there may form a cartilaginous
sequestrum, and this will require removal as though it were bone.
Dangers attend these lesions in two peculiar directions. The very
condition which produces the destructive inflammation may also
produce either hemorrhage or edema, with suffocation which can
usually be prevented by an emergency tracheotomy. On the other
hand, when repair follows spontaneous recovery or successful
treatment, it may be accompanied by such cicatricial contraction as
shall materially change the shape and impair or possibly destroy the
function of the larynx itself. In this case either thyrotomy,
tracheotomy, or laryngotomy may be called for, the opening thus
made being expected to permanently remain.