BUILDING CONSTRUCTION IV

BE 225
INSTRUCTOR:
Mr. Marobhe
SUB TOPICS (To be covered today):
• Steel structural works continuation
 CONNECTION IN STEEL WORK
o The steel structures are constructed by properly
connecting the available standard sections.
o The connections are an important part of steel
structure and are designed more conventionally
than any individual members.
o The cost of structural steel consists of major
portion of connections and that is the reason
primary importance should be given to the design
of connections for safety and economy of
structure.
 CONNECTION IN STEEL WORK
• The connections are generally provided in the
following cases:
– When there is the requirement to provide for the heavy load
and long span then the built-up sections are to be provided.
In this case, this section should be connected together to get
a good section.
– In case of longer span, the length of standard section needs
to be connected with other section. In this case to connect
the multiple sections proper design of connections are
important.
– The different members need to be connected at the end (for
example secondary beams to be connected to primary
beam, column, footings, etc).
 CONNECTION IN STEEL WORK
There are three main types of connection in steel
work namely:
Rivet
Bolts
Welding
 RIVET
A rivet is a permanent mechanical fastener.
A rivet is made up of round ductile steel bar
which is called as ‘shank’ and with a head at
the one end. It is made up of mild steel or
high tensile steel. The end opposite the
head is called the tail.
 RIVET
The shank of the rivet is made up of the
length to the extent through the different
parts which is to be connected and with
sufficient extra length for a second head to
be made at the other end.
Rivets can be classified in accordance to
the method of driving (Hot driven and Cold
driven)
Rivets can also be classified according to
the location (Shop driven and Field driven)
RIVET
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DLtfg
M2xabo
 RIVET
 The use of riveted connection are nowadays
obsolete. This has been due to the disadvantages
of using Rivets such as:
It is associated with very high level of noise
pollution (Cold driven)
There is a need to heat the rivet till red hot color.
(Hot driven)
Skilled labors are necessary to inspect the
connection.
The cost to remove the poorly installed rivet is very
high.
The high-cost installation in the connection.
 BOLTS
o This is the most commonly used type of
connection (Bolts have replaced Rivets).
o This type of connections is applicable for
members subjected to tension or shear or
both tension and shear.
o Bolts may be of
o steel wrought-iron or
o brass.
 BOLTS
o One end of the bolt is composed of a Head
and at the other end of the shank, threads
are provided on which a nut moved.
o Washers are flat disks of iron and they are
placed under the nut to prevent the possible
injury by the nut to the surface when nut is
pressed.
 BOLTS (BOLTED CONNECTION)
o The size of the bolt is calculated according
to the stresses which they have to resist.
o Holes are made in members to be
connected and diameter is kept about 0.50
mm larger than that of external diameter of
bolt.
BOLTS (BOLTED CONNECTION)
The use of bolts instead of rivets have been
encouraged due to the following reasons:
The process of erection of structure can be made faster.
Skilled labors are not necessary.
Connections do not involve the noise.
Requirement of labors is less.
Immediate use of structure is possible in case of bolted
connection.
The alternative arrangement of structural members is
possible if required.
Lesser working area is required.
BOLTS (BOLTED CONNECTION)
 WELDING
o Welding is the process of joining two similar
or dissimilar metallic components with the
application of heat.
o Welding can be done with or without the use
of pressure, also can be done with or
without the use of filler metal.
o These configurations may have various
configurations at the joint where actual
welding can occur.
 WELDING
o There are different types of welding,
specifically in construction, the most used
type of welding are:
o Gas welding
o Electric arc welding/ Stick welding
WELDING
 WELDING

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CoHVA7n
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 TERMS USED IN STEEL WORKS
• In steel works, there are different terms which
are used such as:
– Girders
– Stanchions
– Fin plates
– Gusset plates
– Cleats etc.
 STANCHIONS
• Stanchions are vertical members supporting
floors and beams in building.
• Sometimes known as vertical compression
member.
• Depending upon the height of the stanchions,
and the loading conditions, they are
fabricated in different shapes.
• Long stanchions tend to fail in bending hence
the structure must be designed to avoid
buckling of stanchions.
 GIRDERS
• Girders are horizontal members supporting
floors and beams in a building.
• Sometimes known as horizontal compression
member.
• Depending upon the length of the girders, and
the loading conditions, they are fabricated in
different shapes.
• Girders often have an I-beam cross section
composed of two load-bearing flanges
separated by a stabilizing web.
 STUDYING ASSIGNMENT
• Explain and provide detailed drawings on the
following connections of steel members:
1. Stanchion to stanchion connection
2. Stanchion to girder connection
3. Stanchion base to stanchion connection
4. Steel truss to concrete block wall connection
5. Steel truss members connections (rafter, purlins,
king post, struts etc.)
PORTAL FRAMES
 PORTAL FRAMES
• Portal frames can be defined as two-
dimensional rigid frames that have the basic
characteristics of a rigid joint between column
and beam.
• The main objective of this form of design is to
reduce bending moment in the beam, which
allows the frame to act as one structural unit.
• Portal frames can be constructed using steel,
RCC, or timber. The most common type of
portal frame is steel portal frames.
 PORTAL FRAMES
• Portal Frames are generally used for single storey
construction which require a large unobstructed floor
space for example:
Factories
Shopping Centres
Warehouses

• They are very efficient for enclosing large volumes,

therefore they are often used for industrial, storage,
retail and commercial applications as well as for
agricultural purposes (green housing)
 PORTAL FRAMES
• There are different types of portal frame which
are: (Reading assignment)
Pitched roof symmetric portal frame
Portal frame with internal mezzanine
Crane portal frame with column brackets
Tied portal frame
Mono-pitch portal frame
Propped portal frame
Mansard portal frame
Curved rafter portal frame
Cellular beam portal frame
 PORTAL FRAMES
• The use of portal frames for single storey
buildings is largely encouraged because:
– The construction process can be done fast
– Saves cost
– Construction process is not affected by weather
condition
– Leaves enough internal space which makes it
suitable for warehouses, green housing, etc.
 PORTAL FRAMES
• The use of portal frames for single storey
buildings is largely encouraged because:
– The construction process can be done fast
– Saves cost
– Construction process is not affected by weather
condition
– Leaves enough internal space which makes it
suitable for warehouses, green housing, etc.
 PORTAL FRAMES
• The use of portal frames for single storey
buildings is largely encouraged because:
– The construction process can be done fast
– Saves cost
– Construction process is not affected by weather
condition
– Leaves enough internal space which makes it
suitable for warehouses, green housing, etc.
 READING ASSIGNMENT
• Cladding and Infills
– What is cladding
– Types of cladding
– Installation system
• Attached system
• Curtain wall system
• Infill system
– Advantages and disadvantages of different
cladding materials
– Connections of cladding to the structural units.
 END OF SESSION FIVE

Next session;
• Strength and stability of buildings