Test-2

Isomorphic, Lakshya
8 June 2024

Just because we can’t find a solution, it doesn’t mean there isn’t one.
— Andrew Wiles

Introduction
This is a test made by Isomorphic, Lakshya.
Here are the basic instructions
• You will have 34 problems and 2 optional problem and you have 24 hours or one
day
• There are 3 levels with increasing difficulty primarily IOQM, RMO and INMO level
respectively
• You are not allowed to discuss these problems
• When starting write #start in the chat
• After the given time ends hints will be given. If you try after the hints are given
you only get half of the points on each problem.
• Level one problems are worth 3 points each
• Level two problems are worth 7 points each with no negative marking
• Level three problems are worth 10 points each with no negative marking
• For geometry problems make sure to submit a good diagram using a compass and
a ruler.
• Highlight the main claims and answer if you can.
• Try to avoid silly mistakes and fake solutions.
• You are not allowed to use any algorithms, programs, graphing calculators or
online resources to find solutions to geometry or diophantine equations. Don’t code
anything up to solve a problem.
• We will not give you marks if your solution is not presented correctly.
• The optional problems are worth same as the level 3 ones. If you choose
to do an optional problem it will also be worth of 10 points
• full marks=176
Enjoy the test and attempt it honestly...

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Isomorphic, Lakshya — 8 June 2024 Test-2

§1 Level 1
Problem 1.1. Find c if a, b, and c are positive integers which satisfy c = (a + bi)3 − 107i,
where i2 = −1.
Problem 1.2. Determine all pairs of positive integers (x, y) such that:

x4 − 6x2 + 1 = 7 · 2y

Problem 1.3. Find four prime numbers less than 100 which are factors of 332 − 232 .
Problem 1.4. A frog is positioned at the origin of the coordinate plane. From the point
(x, y), the frog can jump to any of the points (x + 1, y), (x + 2, y), (x, y + 1), or (x, y + 2).
Find the number of distinct sequences of jumps in which the frog begins at (0, 0) and
ends at (4, 4).
Problem 1.5. Two six-sided dice are constructed such that each face is equally likely to
show up when rolled. The numbers on the faces of one of the dice are 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 8.
The numbers on the faces of the other die are 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, and 4. Find the probability of
rolling a sum of 9 with these two dice.
Problem 1.6. Isosceles trapezoid ABCD, with AB ∥ CD, is such that there exists a
circle Γ tangent to its four sides. Let T = Γ ∩ BC, and P = Γ ∩ AT (P ̸= T ). If AP 2
AT = 5 ,
AB
compute CD .
Problem 1.7. How many strings of length 5 formed from the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 are there
such that for each j ∈ {1, 2, 3, 4}, at least j of the digits are less than j? (For example,
02214 satisfies this condition because it contains at least 1 digit less than 1, at least 2
digits less than 2, at least 3 digits less than 3, and at least 4 digits less than 4. The
string 23404 does not satisfy the condition because it does not contain at least 2 digits
less than 2.)
Problem 1.8. Let p, q, r be prime numbers. It is given that p divides qr − 1, q divides
rp − 1 and r divides pq − 1. Determine all possible values of pqr.
Problem 1.9. We are given an acute triangle ABC. The angle bisector of ∠BAC cuts
BC at P . Points D and E lie on segments AB and AC, respectively, so that BC ∥ DE.
Points K and L lie on segments P D and P E, respectively, so that points A, D, E, K, L
are concyclic. Prove that points B, C, K, L are also concyclic.
Problem 1.10. What is the average number of pairs of consecutive integers in a randomly
selected subset of 5 distinct integers chosen from the set 1, 2, 3 . . . 30? (For example the
set {1, 17, 18, 19, 30} has 2 pairs of consecutive integers.)
Problem 1.11. The point P , inside the triangle [ABC], lies on the perpendicular bisector
of [AB]. Q and R points, exterior to the triangle, they are such that [BP A], [BQC] and
[CRA] are similar triangles. Shows that [P QCR] is a parallelogram.
3 2 51
20222021... 20172013...
Problem 1.12. Find the remainder when 20242023 + 20252021 is
divided by 19.
√
Problem 1.13. In △ ABC, AB = AC = 14 2, D is the midpoint of CA and E is the
midpoint of BD. Suppose △ CDE is similar to △ ABC. Find the length of BD.

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Isomorphic, Lakshya — 8 June 2024 Test-2

Problem 1.14. Given that a, b, c > 0 and a + b + c = 1. Prove that

r r r
ab bc ca 3
+ + ⩽
ab + c bc + a ca + b 2

Problem 1.15. Find all positive integers k such that there exists positive integers a, b
such that
a2 + 4 = (k 2 − 4)b2 .
Problem 1.16. For which integer n is N = 20n + 16n − 3n − 1 divisible by 323?
Problem 1.17. For a real number x, let ⌊x⌋ denote the greatest integer less than or
equal to x, and let {x} = x − ⌊x⌋ denote the fractional part of x. The sum of all real
numbers α that satisfy the equation

α2 + {α} = 21

can be expressed in the form √ √

a− b
−d
c
where a, b, c, and d are positive integers, and a and b are not divisible by the square of
any prime. Compute a + b + c + d.
x +1
Problem 1.18. What is the greatest positive integer x for which 22 + 2 is divisible
by 17?
Problem 1.19. Given that x is a real number, compute the minimum possible value of
(x − 20)2 + (x − 18)2 .
Problem 1.20. Compute
∞ ∞
X
i
X 2
(−1) (−1)j .
j2 + 4j + 3
i=0 j=i

§2 Level 2
Problem 2.1. Let n be a natural number. An integer a > 2 is called n-decomposable,
if an − 2n is divisible by all the numbers of the form ad + 2d , where d ̸= n is a natural
divisor of n. Find all composite n ∈ N, for which there’s an n-decomposable number.
Problem 2.2. Let a1 , a2 , a3 , ... be a sequence of positive real numbers that satisfies
a1 = 1 and a2n+1 + an+1 = an for every natural number n. Prove that an ≥ n1 for every
natural number n.
Problem 2.3. Inside the inscribed quadrilateral ABCD are marked points P and Q,
such that ∠P DC + ∠P CB, ∠P AB + ∠P BC, ∠QCD + ∠QDA and ∠QBA + ∠QAD
are all equal to 90◦ . Prove that the line P Q has equal angles with lines AD and BC.
Problem 2.4. Triangle ABC is inscribed in circle ω. A circle with chord BC intersects
segments AB and AC again at S and R, respectively. Segments BR and CS meet at L,
and rays LR and LS intersect ω at D and E, respectively. The internal angle bisector of
∠BDE meets line ER at K. Prove that if BE = BR, then ∠ELK = 12 ∠BCD.

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Isomorphic, Lakshya — 8 June 2024 Test-2

Problem 2.5. Suppose that f is a real-valued function for which

f (xy) + f (y − x) ≥ f (y + x)

for all real numbers x and y. Prove that f (x) ≥ 0 for all real x.
Problem 2.6. A regular (5 × 5)-array of lights is defective, so that toggling the switch
for one light causes each adjacent light in the same row and in the same column as well
as the light itself to change state, from on to off, or from off to on. Initially all the lights
are switched off. After a certain number of toggles, exactly one light is switched on. Find
all the possible positions of this light.
Problem 2.7. Determine all positive integers x, y and z such that x5 + 4y = 2013z .
Problem 2.8. Prove that for all non-negative real numbers x, y, z, not all equal to 0,
the following inequality holds

2x2 − x + y + z 2y 2 + x − y + z 2z 2 + x + y − z
+ + ≥ 3.
x + y2 + z2 x2 + y + z 2 x2 + y 2 + z
Determine all the triples (x, y, z) for which the equality holds.

§3 Level 3
Problem 3.1. The incircle of triangle ABC has centre I and touches the sides BC,
CA, AB at points A1 , B1 , C1 , respectively. Let Ia , Ib , Ic be excircles of triangle ABC,
touching the sides BC, CA, AB respectively. The segments Ia B1 and Ib A1 intersect at
C2 . Similarly, segments Ib C1 and Ic B1 intersect at A2 , and the segments Ic A1 and Ia C1
at B2 . Prove that I is the center of the circumcircle of the triangle A2 B2 C2 .
Problem 3.2. Acute triangle ABC is inscribed in circle ω. Let H and O denote its
orthocenter and circumcenter, respectively. Let M and N be the midpoints of sides AB
and AC, respectively. Rays M H and N H meet ω at P and Q, respectively. Lines M N
and P Q meet at R. Prove that OA ⊥ RA.
Problem 3.3. Fix positive integers n and k ≥ 2. A list of n integers is written in a row
on a blackboard. You can choose a contiguous block of integers, and I will either add
1 to all of them or subtract 1 from all of them. You can repeat this step as often as
you like, possibly adapting your selections based on what I do. Prove that after a finite
number of steps, you can reach a state where at least n − k + 2 of the numbers on the
blackboard are all simultaneously divisible by k
Problem 3.4. Suppose that x1 , x2 , x3 , ...xn are real numbers between 0 and 1 with sum
s. Prove that
n n
Y xi Y
+ (1 − xi ) ≤ 1.
s + 1 − xi
i=1 i=1

Problem 3.5. For any positive integer n, the sequence of positive integers a1 , a2 , . . . , an , . . .
satisfies the following inequality:
 
1 1 1
(a1 + a2 + · · · + an ) + + ··· + ≤ n2 + 2019.
a1 a2 an

Show that this is a constant sequence.

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Isomorphic, Lakshya — 8 June 2024 Test-2

Problem 3.6. Find all functions f from the reals into the reals such that

f (ab) = f (a + b)

for all irrational a, b.

§4 Optional Problems
Problem 4.1. We say that a polygon P is inscribed in another polygon Q when all
vertices of P belong to perimeter of Q. We also say in this case that Q is circumscribed
to P . Given a triangle T , let l be the maximum value of the side of a square inscribed in
T and L be the minimum value of the side of a square circumscribed to T . Prove that
for every triangle T the inequality L/l ≥ 2 holds and find all the triangles T for which
the equality occurs.
Problem 4.2. Let p be an odd prime and x be an integer such that p | x3 − 1 but
p ∤ x − 1. Prove that

x2 x3 xp−1
 
p | (p − 1)! x − + − ··· − .
2 3 p−1