DECLARATION

This is to certify that I, AKASH KAPIL student of B.Tech. (Civil Engineering) 7th Semester Roll No.
H15522 has undergone industrial training in "HP PWD Sub-division BERI" as required of 45 Days Industrial
Training for the award of degree of B. Tech Civil Engineering, college CAREER POINT
UNIVERSITY ,HAMIRPUR.

Submitted To Submitted By
Signature Signature

Name- Er. Neeraj Kanwar Name- Akash Kapil

Designation- H.O.D. Civil Engineering Roll No. H15522

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 ACKNOWLEGMENT

It was a great experience for me to work on training at HIMACHAL PRADESH PUBLIC WORK

DEPARTMENT, BERI through which I could learn how to work in a professional environment.

Now I would the like people who guide me and have been a constant source of inspiration throughout the
tenure of my summer training. I am sincerely grateful to ER. SURAM SINGH(AE) who rendered me his
valuable guidance which made this training actually possible.

I wish my deep sense of gratitude to ER. AKASH (JE), whose affectionate guidance has enabled me to
complete this training successfully.

I also my deep sense of gratitude to ER. NEERAJ KANWAR (HOD) and other faculty member whose
guidance made my training successful.

Akash Kapil
(H15522)
Semester-7th

(4th Year)

CAREER POINT UNIVERSITY, HAMIRPUR

Department Of Civil Engineering

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 INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT

CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT AND

EXECUTION OF BUILDING PROJECT
HPPWD BERI DISTT.
BILASPUR
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the
Requirements for the award of

Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering

Submitted by:

Name: Roll no.:

AKASH H15522

Training period: 21-06-2023 to 05-08-2023

Submitted to:
Department of Civil Engineering

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 TABLE OF CONTENT
Contents
1. INTRODUCTION TO CIVIL ENGINEERING .............................................................................. 7
1.1 Works By Civil Engineering...................................................................................................................................................7
1.2 Civil Engineering In Daily Life..............................................................................................................................................7
1.3 Sub-disciplines Of Civil Engineering.....................................................................................................................................7

2 BUILDING............................................................................................................................................ 8
2.1 Functions Of Building Components....................................................................................................................................8
2.2 Component Of Building.....................................................................................................................................................10
2.2.1 Footing..........................................................................................................................................................................10
2.2.2 Columns .......................................................................................................................................................................13
2.2.3 Vertical Ties .................................................................................................................................................................15
2.2.4 Beams ...........................................................................................................................................................................15
2.2.5 Slabs..............................................................................................................................................................................17
2.2.6 Walls .............................................................................................................................................................................19
Types of Bonds in Brick Masonry Wall Construction : ........................................................................................................22
1. Stretcher bond..................................................................................................................................................................22
2. Header bond .....................................................................................................................................................................23
3. English Bond.....................................................................................................................................................................24
4. Flemish Bond....................................................................................................................................................................25
Flemish bonds are classified as:.............................................................................................................................................27
3.1 Types of Stairs.....................................................................................................................................................................28

4 ROAD .................................................................................................................................................. 31
4.1 Function...............................................................................................................................................................................31
4.2 Pavement.............................................................................................................................................................................31
4.2.1 Types of Road Pavement.............................................................................................................................................31
4.2.2 Functions of Pavement components ..........................................................................................................................31
4.3 Base......................................................................................................................................................................................33
4.4 Construction Practice.........................................................................................................................................................33

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 4.5 Road Geometrics ................................................................................................................................................................43

5 ESTIMATION .................................................................................................................................... 48
5.1 Advantages to the Engineering Cost Estimating method .....................................................................................................48
5.2 Some disadvantages of the Engineering Cost Estimating method .......................................................................................48
5.3 Types Of Estimate...............................................................................................................................................................48

6 CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................. 49

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 1 . INTRODUCTION TO CIVIL ENGINEERING

1.1 Works by Civil Engineering

Civil engineering is considered as the first discipline of the various branches of engineering after military
engineering, and includes the designing, planning, construction, and maintenance of the infrastructure. The
works include roads, bridges, buildings, dams, canals, water supply and numerous other facilities that affect the
life of human beings. Civil engineering is intimately associated with the private and public sectors,
including the individual homeowners and international enterprises. It is one of the oldest engineering
professions, and ancient engineering achievements due to civil engineering include the pyramids of Egypt and
road systems developed by the Romans.

1.2 Civil Engineering in Daily Life

Civil engineering has a significant role in the life of every human being, though one may not truly sense its
importance in our daily routine. The function of civil engineering commences with the start of the day when we
take a shower, since the water is delivered through a water supply system including a well-designed network of
pipes, water treatment plant and other numerous associated services. The network of roads on which we drive
while proceeding to school or work, the huge structural bridges we come across and the tall buildings where we
work, all have been designed and constructed by civil engineers. Even the benefits of electricity we use
are available to us through the contribution of civil engineers who constructed the towers for the transmission
lines. In fact, no sphere of life may be identified that does not include the contribution of civil engineering.
Thus, the importance of civil engineering may be determined according to its usefulness in our daily life.

1.3 Sub-disciplines Of Civil Engineering

1) Structural Engineering
2) Water Resource Engineering
3) Geotechnical Engineering
4) Environmental Engineering

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 2. BUILDING

A building is a structure with a roof and walls standing more or less permanently in one place, such as a
house or factory. Buildings come in a variety of sizes, shapes, and functions, and have been adapted
throughout history for a wide number of factors, from building materials available, to weather conditions,
land prices, ground conditions, specific uses, and aesthetic reasons.

2.1 Functions of Building Components

To build means making use of solid materials to create a space that will fulfill a particular function.

The building as a structure must fulfill the following conditions:

1) Satisfy the need for which it is built (function).

2) Must resist the loads coming to it i.e. (must be stable).

3) Must continue to fulfill its function (durability).

4) Must be achieved with the minimum use of resources (economy).

Depending upon the character of occupancy or the type of use, building can be classified into different
categories as follows:

• Residential Buildings

• Educational Buildings

• Institutional Buildings

• Assembly Buildings

• Business Buildings

• Industrial Buildings

• Storage Building
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Fig. Plan of building

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2.2 Component of Building

2 .2.1 Footing
Footing is an important part of construction. They are typically made of concrete with rebar reinforcement
that has been poured into an excavated trench. The purpose of footings is to support the foundation and
prevent settling. Footings are especially important in areas with troublesome soils.

Generally in high rise buildings three types of footings are provided:

• Isolated Footing :

An isolated footing is used to support the load on a single column. It is usually either square or rectangular in
plan. It represents the simplest, most economical type and most widely used footing. Whenever possible,
square footings are provided so as to reduce the bending moments and shearing forces at their critical
sections. Isolated footings are used in case of light column loads, when columns are not closely spaced. An
isolated footing must, therefore, be provided by two sets of reinforcement bars placed on top of the other near
the bottom of the footing. In case of property line restrictions, footings may be designed for eccentric
loading or combined footing is used as an alternative to isolated footing.

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 • Combined footing :

Whenever a column is to be provided near the edge of property and it may not be permissible to extend the
footing beyond a certain limit. In such a case, the load on the footing will be eccentric and hence this will
result in uneven distribution of

Load to the supporting soil. Hence, an alternative design would be to provide a common footing to the edge
column and to an interior column close to it. Combined footings under two or more columns are used under
closely spaced, heavily loaded interior columns where individual footings, if they were provided, Would be
either very close to each other, or overlap each other. This footing is called “combined footing”.

Fig. Combined Footing

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 Raft footing or Mat footing :

This is a footing that covers the entire area under the structure. This footing is used when very heavy loads of
building are to be transmitted to the underlying soil having very low and differential bearing capacities. Due
to its rigidity, it minimizes differential settlement. There are several types of raft foundation in use. The most
common types are; the flat slab and the slab-beam types

Fig. Mat or raft footing

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2 .2.2 Columns

A column or pillar in architecture and structural engineering is a structural element that transmits, through
compression, the weight of the structure above to other structural elements below. In other words, a column is
a compression member. A column can be constructed from bricks, concrete, timber, steel girders, etc. Here it
is constructed by concrete.

Mainly on the basis of length column are of two types namely long column and short column.
a) Long column:

If the ratio of the effective length of the column to the least lateral dimension
exceeds 12 it is called as long column. The mode of failure in these types of
columns are by bending or buckling.
b) Short column:

If the ratio of the effective length of the column to the least lateral dimension is less
than 12 it is known as the short column. These types of columns fails under pure compression
force.

Dimensions Of Columns Used in The Building Construction are:

There are two different sizes of the columns used in the building construction, they are marked as C1 and C2
for e.g.

Dimensions of C1 are = 40cm X 45cm

Dimensions of C2 are = 40cm X 60cm

The column C1 are use for supporting the corridors and the columns C2 are used for the supporting the slabs.
Since the column C1 will bear less weight therefore their dimension is less than the column C2 which has to
bear more load. This change in dimension is also helpful as economic point of view.

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Column Reinforcement

Concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension because of that we introduce reinforcement in the
concrete structure so that it can bear the tension load coming over it without failure.

Column Reinforcement Used For The Columns are:

• X 25mm diameter bars at each corner of the column.

• 8 X 20mm diameter bars between main bars.

• X 16mm diameter bars at the centre of the column.

• Height of the columns are 2.70 m.

Fig. Columns

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2 .2.3 Vertical Ties

The vertical ties are placed horizontally around the column reinforcement to hold the reinforcement in the
place. The spacing between the ties is lesser near the joints as compared to the spacing of the ties in the
centre, it is done so because the in the joints the columns are subjected to torsional force.
Reducing the spacing of the ties helps to bear the torsional force.

2 .2.4 Beam

A beam is a structural element that primarily resists loads applied laterally to the beam’s axis. Its mode of
deflection is primarily by bending. The loads applied to the beam result in reaction forces at the beam’s
support points. The total effect of all the forces acting on the beam is to produce shear forces and bending
moments within the beam, that in turn induce internal stresses, strains and deflections of the beam.
Beams are characterized by their manner of support, profile (shape of cross-section), length, and their

material.

Fig. Beam
Reinforcements

15
Types Of Beams:

1. Simply Supported Beam:

If the ends of a beam are made to rest freely on supports beam, it is called a simple (freely) supported
beam.

2. Fixed Beam:
If a beam is fixed at both ends it is free called fixed beam. It’s another name is a built-in
beam.

3. Cantilever Beam:
If a beam is fixed at one end while the other end is free, it is called cantilever beam.

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 4. Continuously Supported Beam:
If more than two supports are provided to the beam, it is called
continuously supported beam.

In longitudinal direction the dimension of the beams are 30cm X 45cm, in which 30 cm is width and 45 cm is
depth.

In transverse direction the dimension of the beams are 30cm X 60cm, in which 30 cm is the width and 60 cm
is the depth.

2 .2.5 Slabs

A concrete slab is a common structural element of modern buildings, consisting of a flat, horizontal surface
made of concrete. Steel-reinforced slabs, typically between 100 and 500 mm thick, are most often used to
construct floors and ceilings in modern building construction. Thickness of the slab provided for the building
is 12 cm to 15 cm.

Types Of Slabs:

• ONE WAY SLAB: One-Way slab is a slab which is supported by beams on the two opposite sides to
carry the load along one direction. The ratio of longer span (l) to shorter span (b) is equal or greater
than
2, considered as One-way slab because this slab will bend in one direction i.e in the direction along its
shorter span.

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• TWO WAY SLAB: Two-way slab is a slab supported by beams on all the four sides and the loads are
carried by the supports along both directions, it is known as two-way slab. In two-way slab, the ratio of
longer span (l) to shorter span (b) is less than 2. In two-way slabs, load would be carried in both the
directions. So, main reinforcement is provided in both direction for two-way slabs

Fig. R/F in Slab

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 2 .2.6 Walls

A wall is a structure that defines an area, carries a load; provides security, shelter, or soundproofing; or is
decorative.

The purposes of the walls in buildings are to support roofs, floors and ceilings; to enclose a space as part of
the building envelope along with a roof to give buildings form; and to provide shelter and security. In
addition, the wall may house various types of utilities such as electrical wiring or plumbing.

Types of Wall:

1. Load Bearing Wall : It carries loads imposed on it from beams and slabs above including its own
weight and transfer it to the foundation. These walls supports structural members such as beams, slabs
and walls on above floors above. It can be exterior wall or interior wall. It braces from the roof to the
floor.

Types of Load Bearing Walls are:

• Precast Concrete Wall

• Retaining Wall

• Masonry Wall

• Pre Penalized Load Bearing Metal Stud Walls

• Engineering Brick Wall (115mm, 225mm)

• Stone Wall

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 As the height of the building increased, required thickness of wall and resulting stress on foundation will
also increase and cause it to be uneconomical.

2. Non Load Bearing Wall : Non-load bearing walls only carry their own weight and does not support
any structural members such as beams and slabs. These walls are just used as partition walls or to
separate rooms from outside. It is known as interior wall (does not carry other load than its own load.
Types of non-load bearing wall:

• Hollow Concrete Block

• Facade Bricks

• Hollow Bricks

• Brick Wall (115mm, 225mm)

3. Partition Wall : Partition wall is an interior non-load bearing wall to divide the larger space into
smaller spaces. The heights of a partition wall depend on the use, which may be one storey or part of one
storey. These walls are made up of glass, fibre boards or brick masonry.

4. Cavity Wall s : It is a wall constructed in 2 leaves / skins with a space / cavity between them. A type of
building wall construction consisting of an outer wall fastened to inner wall separated by an air space.
Cavity walls helps to prevent the penetration of rain to the internal surface of the wall. This also provide
insulation for the temperature of the room which helps in maintaining the temperature and in turn
consumes less power and proves to be economic in long term. In the construction of the actual building
brick masonry
is used. And the bond used is English bond. The method of laying brick is 2 and half brick method.

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21
 Types of Bonds in Brick Masonry Wall Construction :

The most commonly used types of bonds in brick masonry are:

1. Stretcher bond

2. Header bond

3. English bond and

4. Flemish bond

Other Types of bonds are:

1. Facing bond

2. Dutch bond

3. English cross bond

4. Brick on edge bond

5. Raking bond

6. Zigzag bond

7. Garden wall bond

1. Stretcher bond
Longer narrow face of the brick is called as stretcher as shown in the elevation of figure below. Stretcher
bond, also called as running bond, is created when bricks are laid with only their stretchers showing,
overlapping midway with the courses of bricks below and above. Stretcher bond in the brick is the simplest
repeating pattern. But the limitation of stretcher bond is that it cannot make effective bonding with adjacent
bricks in full width thick brick walls. They are suitably used only for one-half brick thick walls such as for
the construction half brick thick partition wall. Walls constructed with stretcher bonds are not stable enough
to stand alone in case of longer span and height. Thus they Then need supporting structure such as brick
masonry columns at regular intervals. Stretcher bonds are commonly used in the steel or reinforced concrete
framed structures as the outer facing. These are also used as the outer facing of cavity walls. Other common
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 applications of such walls are the boundary walls, gardens etc.

Fig: Stretcher Bond

2. Header bond

Header is the shorter square face of the brick which measures 9cm x 9cm. Header bond is also known as
heading bond. In header bonds, all bricks in each course are placed as headers on the faces of the walls.
While Stretcher bond is used for the construction of walls of half brick thickness whereas header bond is
used for the construction of walls with full brick thickness which measures 18cm. In header bonds, the
overlap is kept equal to half width of the brick. To achieve this, three quarter brick bats are used in alternate
courses as quoins.

Fig: Header Bond

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 Fig: Header Bond Isometric View

3. English Bond

English bond in brick masonry has one course of stretcher only and a course of header above it, i.e. it has two
alternating courses of stretchers and headers. Headers are laid centered on the stretchers in course below and
each alternate row is vertically aligned. To break the continuity of vertical joints, quoin closer is used in the
beginning and end of a wall after first header. A quoin close is a brick cut lengthwise into two halves and
used at corners in brick walls.

Fig: English Bond

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 Fig: English Bond – Isometric View

4. Flemish Bond

For the breaking of vertical joints in the successive courses, closers are inserted in alternate courses next to the
quoin header. In walls having their thickness equal to odd number of half bricks, bats are essentially used to
achieve the bond. Flemish bond, also known as Dutch bond, is created by laying alternate headers
and stretchers in a single course. The next course of brick is laid such that header lies in the middle of the
stretcher in the course below, i.e. the alternate headers of each course are centered on the stretcher of course
below. Every alternate course of Flemish bond starts with header at the corner. The thickness of Flemish bond
is minimum one full brick. The disadvantage of using Flemish bond is that construction of Flemish bond
is difficult and requires greater skill to lay it properly as all vertical mortar joints need to be aligned vertically
for best effects. For the breaking of vertical joints in the successive courses, closers are inserted in alternate
courses next to the quoin header. In walls having their thickness equal to odd number of half bricks, bats are
used to achieve the bond. Flemish bonds have better appearance but are weaker than English bonds for load
bearing wall construction. Thus, if the pointing has to be done for brick masonry walls, then Flemish bond
may be used for better aesthetic view. If the walls have to be plastered, then it is better to use English bond.

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Fig: Flemish Bond

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Flemish bonds are classified as:

• Single Flemish Bond

• Double Flemish Bond

Single Flemish bond is a combination of English bond and Flemish bond. In this type of construction, the
front exposed surface of wall consists of Flemish bond and the back surface of the wall consists of English
bond in each course. Minimum thickness required for single Flemish bond is one and a half brick thickness.
The main purpose of using single Flemish bond is to provide greater aesthetic appearance on the front
surface with required strength in the brickwork with English bond. Double Flemish Bond has the same
appearance both in the front and back elevations, i.e. each course consists of alternate header and stretcher.
This type of bonding is comparatively weaker than English bond.

Fig-6: Flemish Bond Front Appearance

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 3. STAIRS

A staircase is the part of a building that helps us to move from one floor to another. It is a very important part
of a building.

3.1 Types of Stairs

I. Straight Stairs.

II. L Shaped Stairs.

III. U Shaped Stairs.

IV. Winder Stairs.

V. Spiral Stairs.
VI. Curved Stairs.

VII. Cantilever Stairs.

VIII. Split Staircase (Bifurcated)

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29
Stair At Site

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 4. ROAD

Road is an Open, generally public way for the passage of vehicle, people and animals. It is finished with a
hard smooth surface, it helps to make the durable and able to withstand Traffic and Environment. They have
a life span between 20-30 Years. Purpose: Many people rely on paved road to move themselves and their
product rapidly and reliably.

4 .1 Function

• Its primary function is load distribution.

• Pavement material and geometric design can affect quick and efficient drainage. These
eliminate moisture problems such as mud and pounding.

4 .2 Pavement

• A pavement consist of layers of Pavement

• Material supported by soil subgrade to serve as a Carriage way.

4.2.1 Types of Road Pavement

1. Flexible Pavement:
The Pavement, which has very low Flexural Strength and are Flexible in their structural behavior
under the wheel, loads. Example- Bituminous pavement, Water bound macadam.

2. Rigid Pavement:

Which possess considerable Flexural Strength of Flexural Rigidity.

Example- Cement concrete pavement.

4.2.2 Functions of Pavement components

• Sub-Grade: It is a layer of natural or filled soil prepared to receive the pavement materials over it. Its
function is to transfer the entire load coming to the earth mass.
• Sub-Base course: It is a layer of pavement material provided between sub-grade and
31
• Base course. It consist of broken stones, slag, broken burnt bricks.

• Wearing course:
• It is a Top-most layer of the pavement structure in flexible pavement normally a bituminous surfacing
is used as a wearing course and in Rigid Pavement the cement concrete acts like a Base course as well
as wearing course.

• Foundation Soling or Bottoming:

• The function of this course is to spread the traffic maximum, wheel loads that are anticipated with the
intensity of traffic.

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 • The Surfacing:
• It is uppermost part of the road structure. Its purpose is to minimize the abrasion of the road by traffic,
act as a cushion between the wheel and the base, and reduce the adverse effects of climate. By acting
as an impervious layer enables the road to shed storm water that would otherwise damage the road. It
is the wearing surface.

• Loads and the weight of the roadway above.

• The soling may consist of either
• Hand packed big size stone called rubble

• Bricks laid flat, or on edge

• Over –burnt brick bats well rammed, called hard core.

4 .3 Base

The base course is the major structural component of a road and is composed of stone aggregate or road
metal well consolidated. The main considerations of a base are: its thickness stability under traffic loads and
resistance to weathering. The stability of the base mainly a function of the strength of the sub-grade and the
ACTUAL.

4 .4 Construction Practice
There were many stages in the construction of the road. In addition, cutting and filling is one the many stages,
after that the soil has to be prepared for the pavement. However, due to cutting or filling the soil does not
have strength therefore we have to do soling. Soling is the process in which large stones are placed in
450angle or in inclined position to increase the bearing capacity of the soil. Soling generally acts as
foundation for the road.

After the soling is done, 1-inch thick layer of soil is laid over it, after that gradation of the road begins. In
other words sub-grade which is a 3 layers (done in the site) of crushes stones are laid. The size of each layer
is 3 inches after that a layer of soil is placed over it.

Then the base course is prepared by placing a course of 7.5 cm thick in which the size of the aggregate is
generally between 25 mm to 50 mm. After that prime coat is applied.

Prime Coat: Is mainly responsible for protecting the substrate of the road before additional layers are added.
In asphalt preparation, they can also act as a binder with secondary and tertiary compounds. Prime coat
asphalt acts as an initial sealer in the asphalt laying process to block the other layers from moisture, dust and
debris. 33
36
Important things to remember about installing a prime coat or prime coat asphalt are:

• It provides temporary waterproofing, but must have additional compound layers in order for the floor,
wall, or ceiling coating to perform long-term waterproofing duties.
• The asphalt prime coat must completely penetrate the base surface in order to be effective.
• A prime coat must completely cure before an additional layer is incorporated.

• It is vital to be aware of weather conditions when apply an asphalt prime coat. In the case of wet
weather, this step should be postponed to avoid runoff into the water supply.

Before laying the surface coarse another type of coat is applied over this course and this coat is called tack
coat.

Tack Coat: A tack coat is applied after the prime coat, to form an adhesive bond between the tack coat and the
next layer of coating. The tack coat prevents slippage and may sometimes function as a more long-term sealer
to protect the substrate from moisture and bacteria. For asphalt prime coat systems, the tack coat is one of the
most vital parts of the process, as it connects the subsequent layers and forms the base of those layers’
strength. For prime coat an emulsion named Rapid Setting emulsion.

Advantages
:
• No heating required thus eco friendly

• Cost efficient

• Easy and even spray

• Low temperature curing, fast setting time

• High adhesive properties

• Prevents slippage of structural layer

34
 After the tack coat is applied the pavement is ready to get the next layer i.e. the wearing course or the surface
course.

Wearing course is the top most layer of any road pavement on which vehicle moves. Since the pavement is
flexible, i.e. it has more than 2 layers a bituminous course is used for the wearing course.The bituminous course
is laid with the help of a sensor paver. It is a piece of construction equipment used to lay asphalt on roads,
bridges, parking lots and other such places. It lays the asphalt flat and is also able to provide camber. The
asphalt is added from a dump truck or a material transfer unit into the paver's hopper. The conveyor then carries
the asphalt from the hopper to the auger. The auger places a stockpile of material in front of the screed. The
screed takes the stockpile of material, spreads it over the width of the road, and provides initial compaction.
After that the workers check the bituminous course and if there is any sort of error they correct it.
After all the errors have been corrected the roller is then allowed to move over the freshly laid bituminous layer
for the purpose of compaction. The roller is allowed to move several times over the bituminous layer in order to
achieve uniform compaction. It is to be noted that 2 or 3 worker are required to continuously apply water to the
metallic tyres of the rollers otherwise the bituminous layer will struck off and stick to the tyres of the rollers.

35
36
 Types of road construction

There is a need for a smarter approach when it comes to road construction. The aim should be to chalh down the
type of road construction that is durable as well as cost effective. Several different types of road construction
methods and processes have evolved throughout the years and now we have the more number of options for
road construction. The type of surface material used in road construction is largely dependent on traffic volume,
weight load and weather conditions. There is a strong desire to optimize the use of materials currently used for
road construction and to seek advanced materials that are cheaper, better performing, and less damaging to the
environment

Given below are 5 types of road construction that are durable and cost-effective.

White topping roads

White topping is the covering of existing asphalt pavement with a layer of Portland cement concrete. White
topping is divided into types depending on the thickness of the concrete layer and whether the layer is bonded to
the asphalt substrate. The principal purpose of an overlay is either to restore or to increase the load-carrying
capacity or both, of the existing pavement. In achieving this objective, overlays also restore the ride-ability of
the existing pavements which have suffered rutting and deformations, in addition to rectifying other defects
such as loss texture.

37
 Concrete roads
White topping is suitable for asphalt pavement with little deterioration, although repairs can be made to the
asphalt if necessary. If the pavement is badly damaged, it should be completely removed and a new concrete
pavement should be installed. The pavement should be relatively hard, as well. Deterioration of overlays is
significantly increased on asphalt bases with high viscosity. If a grade or a distance between the pavement and a
bridge needs to be preserved, the asphalt can be milled so that the height of the pavement does not change.
However, white topping requires the asphalt layer to be at least three inches thick. If necessary, a section of a
new concrete roadway can be placed under a bridge with gentle slopes on either side that meet up with the
white-topped portions of the road.

Fig. Concrete Road

38
 Polymer Fiber Reinforced Concrete roads
Polymeric fibers are being used now because of their no risk of corrosion and also being cost-effective.
Polymeric fibers normally used are either polyester or polypropylene. A significant number of pavement
applications use FRC material technology, including highways, local streets, intersections, parking lots, bus
pads, sidewalks, driveways, bridge decks, pavement overlays, industrial floors, airfield pavement overlays, and
patches . For pavement applications, FRC can be used for new construction as well as for maintenance
(patching), rehabilitation (overlays), and reconstruction. For minor pavement rehabilitation, the use of FRC for
bonded concrete overlays on asphalt or composite pavements has seen significant growth in the past few years.
The thickness of a bonded concrete overlay of asphalt (BCOA) ranges from 3 to 6 in., and the majority of FRC
overlays of this type have been for the thinner installations. Macro fibers proves very effective in providing
extra structural capacity and maintaining joint load transfer efficiency in UTW [ultra-thin white topping]
pavements

Fig. Bituminous roads

39
Bituminous surface treatment (BST) or chip seal is used mainly on low-traffic roads, but also as a sealing coat
to rejuvenate an asphalt concrete pavement. It generally consists of aggregate spread over a sprayed-on asphalt
emulsion or cut-back asphalt cement. The aggregate is then embedded into the asphalt by rolling it, typically
with a rubber-tired roller. This type of surface is described by a wide variety of regional terms including “chip
seal”, “tar and chip”, “oil and stone”, “seal coat”, “sprayed seal” or “surface dressing” or as simply “bitumen.”
These are laid down using specialized and proprietary equipment. They are most often used in urban areas
where the roughness and lose stone associated with chip seals is considered undesirable.

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 Composite pavement roads

Composite pavements combine a Portland cement concrete sub layer with an asphalt. They are usually used to
rehabilitate existing roadways rather than in new construction. Asphalt overlays are sometimes laid over
distressed concrete to restore a smooth wearing surface. Geosynthetics can be used for reflective crack control.
With break and seat and crack and seat processes, a heavy weight is dropped on the concrete to induce cracking,
then a heavy roller is used to seat the resultant pieces into the sub base. The main difference between the two
processes is the equipment used to break the concrete pavement and the size of the resulting pieces. The theory
is frequent small cracks will spread thermal stress over a wider area than infrequent large joints, reducing the
stress on the overlying asphalt pavement. Rubblization is a more complete fracturing of the old, worn-out
concrete, effectively converting the old pavement into an aggregate base for a new asphalt road. White topping
uses Portland cement concrete to resurface a distressed asphalt road.

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 Gravel road
Applying gravel, or “metalling,” has had two distinct usages in road surfacing. The route of the roadway would
first be dug down several feet and, depending on local conditions, French drains may or may not have been
added. Next, large stones were placed and compacted, followed by successive layers of smaller stones, until the
road surface was composed of small stones compacted into a hard, durable surface. “Road metal” later became
the name of stone chippings mixed with tar to form the road surfacing material tarmac. The decision of whether
to pave a gravel road or not often hinges on traffic volume. It has been found that maintenance costs for gravel
roads often exceed the maintenance costs for paved or surface-treated roads when traffic volumes exceed 200
vehicles per day

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 4 .5 Road Geometric
These are the elements of the road which are visible to road users:

• Camber

• Super elevation

• Right of way Road margin

• Roadway width

• Carriageway

• Shoulder

• Krebs

• Design speed

• Sight distance

• Camber :
• The Convexity given to the curve Cross section of the Carriage way between the Crown and the edge
of the Carriage way. Its purpose is to drain off the Rain water.

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• Super elevation:
• The Inward tilt or transverse inclination given to the Cross section of the Carriage way on
the Horizontal curve to reduce the effect of Centrifugal force on a moving Vehicle. It is also called
Cant or Banking.

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• Road Margin:
• It is the portion of land on either side of the road. Example - Footpath, Cycle track.

• Krebs:
• Terse are the boundaries btw. The pavement and shoulder or footpath. It is also provided btw.
Pavement and traffic separator.

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 • Design speed:

It is the max. safe speed of vehicles assumed for geometrical design of a highway. This is the most
important factor controlling the geometric design elements of Highways. The design speed is decided taking
into account the overall requirements of the Highway.

• Sight Distance:

It is the actual distance along the road at which a Driver has visibility of stationary or moving objects from
a specified height above the carriage way.

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 5. ESTIMATION

The Engineering Cost Estimating method builds the overall cost estimate by summing detailed
estimates done at lower levels of the Work Breakdown Structure. Engineering estimates for direct labor
hours may be based on analyses of engineering drawings and contractor or industry-wide standards.

5.1 Advantages to the Engineering Cost Estimating method

1. The estimator’s ability to determine exactly what the estimate includes and whether anything
was overlooked.
2. Its unique application to the specific program and manufacturer, that it gives good insight into major
cost contributors.

3. Easy transfer of results to other programs.

5.2 Some disadvantages of the Engineering Cost Estimating method

1. It can be expensive to implement and it is time-consuming

2. It is not flexible enough to answer what-if questions

3. New estimates must be built for each alternative

4. The product specification must be well known and stable

5. All product and process changes must be reflected in the estimate

5.3 Types Of Estimate

• Preliminary Estimate.

• Detailed Estimate.

• Quantity Estimate.

• Bid Estimate.

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 6.CONCLUSION

The industrial training over years has been found to be effective and efficient in closing the gap
between the scientific study and practical study. The Industrial Work Experience has exposed me
to practical works but also has opened me up in the way to interact with senior colleagues in the
field, which has exposed me to industry based skills necessary for a smooth transition from the
classroom to real-time practice of the profession.
Estimated cost of the Building – 12 Crore
No. of Beds- 120

In summary this training has exposed me to the following important spheres

of development:
1. How to deal and interact with other fellow engineers in the field of civil engineering.
2. Finding that teamwork is the most important element in every successful project.
3. Learn that the civil engineer is capable of a lot of work such as supervision, implementation,
the calculation of quantities and design of structures .Also ,an engineer can work as a
consultant or contractor.
4. How to control and manage the site and how to behave when there is a problem by taking a
professional decision.
5. Plan must be clear and easy to read for those who will use it.
6. Successful engineer must design an economic structure without impairing the safety of the
structure and the project is implemented on time.

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