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The object of these pages is to present to the reader the thoughts
on Egypt, as it was and as it is, which arose in the author’s mind
during a tour he made last winter through the country. Among these
thoughts, as I intimated at the beginning of this chapter, a prominent
place is occupied by chronological questions, for the dates of early
Egyptian history do not accord with those of the popularly-received
system. It therefore becomes necessary to revert to the grounds of
that system, as well as to examine and ascertain the particulars of
the chronology of Egypt.
In this indispensable department of primæval history it is possible
that we may have been misled by a very natural misapprehension as
to the character of the earlier portions of the Hebrew Scriptures. We
read them as if they were addressed to ourselves, and as if their
object was historical. These are, both of them, erroneous and
misleading ideas. It is evident, on the face of the documents, that
their writers had in view no readers excepting those for whose
immediate behoof they were composed, and no objects excepting
religion and patriotism. Their aim was to form the Israelites into a
people by the instrumentality of a Code, sanctioned and enforced by
religion. The writings, therefore, necessarily lay a foundation for the
religion, give an exposition of it, and set forth the motives for its
observance. The Code is the point of view from which the religion,
and the formation of the people that from which the Code, is to be
regarded. History is no more their object than science. They do, of
course, contain a part, and that a most important part, of the history
of mankind; for, in carrying out their aim, they give much of the
history of a people that was destined to have a great, and
permanent, and ever-growing effect on the world. But it is important
to observe that even this they contain only incidentally. To us both
their religious aims, and their incidental history, give them a value
which cannot be over-estimated. We shall, however, only fall into
mistakes if we lose sight of their primary, limited, Hebrew, religious
purpose, and regard them as universal history.
This is a question of broad as well as of minute criticism—of the
interpretation of the whole as well as of particulars. Are these
Scriptures to be regarded as containing the religion and the history,
limited to the point of view of the religion, of one of the smallest of all
people, or as containing the whole primæval history of man, in such
a sense that nothing but what appears to be in harmony with what
has come to be their popular interpretation, can be taken into
consideration? It was for many ages an unavoidable mistake to
entertain respecting them the latter assumption. (That some of the
elements of Hebrew religious thought were subsequently taken up
into the religious thought of a very considerable portion of mankind
does not affect the question immediately before us.) It maybe,
precisely, the attempt to maintain this misconception of their nature
which is now causing so much confusion of thought and ill-feeling. If
regarded in their true light, no documents of the old world are more
precious to us historically (I am not speaking of them in any other
sense now); for, to refer to that which is the chief concern of man, if
the great lesson of history is to teach us that it has itself no meaning,
purpose, or value, excepting so far as it is the story of the intellectual
and moral growth of the race, and that this double growth is the
paramount object of national and of individual life, then how precious
and how luminous a portion of history do these documents become!
But this value is very much lessened, and this light obscured, by
the determination to find in them, not a part, but the whole of
primæval history. The civilization of Egypt, which reaches back into
so remote a past that the Pyramids were monuments of hoar
antiquity when Abraham saw them, and the civilization—perhaps
contemporary with the date of the Pyramids—which existed on the
banks of the Euphrates, the Ganges, and the Yankse Kiang, must be
made harmoniously to find a place by the side of what is recorded in
the Hebrew Scriptures. So must the mythology, and the moral and
intellectual aptitudes of the Aryan race of man. So must also the
knowledge to which we have attained of the history of our globe
itself, and of the succession of life upon it. This process has already
been passed through with respect to the discoveries of astronomy.
Against them there was a long and fierce struggle. At last everybody
admitted both that what astronomers taught might be believed, and
that the Hebrew Scriptures did not teach astronomy. There is no
reason for confining to astronomy the rule that was established in its
favour. It must be extended so as to include our knowledge of the
greatness and the remoteness of Egyptian civilization, and every
other kind of knowledge. We need not, and we must not, so interpret
the Hebrew Scriptures as to reject on their authority, or even to feel
repugnance to accept, any clearly-established facts. To make this
use of them is to wrest them to a purpose for which it is clear they
were never intended.
Their historical value to ourselves is only an incident and accident
of their designed purpose: that was to teach to the Israelites their
code, and to give them motives for observing it (which has come to
be to us a part of history), and not to teach history to us. The idea of
history, taking the word in the meaning it has for us, did not exist
then. It could not, indeed, have existed then, for everything has its
own place and time, and the time for history had not come then.
First, the seed is deposited in the ground, then comes the tender
shoot, next the stem and blades, after that the plant flowers; last of
all comes the full corn in the ripe ear. Those early days were the time
when the materials were in many places being collected, out of
which we have to construct human history. It is fortunate for us that
in those first times men did not forestall the idea of history: that
would have prevented their attending singly to what they were
themselves doing, and to the thoughts that were at work in their own
minds.
CHAPTER XI.
GOING UP TO THE TOP OF THE GREAT
PYRAMID.
How fearful
And dizzy ’tis to cast one’s eyes so low:
The crows and choughs that wing the midway air
Show scarce so gross as beetles.—Shakspeare.
On our first visit to the Pyramids we had our luncheon in the large
granite tomb a little below, and to the south-east of the Sphinx. One
feels that there is an incongruity, a kind almost of profanation, in
using a tomb, particularly such a tomb, for such a purpose. Its
massiveness, at all events, makes you conscious of a kind of
degeneracy in the present day. A sense of unworthiness and
littleness comes over you. What business have we, who send our
dead to heaven, and have done with them, to disturb the repose of
those on whose sepulchres a fortune was spent, if not by their
relatives, at all events by themselves? But on this occasion there
was little choice. Outside the sun was scorching, and the wind was
high, and the only alternative was the hotel. But that was impossible:
to be shut up in a hideous, plastered, naked room of yesterday,
within a few yards of the Great Pyramid. One would rather go without
one’s luncheon for six months together than have to bear the stings
of conscience for having so outraged the memory of Cheops and
Chephren. And so we took our luncheon that day in the tomb of one
of the great officers of the court of those old times.
It was formed entirely of enormous blocks and monolithic piers of
polished granite. I do not know of how many chambers it consisted,
for being considerably below the level of the surrounding sand-drift,
and the roof having been entirely removed, a few hours’ wind must
always completely fill and obliterate it. The Arabs then have to clear
it out again. When we were there four chambers were open. These
are all long narrow apartments. The one by which we entered runs
from west to east. At right angles to this are two other apartments,
their axes being from north to south. The fourth we saw was at right
angles to the north end of these two parallel chambers. It was in the
southern extremity of the westernmost of the two parallel chambers
that our party took their places. The comestibles were laid on a cloth
spread on the sand, with which the floor, to the depth of some
inches, was covered; the party reclined on the sand around, or sat
on blocks of granite arranged for seats. The hungry Arabs perched
themselves on the brink of the tomb, waiting for the fragments of the
feast, like vultures. The pert popping of the champagne corks again
disturbed ones sense of the fitness of things.
How was it possible to be there, and not feel the genius loci? The
whole of this edge of the desert, from Gizeh to the Faioum, is one
vast Necropolis. The old primæval monarchy lies buried here; at
Gizeh, Sakkara, Dashour, Abusseir, and throughout all the spaces
between and beyond, to the Faioum. No other empire has been so
buried.
In this wide field of the dead how much of early thought and
feeling, and life is storied. How much contemporary history in wood
and stone, in earthenware, and glass, and paint. Contemporary
history—not history composed, heaven save the mark! centuries
after the events, often by authors (sometimes truly the authors of all
they tell) who did not understand their own time, often merely for
bread and cheese;—not composed twentieth-hand from writings
which, even at their original source and fountain-head, were the work
of men who were not agents in what they endeavoured to record,
and who, not knowing truly the events, their causes, or their
consequences, were but ill qualified to write the record;—not
composed when the feelings and ways of thinking of the time were
no longer living things, but had died out, and other thoughts and
feelings come in their place, and when what the writer had to
construct had become obscure by party prejudice in politics and
religion, and by social misunderstandings. Nothing of this kind is
here. What is here is contemporary history, presented in such a form
that it is the actual pressure and embodiment of the heart and mind
of each individual. Here are the occupations he delighted in, the
sentiments that stirred him, the business that was the business of his
life, the clothes he wore, the furniture he used, the forms religious
thought had assumed in his mind, the forms social arrangements
had assumed around him. No people have ever so written their
history. Here is a biography of each man as he knew himself. Here
every man is a Boswell to himself. It is a nation’s life individually
photographed in granite.
We sat after luncheon taking our kêf, apparently absorbed in the
contemplation of the little fantastic wreaths of cloud formed by our
cigars. But the few remarks that were made showed that the
thoughts of most of us were occupied in resuscitating the past, and
repeopling the sacred terrain around with the grand impressive
ceremonies and funeral processions of five thousand years back.
What a scene must this have been then. The mountains—for that is
the meaning of the Pyramids—not rugged and dilapidated as now,
but cased with polished stone, each with its temple in front of it. The
many smaller Pyramids that have now disappeared, or are only seen
as mounds of rubbish, then acting as foils to their giant brethren.
Great Pyramids reaching all along the foot of the hills as far as the
eye could see towards the south: some of these still figure in the
landscape. The Sphinx was standing clear of sand with a temple
between his paws. Everything was orderly, bright, and splendid. The
dark red granite portals of the thousand houses of those, who slept
in the city of the dead, were standing out conspicuous upon the
sober limestone area, unchequered by a plant, unstained by a
lichen. The black basalt causeways traversed the green plain from
the silver river to the Pyramid plateau. The whole scene was alive
with those, who were visiting, and honouring, the dead, and
preparing their own last, earthly resting-places. Above all was spread
out the azure field of the Egyptian sky.
Opera basilica.—Bacon.