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Wankel Engine

Automobile Engineering

Dr. Anoop A D
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
NIT Goa
anoop@nitgoa.ac.in

Wankel Engine Wankel Engine

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Wankel engine
Mazda MX-30 R-EV

Engines

Dr. Anoop A D
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
NIT Goa
anoop@nitgoa.ac.in

Small rotary engine that serves as a generator and a 49 liters fuel tank to extend the
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car's driving range.

IC Engine-Reciprocating engines Reciprocating engines-Cylinder Block

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Air Cooled Engine Cylinder sleeves

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Cylinder sleeves

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Piston and connecting rod

Engines

Dr. Anoop A D
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
NIT Goa
anoop@nitgoa.ac.in

Piston and connecting rod Piston and connecting rod

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Piston and Piston Rings Piston and Piston Rings

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Piston and Piston Rings Piston and Piston Rings

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Piston and Piston Rings

Engines

Dr. Anoop A D
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
NIT Goa
anoop@nitgoa.ac.in

Piston rings Piston and Piston Rings

• Piston rings commonly used on small engines include the compression ring,
wiper ring, and oil ring.

• A compression ring is the piston ring located in the ring groove closest to the
piston head.

• The compression ring seals the combustion chamber from any leakage during
the combustion process.

• When the air-fuel mixture is ignited, pressure from combustion gases is applied
to the piston head, forcing the piston toward the crankshaft.

• The pressurized gases travel through the gap between the cylinder wall and the
piston and into the piston ring groove.

• Combustion gas pressure forces the piston ring against the cylinder wall to form
a seal. Pressure applied to the piston ring is approximately proportional to the
combustion gas pressure. 3 4

Piston and Piston Rings Piston and Piston Rings

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Piston rings Piston rings

• The wiper ring, sometimes called the scraper ring, Napier ring, or back-up
compression ring, is the next ring away from the cylinder head on the piston.
• The wiper ring is used to further seal the combustion chamber and to wipe the
cylinder wall clean of excess oil.
• Combustion gases that pass by the compression ring are stopped by the wiper
ring.
• The wiper ring provides a consistent thickness of oil film to lubricate the
running surface of the compression ring.
• An oil ring is the piston ring located in the ring groove closest to the crankcase.
• The oil ring is used to wipe excess oil from the cylinder wall during piston
movement.
• Excess oil is returned through ring openings to the oil reservoir in the engine
block.
• Two-stroke cycle engines do not require oil rings because lubrication is supplied
by mixing oil in the gasoline, and an oil reservoir is not required.

• The tapered angle is positioned toward the oil reservoir and provides a wiping
action as the piston moves toward the crankshaft.

• The taper angle provides contact that routes excess oil on the cylinder wall to
the oil ring for return to the oil reservoir.
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Piston and Piston Rings Piston and Piston Rings

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Reciprocating IC Engine

Engines

Dr. Anoop A D
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
NIT Goa
anoop@nitgoa.ac.in

Crankshaft Crankshaft

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Engine oil splashing Cylinder head

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IC engine valves

Engines

Dr. Anoop A D
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
NIT Goa
anoop@nitgoa.ac.in

IC engine valves IC engine valves

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IC engine valves

Engines

Dr. Anoop A D
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
NIT Goa
anoop@nitgoa.ac.in

IC engine valves IC engine valves

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IC engine valves – Operation

BMW S1000RR - a 193 HP superbike

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Diesel Engine

Engines

Dr. Anoop A D
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
NIT Goa
anoop@nitgoa.ac.in

Diesel Engine

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Introduction
• A cam is a mechanical member used to impart desired motion to a follower by
direct contact.

• The cam may be rotating or reciprocating; whereas the follower may be

rotating, reciprocating, or oscillating.

• Cams are used in clocks, printing machines, automatic screw cutting machines,
Cams internal combustion engines, shoe making machines, machine tools etc.

• Cam is a driver member, follower is a driven member.

Dr. Anoop A D
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
NIT Goa
anoop@nitgoa.ac.in

Types of cams Types of cams

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Types of followers Types of followers

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Types of followers Types of followers

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Types of followers Motions of the follower

• As a cam rotates about the axis, it imparts a specific motion to the follower
which is repeated with each revolution of the cam.

• During the rotation of the cam through one revolution, the follower is made to
execute a series of events such as
– rise
– dwell
– return

• A dwell is the zero displacement of the follower during the motion of the cam.

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Motions of the cam

• The following terms are used with reference to the angular motion of the cam:

– Angle of ascent
• It is the angle through which the cam turns during the time the follower
rises.

– Angle of dwell
• It is the angle through which the cam turns while the follower remains
stationary at the highest or the lowest postion.

– Angle of descent
• It is the angle through which the cam turns during the time the follower
returns to the initial position.

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Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)

Cams

Dr. Anoop A D
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
NIT Goa
anoop@nitgoa.ac.in

Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)

• The displacement curve is constructed as follows:

– Draw a semicircle with follower lift as the vertical diameter.

– Divide this semicircle into n equal parts (say 6, i.e., 30° each).

– Draw cam rotation angle along the x-axis. Mark the angles of ascent, dwell,
descent, and dwell on this line.

– Divide the angles of ascent and descent into same equal number of parts.

– Draw vertical lines at these points.

– Draw horizontal lines from the points on the circumference of the semicircle
to intersect the vertical lines.

– Mark the points of intersection and join by a smooth curve to obtain the
displacement diagram.

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Hydraulics

• Increasing the pressure on a gas will compress it into a smaller

volume.
• Increasing the pressure on a liquid will not compress it.
Automotive Brakes • The liquid is incompressible. This makes it possible to use the
pressure on liquids in hydraulic systems to transmit force or
motion.
Dr. Anoop A D • Utilization of a liquid under pressure to transfer force/motion, or
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
to enhance an applied force.
NIT Goa
anoop@nitgoa.ac.in • Pressure on a liquid is called hydraulic pressure.

Friction in Vehicle Brakes Friction in Vehicle Brakes

• How wheels slow or stop?
• When the brakes are applied by pushing down the brake pedal, a fluid flows – Friction between the stationary shoes/pads and the rotating drum/disc
through tubes (brake lines) to the brake mechanisms at the wheels. produces the braking action.
– Friction between the tires and road.
• The brake mechanisms apply force on rotating parts, so the wheels are slowed
or stopped. • If the brakes are applied so hard that the wheels lock, the friction between the
tires and road is kinetic friction.
• There are two types of wheel-brake mechanisms • If the brakes are applied less hard, the wheels continue to rotate. The resulting
friction is static friction.
– Drum

– Disc

• In the drum brake, the fluid pressure pushes lined brake shoes against a
rotating drum.

• In the disc brake, the fluid pushes lined brake pads against a rotating disc.

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Friction in Vehicle Brakes

• Since static friction is greater than kinetic friction, the vehicle stops in a shorter
distance if the wheels do not lock.

• However, the brakes must be applied to the point at which the wheels are
almost ready to lock.

• This is the principle of the antilock-braking system (ABS).

• It prevents wheel lockup and tire skidding during hard braking.

• The result is shorter, quicker, and controlled stop.