Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Dơnload Fields of Revolution Agrarian Reform and Rural State Formation in Bolivia 1935 1964 1st Edition Carmen Soliz Full Chapter
Dơnload Fields of Revolution Agrarian Reform and Rural State Formation in Bolivia 1935 1964 1st Edition Carmen Soliz Full Chapter
Dơnload Fields of Revolution Agrarian Reform and Rural State Formation in Bolivia 1935 1964 1st Edition Carmen Soliz Full Chapter
https://ebookmeta.com/product/autonomy-and-power-the-dynamics-of-
class-and-culture-in-rural-bolivia-maria-l-lagos/
https://ebookmeta.com/product/revolution-and-the-rebirth-of-
inequality-a-theory-applied-to-the-national-revolution-in-
bolivia-johathan-kelley/
https://ebookmeta.com/product/blood-of-the-earth-resource-
nationalism-revolution-and-empire-in-bolivia-kevin-a-young/
https://ebookmeta.com/product/the-medicalization-of-incest-and-
abuse-biomedical-and-indigenous-perceptions-in-rural-bolivia-
carolina-borda-nino-wildman/
The Politics of Food Provisioning in Colombia Agrarian
Movements and Negotiations with the State 1st Edition
Felipe Roa-Clavijo
https://ebookmeta.com/product/the-politics-of-food-provisioning-
in-colombia-agrarian-movements-and-negotiations-with-the-
state-1st-edition-felipe-roa-clavijo/
https://ebookmeta.com/product/land-without-masters-agrarian-
reform-and-political-change-under-peru-s-military-government-
anna-cant/
https://ebookmeta.com/product/regimes-of-mobility-borders-and-
state-formation-in-the-middle-east-1918-1946-1st-edition-jordi-
tejel-editor/
https://ebookmeta.com/product/coup-a-story-of-violence-and-
resistance-in-bolivia-1st-edition-farthing/
https://ebookmeta.com/product/state-reform-and-development-in-
the-middle-east-turkey-and-egypt-in-the-post-liberalization-
era-1st-edition-amr-adly/
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
the other mountains. The information we possess about this region is
still very scanty, and it would be difficult to make any thing out of the
interpreters, even if my head were less affected. Groups of a
hundred and fifty to two hundred negroes are standing together on
all sides; they generally accompany us a short way, without uniting
themselves to the next swarm. This perhaps arises more from
accident than for the purpose of keeping their boundary stations on
the water, to prevent falling together by the ears, whilst watering their
herds, and on other occasions. Islands impede our course, and the
crew see, to their terror, a number of natives, holding their weapons
aloft, wade through the river from one side to the other. We
immediately take possession of a little islet in the middle of the river,
and surround it with our vessels; a regular military position, for it is
surrounded with deeper water. It is about a hundred paces long from
north to south, and from five to six broad, and the shores fall away
steeply to the river.
Feïzulla Capitan disembarks, and returns soon from Selim
Capitan, with the melancholy intelligence that there is “moje mafish,”
(no water). I was completely in despair, left the vessel, and set off to
the top of the islet, where Turks and Franks were assembled for
further consultation. The black people found on it were driven away
by us; they jumped into the water like frogs, so that we heard a
simultaneous fearful splash. They soon stood on the more shallow
ground, and shouted their huzza, “Hui, ii hui iih!” laughed and joked,
and offered their valuables, &c. We let some of the negroes come on
the islet, and gave them presents of beads. About evening a large
herd of cows appeared on the right shore; they were lean, possibly
having been long in want of fresh grass. The men, armed with
spears, bows, and arrows, drove the herds from the right to the left
shore, where we likewise remarked a herd of cattle. Our gentlemen
were horribly afraid when the people accumulated like a black swarm
of bees on all sides.
It was a lucky circumstance that a large bird of prey perched on
the mast, to take a view aloft of the flesh under him. All eyes were
directed to us and this bird, when Suliman Kashef seized his long
gun; the blacks watched us closely, jostled each other, and were on
tenter-hooks of anxiety, for they did not know what it meant. Suliman
Kashef fired; the report set them in momentary fear, and they were
about to run away, when the sight of the bird falling into the water,
noted them, as it were, to the ground. When, however, other birds of
prey flew down on the water, to see what fate had befallen their
feathered friend, the “Hui, ii hui iih,” immediately came to a close;
they ran as fast as they could, for this appeared too much for them to
stand, having seen no arrow or stone flying at the bird. This single
shot might be of importance at this moment, when the people
generally, though at a distance, might have shewn a bad feeling;
moreover the incident was of inestimable value to the expedition,
because it infused the feeling of our superiority, and even enhanced
it, in their dismayed hearts. If I had previously strained every nerve to
prevent the return already determined upon, and had got the again-
convalescent Kashef on my side, so now even the timorous Selim
Capitan was inclined to have the track more accurately examined.
22nd January.—There was not a breath of wind, and it is still
undetermined whether we shall proceed further. I therefore proposed
to the Frenchmen, whose courage I could naturally have no doubt of,
to take out some of the freight from their vessel, which is lightly built
and convenient, and thus to press on further. They agreed to this
proposal. I described the country, and we were having breakfast
together, when intelligence was brought to us that it was decided to
go on. No sooner does Selim Capitan see the long-legged blacks
going to their cattle, swimming over to the right shore, than fear
seizes him anew; we, however, by our joint efforts, manage to
remove it.
In the meanwhile, the chief of this country comes to us with his
grown-up son. A red cloth dress of honour is put on the old man; a
red chequered cotton handkerchief tied round his head; and glass
beads are hung round his neck. They also gave the son beads, and
bound a piece of calico round him like a napkin. It was plain to be
seen that they were delighted with these presents, and particularly at
the pleasure of conversing and communicating with us. The old
man’s name is Nalewadtshòhn, his son’s Alumbèh; but their great
Mattà (king or lord, perhaps analogous to the title of honour
previously conferred on us, “Màdam,)” is called Làkono. The latter is
said to possess a beautiful red woollen dress, of a different cut to the
Abbaie, presented to Nalewadtshòhn. It must be truly interesting to
see here, all of a sudden, a negro king in an English uniform,
although it may only come from the Ethiopian sea, or the Indian
Ocean. Sultan Làkono dwells on Mount Pelenja, and rules over a
large country, called Bari, pronounced by the Turks, however, without
further ceremony, Beri. We are said to have been within the limits of
this kingdom for the last two days: those men shot by us belonged
also to Bari.
According to Nalewadtshòhn, who is in general very talkative,
and does not appear very favourably inclined towards his king, all
the mountains in the neighbourhood have abundance of iron; and
Mount Pelenja, a quantity of copper, which is here in great
estimation. Iron-ochre, which the natives here and there use to
colour themselves with, is said to be found on all sides, formed by
them, however, into balls: by this preparation, perhaps, a cleansing
of the material takes place. The high mountain-chain we had already
seen, lies to the west, at some hours’ distance, over the left shore of
the Nile. Its name is Niakanja, and the mountains before us are
called Korèk and Lubèhk, which are said to be followed by many
other higher mountains. Both the men are strikingly handsome,
although not one of the whole multitude can be called ugly. They are
tall and strongly built; have a nose, somewhat broad indeed, but not
flat; on the contrary, slightly raised, such as we see in the heads of
Rhamses; a full mouth, not at all like that of negroes, but exactly the
same as in the Egyptian statues; a broad arched forehead, and a
speaking, honest-looking eye. The latter is not, as we have found
generally in the marsh regions, entirely suffused with blood, whereby
the countenances have a dismal appearance, but clear, full, and
black, yet not dazzling. We observed that their legs were well
formed, though not muscular; their naked bodies were adorned with
the very same decorations of ivory and iron as we had seen in the
others. The name of the village on the right side of the river is
Baràko; the village lying immediately opposite, under the trees,
before which are a small island and pastures, is called Niowàh.
Alumbèh was sent as our envoy to King Làkono.
We leave our island at noon, and have a larger island on our
right, a smaller one on the left, and tow to the south, accompanied
by the negroes in the water: they even come with their long bodies to
the side of the vessel, and part with every thing they have for the
beloved sug-sug.
At Asser (three o’clock in the afternoon), S.S.W., with oars and
sails. A village, on the right side of the river, contains only a few
tokuls; but a large herd of cattle, grazing there, sets our crew longing
again. About sun-set, S. I procure a beautiful spear for a single glass
bead—silly, childish people! Immediately after sun-set, W.S.W. On
the left a small island; a gohr, or arm of a river, appearing to form a
large island, pours forth from thence, if it be not a tributary stream.
The wood before us contrasts by its dark hue with the coloured
horizon, over which, as yet, no alpine country glows. On the right
shore stand a number of armed and laughing negroes, in
picturesque positions; this has been the case the whole time, both in
the water and on land. They walk arm-in-arm, quite in a brotherly
manner, or with their arms round one another’s necks, as the
students in Germany used to do in my time. They help each other in
getting up on shore, and have frequently one foot placed firmly
against the knee, standing like cranes. They lean on their spears, or
long bows, or squat down; but I see none of them sitting or lying on
the ground, according to the lazy custom of the orientals.
The north wind is so faint that we are obliged to lend assistance
with poles; the river has more water, thank God, than we thought;
and even our reïs, whom a longing fit for his wives every now and
then seizes, believes that this water-course will hold on for some
time. We anchor in the middle of the river, and the guards are
doubled in the vessels. I am tired of this constant variety of
sensations, and yet would like to see and hear much more. My head
is so heavy and stupid, that I cannot accept Suliman Kashef’s
invitation.
23rd January.—Half-past eight o’clock. We have gone so far in a
southerly direction by the rope, and we move S. by W. and S.W. The
rapidity of the river has increased from one mile and a half to two
miles. The walk on shore has tired me more, because I was followed
by the natives, with all their effects, and retarded, so that I was
obliged to break a road through them, half by violence, though I am
still very weak in my legs. I purchased for a couple of miserable
beads a little sheep, covered partly with wool, and partly with hair, as
the sheep here generally are, and having a long mane under the
throat, and horns twisted back. Selim Capitan says that a similar
species is found in Crete.
Tobacco is called here also tabac, as mostly on the White River.
The Arabs give it the name of dogàhn; this is the small-leaved sort,
with dun-coloured flowers, which is cultivated likewise in Bellet
Sudàn. I have not seen the tobacco-plant growing wild here;
therefore, I cannot say whether the name of tobacco is indigenous
here with the plant, or has been introduced by immigrants.
Nevertheless, the Arabs are not generally smokers, and it is unlikely
that tobacco was brought in by them; and it is less probable,
because, had it been so, it would have kept the name of dogàhn. In
Sennaar, however, a good but very strong tobacco has been
cultivated for ages, and was probably introduced by the Funghs, who
are likewise a well-formed negro race. Our usual title of honour is
matta, which they, however, only give to the whites. The shores are
very extensively intersected with layers of sand.
Ten o’clock. S. by E., and then S.W. Two villages on the right
shore. We sail with a slight north wind, but scarcely make one mile,
for the current is considerably against us. We meet continually with
some fire-eaters among the blacks on the shore; they are startled,
certainly, at the report, but are not particularly frightened, especially if
it be not close to their ears. We have Mount Korèk in a south-
westerly direction before us. It stands like the Niakanja, to which we
have only come within the distance of from three to four hours, and
which lies behind us, isolated from the other mountains. The summit
appears flat from where we are; it has many indentations, and
seems to rise only about six hundred feet above its broad basis, to
which the ground ascends from the river. The wind having nearly
ceased for half an hour, freshens again for three miles.
At noon. S.S.W. In a quarter of an hour, a gohr or arm of the Nile
comes from S. by E.; we make only two miles more, and the wind
deserts us again; we lie, therefore, as if stuck to the place, after
having been thrown by the current on to the island, formed by the
before-named arm on the right shore. But the wind soon freshens
again; we sail away cheerfully. The ships drive one against the other,
or upon the sand, but work themselves loose again; the negroes
come in the water; confusion here—confusion everywhere. A herd of
calves stop in the water before us; this is really tempting, but we sail
on. The log gives four miles, from which two miles must be deducted
for the rapidity of the current, though the reïs can not understand
this.
At half-past twelve o’clock, the end of the island; we sail S.S.E.,
and then S. by W. On the right shore a large durra-field, apparently
the second crop on the very same stalks. The natives there,
according to the custom of this country, have little stools to sit on,
and a small gourd drinking-cup by their side. As before, part of them
are unarmed, and have merely a long stick, with forks or horns at the
top, in their hands. The covering of the head is various. Several have
differently formed little wicker baskets on their heads, as a protection
against the sun. They wear strings of the teeth of dogs or apes on
various parts of the body, but mostly on the neck, as an ornament or
talisman. They have bracelets, the points of which being covered
with bits of fur, are curved outwards like little horns. Our envoy
Alumbèh imitated all the motions and the voice of an ox, in order to
make us understand the meaning of these bracelets. These, as well
as the forks on their houses and sticks, appear to denote in some
way a kind of symbolic veneration for the bull, whose horns I had
previously seen adorned with animals’ tails; for the bull is bold, and
the support of the family among the herds.
One o’clock. A number of negroes are squatting on the island at
the left, or rather are sitting on their stools, and wondering at us
sailing so merrily to S.S.W. I count eleven villages; but I do not trust
myself on deck, for we have 30° Reaumur. About evening the whole
scene will appear more surprising and pleasing to me; for even my
servants, looking in exultingly at the window, praise the beauty of the
country. On all sides, therefore, plenty of mountains, stones, and
rocks; the great buildings in the interior of Africa are no longer a
fable to me! If the nation of Bari has had internal strength enough to
pursue the road of cultivation for thousands of years, what has
prevented it not only from rising from its natural state, but also from
appropriating to itself the higher European cultivation? It has a
stream, navigable, and bringing fertility, full of eatable animals; a
magnificent land affording it everything: it has to sustain war with the
gigantic monsters of the land and water, and to combat with its own
kind; it possesses the best of all metals, iron, from which it
understands how to form very handsome weapons sought for far and
near; it knows how to cultivate its fields; and I saw several times how
the young tobacco plants were moistened with water, and protected
from the sun by a roof of shrubs. The men of nature it contains are
tall, and enjoying all bodily advantages; yet—it has only arrived at
this grade of cultivation. If the perfectibility of nature be so confined,
this truly susceptible people only requires an external intellectual
impetus to regenerate the mythic fame of the Ethiopians.
The hygrometer seems to have got out of order through Arnaud’s
clumsy handling, for it yesterday morning shewed 82°,
notwithstanding the air is far drier and clearer than this height of the
hygrometer would shew. Half-past ten o’clock. We are driven on the
sand, and there we stop to wait for the other vessels. Alas! the
beautiful wind! Two o’clock. We sail on southwards. On the right two
islands. Selim Capitan is said to have the Sultan’s brother on board
his vessel; we are making every exertion, therefore, to overtake him.
The commander no sooner remarks this than he halts at the nearest
island. I repaired immediately to his vessel, and found two relations
of King Làkono on board. Half-past two o’clock. We leave the island
and the previous direction of S.S.W., and approach the right shore of
the river E.S.E. On the right a gohr, or arm of the Nile, appears to
come from S.W., and indeed from Mount Korèk, or Korèg, as the
word is also pronounced.
The two distinguished guests sit upon their stools, which they
brought with them, with their own royal hands, in naked innocence,
and smoke their pipes quite delighted. An arm of the river leaves on
the left hand the main stream to the north, and may be connected
with a gohr previously seen. A village stands above the arm of the
river on the right shore of our stream, and an island is immediately
under it before the gohr itself. The name of the village is Ullibari, and
the arm Beregènn. It is said to flow down a very great distance
before it again joins the White Stream. The latter winds here to the
south; to the right we perceive a village on the left shore, called Igàh.
On the right shore we remark several villages, and those summer
huts, or rekùbas, already mentioned. All the tokuls have higher-
pointed roofs, of a tent-like form. The country generally, in the
neighbourhood of the residence of the great Negro-King, appears
very populous. The north wind is favourable. The black princes look
at the sails, and seem to understand the thing, although the whole
must appear colossal to them in comparison with their surtuks, as we
perceive from their mutually drawing each other’s attention to them.
The king’s brother, whose name is Nikelò, has a friendly-looking
countenance; and his handsome Roman-like head, with the tolerably
long curled hair, is encircled with a strip of fur instead of the laurel.
On the right he wears a yellow copper, on the left a red copper
bracelet. The latter might have been easily taken for an alloy of gold,
although the noble man did not know the gold which was shewn him
as being of higher value, but distinguished that it was a different
metal. Silver he did not know at all. These mountains being rich in
metals, must afford very interesting results with respect to the
precious metals. The other guest is called Tombé: he is the son-in-
law of the king; stronger and taller than Nikelò, and always cheerful.
We landed soon afterwards on the right shore, as the nearest
landing-place to the capital, Belènja, on the mountain of the same
name, which was at some distance. They gave us the names of all
the mountains lying around in the horizon. The river flows here from
S.S.W., or rather the right shore has this direction. To N. by W.
Mount Nerkonji, previously mentioned as Niakanja, long seen by us;
to W. by S., Mount Konnobih; behind it, in the far distance, the
mountain-chain of Kugelù; to S.W., the rocky mountain, Korek;
behind which the before-named mountain-chain still extends, and is
lost in misty heights. These do not appear, indeed, to be of much
greater height; but on a more accurate observation, I distinguished a
thin veil, apparently sunk upon them, clearer than the western
horizon, and the blue of the mountain forms vanishing from Kugelù
to the south. As I once looked for the alpine world from Montpellier,
and found it, trusting to my good eye-sight, so now I gazed for a long
time on this region of heights; their peaks were clearly hung round
with a girdle of clouds, apparently shining with a glimmering light in
opposition to the clouds hanging before them in our neighbourhood.
When I view the long undulating chain of Kugelù, distant at all
events, taking into consideration the clear atmosphere, more than
twenty hours behind Konnobih (some twelve hours off), the highest
summit of which, west by south, without losing its horizontal ridge,
disappears first evidently in the west, and is completely veiled behind
Korèk lying nearer over south-west, I conceive that this Kugelù well
deserves the name of a chain of mountains, even if we only take the
enormous angle of the parallax at twenty hours’ distance.
These mountains lie, to all external appearance, upon the left
side of the river, and Nikelò also confirms this. On the right side of
the Nile, we see the low double rocks of Lùluli to S.S.E., and a little
further to S.E. by S., the two low mountains or hills of Liènajihn and
Konnofih lying together. To S.E. Mount Korrejih, and then lastly to E.
the mountain chain of Belenjà, rising up in several peaks to a
tolerable height, but apparently scarcely elevated more than 1000
feet above the Nile. Far towards S., over the Lobèk, I remarked from
here several other misty mountains, the names of which I would
have willingly learned, for I feared, and with justice, that they would
be invisible in advancing nearer under the prominences of these
African Alps. The royal gentlemen, however, with whom we stood on
an old river bed of six feet high, were restless, and in a great hurry to
take home their presents of a red coat and glass beads. The city is
like all other villages, but large: the king’s palace consists of several
straw tokuls lying together, encompassed as usual with a seriba; this
also Nalewadtshòn had told us. The Ethiopian palaces, therefore,
have not much to boast of; it is sufficient if the men in them be
pleased and happy, and not oppressed by the cares of government
and want of sustenance. The durra was also here, as I had remarked
in other places, either cut away, or cropped before it became ripe by
the cattle; no matter,—it sprouted a second time, and promised a
good harvest, though only as yet about seven feet high. I had seen it
thrice as high in Taka, without the people thinking even of cutting it
down or mowing it. Selim Capitan dares not trust the natives; we
went, therefore, ashore at the island close at hand, fixed stakes in
the ground, and tied the vessels fast to them.
CHAPTER II.
RECEPTION OF ENVOYS FROM KING LÀKONO. — DESCRIPTION OF THEM.
— RELIGION OF THE BARIS: THEIR ARMS AND ORNAMENTS. — PANIC
CREATED AMONG THE NATIVES AT THE EXPLOSION OF CANNON. —
LIVELY SCENE ON SHORE. — COLOURED WOMEN. — ARRIVAL OF KING
LÀKONO AND SUITE. — HIS INTERVIEW WITH THE COMMANDERS: HIS
DRESS. — THE NATIONAL MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS OF BARI. —
PRESENTS TO KING LÀKONO AND HIS DEPARTURE.