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Venus and Adonis
Venus and Adonis
A Study Guide
Climax Imagery and Language Vocabulary and Allusions Complete Free Text
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Study Guide Prepared by Michael J. Cummings © 2003
Revised in 2010.©
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Type of Work
.......Venus and Adonis is narrative poem—that is, a poem that tells a story—about the infatuation of Venus, the goddess of
love, with a young mortal named Adonis. The poem contains 1,194 lines.
Dedication
.......Shakespeare dedicated Venus and Adonis to Henry Wriothesley, the Third Earl of Southampton. Wriothesley (1573-
1624) was a patron of Shakespeare and other writers of the time. Although Wriothesley was a favorite at the court of
Queen Elizabeth I, his association with the headstrong Robert Devereux, the Second Earl of Essex—another fixture at
court—led him to take part in Devereux’s 1601 rebellion against the queen. Wriothesley was sentenced to life
imprisonment.
Source
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.......Metamorphoses, by the Roman poet Ovid (full name, Publius Ovidius Naso). Shakespeare may also have
used Scilla’s Metamorphosis (1589), by Thomas Lodge., and Book III of The Faerie Queene (1591), by Edmund Spenser.
Publication
.......On May 18, 1593, the poem was entered in the Hall Book of the Worshipful Company of Stationers, the English
government's pre-publication registry. It was published in a quarto edition in 1593 by Richard Field, a printer.
Setting
.......Shakespeare sets the story in a rural locale in ancient Greece in the age of myth, when the gods and goddesses of
Mount Olympus frequently interacted with human beings.
Rhyme Scheme
.......The rhyme scheme is ababcc in a six-line stanza, as demonstrated in the opening stanza of the poem:
..............A...Even as the sun with purple-colour'd face
..............B...Had ta'en his last leave of the weeping morn,
..............A...Rose-cheek'd Adonis hied him to the chase;
..............B...Hunting he loved, but love he laugh'd to scorn;
..............C...Sick-thoughted Venus makes amain unto him,
..............C...And like a bold-faced suitor 'gins to woo him.
Metric Format
.......Most of the lines in the poem are in iambic pentameter, with five pairs of syllables (five feet) per line. Each pair
consists of an unaccented syllable followed by an accented syllable The following lines demonstrate this metric pattern:
.......1.................2.................3...................4.................5
My DAY'S..|..de LIGHT..|..is PAST,..|..my HORSE..|..is GONE,
......1.................2................3............4...............5
And 'TIS..|..your FAULT..|..I AM..|..be REFT..|..him SO:
.....1...............2..................3.....................4...............5
I PRAY..|..you HENCE,..|..and LEAVE..|..me HERE..|..a LONE;
.....1......... ...2.......................3....................4.............5
For ALL..|..my MIND,..|..my THOUGHT,..|..my BUS..|..y CARE,
.....1............2..............3..................4..................5
Is HOW..|..to GET..|..my PAL..|..frey FROM..|..the MARE."
.......His only desire is to hunt, to chase a boar, and he begs release. He promises a kiss if she allows him to go his way.
When they embrace, “face grows to face." When he draws backward, she presses in. He yields for a time, like wax, as she
makes impressions. But by and by, as day succumbs to evening, he resists again and she no longer restrains him, saying:
.......From his blood, she causes a purple flower to grow. Then, tired and careworn, she hies away in her chariot, drawn by
silver doves, “to immure herself and not be seen."
Climax
.......The climax occurs when Venus discovers the body of Adonis, who has been gored to death by the board.
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Imagery and Language
.......When he wrote the poem, Shakespeare was attempting to establish his reputation as a writer of merit. Consequently,
he exhibited considerable technical skill in figures of speech describing the passion of Venus, the allure of the countryside,
and the grisly aftermath of the boar's encounter with Adonis and the hunting dogs.
.......In many stanzas, Shakespeare charged his words with chaste and innocent denotations and sensual and suggestive
connotations. Some modern interpreters of the poem read much into these words while speculating on Shakespeare's own
sexuality.
.......Following are examples of figures of speech in the poem.
Alliteration
Irony
Poor queen of love, in thine own law forlorn,
To love a cheek that smiles at thee in scorn! (lines 251-252)
The goddess of love fails at love.
Metaphor
The sun that shines from heaven shines but warm,
And lo! I lie between that sun and thee:
The heat I have from thence doth little harm,
Thine eye darts forth the fire that burneth me;
And were I not immortal, life were done
Between this heavenly and earthly sun. (lines 193-198)
Comparison of Adonis's eye to an "earthly sun"
Paradox
For I have heard it is a life in death,
That laughs and weeps, and all but with a breath. (lines 413-414)
(Life is death; laughing is weeping.)
Personification
the sun with purple-colour'd face
Had ta'en his last leave of the weeping morn (lines 1-2)
Comparison of the sun and the morning to persons
Simile
She red and hot as coals of glowing fire (line 35)
Comparison of Venus's complexion to glowing coals
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Vocabulary and Allusions From the Poem
agues: Fevers.
anon: Soon.
batt'ry: Breach, entry.
bootless chat: Unproductive, useless.
brake: Clump of foliage; thicket.
caitiff: Creature filled with fear or intimidation.
carry-tale: Tale bearer; gossip.
clepes: Calls by name; addresses.
clip Elysium: Gain paradise.
compassed: Achieved, accomplished.
conies: Rabbits.
contemn: Despise, scorn.
Cupid: God of love. He was the son of Venus.
curvet: Movement in which a horse raises its forelegs and then springs forward. The hind legs rise while the forelegs fall.
defeature: Disfigurement.
Dian: Diana, goddess of the hunt.
dive-dapper: Bird also known as a dabchick or grebe.
engirds: Girds—that is, surrounds, circles.
fain: Eager, willing.
fetlock: Tuft of hair above and behind the hoof of a horse.
flap-mouthed mourner: Yelping or crying dog with floppy skin on the jowls.
flint: Very hard stone.
four such lamps: Four eyes.
froward: Hard to control; disobedient.
gaol: Jail.
glister: Glisten.
heart's attorney: tongue. The tongue speaks for the heart.
impostumes: Festers, sores.
indenting: Zizagging.
intendments: Intentions.
jade: Worn-out horse; worthless horse.
jennet: Female donkey.
laund: Open field; glade
limning: Drawing, painting, sketching.
lour: Scowl, grimace, frown.
maw: Stomach.
meed: Prize, recompense, reward.
mermaid's voice: Allusion to the Sirens,sea nymphs in Homer's Odyssey. They sang a song so alluring that it attracted to
their shore all passing sailors who heard it—and then they sat, transfixed by the song, until they died.
milch doe: Doe that produces milk.
Narcissus: In Greek mythology, handsome young man who fell in love with his own image reflected in a pool
no fisher but the ungrown fry forbears: No fisherman keeps ungrown (small) fish. He throws them back.
palfrey: Gentle saddle horse.
Paphos: Ancient city in Cyprus.
perforce: Necessarily, forcibly.
pine the maw: Deny or deprive the stomach.
purblind hare: Weak-sighted hare.
repine: Unhappy, not contented.
saddlebow: Upward projection on the front part of a saddle; pommel.
shag: Shaggy.
singled with much ado the cold fault: Singled out or found the lost scent.
sovereign plaster: remedy.
spleens: Impulses; spirits.
stillitory: Still, used to vaporize, distill.
Tantalus:In Greek mythology, King of Sipylus, Lydia. He was a favorite of the gods until he attempted to deceive them. For
his offense, they condemned him to eternal punishment in Hades. There, Tantalus thirsted for water that always receded
when he tried to drink it and desired fruit on a tree branch that was always out of reach.
Titan: Another name for Helios, a sun god.
tushes: Tusks of a boar.
twain: Two.
'twixt: Betwixt, meaning between.
vestals: Vestal virgins
welkin: Sky; heavenly vault.