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 BEJONNIERES
Prunus insititia

1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 898. 1869. 2. Cat. Cong. Pom. France 472.
1887. 3. Ibid. 453. 1906.
Des Béjonnières 2, 3. Prune des Béjonnières 1.

This variety is so highly prized in France that it is here

recommended for trial even though the trees as they grow in this part
of New York have not been productive. It is too small for a dessert
plum but might become of value here if used as in France for tarts,
spices, preserves and drying. The plum originated about 1827 in the
nursery of Andre Leroy, Béjonnieres, Angers, France.

Tree medium in size and vigor, upright-spreading, unproductive; leaf-

scars swollen; leaves oval, medium in width and length; margin with small
dark glands, finely serrate; petiole with none or from one to six glands,
usually on the stalk; flowers appearing after the leaves, tinged creamy-
white as they open; borne on lateral buds and spurs, in pairs or in threes.
Fruit late, season of medium length; one and three-eighths inches by
one and one-quarter inches in size, obovate, a little necked, yellow,
blotched with red on the exposed cheek, covered with thin bloom; stem
long; apex strongly depressed; flesh pale yellow, firm but tender, sweet,
aromatic; very good; stone semi-clinging, three-quarters inch by one-half
inch in size, oval.

BELGIAN PURPLE
Prunus domestica

1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 373. 1857, 2. Hogg Fruit Man. 351. 1866. 3.
Pom. France 7: No. 27. 1871. 4. Mas Le Verger 6:105. 1866-73. 5. Am.
Pom. Soc. Cat. 36. 1877. 6. Cat. Cong. Pom. France 340. 1887. 7. Guide
Prat. 153, 352. 1895.
Bleue de Perk 4. Bleue de Bergues 3, 7. Bleue de Belgique 1, 7. Bleu
de Perque 1. Blaue von Belgien 4, 7. Bleu de Bergues 6. Bleu de Peck 6.
 Belgian Purple 4, 6, 7. Bleue de Belgique 7. Belgische Damascene 7.
Bleue de Perck 7. Bleu de Belgique 6. Fertheringham 3 incor. Prune Bleue
de Belgique 3.

Belgian Purple is a medium grade plum of little value for dessert

but rather highly esteemed for culinary purposes, especially in
Europe. It probably has but a small place in American pomology.
Concerning the origin of the variety, nothing is known although it is
generally believed to have originated in Belgium prior to 1850.

Tree large, vigorous, round and dense-topped, not always hardy, very
productive; branchlets numerous, thick, pubescent throughout the season;
leaf-scars prominent; leaves flattened or folded upward, oval, one and
five-eighths inches wide, three and one-half inches long; margin serrate or
crenate; petiole five-eighths inch long, glandless or with from one to two
small glands usually at the base of the leaf; flowers nearly one inch
across, white, with a peculiar greenish and creamy tinge near the apex of
the petals and often splashed with pink towards the base; borne on lateral
buds and spurs; calyx-tube thickly pubescent.
Fruit mid-season; medium to below in size, roundish-oval, purplish-
black, overspread with thick bloom; flesh rich, golden-yellow, medium
juicy, firm, sweet, mild; fair to good; stone nearly free, of medium size,
oval, flattened, often with a distinct wing.

BELLE
 BELLE

Prunus domestica

1. Horticulturist 10:71. 1855. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 394. 1857. 3.

Flor. & Pom. 144, Pl. 1863. 4. Hogg Fruit Man. 351, 384. 1866. 5. Mas Le
Verger 6:27, fig. 14. 1866-73. 6. Le Bon Jard. 341. 1882. 7. Barry Fr.
 Garden 410. 1883. 8. Decaisne & Naudin Man. Am. des Jard. 4:382. 9.
Mathieu Nom. Pom. 449, 451. 1889. 10. Garden 50:295. 1896. 11. Rivers
Cat. 33. 1898. 12. Fish Hardy-Fr. Bk. 2:55. 13. Thompson Gard. Ass’t
4:156. 1901. 14. Waugh Plum Cult. 96. 1901.
Autumn Beauty 11. Autumn Beauty 9. Belle de Septembre 9, 11, 14.
Belle de Septembre 1, 3, 4, 7, 10, 12, 13. Gros Rouge de Septembre 3, 4,
9. Lawrence Early 9. Regina nova 6. Reine-Claude Rouge 9. Reine-
Claude Rouge de Septembre 5, 9. Reine-Claude Rouge of September 2.
Reine-Claude Rouge de Van Mons 5, 6, 8. Reine-Claude Rouge de Van
Mons 9. Reine-Claude Rouge Van Mons 4, 9. Reine Nova (Berre) 9.
Reina Nova 2, 3, 4, 9. Rote Claude 9. Reine Nova 9. Schöne September
Königspflaume 9. Van Mons Königspflaume 9. Van Mons Königspflaume
5. Van Mons Red 9. Van Mons’ Red 4. Van Mons Red Gage 5, 9.

Belle is an unusually large, handsome plum but unfortunately is

not of very high quality. It is much like Pond but is brighter red, a little
smaller, less necked, the stem is shorter, the apex more blunt and it
is more of a clingstone. European authorities say that Belle is
second to none for culinary purposes and its handsome appearance
gives it value across the seas as a dessert plum. As Belle grows on
the grounds of this Station—it seems not to be found elsewhere in
New York—the tree-characters are quite above those in the average
variety of plums and when considered with the fine, late fruits,
indicate that the variety might be grown with profit for market
purposes. It well deserves to be tried by commercial plum-growers.
Belle came from Brussels, Belgium, and was propagated by the
famous horticulturist, Van Mons. Nothing further is known of its
origin.

Tree above medium in size, vigorous, upright, open-topped, hardy,

productive; branches smooth, dull dark ash-gray, with small, numerous,
raised lenticels; branchlets thick, with short internodes, green changing to
brownish-red, often marked with scarf-skin, dull, very pubescent early in
the season becoming less pubescent as maturity advances, with
numerous, small lenticels; leaf-buds of medium size and length, conical,
free.
Leaves flattened or folded upward, obovate, one and seven-eighths
inches wide, four and one-half inches long, thick, leathery; upper surface
dark green, with deeply grooved midrib, sparingly hairy; lower surface
silvery-green, pubescent; apex acute, base cuneate, margin shallowly but
broadly crenate, with few small dark glands; petiole one and one-eighth
inches long, thick, pubescent, tinged with light red, glandless or with one
or two small, globose, yellowish glands on the stalk or base of the leaf.
Blooming season late and long; flowers appearing after the leaves, one
and one-eighth inches across, the buds cream-tipped changing to white
on expanding; borne on lateral buds and spurs, usually singly; pedicels
about seven-sixteenths inch long, thick, pubescent, green; calyx-tube
greenish, campanulate, glabrous except towards the base; calyx-lobes
above medium in width, obtuse, slightly pubescent on both surfaces,
glandular-serrate, erect; petals broadly ovate, crenate, with short, broad
claws; anthers yellowish; filaments five-sixteenths inch long; pistil
glabrous, equal to the stamens in length.
Fruit late, season of medium length; one and seven-eighths inches by
one and three-quarters inches in size, roundish-oval, slightly compressed,
halves nearly equal; cavity shallow, flaring; suture shallow, rather wide,
prominent; apex roundish or depressed; color light purplish-red over a
greenish-yellow ground, overspread with thin bloom; dots numerous,
small, russet, inconspicuous; stem one-half inch long, thickly pubescent,
adhering strongly to the fruit, with fleshy ring about the base; skin of
average thickness and toughness, sour, separating from the pulp; flesh
pale yellow, juicy, coarse, firm, sweet at the skin, but tart at the center,
pleasant, aromatic; good; stone clinging, one and three-sixteenths inches
by three-quarters inch in size, oval, turgid, blunt at the apex, with rough
and pitted surfaces; ventral suture winged, with few but prominent ridges;
dorsal suture widely and deeply grooved.

BERCKMANS
Prunus triflora

1. Ga. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 53, 99. 1889. 2. Cornell Sta. Bul. 62:20. 1894. 3.
Ga. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 95. 1895. 4. Cornell Sta. Bul. 106:43, 44. 1896. 5.
Rural N. Y. 56:614. 1897. 6. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 26. 1897. 7. Cornell Sta.
Bul. 175:138, 143. 1899. 8. Rural N. Y. 62:582. 1903. 9. Ga. Sta. Bul.
68:9, 28. 1905.
Botan of some 2, 4. Botan White 6. Sweet Botan 1. Sweet Botan 2, 3, 4.
True Sweet Botan 2, 4, 9. White-fleshed Botan 1. White-fleshed Botan 2,
4, 8, 9.
 This variety was introduced by Luther Burbank in 1887 from
imported stock. P. J. Berckmans[206] of Augusta, Georgia, who had
secured some Botan trees from Burbank, noted that this plum
differed from the rest and, in order to distinguish it, named it Sweet
Botan. The nomenclature of Botan was confused and indefinite and
Bailey, in 1894, renamed the new plum Berckmans. As it is very
similar to Abundance, still more confusion has arisen in regard to it.
Compared with Abundance, Berckmans is more spreading in growth;
fruit less pointed, with dryer and more insipid flesh; color brighter red
and the stone usually freer; but it is neither as productive nor as free
from rot. In 1897 the American Pomological Society placed the
variety on its fruit list. As Berckmans is inferior to Abundance and
ripens at the same season, it is not worth recommending for general
planting. It is to be regretted that so distinguished a horticulturist as
Mr. Berckmans is not to have his name perpetuated in a better plum
than the one named in his honor.

BERGER
Prunus triflora

1. Cornell Sta. Bul. 62:20, 21 fig., 31. 1894. 2. Ibid, 106:45, 62, 67.
1896. 3. Ibid, 139:46. 1897. 4. Ibid, 175:132, 133 fig. 26. 1899. 5. Texas
Sta. Bul. 32:486 fig. 7, 490, 492. 1899. 6. W. N. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 92.
1899. 7. Ohio Sta. Bul. 162:248 fig., 254, 255. 1905.
Honsmomo 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Red Nagate 1, 2 incor. Satsuma 1, 2 incor.
Shiro Smomo 1, 2, 5. Strawberry 1, 3, 6. Strawberry 2, 4. Uchi Bene 6.
Uchi-Beni 1, 2, 5. Uchi-Beni 3, 4. Ura-Beni 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.

At first sight Berger is a wholly insignificant plum, being no larger

than a sweet cherry; but the variety is so distinct in several
characters that every collection should have a tree or two of it and
the plum-breeder will find it most interesting and valuable. Its
peculiarities are: A flavor quite distinct from that of any other Triflora
plum; its cherry-like appearance; early ripening, maturing in this
State shortly after the middle of July; its pronounced upright habit of
growth; its light green foliage; and its habit of bearing its fruit close to
the old wood. In common with many other Japanese varieties, the
nomenclature of Berger is badly confused. According to Bailey, who
received specimens of this variety from various sections of the
country, H. H. Berger & Company of San Francisco sent out this
plum under several names. Berckmans of Georgia received it as
Red Nagate; N. S. Platt of Connecticut as Satsuma; to another
person in the South it came as Shiro Smomo, while T. V. Munson of
Texas grew it under the name of Berger, a term finally adopted by
Bailey. In the meanwhile, Stark Brothers of Louisiana, Missouri,
introduced a plum very similar to this under the name Strawberry but
the variety was dropped by them in 1893. Whether or not this
“Strawberry” or “Uchi-Beni,” as it was sometimes called, was really
the Berger it is impossible to say but it is certain that both of these
names have been applied to the Berger. The following description is
a compilation.

Tree vigorous, upright, open-topped, medium hardy; leaves narrow, light

colored; blooming season early; flowers white, small.
Fruit very early; unusually small, roundish but truncate at the ends,
attractive light to dark red, covered with thick bloom; flesh firm, meaty, light
yellow, sweet, of pleasant flavor; fair to good; stone very small and cherry-
like, free, with smooth surfaces.

BLACK BULLACE
 BLACK BULLACE

Prunus insititia

1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 576, 578. 1629. 2. Gerard Herball 1498. 1636. 3.
Miller Gard. Dict. 3:1754. 4. Abercrombie Gard. Ass’t 13. 1786. 5. Deane
N. E. Farmer Dict. 266. 1797. 6. Miller Gard. Dict. 3:1807. 7. Lond. Hort.
 Soc. Cat. 144. 1831. 8. Phillips Com. Orch. 306. 1831. 9. Prince Pom.
Man. 2:105. 1832. 10. Hogg Fruit Man. 689. 1884. 11. Jour. Hort. 27:476.
1874. 12. Garden 59:226. 1901.
Black Bulleis 1. Bullesse 2. Earley’s November 11.

This variety is interesting chiefly as an early type of the Insititia

plums, its thorny branches, wayward growth, small and austere fruit,
all bespeaking a wild fruit. The plums when ripened by frost are not
unpleasant to taste and are borne in prodigious quantities. The
variety, however, is surpassed by many other Insititias and has little
value other than to show the steps between wild and highly
cultivated fruits.
Black Bullace is one of the oldest of cultivated plums and all data
in regard to its origin have been lost. It resembles the wild forms of
its species very closely and it may have been selected from the wild.
Parkinson, writing in 1629, (References, 1) gives a short description
of this variety; and Gerard, in 1636, (References, 2) says: “The
Bullesse and the Sloe tree are wilde kindes of Plums, which do vary
in their kind, even as the greater and manured Plums do. Of
Bullesse, some are of greater and of better taste than others. Sloes
are some of one taste, and some of others, more sharp; some
greater and others lesser; the which to distinguish with long
descriptions were to small purpose, considering they be all and
every of them known even to the simplest; therefore this shall suffice
for their several descriptions.” Black Bullace has long been known in
England and was among the first European varieties cultivated in
this country. Deane in The New England Farmer, 1797, describes
this variety briefly as under cultivation at that time but it did not prove
popular in North America and after Prince, 1832, it seems to have
dropped from American plum literature.

Tree of medium size and vigor, upright or slightly spreading, dense-

topped, hardy, very productive; branches smooth except for the numerous,
small, raised lenticels, dark, ash-gray; branchlets long, with short
internodes, green changing to dark brownish-drab, thickly pubescent, with
numerous, inconspicuous, small lenticels; leaf-buds small short, obtuse,
free.
 Leaves oval, one and one-half inches wide, three and one-quarter
inches long; upper surface dark green, rugose, hairy, with grooved midrib;
lower surface silvery-green, heavily pubescent; apex abruptly pointed or
acute, base acute, margin serrate or crenate, with a few, smallish, dark
glands; petiole three-quarters inch long, green, thickly pubescent,
glandless or with one or two small, globose, greenish-brown glands on the
stalk or at the base of the leaf.
Blooming season intermediate in time and length; flowers appearing
with the leaves, seven-eighths inch across, white; borne on lateral buds
and spurs, singly or in pairs; pedicels three-eighths inch long, pubescent,
greenish; calyx-tube green, campanulate, pubescent only at the base;
calyx-lobes narrow, obtuse, pubescent at margin and base, with few
glands, reflexed; petals oval, entire, tapering abruptly to short claws;
anthers yellowish; filaments three-eighths inch in length; pistil glabrous,
shorter than the stamens.
Fruit late, season long; one and one-eighth inches by seven-eighths
inch in size, distinctly oval, necked, not compressed, halves equal; cavity
small, shallow, narrow, flaring; suture lacking; apex roundish, with stigma
usually adhering; color purplish-black, covered with thick bloom; dots
numerous, small, brown, inconspicuous; stem one-half inch long,
pubescent, adhering to the fruit; skin of medium thickness and toughness,
slightly astringent, adhering somewhat; flesh greenish-yellow, juicy and
fibrous, firm, sour or agreeably tart late in the season; stone clinging,
three-quarters inch by one-half inch in size, irregularly oval or ovate,
slightly necked at the base, acute at the apex, with pitted surfaces; ventral
suture swollen, blunt; dorsal suture acute or partially furrowed.

BLACKMAN
Prunus hortulana × Prunus persica

1. Gara. Mon. 24:82. 1882. 2. Ibid, 29:45, 302. 1887. 3. Cornell Sta. Bul.
38:77. 1892.

Blackman is supposed to be a hybrid between the Wild Goose

plum and a peach. According to Bailey, a Mrs. Charity Clark secured
plum pits from an orchard of Wild Goose and Washington plums in
Rutherford County, Tennessee, about 1865 and gave them to Dr.
Blackman of Nashville of that State. One of the seedlings appeared
promising and was disseminated by a local nurseryman under the
name Blackman. A rival nurseryman in attempting to procure cions
of this variety inadvertently cut them from an adjacent tree, a barren
seedling from the same lot of seed. Unfortunately the spurious
Blackman received a wide distribution while the true variety
remained practically unknown. Afterwards in order to avoid confusion
the original Blackman was rechristened Charity Clark under which
name it is now known. The tree of the second Blackman is strong
and vigorous but rarely produces its plum-like fruit. The foliage is
about midway in character between the plum and peach; the fruit-
buds are formed abundantly but seldom open. From a horticultural
standpoint, the variety is of course worthless but the hybrid, one of
the first of its kind, is interesting and worth recording.

BLEEKER
Prunus domestica

1. Prince Pom. Man. 25. 1828. 2. Kenrick Am. Orch. 255. 1832. 3.
Manning Book of Fruits 104. 1838. 4. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 273. 1845. 5.
Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 54. 1852. 6. Thompson Gard. Ass’t 515. 1859. 7.
Downing Fr. Trees Am. 899. 1869. 8. Mas Le Verger 6:21. 1866-1873. 9.
Hogg Fruit Man. 686. 1884. 10. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 423. 1889. 11. Guide
Prat. 158, 364. 1895. 12. Waugh Plum Cult. 96. 1901.
Bleecker’s 11. Bleecker’s German Gage 1. Bleecker’s German Gage 2.
Bleecker’s Gage 2, 4, 5, 6, 7. Bleecker’s Gage 9, 10, 11, 12. Bleeker’s
Gage 3. Blucher’s Gage 6. Bleecker’s Yellow 7. Bleeker’s 10. Bleecker’s
Yellow Gage 7, 8, 11. Bleecker’s Gage 8. Bleeker’s Yellow 9. Bleeker’s
Gelbe Zwetsche 11. Bleeker’s Gelbe Zwetsche 10. Bleeker’s Yellow Gage
9, 10. Bleeker’s Gelbe Reine-Claude 10. Bleeker’s Gelbe Renklode 11.
Bleeker’s Yellow 10. German Gage 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11. Jaune de Bleeker
10, 11. Reine-Claude de Bleeker 10. Reine-Claude de Bleecker 8, 11.

Just why this old and one time popular plum is now so seldom
grown cannot be said. It is a delicious dessert plum of the Reine
Claude group, much like Yellow Gage but distinguished from it by a
longer and stouter stalk. Its tree-characters in New York are good
and the fruit in all the qualities that make plums desirable is as good
as that of most of its class. The variety originated with a Mrs. Bleeker
of Albany, New York, about 1810 from a pit given her by Rev. Mr.
Dull of Kingston, New York. This stone had come from Germany and
was thought to have been that of a German prune but this is
probably an error as the seedlings of that variety come true or nearly
so. Bleeker was listed in the catalogs of the American Pomological
Society from 1852 to 1897.

Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped, productive; trunk

and branches thick and covered with rough bark; branches slightly
pubescent; leaves two and one-quarter inches wide, four inches long,
oval, stiff; upper surface somewhat rugose; margin serrate; petiole five-
eighths inch long, thick, tinged red, with from two to three glands usually
on the stalk.
Fruit early; nearly one and one-half inches in diameter, roundish-oval,
greenish-yellow, striped and splashed with green becoming golden-yellow
at full maturity, overspread with thin bloom; flesh golden-yellow, dry,
coarse, firm, sweet, mild; of good quality; stone semi-clinging, one inch by
five-eighths inch in size, obovate, acute at the apex, medium turgid, with
pitted surfaces.

BLUE PERDRIGON
Prunus domestica

1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 576. 1629. 2. Rea Flora 208. 1676. 3. Quintinye
Com. Gard. 67, 68, 69, 1699. 4. Langley Pomona 92, Pl. 23 fig. 4. 1729. 5.
Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 2:85. 1768. 6. Prince Pom. Man. 2:66. 1832. 7.
Downing Fr. Trees Am. 290. 1845. 8. Floy-Lindley Guide Orch. Gard. 280,
293, 383. 1846. 9. U. S. Pat. Off. Rpt. 287. 1853. 10. Hogg Fruit Man. 687.
1884. 11. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 452. 1889. 12. Guide Prat. 154, 361. 1895.
Blue Perdrigon 6, 7, 11, 12. Brignole Violette 7, 10, 11, 12. Battle
Monument 10, 11. Blaue Fasanen Pflaume 11, 12. Blauer Perdrigon 11,
12. Blew Perdrigon 2, 3. 4. Perdrigon 1, 3, 9. Perdrigon Violet 5, 12.
Perdrigon Violet 6, 8, 11. Perdrigon Violette 7, 10. Perdigon 8.
Perdigevena 8. Violet Perdrigon 4, 6, 7, 10, 11. Violet Perdrigon 6, 8.
Violetter Perdrigon 11. Violette Fasanen Pflaume 11. Violette Huhner
Pflaume 11. Violette Rebhuhn Pflaume 11. Violette Fasanenpflaume 12.
 Violette Huhnerpflaume 12. Violetter Perdrigon 12. Violettes Rebhuhnerei
11, 12.

Early records indicate that the Blue Perdrigon was introduced into
England from Italy. Hakluyt, writing in 1582, says, “Of late time the
Plum called the Perdigevena was procured out of Italy, with two
kinds more, by the Lord Cromwell, after his travel.” Gough, in his
British Topography, states that Lord Cromwell introduced the
“Perdrigon plum” into England in the time of Henry VII. From these
accounts it would seem that this plum was established in England
some time during the latter part of the Fifteenth Century. For three
hundred years it thrived so well in England that writers had no
hesitation in pronouncing it their best plum. From England it came
early to America. Probably it was included in the shipment of plum
pits ordered from England by the Governor and Company of the
Massachusetts Bay Colony in New England in 1629. In spite of its
Old World reputation, however, it never found favor here and is now
rarely if ever seen even in collections. The older writers mentioned a
Black Perdrigon which they considered distinct from the variety
under discussion. Inasmuch as all plums until recently were
propagated from seed, it is more than likely that there were all
gradations in color and that some attempted to classify the darker
seedlings as a distinct variety. This hypothesis is borne out by the
fact that after grafting and budding became the common method of
propagation the so-called Black Perdrigon became extinct. The
following description is a compilation.

Tree vigorous, but not always productive; young shoots pubescent; fruit
mid-season; medium in size, obovate, compressed on the suture side,
purple or blue, with thick bloom; stem slender; skin thick, very tough; flesh
greenish-yellow, firm, rich, sweet, aromatic; good; stone small, flattened,
clinging; fruit hangs on the tree until it shrivels.

BODDAERT
Prunus domestica
 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 2d App. 156. 1876. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 36.
1877. 3. Hogg Fruit Man. 687. 1884. 4. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 423. 1889. 5.
Lucas Vollst. Hand. Obst. 472. 1894. 6. Waugh Plum Cult. 97. 1901.
Boddaert’s Green Gage 1, 3. Boddart’s Green Gage 2. Boddaert’s
Reine Claude 4. Boddaert’s Green Gage 4, 6. Reine-Claude de Boddaert
4. Reine-Claude Boddaert 1, 3, 4. Reine-Claude von Boddaert 4.

Boddaert has much to commend it, the fruit being surpassed by

that of but few other plums of its type—that of the Reine Claude. The
plums are large, attractive and of very good quality. Since the variety
has been known so long it must be that the tree has some fatal
defect; otherwise it would be more largely grown. Boddaert is
probably a Reine Claude seedling and is of foreign origin, the details
of its early history not being known. Downing, in 1876, first
mentioned the variety in America; the following year it was placed on
the fruit list in the American Pomological Society catalog.

Tree large, medium in vigor, upright-spreading, open-topped,

productive; trunk rough; branches smooth, except for a few, raised
lenticels; branchlets of medium thickness, brash, thinly pubescent; leaves
oval, two and one-quarter inches wide, four inches long, thick and
leathery; upper surface dark green, rugose; margin crenate, with small
dark glands; petiole pubescent, thick, tinged red, usually with two globose
glands.
Fruit mid-season; about one and one-half inches in diameter, roundish-
ovate, strongly compressed, yellow, mottled with green before full maturity,
overspread with thin bloom; stem thickly pubescent; flesh light yellow, dry,
meaty, tender, sweet; good in quality; stone semi-free or free, seven-
eighths inch by five-eighths inch in size, oval or ovate, turgid, with pitted
surfaces.

BRADSHAW
 BRADSHAW

Prunus domestica

1. Mag. Hort. 12:341. 1846. 2. Horticulturist 10:15, 253. 1855. 3. Am.

Pom. Soc. Rpt. 190, 214. 1856. 4. Cultivator 8:25 fig. 1860. 5. Mas Pom.
Gen. 2:3, fig. 2. 1873. 6. Mich. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 303. 1878. 7. Am. Pom.
 Soc. Rpt. 61, 118. 1883. 8. Hogg Fruit Man. 709. 1884. 9. Rural N. Y.
44:103. 1885. 10. Me. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 130. 1888. 11. Ibid. 144. 1889. 12.
Mathieu Nom. Pom. 434. 1889. 13. Mich. Sta. Bul. 103:32, 33, fig. 6.
1894. 14. Guide Prat. 157, 359. 1895. 15. Cornell Sta. Bul. 131:182. 1897.
16. Mich. Sta. Bul. 169:242, 244. 1899. 17. W. N. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 44:91.
1899. 18. Thompson Gard. Ass’t 4:158. 1901. 19. Waugh Plum Cult. 97.
1901. 20. Ont. Fruit Exp. Sta. Rpt. 16, 17 fig. 1902. 21. Va. Sta. Bul.
134:40. 1902. 22. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 43:33. 1903. 23. Ohio Sta. Bul.
162:239, 254, 255, 256. 1905.
Black Imperial 5, 14. Blue Imperial 5, 14, 19, 20. Bradshaw 9, 14.
Grosse Schwarze Kaiser Pflaume 12. Hart Prune 17. Large Black Imperial
8, 14, 18. Large Black Imperial 2, 3, 12. Mooney 9, 17. Niagara 7, 9, 10,
11. Niagara 13, 15, 17, ?19, 20, ?22, 23.

Bradshaw leads all other plums in number of trees in New York,

according to a survey of the leading orchards made in the
preparation of The Plums of New York. A study of the variety does
not justify this popularity. The trees grow rather slowly and are slow
in coming into bearing; the fruit is not especially high in quality and in
many regions is attacked by brown-rot too freely for profitable
orchard culture. To offset these faults the trees are large and well
formed, bear regularly and heavily, are hardy, robust and healthy, the
best of recommendations, and the plums are large, attractive in
appearance and keep and ship well especially if picked a little green.
The variety, curiously enough, is not nearly as badly attacked by San
José scale as other plums. Probably one of the reasons why
Bradshaw is so largely grown in New York is that it is easily handled
in the nursery and quickly makes a very good nursery tree.
Bradshaw does not deserve the high place it holds with plum-
growers, and must give way sooner or later to better varieties for
commercial orchards. The value of the crop is greatly lessened in
New York because it ripens in the midst of the peach season.
Unfortunately, the origin of this plum is not known. The Europeans
and some Americans have held that it came from America but, since
it is identical with the Large Black Imperial, it must be of foreign
origin. It was named by C. M. Hovey in 1846, and was described in
his Magazine of Horticulture with the following explanation: “For the
want of a name to distinguish a very large and excellent plum,
exhibited for three or four years in succession, by E. E. Bradshaw,
Esq., Charlestown, we have called it the Bradshaw plum.” Barry, in
1855, states in the Horticulturist that he “received it from Wm.
Kenrick, a nurseryman in Newton, Massachusetts, under the name
of Large Black Imperial; but as it has been described in Hovey’s
Magazine as Bradshaw, we have adopted that name in our catalog.”
Though the name Bradshaw is incorrect according to the rule of
priority, it would now cause too much confusion to change it.
Niagara, a well known variety in this State, is identical with
Bradshaw in all characters, in spite of a supposedly distinct origin.
According to Mr. George Atwood of the State Department of
Agriculture, a Mr. Moody of Lockport exhibited, about 1870, the
Mooney plum, afterwards named the Niagara. Being interested in the
variety, Mr. Atwood visited Mooney, at Lockport, the man from whom
Moody had secured his stock. In Mooney’s yard were found several
bearing trees, which had been grown from sprouts taken from the
original seedling tree, grown in Canada. These trees could not be
told from the Bradshaw. If the Niagara is distinct as to origin, it is
probably a seedling of Bradshaw. Bradshaw was recommended to
fruit-growers as a promising variety by the American Pomological
Society in 1856 and has since remained on the fruit list of the
society.

Tree large, vigorous, broad-vasiform, dense-topped, hardy, very

productive; branches smooth except for the numerous, small, raised
lenticels, dark ash-gray; branchlets short, with long internodes, greenish-
red changing to brownish-red, often with heavy gray scarf-skin, dull,
sparingly pubescent, with obscure, small lenticels; leaf-buds variable in
size and length, pointed, free.
Leaves drooping, folded backward, obovate or oval, two inches wide,
four and one-quarter inches long, thickish; upper surface dark green,
rugose, pubescent, with a shallow groove on the midrib; lower surface
grayish-green, thickly pubescent; apex acute, base abrupt, margin not
regular, varying from coarsely crenate to serrate, eglandular or with few,
small, dark glands; petiole three-quarters inch long, pubescent, reddish,
glandless or with from one to three large, globose, greenish-brown glands
on the stalk or at the base of the leaf.
 Season of bloom short; flowers appearing after the leaves, one and
three-sixteenths inches across, the buds creamy changing to white as the
flowers expand; borne on lateral buds and spurs, singly or in pairs;
pedicels nearly eleven-sixteenths inch long, pubescent, green; calyx-tube
greenish, campanulate, pubescent only at the base; calyx-lobes wide,
obtuse, pubescent on both surfaces, glandular-serrate, margins ciliate,
reflexed; petals broadly oval, erose, with short, broad claws; anthers
yellowish; filaments seven-sixteenths inch long; pistil pubescent at the
base, shorter than the stamens.
Fruit mid-season; two inches by one and three-quarters inches in size,
oval or obovate, compressed, halves equal; cavity shallow, narrow, abrupt,
with a fleshy ring around the stem; suture very shallow; apex roundish or
flattened; color light purplish-red changing to dark reddish-purple at
maturity, covered with thick bloom; dots numerous, small, russet,
inconspicuous, clustered about the apex; stem thick, seven-eighths inch
long, pubescent, adhering strongly to the fruit; skin thin, somewhat tough,
sour, separating readily; flesh dull yellow, often with a trace of red when
fully mature, juicy, fibrous, somewhat tender, sweet, pleasant; good; stone
semi-free, flattened, one and one-quarter inches by three-quarters inch in
size, irregularly oval, necked at the base, blunt at the apex, strongly
roughened and pitted, often with numerous, small, deep pits near the
margins of both ventral and dorsal sutures; ventral suture strongly
furrowed and winged; dorsal suture with a deep, narrow groove.

BRYANSTON
Prunus domestica

1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 144. 1831. 2. Jour. Hort. N. S. 17:286. 1869. 3.
Downing Fr. Trees Am. 902. 1869. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 24. 1871. 5.
Barry Fr. Garden 411. 1883. 6. Hogg Fruit Man. 688. 1884. 7. Tenn. Sta.
Bul. 3: No. 5, 88. 1890. 8. Guide Prat. 155. 1895. 9. Thompson Gard.
Ass’t 4:157. 1901. 10. Waugh Plum Cult. 98. 1901. 11. Mass. Sta. An. Rpt.
17:158. 1905.
Bryanstone 11. Bryanston Gage 1, 2, 6, 9. Bryanston’s Gage 3, 5, 7.
Bryanston’s Gage 10. Bryanstone Gage 4. Reine-Claude Bryanston 8.

The fruits of Bryanston fall not a little short, all things considered,
of being as good as those of several other of the varieties in the
Reine Claude group of which this plum is a member. For this reason
Bryanston is not often rated by horticulturists as one of the best
plums, but the large, vigorous trees growing on the Station grounds
are so especially desirable for this variety, in a group which taken as
a whole is noted for poor trees, that it is here described among the
leading plums. The fruit is larger than that of Reine Claude but is
less attractive in color and shape and the quality is not as high. It is
later than the variety with which it has just been compared and the
crop is not borne as regularly. While this plum can hardly be
recommended for extensive orchard plantings, it yet has too many
merits to be forgotten.
This variety is said to be the result of crossing Reine Claude and
Golden Drop at Bryanston Park, Blandford, England. It was first
noted in the London Horticultural Society fruit catalog in 1831 but no
information in regard to the date of its origin seems to have been
published. In 1871 the American Pomological Society added it to its
fruit catalog list but dropped it in 1897.

Tree very large and vigorous, round-topped, open, hardy, very

productive; branches smooth, becoming rough near the trunk, ash-gray,
with lenticels of medium size and number; branchlets somewhat slender,
short, with long internodes, greenish-red changing to dull reddish-brown,
marked by scarf-skin, dull, glabrous, with few, inconspicuous, small
lenticels; leaf-buds above medium in size and length, pointed, free; leaf-
scars prominent.
Leaves folded backward, oval or obovate, one and five-eighths inches
wide, three and one-quarter inches long, leathery; upper surface dark
green, sparingly hairy, with a shallow groove on the midrib; lower surface
yellowish-green, pubescent; apex abruptly pointed or acute, base acute,
margin crenate, bearing small, dark glands; petiole one-half inch long,
pubescent, with a little red, glandless or with one or two small, globose,
yellowish glands.
Blooming season intermediate in time, short; flowers appearing with the
leaves, one and one-eighth inches across, white, creamy at the apex of
the petals in the newly opened flowers; borne on lateral buds and spurs,
singly or in pairs; pedicels one-half inch long, thick, pubescent, greenish;
calyx-tube green, campanulate, pubescent at the base; calyx-lobes broad,
obtuse, pubescent on both surfaces, glandular-ciliate, somewhat reflexed;
petals roundish-ovate, erose; anthers yellow; filaments about one-quarter
inch long; pistil glabrous except at the base, slightly longer than the
stamens; stigma large.
Fruit mid-season; one and five-eighths inches by one and one-half
inches in size, irregular roundish-truncate, halves unequal; cavity shallow,
narrow, abrupt; suture usually shallow, prominent; apex flattened or
depressed; color dull yellow with greenish streaks, sometimes with pinkish
blush about the cavity, mottled, overspread with thin bloom; dots
numerous, small, inconspicuous; stem thick, three-quarters inch long,
pubescent, adhering well to the fruit; skin thin, tough, sour, separating
readily; flesh greenish-yellow, juicy, firm but tender, sweet, aromatic; very
good; stone nearly free, seven-eighths inch by five-eighths inch in size,
broadly oval, turgid, slightly contracted at the blunt base, roundish at the
apex, with rough and pitted surfaces; ventral suture broad, with a distinct
but small wing; dorsal suture widely and deeply grooved.

BURBANK