Grade 7 • Requires a male gamete (sperm) to fertilize the female gamete (egg)

Solution- is made up of substance mixed with one or more other substances. • The first cell that forms is called a zygote

Solvent- is used to describe the component in higher amount, and the rest of the • The zygote grows (by mitosis) into an embryo
components is solute.
• Mating - the process by which gametes are brought together at
Solute- is the one being dissolved. same place and same time

For two or more liquids that are soluble in any proportions, we use the term • Fertilization - process by which egg and sperm join to form a
miscible. new organism (zygote)

Equilibrium- two opposing processes that happen simultaneously. • Development - the process by which an organism develops as
an embryo
Saturated solution- a solution that is in a state of dynamic equilibrium is said to
be saturated. Embryonic Development Requirements-

Supersaturated solution- the solution with more solute dissolved in the solvent • Enough nutrients
than a saturated solution.
• Temperature must be warm enough so proteins and enzymes will
Unsaturated solution- the solution with less solute dissolved in the solvent than function properly
a saturated solution.
• Sufficient moisture so embryo doesn’t dry out
Colligative properties- the physical properties of solutions that depend on the
• Protected from predators and environmental factors (ex. UV radiation)
quantity but not on the kind or identity of solute particles.
• External: egg and sperm meet outside the bodies of the parents
Vapor pressure lowering- Vapor pressure of a liquid is the pressure exerted by its
vapor when the liquid and vapor phases are in equilibrium. • Internal: egg and sperm meet inside the body of the female
Boiling point elevation- a liquid boils when it vapor pressure equals the pressure External Fertilization
acting on the surface of the liquid.
Advantages:
Freezing point depression- the addition of nonvolatile solute lowers the freezing
point of a solution compared with the pure solvent.  Very little energy required

Osmotic Pressure- Osmosis is the net movement of solvent particles from low  Large number of offspring are produced
solute to high solute concentration through a semipermeable membrane.  Little competition for food because so spread out

Problems:
  Not all eggs get fertilized • End of the first week - ball of cells called morula

 Environmental hazards (ex. Storms) • By end of second week it is a hollow ball called a blastula

 Eggs are eaten by predators • Cells at this stage are stem cells, and have the ability to develop
into any kind of cell
 Few survive to adulthood

Internal Fertilization
• 3-4 weeks embryo is
Advantages:
known as a gastrula
 Embryo is protected from predators inside the womb
• develops 3layers:
 Offspring are typically protected for months or years after birth
• ectoderm (skin, nerves),
Disadvantages: mesoderm (muscles, bones), and
endoderm (lungs, liver, digestive
 Requires more energy system lining)
 Produce fewer offspring • “more blasting gas”
 Requires more time • The cell layers now differentiate into the organs and
Pollination Process tissues of a baby - this is divided into 3 trimesters.

1. Anther produces pollen First Trimester (0-12 weeks)

2. Pollen lands on stigma • Organ systems begin to develop

and form. Bone cells form.
3. Pollen tube grows down to ovule
Second Trimester (12-24 weeks)
4. Sperm is delivered to egg
• Rapid growth from 12-16 weeks.
5. Fertilization occurs
Third Trimester (24+ weeks)
6. Zygote grows into embryo which is protected and nourished by seed
• Continued growth, especially of brain. Fat begins
• Embryonic development is the early development of an organism - in to deposit at 32 weeks to keep baby warm at birth.
humans, it is the first two months after fertilization

Stages