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Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
The Project Gutenberg eBook of Hardtack and
coffee
 This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away
or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License
included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you
are not located in the United States, you will have to check the
laws of the country where you are located before using this
eBook.

Title: Hardtack and coffee

or, the unwritten story of Army life, including chapters
on enlisting, life in tents and log huts, jonahs and
beats, offences and punishments, raw recruits,
foraging, corps and corps badges, the wagon trains,
the Army mule, the Engineer Corps, the Signal Corps,
etc.

Author: John Davis Billings

Illustrator: Charles Wellington Reed

Release date: December 28, 2023 [eBook #72532]

Language: English

Original publication: Boston: George M. Smith & Co, 1887

Credits: Emmanuel Ackerman and the Online Distributed

Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file
was produced from images generously made available
by The Internet Archive)

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HARDTACK

AND COFFEE ***
 GENERAL GRANT REPRIMANDED BY A LIEUTENANT.

Hardtack and Coffee

OR
The Unwritten Story of Army Life

INCLUDING CHAPTERS ON

ENLISTING, LIFE IN TENTS AND LOG HUTS, JONAHS AND

BEATS,
OFFENCES AND PUNISHMENTS, RAW RECRUITS, FORAGING,
CORPS AND CORPS BADGES, THE WAGON TRAINS,
 THE ARMY MULE, THE ENGINEER
CORPS, THE SIGNAL
CORPS, ETC.

By JOHN D. BILLINGS
AUTHOR OF “THE TENTH MASSACHUSETTS BATTERY”; PAST DEPARTMENT
COMMANDER
MASSACHUSETTS G. A. R.; FORMERLY OF SICKLES’ THIRD AND
HANCOCK’S
SECOND CORPS, ARMY OF THE POTOMAC

Illustrated
WITH SIX ELEGANT COLOR PLATES; AND OVER TWO HUNDRED
ORIGINAL SKETCHES BY
CHARLES W. REED
MEMBER OF NINTH MASSACHUSETTS BATTERY; ALSO, TOPOGRAPHICAL
ENGINEER ON GENERAL WARREN’S STAFF, FIFTH
CORPS, ARMY OF THE POTOMAC

BOSTON
GEORGE M. SMITH & CO.
1887

Copyright, 1887,
By John D. Billings.

Electrotyped
By C. J. Peters and Son, Boston.
berwick & smith, printers, boston.
 DEDICATION.
To my comrades of the Army of the Potomac who, it is believed,
will find rehearsed in these pages much that has not before
appeared in print, and which it is hoped will secure to their children in
permanent form valuable information about a soldier’s life in detail
that has thus far been only partially written, this work is most
affectionately dedicated by their friend,
The Author.
 PREFACE.
During the summer of 1881 I was a sojourner for a few weeks at a
popular hotel in the White Mountains. Among the two hundred or
more guests who were enjoying its retirement and good cheer were
from twelve to twenty lads, varying in age from ten to fifteen years.
When tea had been disposed of, and darkness had put an end to
their daily romp and hurrah without, they were wont to take in charge
a gentleman from Chicago, formerly a gallant soldier in the Army of
the Cumberland, and in a quiet corner of the spacious hotel parlor, or
a remote part of the piazza, would listen with eager attention as he
related chapters of his personal experience in the Civil War.
Less than two days elapsed before they pried out of the writer the
acknowledgment that he too had served Uncle Sam; and
immediately followed up this bit of information by requesting me to
alternate evenings with the veteran from the West in entertaining
them with stories of the war as I saw it. I assented to the plan readily
enough, and a more interested or interesting audience of its size
could not be desired than that knot of boys who clustered around us
on alternate nights, while we related to them in an offhand way many
facts regarded as too commonplace for the general histories of the
war.
This trifling piece of personal experience led to the preparation of
these sketches, and will largely account for the didactic manner in
which they are written. They are far from complete. Many topics of
interest are left untreated—they will readily suggest themselves to
veterans; but it was thought best not to expand this volume beyond
its present proportions. It is believed that what is herein written will
appeal largely to a common experience among soldiers. In full faith
that such is the case, they are now presented to veterans, their
children, and the public as an important contribution of warp to the
more majestic woof which comprises the history of the Great Civil
War already written. That history, to date, is a history of battles, of
campaigns and of generals. This is the first attempt to record
comprehensively army life in detail; in which both text and
illustrations aim to permanently record information which the history
of no other war has preserved with equal accuracy and
completeness.
I am under obligations to many veterans for kindly suggestions
and criticisms during the progress of this work, to Houghton & Mifflin
for the use of Holmes’ “Sweet Little Man,” and especially to Comrade
Charles W. Reed, for his many truthful and spirited illustrations. The
large number of sketches which he brought from the field in 1865
has enabled him to reproduce with telling effect many sights and
scenes once very familiar to the veterans of the Union armies, which
cannot fail to recall stirring experiences in their soldier’s life.
Believing they will do this, and that these pages will appeal to a
large number to whom the Civil War is yet something more than a
myth, they are confidently put forth, the pleasant labor of spare
hours, with no claim for their literary excellence, but with the full
assurance that they will partially meet a want hitherto unsupplied.
Cambridgeport, Mass., March 30, 1887.
 CONTENTS.
Page
CHAPTER I.
THE TOCSIN OF WAR.
The Four Parties—Their Candidates—Freedom of Speech
Abridged—Secession Decreed—Lincoln Elected—Oh,
for Andrew Jackson! Exit Buchanan—“Long-heeled
Abolitionists” and “Black Republicans”—“Wide-awakes”
and “Rail-splitters”—“Copperheads”—The
Misunderstanding—Northern Doughfaces—Loyal Men
of All Parties Unite—The First Rally—Preparation in the
Bay State and in Other States—Her War Governor—
Showing the White Feather—The Memorable Fifteenth
of April—“The Sweet Little Man”—Parting Scenes—The
Three-Months’ Men 15
CHAPTER II.
ENLISTING.
The President’s Error—“Three Years Unless Sooner
Discharged”—How Volunteer Companies were Raised—
Filling the Quotas—What General Sherman Says—
Recruiting Offices—Advertisements for Recruits—A War
Meeting in Roxbury—A Typical War Meeting in the
Country—A Small-Sized Patriot—Signing the Roll—The
Medical Examination—Off for Camp—The Red, White,
and Blue 34
CHAPTER III.
HOW THE SOLDIERS WERE SHELTERED.
The Distinction Noted Between the Militia and the U. S. 43
Volunteers—The Oath of Muster—Barracks Described—
 Sibley or Bell Tents—A or Wedge Tents—Spooning—
Stockading—Hospital or Wall Tents—Dog or Shelter
Tent Described—Chumming—Pitching Shelters—
Stockaded Shelters—Fireplaces—Chimneys—Door
Plates—“Willard’s Hotel”—“Hole in the Wall”—Mortars
and Mortar Shelling before Petersburg
CHAPTER IV.
LIFE IN TENTS.
Life in a Sibley—The Stove—The Pastimes—Postage
Stamps as Money—Soldier’s Letter—“Nary Red”—
Illustrated Envelopes—Army Reading—The Recluse—
Evenings of Sociability—Pipe and Ring Making—Home
Gossip—Music and the Contrabands—War Song
Revived—The “Mud March” Prayer 61
CHAPTER V.
LIFE IN LOG HUTS.
The Plan of a Camp—Inside a Stockade—The Bunks—The
Arrangement of the Furniture—Æsthetic Dish-washing—
Lighting by Candles and Slush Lamps—Candlesticks—
Night-Gowns and Night-Caps—The Shelters in a Rain
—“I. C.” Insect Life—Pediculus Vestimenti, the Old-time
Grayback—Not a Respecter of Rank—The First
Grayback Found—(K)nitting Work—“Skirmishing”—
Boiling Water the Sovereign Balm—Cleanliness—The
Versatile Mess-Kettles—No Magee Ranges Supplied the
Soldiers—Washerwomen—No “Boiled Shirts”—Darning
and Mending—Government Socks—Cooks—Green
Pine as Fuel—Camp Barbers—Future Tacticians 73
CHAPTER VI.
JONAHS AND BEATS.
The Jonah as a Guardsman—A Midnight Uproar—“Put him 90
in the Guard-house”—The Jonah Spills Pea-Soup, and
Coffee, and Ink—Always Cooking—Steps on the Rails—
Tableau—Jonah as a Wood-chopper—Beats—The Beat
 as a Fireman—Without Water, and Rations, and Money
—His Letters Containing Money always Miscarry—
Allotments—The Beat as a Guard Dodger—His Corporal
Does the Duty—As a Fatigue Detail—Horse-Burying as
a Civilizer for Jonahs and Beats—The Detail for the
Burial—The Over-worked Man—The Rheumatic Dodge
—The Sick Man—The Chief Mourner—The Explosive
Man—The Paper-Collar Young Man—Forward, Grave-
diggers!—Hurrah! Without the H
CHAPTER VII.
ARMY RATIONS.
Were They Adequate?—Their Quality—A List of Them—
What was Included in a Single Ration—What was a
Marching Ration?—Officers’ Allowance—The “Company
Fund”—“Hardtack” Described—Its Faults Three in
Number—Served in Twenty Different Ways—Song of
the Hardtack—“Soft Bread”—The Capitol as a Bake-
house—The Ovens at Alexandria and Fort Monroe—
Grant’s Immense Bake-house at City Point—Coffee and
Sugar—How Dealt Out—How Stored—Condensed Milk
—Company Cooks—The Coffee-Dipper—The Typical
Coffee-Boiler—Bivouac and Coffee—How the
Government Beat the Speculators—How a Contractor
Underbid Himself—Fresh Meat—How Served—Army
Frying-Pans—Steak from a Steer’s Jaw-Bone—“Salt
Horse” Not a Favorite Dish—Salt Pork and its Uses—
The Army Bean—How it was Baked—Song of the Army
Bean—Desiccated Vegetables—The Whiskey Ration—
A Suggestion as to the Inadequacy of the Marching
Ration 108
CHAPTER VIII.
OFFENCES AND PUNISHMENTS.
The Offences Enumerated—“Back Talk”—Absence from 143
Camp without Leave—The Punishments—The Guard
Tent—The Black List—Its Occupations—Buck and Gag
 —The Barrel and its Uses—The Crucifixion—The
Wooden Horse—The Knapsack Drill—Tied up by the
Thumbs—The Sweat-Box—The Placard—The Spare
Wheel—Log-Lugging—Double Guard—The Model
Regiment—Commanders often Tyrants by Nature, or
from Effects of Rum, or Ignorance—A Regiment with
Hundreds of Colonels—Inactivity Productive of Offences
and Punishments—Kid-Glove Warfare—Drumming out
of Camp—Rogue’s March—Ball and Chain—Sleeping
on Post—Desertion—Death of a Deserter Described—
Death of a Spy Described—Bounty-jumpers—Amnesty
to Deserters—Desertion to Enemy—Hanging of Three
Criminals at Once for this Offence Described—Number
of Executions in the War
CHAPTER IX.
A DAY IN CAMP. “ASSEMBLY OF BUGLERS.” “TURN OUT!”
“ASSEMBLY.”
How the Men Came into Line—A Canteen Wash—The
Shirks—“I Can’t Get ’Em Up”—“All Present or
Accounted For”—“Stable Call”—Kingly Cannoneers and
Spare Horses—“Breakfast Call”—“Sick Call”—“Fall In for
Your Quinine”—The Beats again—“Lack of Woman’s
Nursing”—“Water Call”—Where the Animals were
Watered—Number of Animals in the Army—Scarcity of
Water—“Fatigue Call”—What it Included—Army Stables
—The Picket-Rope—Mortality of Horses—Scarcity of
Wood—“Drill Call”—Artillery Drill—Standing Gun Drill—
Battery Manœuvres—Sham Fights—Drilling by Bugle
Calls—“Dinner Call”—“Retreat”—Scolding Time
—“Assembly of Guard”—The Reliefs—Fun for the
Corporal—Some of His Trials—“Next Tent
Below”—“Tattoo”—Reminiscences—Taps—“Put out that
Light!”—“Stop that Talking!” 164
CHAPTER X.
RAW RECRUITS.
A Scrap of Personal History—A Parent’s Certificate—The Lot 198
of a Recruit—Abused by the Old Hands—Flush with
Money—A Practical Joke—Two Classes of Recruits—
The Matter-of-fact Recruit a Final Success—The High-
toned Recruits—Their Loud Uniform—Scoffers at
Government Rations—As Hostlers—The Awkward
Squad—The Decline in the Quality of Recruits—Men of
’61-2—Unschooled Soldiers—Hope Deferred—“One
Last Embrace”—French Leave Furloughs—Life in Home
Camp—Family Knots—A Mother’s Fond Solicitude—
Galling Lessons of Obedience—Bounties Paid Recruits
—“I’m a Raw Recruit”—“The Substitute”
CHAPTER XI.
SPECIAL RATIONS. BOXES FROM HOME.
Sending for a Box—A Specimen Address—A Typical List of
Contents—Impatience at its Non-arrival—Its Inspection
at Headquarters—Its Reception at Camp—The Opening
—Box-packing as an Art—The Whole Neighborhood
Contributes—Soldiers Who Had No Boxes—The Box of
the Selfish Man—His Onions—“We’ve Drank from the
same Canteen”—The Army Sutler—His Stock-in-trade
—His Prices—The Commissary—Army Fritters—
Sutler’s Pies—Sutler’s Risks—Raiding the Sutler—What
a Sutler Lost near Brandy Station—War Prices in Dixie 217
CHAPTER XII.
FORAGING.
Strictly Prohibited at First—Two Reasons Why—The Right
and Wrong of It—Innocent Sufferers—Unauthorized
Foragers—The Destitution of Some Families—The
Family Turnout—Wantonness at Fredericksburg—
Authorized Foragers—Their Plunder—Foraging at
Wilcox’s Farm—Tobacco Foragers—The Cavalry in
Their Rôle—The Infantry—Incidents—Risks Assumed
by Foragers—Union Versus Confederate Soldier as a
Forager 231
 CHAPTER XIII.
CORPS AND CORPS BADGES.
What was an Army Corps?—How the Army of the Potomac
was Organized—Brigade and Division Formations—“All
quiet along the Potomac”—“Why don’t the Army
move?”—How Corps were Composed—Their Number—
Corps Badges—Their Origin—The Kearny Patch—Worn
First by Officers, then by the Privates—Hooker’s
Scheme of Corps Badges—Its Extension to other
Armies—The Badge of each Army Corps Described 250
CHAPTER XIV.
SOME INVENTIONS AND DEVICES OF THE WAR.
Improvements in Firearms—In War Vessels—Catch-penny
Devices for the Soldiers—Combination Knife, Fork, and
Spoon—Water Filterers—Armor Vests and Greaves—
Havelocks—Revolvers and Dirk Knives—“High-toned”
Haversacks—Compact Writing-desks Smoking-caps
and the Turkish Fez—Hatter’s Caps Versus Government
Caps—The Numbering and Lettering of Knapsacks—
Haversacks and Canteens—How these Equipments
Changed Hands 269
CHAPTER XV.
THE ARMY MULE.
Where Raised—Where the Government Obtained Them— 279
What They were Used for—Compared with Horses—
Mule Fodder—How a Mule Team was Composed—How
it was Driven—How Mules were Obtained from the
Corral—The Black Snake and its Uses—An Incident—
Mule Ears—His Pastimes—As a Kicker the Original
Mugwump—What Josh Billings Knows about Him—His
Kicking Range—How He was Shod—The Mule as a
Singer—Under the Pack-saddle—The Mule as a
Stubborn Fact—His Conduct under Fire—Captured
Mules at Sailor’s Creek—What Became of All the
 Mules?—The Mule Mortal—“Charge of the Mule
Brigade”
CHAPTER XVI.
HOSPITALS AND AMBULANCES.
The First General Hospitals—The First Medical Director—
Army Regulations Insufficient—Verdancy of Regimental
Surgeons—Hospital Tents—The Origin of Field
Hospitals in Tents—Their Capacity—No Ambulances
before the War—Two-Wheeled and Four-Wheeled
Ambulances—Organization of the Ambulance Corps—
The Officers and Privates—The Outfit—Field Hospitals
—Their Location—The Men in Charge—Captured
Hospitals—A Paroled Prisoner—A Personal
Reminiscence—Legs and Arms Unnecessarily
Amputated—Anecdote of a Heavy Artilleryman—The
Escort of the Wounded—The Insignia of the Ambulance
Corps—A Personal Experience—Hospital Railway
Trains and Steamboats—The Cacolet 298
CHAPTER XVII.
SCATTERING SHOTS. THE CLOTHING.
The Allowance—The Losses of Infantry—Clothing of
Garrisons—First Maine Heavy Artillery—Their First
Active Campaigning.—Army Cattle—The Kind
Referred to—Where They Came from—Wade Hampton
as a Cattle-stealer—Cattle on the March—Their Route
by Day and Night—The Sagacious Leader—The
Slaughter—The Corps Herd—Heroic Horses—Their
Conduct in Action—When Wounded—A Personal
Reminiscence—Anecdote of General Hancock—
Sagacious Horses 316
CHAPTER XVIII.
BREAKING CAMP. ON THE MARCH.
Marching Orders—When They Came—What was Done at 330
Once—The Survival of the Fittest—“Waverly”
 Correspondents—The Night in Camp after Marching
Orders Came—Camp Fires and Hilarity—“The
General”—The Wait in Camp—Forward, March!—The
Order of March—Corps Headquarters—Division
Headquarters—The Division Flags Described—Brigade
Headquarters—Brigade Flags Described—Battle Flags
—The Mule of Regimental Headquarters—His Company
—Light Batteries—Lightening Loads—The Chafed and
Footsore—Fording of Streams—The Same by Night—
Personal Reminiscences—“Close up!”—Marching in a
Rainstorm—Camping in a Rainstorm—Horses in the
Rain and Sloughs—A Personal Reminiscence—
Flankers—“Column, halt!”—Double quick!—“They’ve
found um”
CHAPTER XIX.
ARMY WAGON TRAINS.
Grant’s Military Railroad—The Impedimenta—An Army
Wagon—An Army Minstrel Troupe—The Transportation
of a Regiment—What They Originally Carried—Baggage
Trains on the Peninsula—Chaos Illustrated—The
Responsibility of Train Officers—What They had to
Contend with—The Struggle for the Lead—Depot of
Transportation—The Officers of the Quartermaster’s
Department—What Wagons Took Into the Wilderness—
The Allowance on the Final Campaign—Incident—Early
Order of McClellan—General Orders, No. 153—The
Beginning of the Supply Trains—What General Rufus
Ingalls Did—Meade’s General Orders, No. 83—Strength
of a Corps Supply Train—Of the Army—Its Extent—Its
Place on the March—A Reminiscence of the Race for
Centreville—General Wadsworth’s Bull Train—Its Rise
and Fall—Trials of a Train Quartermaster—He Runs
Counter to Meade and Sheridan in the Discharge of his
Duty 350
CHAPTER XX.
 ARMY ROAD AND BRIDGE BUILDERS.
The Engineer Corps—Their Duties—Corduroying—Trestle
Bridges—Slashing—Making of Gabions, etc.—As
Pontoniers—Xerxes as an Early Pontonier—His Bridge
over the Hellespont Described—Our Earliest Pontoon—
Bridges of Canvas Boats; of Wooden Boats—Pontoon
Bridge Material Described—Balks, Bays, Chesses, Rack
Lashings—Pontoon Train—Pontoon Bridge Building
Described—Taking Up a Pontoon Bridge—The ’62
Bridge over the Chickahominy—Over the James—
Pontoon Bridge Laying before Fredericksburg—The
Stability of such Bridges—Incident—Life of an Engineer 377
CHAPTER XXI.
TALKING FLAGS AND TORCHES.
Old Glory—Signal Flags—The Signal Corps—Its Use—Its
Origin—The Kit—The Talking—The Code—A Signal
Party—Sending a Message—Receiving a Message—
The Torch—General Corse’s Despatch—Signal Stations
—Lookouts before Petersburg—“Which one?”—What
Longstreet Said—What a Paper Correspondent Did—
Reading the Rebel Signal Code—Signal Station at
Poolesville, Md.—The Perils of Signal Men—Death of a
Signal Officer—At Little Round Top—Anecdote of Grant 394
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
Page.
1. General Grant reprimanded by a Lieutenant Frontispiece
2. Rending the Flag 15
3. A Bell-and-Everett Campaigner 16
4. Southerners discussing the Situation 17
5. A Lincoln Wide-Awake 20
6. “Nayther av us” 21
7. The Minute Man of ’61 23
8. Sweet Little Men of ’61 27
9. Adjutant Hinks notifying Captain Knott V. Martin 29
10. Captain Martin’s Company on its way to Faneuil
Hall 31
11. A Drum 33
12. A Dismounted Cavalryman 34
13. A War Meeting 39
14. A Bugle 42
15. On the Lookout 43
16. Mustering in Recruits 44
17. Readville Barracks (from a photograph) 45
18. Sibley Tents 46
19. A, or Wedge Tents 48
20. Spooning Together 49
21. The Hospital or Wall Tent 50
22. Officer’s Wall Tent with Fly 51
23. The Dog or Shelter Tent 52
24. Shelters as sometimes Pitched in Summer 53
25. Shaded Shelters 54
26. A Poncho on 55
27. A Chimney on Fire 56
28. A common Bomb Proof 57
29. A 13-inch Mortar 58
30. A Bomb Proof in Fort Hell before Petersburg,
Va. 59
31. A Sleeping Soldier 60
32. Two of a Kind 61
33. Sibley Tent—inside view 62
34. Writing Home 63
35. Stockaded A Tents 66
36. Drafting 68
37. The Camp Minstrels 70
38. Our Silverware 72
39. Building a Log Hut 73
40. Inside View of a Log Hut 75
41. Army Candlesticks 77
42. Pediculus Vestimenti 80
43. (K)nitting Work 81
44. “Turning Him Over” 82
45. Boiling Them 83
46. A Wood-Tick 83
47. Cleaning Up 84
48. A Housewife 86
49. The Camp Barber 88
50. The Musket on Hooks 89
51. “Beating It” 90
52. The Jonah Spilling Pea-Soup 92
53. The Camp Fire before the Jonah Appears 93
54. The Camp Fire after the Jonah Appears 94
55. The Unlucky Man 95
56. Going after Water 96
57. The Rheumatic Dodge 100
58. Water for the Cook-House 101
59. The High-tempered Man 104
60. The Paper-collar Young Man 105