Questions Literatura Yolanda

Short Stories

The Star by Alasdair Gray

1. What does the star symbolise?
The star symbolises unattainable dreams, personal ambition, and the desire for recognition
and validation.

2.Why do you think Cameron preferred to swallow the star than to give it to his
teacher?
Cameron swallows the star to retain control over his dream and ambition, avoiding the
neglect and lack of appreciation he feels from others, particularly his teacher.

3.What do you think happened after Cameron swallowed the star?

After swallowing the star, Cameron likely felt a mix of empowerment and isolation,
internalising his aspirations while distancing himself further from those who failed to
understand or value him.

4.In this short story there are two opposed world views. What are they?
The two opposed world views are: the imaginative, ambitious perspective of Cameron,
represented by his fascination with the star, and the pragmatic, indifferent attitude of the
adults, particularly his teacher, who dismiss his dreams.

5.How isolation during childhood is represented in the story?

Isolation is represented through Cameron's sense of neglect and misunderstanding from those
around him. His internal world of dreams and aspirations contrasts with the external world's
lack of recognition and support.

6.What message do you think Gray is trying to communicate in the story?

Gray communicates the importance of valuing individual dreams and aspirations, especially
in children. The story critiques societal neglect and the failure to recognize and support the
unique ambitions of the younger generation.

7.In which respect can we see the contrast between the child’s imagination and the
reality of adults?
The contrast between the child's imagination and the reality of adults is evident in several
respects:

- Perception of the Star: Cameron sees the star as a magical, significant object
representing his dreams and aspirations. Adults, especially his teacher, see it as a
trivial or non-existent concern.
 - Response to Discovery: Cameron's discovery of the star excites and inspires him,
filling him with a sense of wonder. In contrast, adults respond with indifference or
dismissal, unable to see the importance or magic that Cameron perceives.
- Value of Imagination: Cameron values his imaginative world and the star deeply, as it
represents his personal goals and dreams. Adults prioritise practicality and
conformity, undervaluing or ignoring the imaginative and emotional needs of
children.

This contrast highlights the gap between the vibrant, hopeful inner world of a child and the
often dismissive, unimaginative reality imposed by adults.

The thing around your neck by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie

1.What does the title of the story refer to? Why is it so significant for the presentation of
the character’s struggles?
The title refers to the suffocating feeling of loneliness and alienation the protagonist, Akunna,
feels in America. It's significant as it encapsulates her emotional and psychological struggles
in a foreign land.

2.How is the myth of the American Dream reflected in the story?

The myth of the American Dream is reflected through Akunna's initial hopes and subsequent
disillusionment with America, highlighting the gap between the dream of prosperity and the
reality of racial and cultural challenges she faces.

3.Why didn’t the protagonist write any letter to her parents?

Akunna didn't write to her parents because she felt ashamed and isolated, unable to share her
struggles and disappointments, thus maintaining a facade of success.

4.Everyday objects signify more than it seems in this short story. What does the white
paper represent?
The white paper represents the protagonist's immigration papers, symbolising both the
opportunity and the barriers she faces in navigating her new life in America.

5.Why do you think that the story is written in the second person?
The second-person narrative creates an immersive experience, making the reader feel the
protagonist's emotions and struggles more personally and directly.

6.Why doesn’t the protagonist like the gifts that her boyfriend offers to her?
The protagonist doesn't like the gifts because they represent a superficial understanding and
disconnect from her cultural identity and personal needs.
7.Cite and explain at least one strategy that the author uses to make the reader feel
closer to the character.
One strategy is the use of second-person narration, which directly involves the reader in the
protagonist's experiences, making them more intimate and relatable.

8.In the story, everyday objects acquire a symbolic significance. The “fortune cookie”
represents one of the multiple topics of the story. What is it?
The fortune cookie symbolises the superficial and often misleading promises of the American
Dream, offering vague and generalised predictions that fail to capture the protagonist's true
experience.

9.When Akunna’s uncle says that “America was give-and take” , what does this
sentence mean?
This sentence means that America offers opportunities but also demands sacrifices,
highlighting the complex reality of immigrant life where gains often come with significant
personal and cultural losses.

The House on Mango Street by Sandra Cisneros

1.How would you relate these stories to “The Thing around your Neck”?
Both "The House on Mango Street" and "The Thing Around Your Neck" explore themes of
identity, belonging, and the immigrant experience. They highlight the challenges of adapting
to a new environment while maintaining one's cultural identity, and the sense of isolation and
struggle faced by the protagonists.

2.What does Esperanza’s dream of “a house of her own” represent?

Esperanza's dream of "a house of her own" represents her desire for independence, stability,
and a sense of belonging. It symbolises her aspiration to escape the limitations of her current
environment and to create a space where she can be herself and achieve her dreams.

3.What is the main topic of the chapter “No speak English”?

The main topic of "No Speak English" is the struggle with language barriers and the resulting
isolation and cultural disconnect experienced by immigrants.

4.How does Sandra Cisneros explore the topics of language barriers, cultural identity
and the immigrants’ experiences in “No Speak English”?
Sandra Cisneros explores these topics through the character of Mamacita, who feels trapped
and isolated due to her inability to speak English. This inability prevents her from connecting
with her new environment, preserving her cultural identity while also causing her emotional
pain and a sense of dislocation. Cisneros uses Mamacita's experiences to highlight the
broader challenges faced by immigrants in maintaining their cultural identity while trying to
assimilate into a new society.
5.In the story “The First Job” there is a mention to Peter Pan. In the context of the story
what might it represent?
In "The First Job," the mention of Peter Pan may represent the loss of innocence and the
transition from childhood to adulthood. It symbolises Esperanza's entrance into the adult
world, where she faces new challenges and responsibilities, contrasting with the timeless,
carefree world of Peter Pan.

A Family Supper by Kazuo Ishiguro

1.The battleship is a symbol connected with a character. With whom? What does it
symbolise?
The battleship symbolises the father in "A Family Supper" by Kazuo Ishiguro. It symbolises
his past as a naval officer and reflects his sense of loss and displacement in the modern world.

2.One of the main topics in this short story is the strict adherence to tradition. By whom
is it represented, and how is it reflected throughout the short story?
The strict adherence to tradition is represented by the father character. Throughout the story,
the father clings to traditional values and customs, resisting change and modernity even in the
face of his family's concerns and desires.

3.Which elements in the story suggest that the father could kill his family?
Elements suggesting the father could harm his family include his mysterious past, his
melancholic demeanour, and the eerie atmosphere surrounding their dinner. Additionally, his
mention of a poisonous fugu fish and the narrator's fear of him hint at his potential for
violence.

4.When the father is speaking, what does it mean when the narrator refers to his face as
cast in shadows?
When the narrator refers to the father's face as cast in shadows, it implies a sense of secrecy
or hidden intentions. It suggests that the father may be hiding something from his family or
that there is a darkness within him that is not fully revealed.

5.Why do you think that silence could be considered another character in the story?
Silence could be considered another character in the story because it permeates the
atmosphere, conveying tension, unease, and unspoken conflicts between the family members.
The silence also reflects the emotional distance and disconnect between them.

6.Which techniques does the author use to create tension?

Ishiguro uses various techniques to create tension, including subtle foreshadowing, ominous
imagery, and the slow revelation of the father's troubled past. He also employs sparse
dialogue and pauses to heighten the sense of unease and suspense.
7.How does the story explore cultural and emotional disconnection in contemporary
Japanese families?
The story explores cultural and emotional disconnection in contemporary Japanese families
through the generational gap between the father and his children, who have embraced
modernity and Western influences. The father's adherence to traditional values and his
inability to communicate effectively with his children highlight the disconnect between
traditional Japanese culture and the changing societal norms. Additionally, the family's
strained relationships and the underlying tensions at the dinner table reflect the emotional
disconnection prevalent in many modern families.

Time Capsule found on the Dead Planet by M. Atwood

1.How did the story influence your perception of the problem of climate change?
The story deepens the perception of climate change by presenting a future where humanity's
disregard for the environment has led to its downfall. It underscores the urgency of
addressing climate issues to avoid a similar fate.

2.Explain the meaning of the sentence “Pray for us, who once, too, thought we could
fly”
This sentence reflects humanity's overconfidence. It suggests that like Icarus in Greek
mythology, humans believed they could conquer nature, only to face devastating
consequences.

3.To what extent do you think the short story offers a social and environmental critique
relevant to our current society?
The story provides a critique of our society's environmental negligence. It warns about the
consequences of our actions on the planet and urges a shift towards sustainability and respect
for nature.

4.What does the sentence “A stone in the desert could be very beautiful” symbolise?
This sentence symbolises finding beauty in desolation and the remnants of a once-thriving
civilization. It suggests that even in ruin, there is a poignant reminder of what was lost.

5.Why do you think that money could be considered a disruptive element in this story?
Money represents human greed and the prioritisation of economic gain over environmental
and social well-being. It disrupts the balance between humans and nature, leading to
exploitation and eventual collapse.

6.Mention an example of irony in the story

An example of irony is the preservation of a time capsule intended to communicate with
future generations about our civilization, which is found on a dead planet where there are no
longer any humans to understand or learn from it.
7.What does the sentence “some of our wise men turned to the contemplation of
deserts” mean? What does the desert symbolise in this short story?
This sentence means that some people, perhaps philosophers or scientists, began to focus on
the barren, lifeless aspects of the Earth, symbolising the devastation caused by environmental
neglect. The desert represents desolation and the consequences of failing to protect our
planet.

Other Readings

The General Prologue to the Canterbury Tales

The Knight versus the Wife of Bath and the Prioress:
The Knight:
Role and Status: The Knight is a noble and honourable figure, representing the ideal of
medieval chivalry. He is of high social rank and has fought in many battles.
Character Traits: He is depicted as modest, courteous, and a true gentleman. His experience
and valour in battle are emphasised, but so is his humility and dedication to his duty.

The Wife of Bath:

Role and Status: The Wife of Bath is a middle-class woman and a skilled cloth maker. She
has been married five times and is well-traveled, having been on several pilgrimages.
Character Traits: She is bold, assertive, and unashamed of her sexuality. She enjoys talking
about her experiences and beliefs, particularly regarding marriage and the roles of women,
challenging traditional views.

The Prioress:
Role and Status: The Prioress is a nun of high rank within her convent. She is described with
a mix of religious duty and worldly concerns.
Character Traits: She is gentle, dainty, and concerned with manners and appearance. Her
behaviour and possessions suggest a focus on courtly elegance rather than strict religious
devotion.

Comparison:
Knight vs. Wife of Bath: The Knight represents the traditional virtues of chivalry and duty,
while the Wife of Bath challenges conventional gender roles and norms. He is modest and
humble, whereas she is outspoken and independent.
Wife of Bath vs. Prioress: Both women subvert expectations in different ways. The Wife of
Bath defies traditional views on women's roles and sexuality, while the Prioress, though
religious, displays vanity and concern for social status.
Knight vs. Prioress: The Knight embodies the ideal of martial and moral virtue, focusing on
his duties and service, while the Prioress, although religious, seems more concerned with
appearance and social grace, highlighting a contrast between true piety and superficial piety.

Shakespeare’s Sonnets

1.Differences between sonnets 18 and 130

Sonnet 18 ("Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?"):
Theme: Idealised beauty and eternal love.
Tone: Romantic and celebratory.
Comparison: The beloved is compared to a perfect summer's day, suggesting they are even
more lovely and temperate.
Immortality through Verse: The poem suggests that the beloved's beauty will live on forever
through the poem itself.

Sonnet 130 ("My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun"):
Theme: Realistic love and true beauty.
Tone: Satirical and affectionate.
Comparison: The poet deliberately contrasts his mistress with exaggerated and unrealistic
poetic conventions, pointing out that she doesn't fit these idealised comparisons.
Acceptance of Reality: The poem concludes that despite these realistic descriptions, the
speaker's love is genuine and rare.

2.Main literary figures of both sonnets & key verses communicating the message
Sonnet 18:
Literary Figures:
Metaphor: Comparing the beloved to a summer's day.
Personification: "Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May."
Imagery: Vivid descriptions of nature and beauty.
Key Verses:
"Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? / Thou art more lovely and more temperate."
"But thy eternal summer shall not fade / Nor lose possession of that fair thou owest."

Sonnet 130:
Literary Figures:
Simile: "My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun."
Irony: Mocking conventional poetic exaggerations.
Imagery: Realistic and grounded descriptions.
Key Verses:
"My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun; / Coral is far more red than her lips' red."
"And yet, by heaven, I think my love as rare / As any she belied with false compare."
3.Value of sonnet 130 in present-day society
Authenticity and Realistic Love:
Counter to Unrealistic Standards: Sonnet 130 challenges the unrealistic and often superficial
standards of beauty that are prevalent in media and society today. It emphasises that true love
does not depend on physical perfection or conventional attractiveness.
Celebration of Individuality: The sonnet values the unique qualities of the beloved,
promoting acceptance and appreciation of real, unembellished beauty.
Honest Expression: It encourages a more honest and genuine expression of love, moving
away from idealised and often unattainable portrayals.

In a society where social media and advertising often create pressures to conform to certain
ideals of beauty, Sonnet 130's message about the value of authenticity and the depth of true
love remains profoundly relevant.

The Canonization by John Donne

1.Discussion of why the poem can be considered 'atypical' within the period in which it
was written.
Atypical Elements in "The Canonization":
Metaphysical Poetry: Donne is a key figure in the Metaphysical poetry movement, which is
known for its complex imagery, intellectual playfulness, and blending of the physical with the
spiritual.
Personal and Intense: Unlike the more conventional, idealised love poetry of the period,
"The Canonization" is intensely personal and explores love's power to transcend the
mundane, blending physical and spiritual elements.
Conceits: The poem uses elaborate and unusual metaphors (conceits), such as comparing
lovers to saints being canonized, which was not common in the more straightforward love
poetry of the time.
Structure and Tone: Donne's use of colloquial language, conversational tone, and irregular
metre contrasts sharply with the more formal and musical quality of Elizabethan poetry.

2.Relevant literary figures communicating important messages (enjambments, emphasis

on some specific words, etc.)
Enjambment:
Definition: Enjambment is the continuation of a sentence without a pause beyond the end of a
line, couplet, or stanza.
Example: "For God's sake hold your tongue, and let me love; / Or chide my palsy, or my
gout; / My five gray hairs, or ruined fortune flout; / With wealth your state, your mind with
arts improve, / Take you a course, get you a place, / Observe his Honour, or his Grace;"
Effect: The enjambments in the opening lines create a flowing, conversational tone that
mimics natural speech, emphasise the speaker's plea for privacy in love and drawing the
reader into the speaker's immediate concerns.
Emphasis on Specific Words:
"Canonized": The repeated use of the word "canonized" highlights the central metaphor of
the poem—comparing the lovers to saints. It elevates the significance of their love to a
spiritual and eternal level.
"Love": The repetition and placement of the word "love" at critical points reinforce the theme
and the speaker's insistence on the primacy and sanctity of their romantic relationship.

Paradise Lost by John Milton

1.Identification and explanation of significant literary resources used by John Milton:
metaphors (light and darkness; enjambments; miltonic images, etc.)
1. Metaphors (Light and Darkness)
Light and Darkness:
Explanation: Light and darkness are pervasive metaphors in "Paradise Lost," symbolising
knowledge and ignorance, good and evil, divine presence and absence. Also used because of
his blindness.
Example:
Light: "Hail holy Light, offspring of Heaven firstborn, / Or of the Eternal coeternal beam"
(Book III, lines 1-2). Here, light symbolises divine knowledge and purity.
Darkness: "No light, but rather darkness visible / Served only to discover sights of woe"
(Book I, lines 63-64). Darkness symbolises Hell and the absence of God's grace, where
suffering and ignorance prevail.

2. Enjambments
Enjambments:
Explanation: Enjambment is the continuation of a sentence or clause over a line-break, which
creates a sense of flow and continuity in the verse. Milton often uses this to maintain the
epic's grand and elevated style.
Example:
"Of man's first disobedience, and the fruit / Of that forbidden tree whose mortal taste /
Brought death into the world, and all our woe" (Book I, lines 1-3).
Effect: The enjambment here allows the complex idea to unfold gradually, drawing the reader
into the narrative and maintaining the rhythm and grandeur of the opening lines.

3. Miltonic Images
Miltonic Images:
Explanation: Miltonic images are vivid and grandiose descriptions that elevate the narrative
and convey the epic's majestic themes. These images often draw on classical mythology and
biblical references to enhance their impact.
Example:
"Him the Almighty Power / Hurled headlong flaming from th' ethereal sky / With hideous
ruin and combustion down / To bottomless perdition, there to dwell" (Book I, lines 44-47).
Effect: This image of Satan's fall from Heaven is powerful and dramatic, emphasizing the
magnitude of his rebellion and punishment. The vivid description enhances the epic's grand
scale and underscores the severe consequences of defying God.

The Eighteenth Century

1.Differences between the Augustan Humanism and the literature of sensibility
Augustan Humanism
Time Period: Early to mid-18th century.
Characteristics:
Rationality and Order: Emphasised reason, logic, and order. Inspired by classical Roman and
Greek literature, it focused on form, structure, and harmony.
Satire and Wit: Used satire and wit to critique society, politics, and human folly. Prominent
authors include Alexander Pope and Jonathan Swift.
Moral and Social Critique: Often aimed at moral improvement and social reform through
humor and irony.
Classical Influences: Strongly influenced by the works of ancient authors such as Horace,
Virgil, and Homer.
Themes and Style:
Imitation of Classics: Writing often mimicked classical styles and forms.
Clarity and Precision: Valued clear, precise expression and balanced phrasing.
Public Concerns: Focused on public matters, such as politics, philosophy, and ethics.

Literature of Sensibility
Time Period: Mid to late 18th century.
Characteristics:
Emotion and Feeling: Emphasised emotion, sentiment, and the inner experiences of
individuals. Reacted against the rationalism of the Augustan age.
Sympathy and Empathy: Focused on human empathy, compassion, and the capacity to feel
deeply for others. Important figures include Laurence Sterne and Samuel Richardson.
Moral and Emotional Response: Encouraged readers to respond emotionally and morally to
the characters and situations depicted.
Themes and Style:
Personal Concerns: Centred on personal experiences, emotions, and social relations.
Novel and Prose: The rise of the novel as a literary form, with detailed character development
and exploration of psychological depth.
Descriptive Language: Use of descriptive and expressive language to convey emotional
intensity and sensitivity.
Summary of Differences
Rationality vs. Emotion: Augustan Humanism emphasised rationality and order, while the
literature of sensibility focused on emotion and personal feelings.
Public vs. Personal: Augustan literature often dealt with public matters and societal critiques,
whereas the literature of sensibility centred on individual experiences and emotional depth.
Classical Influence vs. Novel Form: Augustan writers were heavily influenced by classical
literature, whereas writers of sensibility pioneered the novel form, exploring new ways to
depict human emotion and relationships.

Oroonoko by Aphra Behn

1.The significance of Aphra Behn as a writer and of Oroonoko as a novel
Aphra Behn is significant as one of the first English women to earn a living by writing,
breaking gender barriers in the literary world of the 17th century. She is a pioneer in the
development of the novel as a literary form. "Oroonoko" is significant because it is one of the
earliest English novels, blending elements of romance, biography, and travel narrative, and it
provides a powerful critique of slavery and colonialism. Its portrayal of an African prince and
the injustices he faces highlights the brutality of the slave trade and colonial exploitation.

2.Oroonoko as a sentimental novel: justification

"Oroonoko" can be considered a sentimental novel because it emphasises the emotional
experiences and noble qualities of its protagonist, Oroonoko. The narrative focuses on his
honour, love, and suffering, which evoke strong feelings of sympathy and moral reflection in
the reader. The novel's detailed depiction of Oroonoko's virtues and his tragic fate aligns with
the sentimental tradition of eliciting empathy and emphasising the inherent goodness and
emotional depth of individuals.

3.The vision of otherness in Oroonoko

In "Oroonoko," the vision of otherness is portrayed through the contrast between European
and African characters and cultures. Behn presents Oroonoko as a noble and heroic figure,
often idealising him while also highlighting his difference from Europeans. This duality
reflects the complexities of 17th-century attitudes toward race and difference. Behn admires
and humanises Oroonoko, portraying his intelligence, bravery, and sense of honour, but she
also exoticizes him, which underscores both a fascination with and a distance from the
"other." This portrayal critiques the inhumanity of slavery while simultaneously navigating
the boundaries of racial and cultural differences.

Romantic Poetry and Frankestein

1.Key romantic topics present in each of the four poems analysed

Interior journey in quest of one’s true identity and destined spiritual home (keywords:
inspiration, vision, intuition)
2."The Chimney Sweeper": social issues, central metaphors, symbols and other literary
figures
Social Issues:
The poem addresses the exploitation and harsh conditions faced by child chimney sweepers
in the 18th century, highlighting themes of poverty, child labour, and social injustice.
Central Metaphors and Symbols:
- Chimneys: Represent the oppressive and dangerous work environment.
- White hair: Symbolises innocence and purity, tainted by the soot and labour.
- Lamb: A metaphor for innocence and sacrificial victimhood.
- Irony: The poem contrasts the bleak reality of the sweepers' lives with the false
comfort offered by religious and societal promises of redemption.

3."Ode to Autumn" and the sensorial quality of the poem. Resources for its
transmission.
Sensorial Quality:
The poem richly evokes the senses, describing the sights, sounds, and smells of autumn.
Resources for Its Transmission:
- Imagery: Vivid descriptions like "mists and mellow fruitfulness" paint a sensory
picture.
- Personification: Autumn is personified as a harvester and a gleaner, bringing the
season to life.
- Sound Devices: The use of alliteration, assonance, and onomatopoeia enhances the
auditory experience.

4."Ozymandias": tyranny and imagery

Tyranny:
The poem critiques the hubris and impermanence of tyrants and their empires, showing that
their power and achievements eventually fade into obscurity.
Imagery:
- The ruined statue: Symbolises the inevitable decline of all human endeavours.
- "Lone and level sands stretch far away": Emphasises the vastness of time and the
insignificance of human achievements.

5."Kubla Khan" and creative freedom.

Creative Freedom:
The poem reflects the boundless nature of imagination and the creative process, inspired by
an opium-induced dream.
Resources for Its Transmission:
- Vivid Imagery: Descriptions of the "stately pleasure-dome" and the "sacred river"
convey a fantastical, dreamlike quality.
- Symbolism: The river and the dome symbolise the flow and structure of poetic
creation.
- Fragmentary Form: The poem's unfinished state mirrors the unpredictability of
inspiration.
6.The feminist ideology inspiring Frankenstein. Stylistic similarities of the extract with
some eighteenth-century techniques
Feminist Ideology:
"Frankenstein" can be interpreted as a critique of patriarchal society and the consequences of
male-dominated science and creation. It highlights issues of motherhood, creation, and the
marginalisation of women.
Stylistic Similarities with Eighteenth-Century Techniques:
- Epistolary Form: The novel's structure includes letters, a common technique in
18th-century literature.
- Formal Language: The sophisticated and formal writing style reflects the literary
norms of the time.
- Philosophical Reflection: The novel engages with Enlightenment ideas about science,
reason, and the nature of humanity.

Time Capsule Found on the Dead Planet by Margaret Atwood

1.Detailed description of the topic and connections with present day issues
Margaret Atwood's "Time Capsule Found on the Dead Planet" is a cautionary tale about a
future where Earth has become lifeless due to humanity's destructive actions. The narrative is
presented as a series of notes left by the last survivors, reflecting on the downfall of
civilization. The story draws clear parallels to current environmental issues like climate
change, pollution, and resource depletion, warning of the catastrophic consequences of
ignoring these problems.

The story critiques the ethical implications of unchecked technological advancements and
scientific overreach, which resonate with contemporary debates on artificial intelligence and
genetic engineering. It also highlights the dangers of extreme economic inequality and the
effects of globalisation, emphasising the need for collective action to address global
challenges.

Atwood's narrative questions modern societal values such as consumerism and materialism,
urging a shift towards more sustainable and ethical living. By presenting a dystopian future,
the story serves as a powerful reminder of the urgent need to address environmental and
social issues today to avoid a similar fate.

Freaky Green Eyes by Joyce Carol Dates

1.List of relevant topics and their reflections in key paragraphs
- Domestic Violence and Abuse:
Reflected in key paragraphs that describe the protagonist Franky's observations and
experiences with her father’s abusive behavior toward her mother. For instance, passages that
detail her mother's fear and the tension in the household provide a clear depiction of this
theme.
 - Identity and Self-Discovery:
Explored through Franky’s internal monologues and her alter ego, Freaky Green Eyes. Key
paragraphs illustrate Franky grappling with her sense of self and the emergence of her alter
ego as a means of coping with her father's abuse and finding her own voice.

- Perception vs. Reality:

Reflected in paragraphs where Franky begins to question the facade of her family's perfect
life. Descriptions of her father’s public persona contrasted with his private behaviour
highlight the theme of appearance versus reality.

- Courage and Resistance:

Illustrated in scenes where Franky, influenced by Freaky Green Eyes, starts to stand up
against her father and seek the truth about her mother’s disappearance. Key moments of her
defiance and search for answers demonstrate her growing courage.

2.Types of symbolism in the story

- Freaky Green Eyes:
Symbolises Franky’s inner strength and the part of her that sees the truth and dares to
confront it. This alter ego represents her courage and determination to uncover and face
reality.
- Green Eyes:
The green eyes themselves can symbolise clarity of vision and insight. They represent
Franky’s ability to see through the lies and deception that surround her family.
- The Disappearing Mother:
Symbolises the erasure and silencing of women in abusive relationships. Her disappearance
reflects the consequences of living in denial and the need for truth to come to light.
- Darkness and Light:
Used to symbolise ignorance and knowledge. Dark settings often accompany moments of
confusion or fear, while light represents moments of realisation and truth.

3."Freaky Green Eyes" as a dialogic short story

"Freaky Green Eyes" can be considered a dialogic short story because it presents multiple
perspectives and voices within the narrative, creating a dynamic interplay of ideas and
viewpoints. This is evident in the following ways:

Internal Dialogues: The protagonist Franky often engages in internal dialogues with her alter
ego, Freaky Green Eyes. This internal conversation reflects her inner conflict and growth,
showcasing the struggle between denial and the need to confront reality.

Multiple Perspectives: The story juxtaposes Franky’s perspective with the facade presented
by her father and society. This contrast allows readers to see the disparity between
appearance and reality, making the narrative more complex and multifaceted.
Exploration of Truth: The dialogic nature of the story emphasises the search for truth and the
different ways characters perceive and interpret events. Franky's journey involves listening to
her own voice, as well as the suppressed voices of her mother and others affected by her
father’s actions.

The thing around your neck by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie

1.List of relevant topics present in the short story
- Immigration and Displacement:
The story explores the challenges and isolation experienced by immigrants, particularly the
protagonist's feelings of being disconnected from both her native culture and her new
environment in America.
- Identity and Cultural Conflict:
The protagonist grapples with maintaining her Nigerian identity while adapting to American
culture, highlighting the internal and external conflicts that arise from living between two
worlds.
- Loneliness and Isolation:
The theme of loneliness permeates the story, as the protagonist feels isolated in a foreign
land, struggling to connect with others and feeling a profound sense of alienation.
- Racism and Stereotyping:
The narrative addresses the protagonist's encounters with racism and stereotyping in
America, revealing the prejudices and microaggressions that shape her experience.
- Gender and Power Dynamics:
The story touches on the gender expectations and power imbalances the protagonist faces,
both in her relationships and in society at large.

2.Stylistic characteristics of the story (open-ended text, written in the first person,
metaphors, symbolic significance of everyday objects, etc.
Open-Ended Text:
The story leaves certain elements unresolved, allowing readers to interpret the protagonist's
future and the outcomes of her struggles. This open-endedness invites deeper reflection on
the themes presented.
- Written in the Second Person:
Uniquely, the story is written in the second person, using "you" to directly address the
protagonist. This stylistic choice creates an intimate and immersive experience, making
readers feel the protagonist's emotions and experiences more intensely.
- Metaphors:
The Thing Around Your Neck: This metaphor represents the suffocating feeling of anxiety,
cultural dislocation, and the emotional burden the protagonist carries. It encapsulates her
sense of entrapment and the pressure she feels in her new environment.
- Symbolic Significance of Everyday Objects:
Letters from Home: The letters symbolise the protagonist's connection to her Nigerian
heritage and the expectations and pressures from her family back home.
Food: Nigerian food in the story symbolises comfort, identity, and a link to the protagonist's
roots. Conversely, American food represents her attempts to assimilate and adapt to a new
culture.
Necklace: The necklace given to the protagonist by her boyfriend signifies his attempt to
understand and connect with her culture, but also highlights the superficial understanding of
her deeper struggles.

Description of Coketown (Hard Times) by Charles Dickens

1.The capitalist cosmovision reflected in the description of Coketown: vision of the role
of human beings and human relationships; vision of creativity and education
In "Hard Times," Charles Dickens' description of Coketown reflects the grim realities of
industrial capitalism. The town is portrayed as monotonous and dehumanising, where people
are valued only for their labour. Human relationships suffer as workers are alienated and
interactions are reduced to transactions. Creativity is stifled, evident in the town’s drab,
uniform appearance and the oppressive factory environment.

Education in Coketown, exemplified by Mr. Gradgrind's utilitarian philosophy, emphasises

rote learning and practical skills over imagination and emotional development. This approach
mirrors the capitalist focus on efficiency and productivity at the expense of individuality and
human connection. Through Coketown, Dickens critiques the harsh impacts of industrial
capitalism on human beings, relationships, creativity, and education.

The Cry of the Children by Elizabeth Barret Browning

1.Similarities of the poem with William Blake's "The Chimney Sweeper"
Both "The Cry of the Children" by Elizabeth Barrett Browning and William Blake's "The
Chimney Sweeper" depict the plight of children exploited in industrial society. They both
address the theme of child labour, highlighting the harsh working conditions and the loss of
innocence experienced by the young protagonists. Additionally, both poems condemn the
societal structures that perpetuate such exploitation, calling attention to the moral and ethical
implications of allowing children to suffer in this manner.

2.The effect on the reader of the children's voice in the poem.

The children's voices in "The Cry of the Children" evoke a profound emotional response in
the reader. Through their pleas and lamentations, the reader is confronted with the stark
reality of their suffering and exploitation. These voices carry a sense of innocence and
vulnerability, amplifying the reader's empathy and indignation towards their plight. By giving
voice to the oppressed, the poem powerfully humanises their experiences, compelling the
reader to confront the injustices inflicted upon them.

3.The vision of death according to the children working in the coal mines.
In "The Cry of the Children," the vision of death held by the children working in the coal
mines is portrayed as a merciful release from their unbearable suffering. They view death not
as a frightening or tragic end but as an escape from the cruel realities of their lives. Death
represents freedom from exploitation, pain, and despair, offering a glimmer of hope amidst
their bleak existence.

4.Examples of irony in the poem.

Irony permeates "The Cry of the Children" in various ways. One example is the contrast
between the innocence and purity of the children's voices and the harshness of their
circumstances. Their plaintive cries for help and mercy juxtapose against the backdrop of
their exploitation and neglect, highlighting the irony of their innocence being tarnished by the
cruelty of the world around them.

Another instance of irony lies in the failure of societal institutions, including the Church, to
protect and uplift the vulnerable. Despite their professed moral authority and commitment to
charity, these institutions are depicted as complicit in perpetuating the suffering of the
children. This irony underscores the hypocrisy and moral bankruptcy inherent in a society
that allows such injustices to persist.

5.How is the criticism towards the Church represented in the poem?

The criticism towards the Church in "The Cry of the Children" is represented through its
perceived failure to fulfil its moral and ethical obligations towards the oppressed. Despite its
professed values of compassion and justice, the Church is depicted as indifferent and
ineffectual in addressing the suffering of the children. Its silence and inaction in the face of
social injustices reflect a betrayal of its purported mission to uphold the dignity and welfare
of all individuals. Through its portrayal of the Church's shortcomings, the poem critiques the
hypocrisy and moral complacency of religious institutions in the face of human suffering.

An Outpost of Progress by Joseph Conrad

1.The three dimensions of the story
"An Outpost of Progress" by Joseph Conrad explores three primary dimensions:

a. Colonialism and Imperialism: The story delves into the impact of European colonialism in
Africa, portraying the exploitation and dehumanisation of indigenous peoples by European
colonizers. It exposes the brutality and moral decay inherent in the colonial enterprise,
highlighting the destructive consequences of cultural arrogance and racial prejudice.

b. Psychological Degradation: Conrad delves into the psychological deterioration of the

European characters, Kayerts and Carlier, as they grapple with the isolation, boredom, and
moral ambiguity of their outpost in the African wilderness. Their descent into madness and
moral decay serves as a critique of the corrupting influence of power and the erosion of moral
values in the absence of societal constraints.

c. Irony and Moral Ambiguity: The story is rife with irony and moral ambiguity, challenging
conventional notions of morality and civilization. Conrad exposes the hypocrisy and moral
bankruptcy of the European characters, whose purported ideals of progress and civilization
are juxtaposed against their actions of greed, brutality, and exploitation. The narrative
underscores the inherent contradictions and complexities of human nature, interrogating the
ethical implications of colonialism and the veneer of civility that masks its inherent violence
and injustice.

2.Identification of the main literary figures present in some extracts from the story
(irony, defamiliarization, internal monologues, generic philosophical statements,
pathetic fallacy, etc.) and explanation of symbols like the steamer, the cross, the lump of
sugar, etc.)
In "An Outpost of Progress," Joseph Conrad employs various literary devices and symbols to
enrich the narrative and convey deeper thematic layers:

Irony: The story is replete with irony, particularly in the portrayal of Kayerts and Carlier
supposed mission of bringing progress and civilization to Africa. Their ineptitude, corruption,
and moral decay undercut the lofty ideals of European colonialism, exposing the hollowness
of their enterprise.

Defamiliarization: Conrad defamiliarizes the African landscape, presenting it as a harsh and

unforgiving environment that serves as a backdrop for the psychological and moral struggles
of the European characters. Through vivid descriptions and atmospheric imagery, he
challenges Eurocentric perceptions of Africa and disrupts conventional narratives of colonial
conquest and exploration.

Internal Monologues: The story delves into the inner thoughts and conflicts of Kayerts and
Carlier, offering insights into their psyche and moral descent. Their internal monologues
reveal their growing disillusionment, fear, and existential despair as they confront the harsh
realities of their outpost and the moral ambiguity of their actions.

Pathetic Fallacy: Conrad employs pathetic fallacy to mirror the psychological states of the
characters with the natural environment. The oppressive heat, dense vegetation, and hostile
terrain of the African wilderness reflect the characters' sense of disorientation, alienation, and
moral decay.

Symbols: Several symbols in the story carry deeper thematic significance:

The Steamer: The steamer symbolises European colonial power and technological
superiority, yet it becomes a source of confinement and entrapment for Kayerts and Carlier,
mirroring the moral and psychological entanglements of colonialism.

The Cross: The cross symbolises European Christianity and the purported moral superiority
of the colonizers. However, its presence in the African wilderness serves as a stark reminder
of the cultural arrogance and religious hypocrisy of the Europeans, whose actions betray the
teachings of Christ.
The Lump of Sugar: The lump of sugar becomes a coveted luxury for Kayerts and Carlier,
representing their descent into decadence and moral degradation. It serves as a metaphor for
the corrupting influence of materialism and desire in the absence of moral constraints.