Class 8th - GEOGRAPHY Complete Chapter Explanation (49-89)

CLASS 8th - GEOGRAPHY - CHAPTER - INDUSTRIES
Introduction:
❖ Journey of Paper
Role of Industries
Introduction:
What we are going to study in this chapter?
❖ Industries: Second activities

❖ Classification of industries
➢ On the basis of raw material, size and ownership.
❖ Factors affecting location of industries
❖ Industrial system
❖ Industrial regions
❖ Industrial disaster
❖ Distribution of major industries
➢ Iron and Steel: Jamshedpur, Pittsburgh
➢ Cotton textile industries: Ahmedabad, Osaka
➢ Information Technology
Industries: Secondary Activities
❖ Secondary activities Is also known as manufacturing activities.
Changes raw material into products of more value to people.

Ex. Pulp = Paper Manufacturing adds
Cotton = Cloth value to the products
How?
Paper Industry
Industry
Industry refer to an economic activity that is concerned

with production of goods, extraction of minerals or the
provision of services.
Industries: Secondary Activities
Classification of Industries: Raw Materials
On the basis of raw material industries can be classified as:
Agro Based Industry Mineral based Industry Marine based Industry Forest based Industry
- Use plant and animal - Primary industries that - Use products from the - Utilise forest produce
based products as their use mineral ores as their sea and oceans as raw as raw materials. The
raw materials. raw materials. The materials. Industries industries associated
- Food processing, products of these processing seafood or with forests are pulp and
vegetable oil, cotton industries feed other manufacturing fish oil paper, pharmaceuticals,
textile, dairy products industries. are some examples. furniture and buildings.
and leather industries are - Used as raw material for
examples. the manufacture of a
number of other
products, such as heavy
machinery, building
materials and railway.
Classification of Industries: Raw Materials
Agro based Industry Mineral based Industry
Marine based Industry Forest based Industry

Classification of Industries: Size
Number of people employed and the volume of production.
On the basis of size industries can be classified as:
Small Scale Industries Large Scale Industries
❖ Cottage or household industries are a type of ❖ Produce large volumes of products.

small scale industry where the products are Investment of capital is higher and the
manufactured by hand, by the artisans. technology used is superior in large scale
industries.
❖ Basket weaving, pottery and other
handicrafts are examples of cottage industry. ❖ Production of automobiles and heavy
machinery are large scale industries.
❖ Small scale industries use lesser amount of
capital and technology.
Classification of Industries: Size
Small scale industry Large scale industry

Classification of Industries: Ownership
On the basis of ownership industries can be classified as:
Private sector industries Public sector industries Joint sector industries Co-operative sector
- Owned and operated by - The public sector - Owned and operated by - Owned and operated by
individuals or a group of industries are owned and the state and individuals the producers or
individuals. operated by the or a group of individuals. - suppliers of raw
Ex. TATA government, such as - Maruti Udyog Limited is materials, workers or
Hindustan Aeronautics an example of joint sector both.
Limited and Steel industry. - Anand Milk Union
Authority of India Limited. Limited and Sudha Dairy
are a success stories of a
co-operative venture.
Factor Affecting Location of Industries:
❖ Industries are situated where some or all of these factors are easily available.
❖ Sometimes, the government provides incentives like subsidised power, lower transport cost
and other infrastructure so that industries may be located in backward areas.
❖ Industrialisation often leads to development and growth of towns and cities.

Industrial System:
Input Processes Output
Industrial System
Ex. A cotton industry
Input Process Output
Raw material, labour and cost Activities that convert raw End product and income
of land transport, power. material into finished earned.
product.
Industrial System:
Industrial Regions:
❖ When in any region a number of industries locate close to each other to share the benefit of
their closeness.
Industrial Region
❖ Major industrial region of the world

➢ Eastern North America
➢ Western and Central Europe
➢ Eastern Europe
➢ Eastern Asia
❖ Industrial region tend to be located in the temperate areas, near sea ports and especially
near coal fields.
Industrial Regions:
❖ Industrial region in India
➢ Mumbai Pune cluster
➢ Bangalore-Tamil Nadu region
➢ Hugli region
➢ Ahmedabad-Baroda region, Chota Nagpur
industrial belt
➢ Vishakhapatnam-Guntur belt
➢ Gurgaon-Delhi-Meerut region
➢ Kollam-Thiruvananthapuram industrial cluster.
Industrial Disaster:
❖ In industries, accidents/disasters mainly occur due to technical failure or irresponsible
handling of hazardous material.
➔ Some of the worst industrial disaster are: Bhopal Gas Tragedy

Gas well blowout in Gao Qiao
Bhopal Gas Tragedy

❖ On 3 December 1984, around 00:30 A.M. a technologies accident occured in Bhopal.
❖ Highly poisonous Methyl Isocyanate [MIC] gas along with Hydrogen Cyanide and other
reaction products leaked out of the pesticides factory of Union Carbide.
❖ The official death toll was 3,598 in 1989.
❖ Thousands, who survived still suffer from one or many ailments like blindness, impaired
immune system, gastrointestinal disorders etc.
Gas well blowout in Gao Qiao
❖ On 23 December, 2005, a gas well blowout in Gao Qiao, chongging, China.

❖ 243 people died, 9,000 were injured and 64,000 were evacuated.
❖ Many people died because they were unable to run after the explosion.
❖ Those who could not escape in time suffered burns to their eyes, skin and lungs from the gas.
Risk reduction measures
1. Densely populated residential areas should be separated far away from the
industrial areas.
2. People staying in the vicinity of industries should be aware of the storage of

toxins or hazardous substances and their possible effects in case if an accident
occurs.
3. Fire warning and fighting system should be improved.
4. Storage capacity of toxic substances should be limited.
5. Pollution dispersion qualities in the industries should be improved.

Distribution of Major Industries:
The world’s major industries are the iron and steel industry, the
textile industry and the information technology industry.
Major distribution
❖ Iron and Steel Industry: Germany, USA, China, Japan and Russia.
❖ Textile Industry: India, Hong Kong, South Korea, Japan and Taiwan.
❖ Information Technology: Silicon valley of central california and Bangalore region.
Iron and Steel industry Cotton textile industry Information technology [IT]
- Jamshedpur - Ahmedabad - Bengaluru

- Pittsburg - Osaka - California
Distribution of Major Industries:
Iron and Steel Industry:
Feeder Industry
Input Processes Output
Coal + iron ore + limestone
Steel
Importance of steel
❖ Steel is often called the backbone of modern industry.
➢ Pin to ship, everything is made up of steel.

➢ Dependence of other industries. Ex. Oil production.
➢ Farm and other primary sector.
❖ Steel is tough and it can easily be shaped, cut, or made into wire.
❖ Special alloys of steel can be made by adding small amounts of other metals such as
aluminium, nickel, and copper.
❖ The changing location of Steel and Iron industry
Before 1800 AD
● Iron and steel industry was located where raw materials,

power supply and running water were easily available.
1800 - 1950
● The ideal location for the industry was near coal fields
and close to canals and railways.
After 1950
● Iron and steel industry began to be located on large
areas of flat land near sea ports.
Jamshedpur:
Tata Iron and steel Company Limited (TISCO)
❖ Started in 1907 at Sakchi, near the confluence of river

Subarnarekha and Kharkai in Jharkhand.
❖ It was the only Iron and Steel plant in country before 1947.
jamshedji tata
❖ Geographically, Jamshedpur is the most conveniently

situated iron and steel centre in the country.
How?
Jamshedpur:
Why only this place?
● Good transportation - Only 32 km away from kalimati

station.
● Availability of raw material - Close to the iron ore, coal

and manganese deposits.
● Near Kolkata market
● Sufficient water supply from subarnarekha and kharkai
The development of the iron and steel industry opened

the doors to rapid industrial development in India.
Pittsburgh:
Steel city of United States of America
The steel industry of Pittsburgh enjoy locational advantages.
● Raw material such as coal is available locally, while the iron ore comes from the iron
mines at Minnesota, about 1500 km from Pittsburgh.
● World’s best routes for shipping ore cheaply - The famous Great Lakes waterway.
● The Ohio, the Monongahela and Allegheny rivers provide adequate water supply.
❖ Change in the location of Iron and Steel industry from Pittsburgh to valleys of Monongahela
and Allegheny river and Ohio river. Why?
❖ Iron and Steel industry in Pittsburgh support many different industries.

Cotton Textile Industry:
Textile Industries
Natural raw material Man made raw material
● Wool, silk, cotton, linen and jute. ● Nylon, polyester, acrylic and rayon.
❖ The cotton textile industries is one of the oldest industries in the world.
Evolution Spinning wheel Power looms
❖ Glorious tradition of Indian hand spun and hand woven cloths.
[Muslins of Dhaka, Chintzes of Masulipatnam, Calicas of Calicut,

Gold-wrought cotton of Burhanpur, Surat and Vadodara]
Cotton Textile Industry:
❖ Traditional Cotton textile industry faced a tough competition from the new textile mill.
How?
❖ First mechanized textile mill Mumbai, 1854.
Industries flourished in the states of Maharashtra and Gujarat.
Because of the favourable humid climate, the port

facilities availability of raw material and skilled labour.
Gradually industries flourished in other part of India: Coimbatore, Kanpur, Chennai,

Ahmedabad, Mumbai, Kolkata, Ludhiana etc.
Cotton Textile Industry: Ahmedabad
❖ In Ahmedabad the industries are located on the banks of the
Sabarmati river.
● The first mill was established in 1859.

● Second largest textile city in India.
● Also known as ‘Manchester of India’
● Locational advantages. How?
❖ Challenges faced by the Ahmedabad textile mills in recent years.
Emergence of new textile centres in the country as well as non

upgradation of machines and technology in the mills of
Ahmedabad.
Cotton Textile Industry: Osaka
❖ Manchester of Japan
The textile industry developed in Osaka due to several
geographical factors.
➔ Extensive plain ensured growth of cotton mills.

➔ Warm humid climate is well suited to spinning and weaving.
➔ River Yodo provides sufficient water.
➔ Labours are available easily.
➔ Port facility supports easy import and export.
❖ The textile industry at Osaka depends completely upon imported

raw materials.
Information Technology:
❖ Imagine a situation where a company operates for twenty-four
hours workday.
Story of Danny and Smitha
❖ The information technology industry deals in the storage,

processing and distribution of information.
❖ The major factor guiding the location of these industries are
resources availability, cost and infrastructure.
Bengaluru Silicon Valley
Deccan plateau, Bengaluru Part of Santa Clara valley located next

to the rocky mountains USA.
❖ Emergence of new information technology hub in the country.
Information Technology:
Do You Know and Interesting Facts: Industries
Do you know?
Emerging industries are also known
as ‘Sunrise Industries’.These include
Information technology, Wellness,
Hospitality and Knowledge.
Do you know?
The names of Great Lakes are
Superior, Huron, Ontario, Michigan
and Erie. Lake Superior is the largest
of these five lakes. It lies higher
upstream than others.
Do You Know and Interesting Facts: Industries
Do you know?
The first textile mill in the country was
established at Fort Gloster near Kolkata in
1818 but it closed down after some time.
Do you know?
About one-third of the Indian textile industry’s
total production is exported.
Do you know?
Why do high technology industries group together?
● They can be located near main road/ highways for an easy access.
● Firms can benefit from exchange of knowledge.
● Services and facilities such as roads, car parks and waste disposal can be
organised efficiently
NCERT Solutions:
Que 1. Answer the following question:
I. What is meant by the term ‘industry’?
Ans. Industry means an economic activity that is related to production of goods, extraction of
minerals and the provision of services.
Examples of the above are - Iron and steel industry, coal mining industry and tourism industry,
respectively.
II. What are the main factors which influence the location of an industry?
Ans. Main actors which influence the location of an industry are:
● Availability if raw material
● Transportation and communication ● Power
● Land ● Labour
● Capital
● Market
NCERT Solutions:
III. Which industry is often referred to as the backbone of the modern industry and why?
Ans. Iron and steel industry is referred to as the backbone of the modern industry. This is because
almost everything is either made from iron or steel or has been made using tools and machineries
of these metals.
There are plenty of examples like ships, trains, vehicles; all are made largely of steel. Material of
our day - to - day use starting from safety pin to our building in which we live, are made from steel.
Without the use of iron no industry can run.
IV. Why cotton textile industry rapidly expanded in Mumbai?

Ans. Cotton textile industry rapidly expanded in Mumbai because of its warm, moist climate,
facility port of port for importing of machinery and above all because of the easy availability of
skilled labour.
NCERT Solutions:
V. What are the similarities between information technology industry in Bangalore and California?
Ans. Similarities between information technology industry in Bangalore and California:
● Both have clear environment.
● Pleasant climate throughout the year.
● In the vicinity of educational, scientific and technological centres.
● Close to major roads and airports.
● Good access to markets.
● Both have skilled workforce.
● Low or affordable cost of living.
NCERT Solutions:
Que 2. Tick the correct answer:
I. Silicon Valley is located in III. Which one is the following is a natural
a. Bangalore fibre?
b. California a. Nylon
c. Ahmedabad b. Acrylic
c. Jute
II. Which of the following industry is known as
sunrise industry?
a. Iron and Steel Industry
b. Cotton Industry
c. Information Technology Industry
NCERT Solutions:
Que 3. Distinguish between the following:
I. Agro-based and Mineral based industry.
Agro-Based Industry Mineral-Based Industry
1. Agro-based industries use plant and 1. Mineral-based industries are those that use
animal based product as raw material. mineral ores as their raw materials.
2. These industry provide employment in 2. They provide employment to both rural and
rural areas. urban area.
3. Agro-based industry are mostly in 3. These industries are mostly in public sector
private or co-operative sectors. because of their large investment requirement.
4. Examples of such industries are jute, 4. Examples of such industries are iron and steel,
cotton textile, dairy product, leather capital goods, etc.
industries etc.
NCERT Solutions:
II. Public sector and Joint sector industry.
Public Sector Industries Joint Sector Industries
1. The industries which are owned and 1. The industries which are owned and
operate by state government and central operate by government and an individual
government are called public sector or a group of individuals are called joint
industries. sector industries.
2. They involve huge capital investment. 2. Capital investment are generally less than
3. These industries are managed and run by the public sector industries.
workforce appointed by government. 3. Both government servant and private
4. For example Steel authority of India employ run these industries.
Limited (SAIL), Hindustan Aeronautics 4. For example Maruti Udyog Limited (MUL)
Limited (HAL)m etc.

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CLASS 8th - GEOGRAPHY - CHAPTER - INDUSTRIES

❖ Industries: Second activities

Changes raw material into products of more value to people.

Industry refer to an economic activity that is concerned

Agro based Industry Mineral based Industry

Marine based Industry Forest based Industry

Small Scale Industries Large Scale Industries

❖ Cottage or household industries are a type of ❖ Produce large volumes of products.

Small scale industry Large scale industry

❖ Industrialisation often leads to development and growth of towns and cities.

Ex. A cotton industry

Input Process Output

❖ Major industrial region of the world

➔ Some of the worst industrial disaster are: Bhopal Gas Tragedy

Bhopal Gas Tragedy

❖ On 23 December, 2005, a gas well blowout in Gao Qiao, chongging, China.

2. People staying in the vicinity of industries should be aware of the storage of

3. Fire warning and fighting system should be improved.

4. Storage capacity of toxic substances should be limited.

5. Pollution dispersion qualities in the industries should be improved.

- Jamshedpur - Ahmedabad - Bengaluru

Input Processes Output

Coal + iron ore + limestone

❖ Steel is often called the backbone of modern industry.

➢ Pin to ship, everything is made up of steel.

● Iron and steel industry was located where raw materials,

❖ Started in 1907 at Sakchi, near the confluence of river

❖ Geographically, Jamshedpur is the most conveniently

● Good transportation - Only 32 km away from kalimati

● Availability of raw material - Close to the iron ore, coal

● Near Kolkata market

● Sufficient water supply from subarnarekha and kharkai

The development of the iron and steel industry opened

The steel industry of Pittsburgh enjoy locational advantages.

❖ Iron and Steel industry in Pittsburgh support many different industries.

Natural raw material Man made raw material

❖ Glorious tradition of Indian hand spun and hand woven cloths.

[Muslins of Dhaka, Chintzes of Masulipatnam, Calicas of Calicut,

❖ First mechanized textile mill Mumbai, 1854.

Industries flourished in the states of Maharashtra and Gujarat.

Because of the favourable humid climate, the port

Gradually industries flourished in other part of India: Coimbatore, Kanpur, Chennai,

● The first mill was established in 1859.

❖ Challenges faced by the Ahmedabad textile mills in recent years.

Emergence of new textile centres in the country as well as non

➔ Extensive plain ensured growth of cotton mills.

❖ The textile industry at Osaka depends completely upon imported

❖ The information technology industry deals in the storage,

Bengaluru Silicon Valley

Deccan plateau, Bengaluru Part of Santa Clara valley located next

IV. Why cotton textile industry rapidly expanded in Mumbai?

Agro-Based Industry Mineral-Based Industry

Public Sector Industries Joint Sector Industries

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