ATOMIC STRUCTURE LEARNING OUTCOMES

BACKGROUND TO
ATOMIC THEORY
• IDENTIFY THE FOLLOWING MODELS
OF ATOM
SUBATOMIC PARTICLES AND DESCRIPTION OF THE ATOM
• The relative mass of an electron is almost negligible The charge of a
single electron is -1.602189 x 10 >-19 coulombs, whereas the charge
of a proton is +1.602189 x 10 coulombs. However, relative to each
other, their charges are -1 and +1 respectively
Atoms: Key Terms
• The atomic number (or proton number) is the number of protons in
the nucleus of an atom and has the symbol Z
• The atomic number is also equal to the number of electrons that are
present in a neutral atom of an element
• The mass number (or nucleon number) is the total number of protons
+ neutrons in the nucleus of an atom, and has the symbol A
• The number of neutrons can be calculated by: Number of neutrons =
mass number - atomic number Protons and neutrons are also called
nucleons, because they are found in the nucleus
NUCLEAR
SYMBOL
QUESTION
RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS
MASS
SPECTROMETER
• Mass spectrometers can be
used to identify unknown
compounds via molecular
weight determination, to
quantify known
compounds, and to
determine structure and
chemical properties of
molecules.
Electromagnetic radiation
ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
WHAT”S THAT
• The electromagnetic (EM) spectrum is the range of all types of
EM radiation. Radiation is energy that travels and spreads out
as it goes – the visible light that comes from a lamp in your
house and the radio waves that come from a radio station are
two types of electromagnetic radiation. The other types of EM
radiation that make up the electromagnetic spectrum
are microwaves, infrared light, ultraviolet light, X-
rays and gamma-rays.
The electromagnetic
spectrum (EMS) is a
spectrum of wavelengths
that comprise the various
types of electromagnetic
radiation.
Electromagnetic spectrum
• Electromagnetic spectrum, the entire distribution
of electromagnetic radiation according
to frequency or wavelength. Although all electromagnetic waves
travel at the speed of light in a vacuum, they do so at a wide
range of frequencies, wavelengths, and photon energies. The
electromagnetic spectrum comprises the span of all
electromagnetic radiation and consists of many subranges,
• Derive relation between Energy
and wavelength and
• Wavelength and frequency
TYPES OF SPECTRUM
RECAP
 The next step:----

LIMITATIONS OF BOHR

WAVE AND PARTICLE THEORY

HEISENBERG UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE

The new
approach:----
-
SHAPES OF ORBITAL
SHAPE OF P ORBITAL
FILLING OF ELECTRONS
LINK FOR PRACTICE
• https://javalab.org/en/electron_configuration_en/
 EXCEPTIONS IN
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURTIONA
• Why is 3d lower energy than 4s?
• Once 3d orbitals are occupied by electrons, like in the case of
transition elements, because they are closer to the nucleus, they will
repel the 4s electrons further away from the nucleus and cause it to
have higher energy level.
HL
Emission spectra and ionization
• The line emission spectrum of hydrogen was introduced. Emission
spectra provide experimental evidence for the existence of atomic
energy levels.
• The emission spectrum of the hydrogen atom, the lines converge at
higher energies. At the limit of convergence the lines merge, forming
a continuum. Beyond the continuum the electron can have any
energy, so is no longer under the in uence of the nucleus: the
electron is outside the atom (ionization has occurred). The increase in
principal quantum number from n = 1 to n = ∞ shown in gure 2
represents the process of ionization of the atom.
Why does ionization energy decrease between be and B?