Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Data Booklet 2016
Data Booklet 2016
Data Booklet 2016
The International Baccalaureate Organization (known as the IB) offers four high-quality
and challenging educational programmes for a worldwide community of schools, aiming
to create a better, more peaceful world. This publication is one of a range of materials
produced to support these programmes.
The IB may use a variety of sources in its work and checks information to verify accuracy
and authenticity, particularly when using community-based knowledge sources such as
Wikipedia. The IB respects the principles of intellectual property and makes strenuous
efforts to identify and obtain permission before publication from rights holders of all
copyright material used. The IB is grateful for permissions received for material used
in this publication and will be pleased to correct any errors or omissions at the earliest
opportunity.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission
of the IB, or as expressly permitted by law or by the IB’s own rules and policy. See
http://www.ibo.org/copyright.
Email: sales@ibo.org
7. Melting points and boiling points of the elements (at 101.325 kPa) .................................................................. 7
8. First ionization energy, electron affinity and electronegativity of the elements ........................................... 8
Notes
This booklet cannot be used for paper 1 of the examination (SLP1 and HLP1), but the periodic table given in
section 6 will be available as part of these examination papers. Clean copies of this booklet must be made
available to candidates for papers 2 and 3 (SLP2, HLP2, SLP3 and HLP3).
1. Some relevant equations
Topic Equation
5.1 𝑞𝑞 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚∆𝑇𝑇
12.1 𝐸𝐸 = ℎ𝑣𝑣
−𝐸𝐸𝑎𝑎
16.2 𝑘𝑘 = 𝐴𝐴𝑒𝑒 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
−𝐸𝐸𝑎𝑎
16.2 ln 𝑘𝑘 = + ln 𝐴𝐴
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
𝑘𝑘1 𝐸𝐸𝑎𝑎 1 1
16.2 ln = � − �
𝑘𝑘2 𝑅𝑅 𝑇𝑇2 𝑇𝑇1
[𝐴𝐴− ]
B.7 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = 𝑝𝑝𝐾𝐾𝑎𝑎 + log � �
[𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻]
𝐼𝐼0
B.7 log10 = 𝜀𝜀𝜀𝜀𝜀𝜀
𝐼𝐼
Topic Equation
ln 2
C.3 and D.8 𝑡𝑡1 =
2 𝜆𝜆
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
C.6 𝐸𝐸 = 𝐸𝐸 0 − � � ln 𝑄𝑄
𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛
Rate1 𝑀𝑀2
C.7 =�
Rate2 𝑀𝑀1
𝑡𝑡
D.8 𝑁𝑁𝑡𝑡 = 𝑁𝑁0 (0.5) �𝑘𝑘
Molar volume of an ideal gas at STP = 2.27 × 10−2 m3 mol−1 = 22.7 dm3 mol−1
Ionic product constant for water (𝐾𝐾w ) = 1.00 × 10−14 mol2 dm−6 at 298 K
V I B G Y O R
400 700
wavelength / nm
4. Fundamental particles
actinium Ac 89 dysprosium Dy 66
aluminium Al 13 einsteinium Es 99
americium Am 95 erbium Er 68
antimony Sb 51 europium Eu 63
argon Ar 18 fermium Fm 100
arsenic As 33 fluorine F 9
astatine At 85 francium Fr 87
barium Ba 56 gadolinium Gd 64
berkelium Bk 97 gallium Ga 31
beryllium Be 4 germanium Ge 32
bismuth Bi 83 gold Au 79
bohrium Bh 107 hafnium Hf 72
boron B 5 hassium Hs 108
bromine Br 35 helium He 2
cadmium Cd 48 holmium Ho 67
caesium Cs 55 hydrogen H 1
calcium Ca 20 indium In 49
californium Cf 98 iodine I 53
carbon C 6 iridium Ir 77
cerium Ce 58 iron Fe 26
chlorine Cl 17 krypton Kr 36
chromium Cr 24 lanthanum La 57
cobalt Co 27 lawrencium Lr 103
copernicium Cn 112 lead Pb 82
copper Cu 29 lithium Li 3
curium Cm 96 lutetium Lu 71
darmstadtium Ds 110 magnesium Mg 12
dubnium Db 105 manganese Mn 25
Element Symbol Atomic number Element Symbol Atomic number
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
1 Atomic number 2
1
H He
1.01 Element 4.00
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2 Li Be Relative atomic B C N O F Ne
6.94 9.01 mass 10.81 12.01 14.01 16.00 19.00 20.18
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
3 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
22.99 24.31 26.98 28.09 30.97 32.07 35.45 39.95
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
39.10 40.08 44.96 47.87 50.94 52.00 54.94 55.85 58.93 58.69 63.55 65.38 69.72 72.63 74.92 78.96 79.90 83.90
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
85.47 87.62 88.91 91.22 92.91 95.96 (98) 101.07 102.91 106.42 107.87 112.41 114.82 118.71 121.76 127.60 126.90 131.29
55 56 57 † 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
6 Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
132.91 137.33 138.91 178.49 180.95 183.84 186.21 190.23 192.22 195.08 196.97 200.59 204.38 207.20 208.98 (209) (210) (222)
87 88 89 ‡ 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
7 Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Uut Uuq Uup Uuh Uus Uuo
(223) (226) (227) (267) (268) (269) (270) (269) (278) (281) (281) (285) (286) (289) (288) (293) (294) (294)
58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
† Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
140.12 140.91 144.24 (145) 150.36 151.96 157.25 158.93 162.50 164.93 167.26 168.93 173.05 174.97
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
‡ Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
232.04 231.04 238.03 (237) (244) (243) (247) (247) (251) (252) (257) (258) (259) (262)
7. Melting points and boiling points of the elements (at 101.325 kPa)
Li Be B C N O F Ne
1.0 1.6 Electronegativity 2.0 2.6 3.0 3.4 4.0
496 −53 738 578 −42 787 −134 1012 −72 1000 −200 1251 −349 1520
(+545)
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
0.9 1.3 1.6 1.9 2.2 2.6 3.2
419 −48 590 −2 633 −18 659 −8 651 −51 653 −64 717 762 −15 760 −64 737 −112 745 −119 906 579 −41 762 −119 944 −78 941 −195 1140 −325 1351
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
0.8 1.0 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.6 3.0
403 −47 549 −5 600 −30 640 −41 652 −88 684 −72 702 −53 710 −101 720 −110 804 −54 731 −126 868 558 −29 709 −107 831 −101 869 −190 1008 −295 1170
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
0.8 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.6 2.2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.2 1.9 1.7 1.8 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.7 2.6
376 −46 503 −14 538 −45 659 −1 728 −31 759 −79 756 −14 814 −106 865 −151 864 −205 890 −223 1007 589 −36 716 −35 703 −91 812 −183 −270 1037
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
0.8 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.4 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.2
393 −47 509 −10 499 −34
Fr Ra Ac
0.7 0.9 1.1
9. Atomic and ionic radii of the elements
32 Atomic radius 37
H (10−12 m) He
Element
130 99 84 75 71 64 60 62
Li Be Ionic radius B C N O F Ne
76 (1+) 45 (2+) (10−12 m) 27 (3+) 16 (4+) 146 (3−) 140 (2−) 133 (1−)
200 174 159 148 144 130 129 124 118 117 122 120 123 120 120 118 117 116
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
138 (1+) 100 (2+) 75 (3+) 86 (2+) 79 (2+) 62 (3+) 83 (2+) 61 (2+) 65(+2) 69 (2+) 77 (1+) 74 (2+) 62(3+) 53 (4+) 58 (3+) 198 (2−) 196 (1−)
61 (4+) 54 (5+) 44 (6+) 53 (4+) 55 (3+) 55 (+3) 73 (2+) 272(4−) 46 (5+)
215 190 176 164 156 146 138 136 134 130 136 140 142 140 140 137 136 136
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
152 (1+) 118 (2+) 90 (3+) 72 (4+) 72 (3+) 65 (4+) 65(4+) 68(3+) 67 (+3) 86(2+) 115 (1+) 95 (2+) 80(3+) 118(2+) 76 (3+) 221 (2−) 220(1−)
64 (5+) 62 (4+) 60 (+4) 62(4+) 69 (4+)
238 206 194 164 158 150 141 136 132 130 130 132 144 145 150 142 148 146
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
167 (1+) 135 (2+) 103 (3+) 71 (4+) 64 (5+) 66 (4+) 63(4+) 63 (4+) 68(+3) 80(2+) 137 (1+) 119 (1+) 150 (1+) 119 (2+) 103 (3+) 97(4+)
60(6+) 53(7+) 55(6+) 63 (+4) 63(4+) 85 (3+) 102 (2+) 89 (3) 78 (4+) 76(5+)
242 211 201
Fr Ra Ac
10. Covalent bond lengths
Single bonds (𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏−𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝐦𝐦 = 𝐩𝐩𝐩𝐩)
Br C Cl F H I N O P S Si
Br 228 194 214 176 141 247 214 220 227 216
C 194 154 177 138 108 214 147 143 184 182 185
Cl 214 177 199 163 128 232 197 170 203 199 202
F 176 138 163 142 92 257 136 142 154 158 156
S 227 182 199 158 134 175 161 210 205 215
Si 216 185 202 156 148 243 174 163 215 232
C C
140 C=S 156 O=O 121
(in benzene)
Br C Cl F H I N O P S Si
Br 193 285 219 249 366 178 201 264 218 330
C 285 346 324 492 414 228 286 358 264 289 307
Cl 219 324 242 255 431 211 192 206 322 271 400
F 249 492 255 159 567 280 278 191 490 327 597
H 366 414 431 567 436 298 391 463 322 364 323
O 201 358 206 191 463 201 214 144 363 466
C C
507 C=S 536 O=O 498
(in benzene)
Substance Formula State ∆𝑯𝑯ᴏ𝐟𝐟 (𝐤𝐤𝐤𝐤 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦−𝟏𝟏 ) ∆𝑮𝑮ᴏ𝐟𝐟 (𝐤𝐤𝐤𝐤 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦−𝟏𝟏 ) 𝑺𝑺ᴏ (𝐉𝐉 𝐊𝐊 −𝟏𝟏 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦−𝟏𝟏 )
Substance Formula State ∆𝑯𝑯ᴏ𝐜𝐜 (𝐤𝐤𝐤𝐤 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦−𝟏𝟏 ) Substance Formula State ∆𝑯𝑯ᴏ𝐜𝐜 (𝐤𝐤𝐤𝐤 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦−𝟏𝟏 )
Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn
+1
+2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2
+3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3
+4 +4 +4
+5
+6 +6
+7
I − < Br − < S2− < Cl− < F − < OH− < H2 O < SCN− < NH3 < CN− ≈ CO
16. Ligands
NH2
NH2
1,2-ethanediamine
HO O
HO
O O N
N O
O O– O
O– HO OH
ethanedioate EDTA
647 nm 585 nm
Orange
Red Yellow
700 nm
575 nm
400 nm
Violet Green
Blue
424 nm 491 nm
18. Lattice enthalpies at 298 K (experimental values)
ᴏ
The lattice enthalpy values (∆𝐻𝐻lattice ) given relate to the endothermic process Ma Xb (s) → aMb+ (g) + bX a− (g)
in which the gaseous ions of a crystal are separated to an infinite distance from each other.
Experimental values
The data in these tables are experimental values obtained by means of a suitable Born–Haber cycle.
Other substances ∆𝑯𝑯ᴏ𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥 (𝐤𝐤𝐤𝐤 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦−𝟏𝟏 ) Other substances ∆𝑯𝑯ᴏ𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥 (𝐤𝐤𝐤𝐤 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦−𝟏𝟏 )
CaO 3401
19. Enthalpies of aqueous solutions
K+ −340 Br − −328
Cs + −291 ClO−
3 −331
Mg 2+ −1963 IO−
3 −446
Sn2+ −1587
Pb2+ −1523
21. Strengths of organic acids and bases
The acid strengths in the following tables are given in terms of p𝐾𝐾a values, where p𝐾𝐾a = −log10 𝐾𝐾a .
The dissociation constant 𝐾𝐾a values are for aqueous solutions at 298 K . Base strengths are given in terms of p𝐾𝐾b
values.
Carboxylic acids
phenol C6 H5 OH 9.99
Alcohols
ethanol C2 H5 OH 15.5
Amines
0 0.113 × 10−14
5 0.185 × 10−14
10 0.292 × 10−14
15 0.453 × 10−14
20 0.684 × 10−14
25 1.00 × 10−14
30 1.47 × 10−14
35 2.09 × 10−14
40 2.92 × 10−14
45 4.02 × 10−14
50 5.43 × 10−14
55 7.24 × 10−14
60 9.55 × 10−14
65 12.4 × 10−14
70 15.9 × 10−14
75 20.1 × 10−14
80 25.2 × 10−14
85 31.3 × 10−14
90 38.3 × 10−14
95 46.6 × 10−14
Ca2+ (aq) + 2e− Ca(s) −2.87 Cu2+ (aq) + 2e− Cu(s) +0.34
1
Na+ (aq) + e− Na(s) −2.71 O (g)
2 2
+ H2 O(l) + 2e− 2OH − (aq) +0.40
Mn2+ (aq) + 2e− Mn(s) −1.18 Fe3+ (aq) + e− Fe2+ (aq) +0.77
1
H2 O(l) + e− H (g)
2 2
+ OH − (aq) −0.83 Ag + (aq) + e− Ag(s) +0.80
1
Zn2+ (aq) + 2e− Zn(s) −0.76 Br (l)
2 2
+ e− Br − (aq) +1.09
1
Fe2+ (aq) + 2e− Fe(s) −0.45 O (g)
2 2
+ 2H2 (aq) + 2e− H2 O(l) +1.23
Li
Cs
Rb
K
Ba
Sr
Ca
Na
Mg
Be
Al
Zn
Cr
Fe
Cd
Co
Ni
Sn
Pb
Sb
As
Bi
Cu
Ag
Pd
Hg
Pt
Au
26. Infrared data
Characteristic ranges for infrared absorption due to stretching vibrations in organic molecules.
medium-weak; multiple
C=C alkenes 1620–1680
bands
CH3 0.9–1.0
CH2 R 1.3–1.4
R2CH 1.5
O
C 2.0–2.5
RO CH2
O
C 2.2–2.7
R CH2
CH3 2.5–3.5
C C H 1.8–3.1
R O CH2 3.3–3.7
O
C 3.7–4.8
R O CH2
O
C 9.0–13.0
R O H
R O H 1.0–6.0
HC CH2 4.5–6.0
Type of proton Chemical shift (ppm)
OH 4.0–12.0
H 6.9–9.0
O
C 9.4–10.0
R H
15 CH3
17 OH
18 H2 O
31 CH3 O
45 COOH
29. Triangular bonding diagram
2.0
50 50
1.5
Polar
covalent
1.0 75 25
0.5
Metallic Covalent
0 100 0
0.79 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
(𝛘𝛘𝐚𝐚 +𝛘𝛘𝐛𝐛 )
Average electronegativity ∑ 𝛘𝛘 =
𝟐𝟐
30. Resin identification codes
polyethylene
polypropylene
terephthalate
high-density
polystyrene
polyethylene
low-density polyethylene
Cln O
Cl O Cl O
Clm
Cl O Cl Cln O
Compound 𝑲𝑲𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬
pH of isoelectric
Common name Symbol Structural formula
point
N
N
H
NH
OH
Lipids
HO
cholesterol
Carbohydrates
H C O CH2OH
H C OH C O
HO C H HO C H
H C OH H C OH
H C OH H C OH
CH2OH CH2OH
H OH H H H H
H OH H H H H
OH H OH OH OH H
Nitrogenous bases
O NH2
NH2
C C
C N N N CH
N C NH C
CH CH C CH
HC C N C C N O N
N NH2 N
H H H
O O
H C H C CH3
N CH N C
C CH C CH
O N O N
H H
uracil thymine
35. Vitamins and pigments
Vitamins
O
O OH
CH3 CH3 CH3
H
C C CH C CH2 HO
CH CH CH CH OH CH OH
CH3 CH2
CH3 HO
CH
CH2
CH2
HO
vitamin D (D3)
Pigments
CH2
CH R OH HO
O O
H 3C CH2
CH3 CH2 CH2
N N CH2 CH2
2+
CH Mg CH
N N CH3 CH3
N N
CH3 CH3 HC Fe2+ CH
H H
CH2 CH2 N N
CH2 C H O
O CH CH3
C O
O O
CH3 CH3 CH
C20H39 CH2
chlorophyll heme B
R R
OH OH
O O OH O+
R R
O glucose O glucose
OH OH
CH3
CH3 CH3 CH3
CH3
CH C CH C CH CH CH CH CH
CH CH CH CH CH C CH C CH
CH3 CH3
CH3 CH3
CH3
α-carotene
CH3
CH3 CH3 CH3
CH3
CH C CH C CH CH CH CH CH
CH CH CH CH CH C CH C CH
CH3 CH3
CH3 CH3
CH3
β-carotene
11-cis-retinal all-trans-retinal
4
He
7
6
Li7
Li6
5
3 H3
He3
2
1 H2
1
0 H
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270
Number of nucleons in nucleus
37. Representations of some medicinal molecules
O
C R NH
OH S
C CH3
O N CH3
O O
C C
CH3 O HO O
CH3 CH3
C OH
CH2 H
N O
CH3 C COOH H C
H CH3
OH OH
CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2
CH3 N H 3C N
O O
CH3
OH O
morphine codeine
O CH3
C
CH2 CH2 NH O
CH3 N O S N
O CH3 N
O CH3
O
C CH3 O CH3
O CH3
omeprazole
diamorphine (heroin)
O–
CH3 O NH
N S N+
CH3 NH O
H 3C
ranitidine
OH
O
NH2
OH
O O CH3 OH
CH3 NH
CH3 NH O
O O OH
CH3 NH
O
CH3 NH NH2
oseltamivir zanamivir
O
CH3
O O
CH3 OH
CH3
O NH O CH3
CH3
O O
OH O O
OH CH3
O O
taxol
38. References
Data in sections 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 22, 26 and 27 was taken fully or in part from:
Aylward, G and Findlay, T. 2008. SI chemical data. (5th edition). Queensland, Australia. John Wiley & Sons.
Barret, J. 2003. Inorganic chemistry in aqueous solution. London, UK. Royal Society of Chemistry.
Burgess, DR. 2012. "Thermochemical Data". NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database.
Number 69. http://webbook.nist.gov.
Data in sections 7, 8, 9, 12, 13, 18, 19, 21, 23, 24, 28, 32, 33 was taken fully or in part from:
Haynes, WM, (ed). 2012. CRC Handbook of chemistry and physics. (93rd edition). Boca Raton, US. CRC Press.